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Section 123 of the ], titled "Cooperation With Other Nations", establishes an agreement for cooperation as a prerequisite for nuclear deals between the US and any other nation.<ref>{{cite web {{Short description|Agreement in the US Atomic Energy Act of 1954}}
Section 123 of the United States ], titled "Cooperation With Other Nations", establishes an agreement for cooperation as a prerequisite for nuclear deals between the US and any other nation.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr0980/ml022200075-vol1.pdf#pagemode=bookmarks&page=57 |url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr0980/ml022200075-vol1.pdf#pagemode=bookmarks&page=57
|title=NUREG0980 Vol.1,No.6 - Nuclear Regulatory Legislation |title=NUREG0980 Vol.1, No.6 - Nuclear Regulatory Legislation
|accessdate=2002-06}}</ref> Such an agreement is called a '''123 Agreement'''.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} To date, the U.S. has entered into roughly twenty-five 123 Agreements with various countries.<ref></ref> |accessdate=July 25, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Paul K.|last2=Nikitin|first2=Mary Beth D.|title=Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries: A Primer|date=December 27, 2016|publisher=Congressional Research Service|location=Washington, DC|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RS22937.pdf|accessdate=12 October 2017}}</ref> Such an agreement is called a '''123 Agreement'''.<ref></ref> To date, the U.S. has entered into roughly twenty-three 123 Agreements with 48 countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation|url=https://nnsa.energy.gov/aboutus/ourprograms/nonproliferation/treatiesagreements/123agreementsforpeacefulcooperation|publisher=National Nuclear Security Administration}}</ref>

Countries with which the U.S. has or had or working towards having a 123 Agreement: Countries with which the U.S. has or had or is working towards having a 123 Agreement include:
* ]<ref>{{cite web * Morocco<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/cvr/2001/2001-0033vtr.html |url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/cvr/2001/2001-0033vtr.html
|title=NRC: SECY-01-0033 - Proposed Renewal of the Section 123 Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation with Morocco |title=NRC: SECY-01-0033 - Proposed Renewal of the Section 123 Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation with Morocco
|accessdate=2001-03-02}}</ref> |accessdate=2001-03-02}}</ref>
* ]<ref>{{cite web * Ukraine<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/cvr/1998/1998-062vtr.html |url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/cvr/1998/1998-062vtr.html
|title=NRC: SECY-98-62 - Proposed Section 123 Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation with Ukraine |title=NRC: SECY-98-62 - Proposed Section 123 Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation with Ukraine
|date=1998-04-01}}</ref><ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"></ref>
|accessdate=1998-04-01}}</ref>

* ]<ref>{{cite web
⚫ * Japan (with automatic re-processing rights)<ref name="reprocessing">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2412/stories/20070629007011400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022110347/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2412/stories/20070629007011400.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=October 22, 2007|title=Long haul ahead|accessdate=2007-06-29}}</ref>
|url=http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/secys/1998/secy1998-006/1998-006scy.html
|title=NRC: SECY-98-006 - Proposed Agreement for Cooperation Between the U.S. and Romania
|accessdate=1998-01-12}}</ref>
⚫ * ] (with automatic re-processing rights)<ref name="reprocessing">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2412/stories/20070629007011400.htm|title=Long haul ahead|accessdate=2007-06-29}}</ref>
* ] (with automatic re-processing rights)<ref name="reprocessing"/> * ] (with automatic re-processing rights)<ref name="reprocessing"/>
* ] (with re-processing rights, requiring approval per each request)<ref name="reprocessing"/> * China (with re-processing rights, requiring approval per each request)<ref name="reprocessing"/>
* ] * Switzerland
* ] (With ''advance consent'' to reprocessing)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080066944 |title=NDTV.com: House of Reps passes N-deal, next test US Senate |accessdate=2008-09-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001093148/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080066944 |archivedate=2008-10-01 }}</ref>
* ] (draft completed, requires signatures from U.S. and India - the agreement is witnessing opposition within India from parties of the ])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pd.cpim.org/2007/0819/08192007_prakash%20on%20nuclear.htm|title=Left is Firm: No Passage For Nuclear Deal|accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/aug/90050.htm|title=U.S. and India Release Text of 123 Agreement|accessdate=2007-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://svaradarajan.blogspot.com/2007/08/insulating-indias-reactors-from-fuel.html|title=Insulating Indian reactors from supply disruption by Siddharth Varadarajan|accessdate=2007-08-20}}</ref>
* Russia (On September 8, 2008 ]. ] notified the ] that there was no basis for further consideration of a 123 agreement with Russia.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/09/109256.htm |title=Statement on U.S.-Russia 123 Agreement |date=8 September 2008 |accessdate=2008-09-09 }}</ref>
* (other countries - to do)
* ]<ref></ref>
* Egypt<ref></ref>
* Thailand<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Argentina<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Australia<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Bangladesh<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Brazil<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Canada<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Colombia<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Indonesia<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* ] (IAEA)<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Turkey<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Kazakhstan<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Republic of Korea<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* South Africa<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Taiwan<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Singapore<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2024/07/20240731--123A-Joint-Agreement | title=Joint Statement on the Signing of the United States - Singapore 123 Agreement 31 July 2024 }}</ref>


== Proposed ==

* Philippines<ref>{{Cite web |last=House |first=The White |date=2022-11-20 |title=FACT SHEET: Vice President Harris Launches New Initiatives to Strengthen U.S.-Philippines Alliance |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/11/20/fact-sheet-vice-president-harris-launches-new-initiatives-to-strengthen-u-s-philippines-alliance/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Romania<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/secys/1998/secy1998-006/1998-006scy.html |title=NRC: SECY-98-006 - Proposed Agreement for Cooperation Between the U.S. and Romania |date=1998-01-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041118193812/http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/secys/1998/secy1998-006/1998-006scy.html |archivedate=November 18, 2004 }}</ref>


==References== ==References==
{{reflist|2}}
<references />

==External links==
'''123 Agreement With India'''
*
*


'''123 Agreement With UAE'''
{{statute-stub}}
*
*
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208001708/http://www.uae-embassy.org/uae/energy/nuclear-energy |date=2015-12-08 }}
*


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Latest revision as of 17:16, 27 December 2024

Agreement in the US Atomic Energy Act of 1954

Section 123 of the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1954, titled "Cooperation With Other Nations", establishes an agreement for cooperation as a prerequisite for nuclear deals between the US and any other nation. Such an agreement is called a 123 Agreement. To date, the U.S. has entered into roughly twenty-three 123 Agreements with 48 countries.

Countries with which the U.S. has or had or is working towards having a 123 Agreement include:

  • Morocco
  • Ukraine
  • Japan (with automatic re-processing rights)
  • Euratom (with automatic re-processing rights)
  • China (with re-processing rights, requiring approval per each request)
  • Switzerland
  • India (With advance consent to reprocessing)
  • Russia (On September 8, 2008 Pres. George W. Bush notified the United States Congress that there was no basis for further consideration of a 123 agreement with Russia.)
  • United Arab Emirates
  • Egypt
  • Thailand
  • Argentina
  • Australia
  • Bangladesh
  • Brazil
  • Canada
  • Colombia
  • Indonesia
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
  • Turkey
  • Kazakhstan
  • Republic of Korea
  • South Africa
  • Taiwan
  • Singapore

Proposed

  • Philippines
  • Romania

References

  1. "NUREG0980 Vol.1, No.6 - Nuclear Regulatory Legislation" (PDF). Retrieved July 25, 2007.
  2. Kerr, Paul K.; Nikitin, Mary Beth D. (December 27, 2016). Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries: A Primer (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  3. Nuclear Nonproliferation Issue, Issue Brief for Congress, May 10, 2002.
  4. "123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation". National Nuclear Security Administration.
  5. "NRC: SECY-01-0033 - Proposed Renewal of the Section 123 Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation with Morocco". Retrieved 2001-03-02.
  6. "NRC: SECY-98-62 - Proposed Section 123 Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation with Ukraine". 1998-04-01.
  7. ^ 123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation, NNSA
  8. ^ "Long haul ahead". Archived from the original on October 22, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
  9. "NDTV.com: House of Reps passes N-deal, next test US Senate". Archived from the original on 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
  10. "Statement on U.S.-Russia 123 Agreement". 8 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
  11. UAE Embassy, Press Release, December 17, 2009
  12. State Department, November 10, 2008
  13. "Joint Statement on the Signing of the United States - Singapore 123 Agreement 31 July 2024".
  14. House, The White (2022-11-20). "FACT SHEET: Vice President Harris Launches New Initiatives to Strengthen U.S.-Philippines Alliance". The White House. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
  15. "NRC: SECY-98-006 - Proposed Agreement for Cooperation Between the U.S. and Romania". 1998-01-12. Archived from the original on November 18, 2004.

External links

123 Agreement With India

123 Agreement With UAE

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