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Revision as of 16:25, 28 August 2008 view sourceMasonfamily (talk | contribs)342 edits this is a scrrenshot of documnetary, and its documnetary says, "its visible from ullengdo by naked eyes" also this publictrusted broadcasy says, "this is not a zommed or faked image."← Previous edit Latest revision as of 07:03, 3 January 2025 view source Seefooddiet (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers23,028 edits →History: quotes around both the english and japanese text implies that the english and japanese text put together is the complete name; it's just one or the otherTag: Visual edit 
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{{Short description|Group of disputed islets in the Sea of Japan}}
{{For|the naming and territorial dispute surrounding these rocks|Liancourt Rocks dispute}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Dokdo|Takeshima}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Move and semi protected}}
{{Infobox islands
{{redirect|Dokdo}}
| disputed = yes
{{redirect|Takeshima}}
| name = Liancourt Rocks
]
| plural = yes
]
| other_names = Liancourt Islets, Liancourt Islands, Takeshima, Dokdo, Tok Islets, Hornet Islands, Kajido, Sambongdo
The '''Liancourt Rocks''' are a group of small islets in the ] (East Sea). Sovereignty over the islands is disputed between ] and ].<ref>Charles Scanlon '']'', ] ]</ref> South Korea has controlled them since July 1954.<ref name="globalsecurity">, '']''</ref>
| image_name = Location-of-Liancourt-rocks-en.png
| image_size = 300px
| image_caption =
| image_map = Liancourt Rocks Map.svg
| location = ]
| coordinates = {{Coord|37|14|30|N|131|52|0|E|display=inline}}
| total_islands = 91 (37 permanent land)
| major_islands = East Islet, West Islet
| area_ha = 18.745
| area_footnotes = <br />'''East Islet:''' {{convert|7.33|ha|acre}}<br />'''West Islet:''' {{convert|8.864|ha|acre}}
| elevation_m = 169
| highest_mount = West Islet
| country = {{flag|South Korea}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = County
| country_admin_divisions = ], ]
| country1 = {{flag|Japan}}
| country1_admin_divisions_title = Town
| country1_admin_divisions = ], ] (Japan)
| country2 = {{flag|North Korea}}
| country2_admin_divisions_title = County
| country2_admin_divisions = ], ]
| population = Approximately 26<ref name="residents">{{cite web | url=https://dokdo.mofa.go.kr/eng/introduce/residence.jsp| title=Dokdo Residents| access-date=February 17, 2021| publisher=Gyeongsangbuk-do Province}}</ref>
| image_map_caption = The two main islets
}}


The '''Liancourt Rocks''',<ref>{{harvnb|Fern|2005|p=78}}: "Since the end of World War II, Japan and Korea have contested ownership of these islets, given the name Liancourt Rocks by French whalers in the mid-1800s and called that by neutral observers to this day".</ref> known in Korea as '''Dokdo''' ({{Langx|ko|독도}}){{efn|]: {{lang|ko|獨島}}; {{IPA|ko|tok̚t͈o|IPA}}; {{lit|solitary island' or 'lonely island}}.}} and in Japan as '''Takeshima''' ({{Langx|ja|竹島}}),{{efn|{{IPA|ja|takeɕima|IPA}}; {{lit|bamboo island}}.{{sfn|BBC staff|2006}}}} are a group of ]s in the ] between the ] and the ] administered by South Korea. The Liancourt Rocks comprise two main islets and 35 smaller rocks; the total surface area of the islets is {{convert|0.187554|km2|acre}} and the highest elevation of {{convert|168.5|m|ft}} is <!-- found at an unnamed location --> on the West Islet.{{sfn|Gyeongsangbuk-do Province|2017b}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023}} The Liancourt Rocks lie in rich ] that may contain large deposits of ].{{sfn|BBC staff|2008}} The English name ''Liancourt Rocks'' is derived from {{Lang|fr|Le Liancourt}},{{efn|Pronounced {{IPA|fr|lə ljɑ̃kuʁ|}}; named in honor of ], Duke of ] and ].}} the name of a French ] ship that came close to being wrecked on the rocks in 1849.{{sfn|Kirk|2008}}
Its name derives from ''Le Liancourt'', the name of the French ] ship whose crew almost crashed on the rocks in 1849.<ref name="atimes JG26Dh01"> {{cite news
| last= Kirk
| first= Donald
| url= http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/JG26Dh01.html
| title=Seoul has desert island dreams
| publisher= Asia Times Online
| date=2008-07-26
}} </ref> The islets are also known as '''Dokdo''' (or ''Tokto'') (독도/獨島, literally "solitary island") in ] and as {{nihongo|'''Takeshima'''|竹島|extra=, literally "bamboo island"}} in ].<ref>Staff BBC, ] ]</ref>


While South Korea controls the islets, its sovereignty over them is ] by Japan. North Korea also claims the territory. South Korea classifies the islets as Dokdo-], Ulleung-], ], ],<ref>{{cite web|trans-title=Act 1395 amending Chapter 14-2, Ri-Administration under Ulleung County, Local Autonomy Law, Ulleung County |language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:울릉군리의명칭과구역에관한조례 |url=http://www.elis.go.kr/newlaib/laibLaws/h1126/laws.jsp?lawsNum=47940113226001&scType=title&scValue=%BF%EF%B8%AA%B1%BA%20%B8%AE%C0%C7%20%B8%ED%C4%AA%B0%FA%20%B1%B8%BF%AA%BF%A1%20%B0%FC%C7%D1%20%C1%B6%B7%CA&isClose=0&kind=1 }} "{{lang|ko-Hang|2000년 4월 7일 울릉군조례 제1395호로 독도리가 신설됨에 따라 독도의 행정구역이 종전의 경상북도 울릉군 울릉읍 도동리 산42～76번지에서 경상북도 울릉군 울릉읍 독도리 산1～37번지로 변경 됨}}." <br />Translation: "Pursuant to Act 1395 amending Chapter 14-2, Ri-Administration under Ulleung County, Local Autonomy Law, Ulleung County, passed March 20, 2000, enacted April 7, 2000, the administrative designation of Dokdo addresses as 42 to 76, Dodong-ri, Ulleung-eup, Ulleung County, North Gyungsang Province, is changed to address 1 to 37, Dokdo-ri, Ulleung-eup, Ulleung County, North Gyungsang Province." {{cite web|url=http://www.dokdomuseum.go.kr/board/history/list.php |language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:조회 |access-date=12 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301043336/http://www.dokdomuseum.go.kr/board/history/list.php |archive-date= 1 March 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> while Japan classifies the islands as part of ], ], ].
The Liancourt Rocks are comprised of two main islets and 35 smaller rocks. Their total surface is 187,450 square metres (46 acres) and their highest elevation is 169 metres (554 feet).<ref name="net">''Korea.net'' (1999–2006). . Retrieved ] ].</ref> They are currently inhabited by two permanent Korean citizens, Kim Seong-do (김성도) and Kim Shin-yeol (김신열), a small Korean police detachment, administrative personnel and lighthouse staff.<ref name="vis">''Korea.net'' (1999–2006). . Retrieved ] ].</ref>


==Geography==
Korea administers the islands as part of ], ] Province. Japan classifies them as part of ], ], ].
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Dokdo-West-Isle.JPG
| alt1 = A steep, rocky island surrounded by dark blue sea
| image2 = Dokdo-East-Isle.JPG
| alt2 = A round rocky island, with an empty port. Seagulls block some of the frame.
| caption2 = The West island ''(top)'' and the East island ''(bottom)''
}}The Liancourt Rocks consist of two main islets and numerous surrounding rocks. The two main islets, called ''Seodo'' ({{korean|labels=no|hangul=서도|hanja=西島|lit=western island}}) and ''Dongdo'' ({{korean|labels=no|hangul=동도|hanja=東島|lit=eastern island}}) in Korean and ''Ojima'' (男島; "Male Island") and ''Mejima'' (女島; "Female Island") in Japanese, are {{convert|151|m|ft}} apart.{{sfn|Gyeongsangbuk-do Province|2017b}} The Western Island is the larger of the two, with a wider base and higher peak, while the Eastern Island offers more usable surface area.


Altogether, there are about 90 islets and reefs,{{sfn|Gyeongsangbuk-do Province|2017b}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023}} ]s formed in the ] era, more specifically 4.6 to 2.5 million years ago. A total of 37 of these islets are recognized as permanent land.{{Verify source|date=May 2015}}
The islands lie in rich fishing grounds which could also contain large gas deposits.<ref> </ref>


The total area of the islets is about {{convert|187,554|m2|acre}}, with their highest point at {{convert|168.5|m|ft}} on the West Islet.{{sfn|Gyeongsangbuk-do Province|2017b}} The western islet is about {{convert|88,740|m2|acre}}; the eastern islet is about {{convert|73,300|m2|acre}}.{{sfn|Gyeongsangbuk-do Province|2017b}} The western islet consists of a single peak and features many caves along the coastline. The cliffs of the eastern islet are about {{convert|10|to|20|m|ft}} high. There are two large caves giving access to the sea, as well as a crater.{{Verify source|date=May 2015}}
== Geography ==
]
The Liancourt Rocks are composed mainly of two islets, 150 metres apart<ref name="net">Korea.net (1999–2006). . Retrieved ] ].</ref> ( ''Nishi-jima'' and ''Higashi-jima'' in Japanese, ''Seodo'' and ''Dongdo'' in Korean; both literally meaning ''western island'' 서도/西島 and ''eastern island'' 동도/東島, respectively). The western islet is the larger of the two islets. Altogether, there are about 90 islets and reefs,<ref name="cyb">Gyongsangbuk-do (2001). . Retrieved ] ].</ref> ]s formed in the ] era.<ref name="t1"> truthofdokdo.or.kr, retrieved 2007-08-21, 'Dokdo is composed of alkaline effusive rocks which erupted during the Cenozoic Era. Dokdo began to form about 4.6 million years ago'</ref> A total of 37 of these islets are recognized as permanent land.<ref name="cyb" /> In 2006, a geologist reported that the islets formed 4.5 million years ago and are quickly eroding.<ref>, '']'', 2006/12/01. , ], 2006/12/01.</ref>


In 2006, a geologist reported that the islets formed 4.5 million years ago and are (in a ]) quickly eroding.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=001&aid=0001483400 |language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:"독도ㆍ울릉도 `침몰하고 있다'"<손영관교수> |newspaper=] |date=1 December 2006 |access-date=1 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122194337/http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=001&aid=0001483400 |archive-date= Jan 22, 2016 }}</ref>
The total area of the islets is about 187,450 square metres (46 acres), with their highest point at 169&nbsp;metres (554 ft) in the western islet.<ref name="net" /> The western islet is about 88,640 square metres (22 acres) in area; the eastern islet about 73,300 square metres (18 acres).<ref name="cyb" /> Liancourt Rocks is located at about 131°52´ East longitude and about 37°14´ North latitude.<ref name="cyb" /> The western islet is located at {{coor dms|37|14|31|N|131|51|55|E}} and the eastern islet is located at {{coor dms|37|14|27|N|131|52|10|E}}. The islets are 217&nbsp;km (135 mi) from mainland Korea and 250 km (150 mi) from mainland Japan.<ref name="net" />


== Tourism ==
<!-- Deleted image removed: ]) on a clear day.]] -->The nearest Korean territory (]) is 87&nbsp;km (54 mi) away (it can be visible on clear days) and the nearest Japanese territory (]) is 157&nbsp;km (98 mi) away.<ref name="net" /><ref name="cyb" /> The western islet consists of a single peak and features many caves along the coastline. The cliffs of the eastern islet are about 10 to 20 metres high. There are two large caves giving access to the sea, as well as a crater.<ref name="t1" /><ref name="tru">Truth of Dokdo. . Retrieved ] ].</ref>


Restricted public access to the rocks for a variety of purposes is provided by ferry from ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=독도 : 독도입도안내 페이지 입니다.아름다운 신비의 섬 – 울릉군 |url=http://www.ulleung.go.kr/ko/page.htm?mnu_uid=1649 |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=www.ulleung.go.kr |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013171217/http://www.ulleung.go.kr/ko/page.htm?mnu_uid=1649 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2022, 280,312 tourists visited the islands, averaging 500 visitors per day.<ref name="residents" />
==Climate==
Due to their location and extremely small size, the Liancourt Rocks sometimes have harsh weather. At times, ships are unable to dock because of strong northwestern winds in winter.<ref name="net" /><ref name="tru" /> Overall, the climate is warm and humid, and heavily influenced by warm sea currents. Precipitation is high throughout the year (annual average—1324 mm), with occasional snowfall.<ref name="tru" /> Fog is also a common sight. In the summer, southerly winds dominate.<ref name="tru" /> The water around the islets is about 10 degrees Celsius in spring, when the water is coolest. It warms to about 25 degrees Celsius in August.<ref name="tru" />
==Ecology==
The islets are ]s, with only a thin layer of soil and moss.<ref name="cyb" /> About 80 species of plants, over 22 species of birds, and 37 species of insects have been recorded on the islets, in addition to the local maritime life.<ref name="net" /> The islets are too small to have any significant amount of fresh water. In the early 1970s trees and some types of flowers were planted.<ref name="net" /> Trees are required under international law for the islets to be recognized as natural islands rather than reefs.<ref name="vis" /><ref name="tru" />


==Demographics== ==Distances==
The Liancourt Rocks are located at about {{Coord|37|14||N|131|52||E}}.{{sfn|Gyeongsangbuk-do Province|2017c}} The western islet is located at {{Coord|37|14|31|N|131|51|55|E |name=West Islet}} and the Eastern Islet is located at {{Coord|37|14|27|N|131|52|10|E |name=East Islet}}.
There are two permanent Korean citizens, Kim Sung-do (김성도) and Kim Shin-yeol (김신열), living on the islets. In addition to these residents, there are 37 ] officers (독도경비대/獨島警備隊) who take residence on guard duty. There are also three ] personnel, and three ] keepers living on the islets in rotation. In the past, several fishermen also lived on the islets temporarily.<ref name="vis">Korea.net (1999–2006). . Retrieved ] ].</ref>
For many years, civilian travel was subject to Korean government approval because the island group is designated as a nature reserve. Tourist boats carrying 1,597 visitors were allowed to land in 2004. Since mid-March 2005, more tourists have been allowed to land, up to 70 tourists are permitted at any one time. Tour companies charge around 350,000 ] per person.<ref name="vis"/>


The Liancourt Rocks are situated at a distance of {{convert|211|km|nmi}} from the main island of Japan (]) and {{convert|216.8|km|nmi}} from mainland South Korea. The nearest Japanese island, ], is at a distance of {{convert|157|km|nmi}},<ref name="mofa index" /> and the nearest Korean island, ], is {{convert|87.4|km|nmi}}.{{sfn|BAEK In-ki|SHIM Mun-bo|Korea Maritime Institute|2006|pp=20–22}}<ref name="mofa index">{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/takeshima/index.html|title=The Issue of Takeshima|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan|access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref>
==International dispute==
].<br> Documentary of MBC TV Broadcast. ''"Liancourt Rocks is a visible by naked eyes from Korean territory"'']]
Currently, both South Korea,<ref> North Asian History Foundation; direct link to texts provided separately as finding it is problematic although the following government page refers to the NAHF home page. </ref><ref> The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Korea; mostly visuals and multimedia with scanty text information if any</ref> and Japan<ref> The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan</ref> are claiming sovereignty over Liancourt Rocks. There are conflicting interpretations about the state of sovereignty over the islands in pre-modern times. A Korean claim is partly based on references to a Korean island called ''Usan-do'' (우산, 于山) in various historical records, geographies, maps, and encyclopedia such as ], ], Dongguk Yeoji Seungnam, and Dongguk munhon bigo. According to the Korean view, these refer to today's Liancourt Rocks, while the Japanese views variously argue that they refer to either Juksoe (竹嶼; Korean ] or Dae'soem), Kwanumdo (觀音島, 島項; Korean Seommok, G'aksae), ], or a non-existent island. <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/takeshima/pamphlet_e.pdf
| title=10 Issues of Takeshima, MOFA, Feb 2008
}} p. 4; Article 2, para. 2: "Such description... rather reminds us of Utsuryo Island."
para. 3: "A study... criticizes... that Usan Island and Utsuryo Island are two names for one island."
para. 4: "that island does not exist at all in reality."</ref>


==Climate==
===1877 Daijō-kan order===
]
In 1877, the Japanese Supreme Council ] issued an order<ref> {{cite web
Owing to their location and small size, the Liancourt Rocks can have harsh weather. If the ] is greater than 3 to 5 metres, then landing is not possible, so on average ferries can only dock about once in forty days.{{sfn|Gyeo ngbuk Province|2001b}} Overall, the climate is warm and humid, and heavily influenced by warm sea currents. Precipitation is high throughout the year (annual average—{{convert|1383.4|mm|in|disp=or}}), with occasional snowfall.{{sfn|Gyeongsangbuk-do Province|2017a}} Fog is common. In summer, southerly winds dominate. The water around the islets is about {{convert|10|C|F}} in early spring, when the water is coldest, warming to about {{convert|24|C|F}} in late summer.
| url=http://ja.wikipedia.org/%E7%AB%B9%E5%B3%B6%E5%A4%96%E4%B8%80%E5%B3%B6#.E3.80.80.E5.A4.AA.E6.94.BF.E5.AE.98.E6.8C.87.E4.BB.A4.E3.80.80
| title=Daijō-kan shirei 太政官指令
}} Japanese Misplaced Pages article on 太政官指令 of Mar 20, 1877</ref> stating that ] (then called "Takeshima 竹島", now called Matsushima 松島 by Japan) and another island (外一島) are not under Japanese rule <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www2.gol.com/users/hsmr/Content/East%20Asia/Korea/Dokto_Island/History/Shin_Yong-ha_4.html
| title=Meiji Government's Reconfirmation of Korea's Title to Tokdo
}} Shin, Yong Ha, describes the nature of the 1877 Supreme Council (Daijō-kan) Directive</ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://i815.or.kr/media_data/thesis/1989/image/198902-08.gif
| title=image of Daijō-kan Directive of Mar 20, 1877 明治十年三月二十日 太政官指令文
}} image is a faithful reproduction by author himself, Shin, Yong Ha; "A Study of Korea's Territorial Rights to Tokdo (Liancourt Rocks) and the Japanese Invasion", Journal of Korean Independence Movement Studies, Vol. 3, Nov 1989. (http://i815.or.kr/media_data/thesis/1989/198902.html) </ref>.
Korea claims that "another island" (外一島) besides ] refers to Liancourt Rocks <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://i815.or.kr/media_data/thesis/1989/image/198902-07.gif
| title=image of document appended to Daijō-kan Directive of Mar 20, 1877 明治十年三月二十日 太政官指令文 附屬文書
}} Shin, Yong Ha, op. cit. "磯竹島一ニ竹島ト稱ス. 隱岐國ノ乾位一百二拾里許ニ在ス. 周回凡九(sic.)十里許山峻嶮ニシテ平地少シ. 川三條アリ. 又瀑布アリ. 然レトモ深谷幽邃樹竹稠密其源ヲ知ル能ハス...動物ニハ 海鹿 ...就中海鹿鮑ヲ物産ノ最トス. ...又海鹿一頭能ク數斗ノ油ヲ得ヘシ.
次ニ一島アリ松島ト呼フ. 周回三十町許竹島ト同一線路ニ在リ. 隱岐ヲ距ル八拾里許 樹竹稀ナリ. 亦魚獸ヲ産ス." "Isotakeshima is also called 'Takeshima' (modern Matsushima, Ulleung Island). It is located 120 ri (里 here is kairi 浬/海里 or nautical mile of 1.852km; 120 x 1.852km = 222.24 km) to the north of Okikuni. Its circumference is around 10 ri (里 here is unit of distance 3.927km; 10 x 3.927 = 39.27 km); its slopes are steep, and flatlands few. There are three streams and even a waterfall. The bamboos and trees are dense in the deep ravines, and where they begin is unknowable...(Among the catch,) the most abundant are sea lions and abalones... Furthermore, several tomasu (斗 is measure word of volume roughly equiv. to 5 gallons) of oil is to be got from one head of sea lion.
Next is an island called 'Matsushima 松島' (modern Takeshima, Dokdo or Liancourt Rocks). Its circumference is roughly 30 chou (町 109m; 30 chou is ca 3.27 km), which is on the same sea route as 'Takeshima 竹島' (modern Matsushima or Ulleung Island). It is roughly 80 ri (80 x 1.852km = 148.16 km) from Oki. Trees and bamboos are rare, but it also produces fish and (other) sea animals." p. 167, Tokto ui minjok yongtosa yongu, Chisik Sanopsa; 1st edition (1996)
ISBN-10: 8942310362; passage a faithful translation from Shin Yong Ha's transliteration (except for 凡九十里 which is corrected to 凡十里 after collation with two images reproduced by Shin) and translation from Japanese original text to Korean, retranslated to English; in notes not part of original text or Shin's but provided by contributor for readers' convenience </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://dokdo.naezip.net/Dokdo/Dokdo14a.htm
| title='Takeshima' and Another Island in Japan's Daijō-kan Directive 일본 태정관 지령문의 죽도외 1도
}} Transcribes and tranlates two letters exchanged between Shimane Prefecture and the Internal Ministry in 1876 that lead to the 1877 decision in the Daijō-kan Directive; In summary, it says, "In the year 1876 when Japan was conducting a nationwide land registry and mapping project, the Internal Ministry requested Shimane Prefecture of information regarding Ulleung-do (then 'Takeshima 竹島') on Oct 5 (明治九年十月五日). On Oct 16, same year (明治九年十月十六日), Shimane Prefecture submitted relevant documents including a map inquring after guidelines on dealing with two islands instead (竹島外一島). The map called A Rough Map of Isotakeshima 磯竹島略圖 (http://hanmaum.web-bi.net/dokdo/DocuPic/T22.jpg), which came from the Otani (大谷) clan of Shimane, shows Isotakeshima (磯竹島; today's Ulleung Island) and Matsushima (松島; today's Dokdo or Liancourt Rocks) exclusively in addition to the northern tip of Okishima. This map shared by Shimane Prefecture, the Internal Minstry, and the Supreme Council (Daijō-kan) can mean only that they were in an unambiguous agreement on which island they meant by 'another island 外一島': 'Matsushima 松島', which has since been renamed Takeshima 竹島 also known as Liancourt Rocks and Dokdo." </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www.geocities.com/mlovmo/temp14.html
| title=Myung Chul Hyun, Korean Observer, Spring Edition 1998.
}} Translation of the annexed text:
"Isonotakeshima (Ulleungdo) is also called Takeshima. It is 120 ri (222kms) northwest of Oki. The island is about 10 ri (40kms) around....Next there is another island which is called Matsushima (Dokdo). The area of this island is approximately 30 chongbo (73 acres) and is on the same straight latitude as Ulleungdo. It is 80 ri (148kms) from Oki. Trees and bamboo are scarce, sea lions live there."


==Ecology==
The distance given here is in ri (里) There were two forms of ri used at this time in Japan. One was a standard ri of 4kms (Used for land measurements). It was used in the circumference of Ulleungdo in this document (10 里 = 40kms). The other was a nautical ri or nautical mile which equaled 1.852 meters. Nautical 里 or miles are/were used in international law and treaties especially regarding the limit of territorial waters. There can be no doubt given the location, name, and description the island referred to in this document was today´s Dokdo.
]s at Liancourt Rocks during a Japanese ] in 1934]]
The islets are volcanic rocks, with only a thin layer of soil and moss.{{sfn|Gyeo ngbuk Province|2001a}} About 49 plant species, 107 bird species, and 93 insect species have been found to inhabit the islets, in addition to local marine life with 160 algal and 368 invertebrate species identified.<ref>{{cite web|language=ko |script-title=ko:독도 자연생태계 정밀조사결과(요약)|trans-title=A comprehensive survey of the natural ecosystems of Liancourt Rocks (synopsys)|url=http://epic.kdi.re.kr/epic/epic_view.jsp?num=81035&menu=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722141608/http://epic.kdi.re.kr/epic/epic_view.jsp?num=81035&menu=1|archive-date=22 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Although between 1,100 and 1,200 litres of fresh water flow daily, desalinization plants have been installed on the islets for human consumption because existing spring water suffers from ] contamination.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Since the early 1970s trees and some types of flowers were planted.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} According to historical records, there used to be trees indigenous to Liancourt Rocks, which have supposedly been wiped out by ] and fires caused by bombing drills over the islets.{{efn|"There are records attesting to the existence of trees in the past" {{harv|BAEK In-ki|SHIM Mun-bo|Korea Maritime Institute|2006|p=48}} }} A recent investigation, however, identified ten ] aged 100–120 years.<ref>{{cite web |language=ko |trans-title=Indigenous Spindle Tree Colony Found on Liancourt Rocks |script-title=ko:독도 자생 사철나무 군락 첫 발견 |url=http://www.korean.net/blog/main/index.jsp?blID=leehayo&ccID=260&SN=22}} {{Dead link|date = August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=ko |script-title=ko:독도 자생 사철나무 100년 이상 된 자생식물
|trans-title=Liancourt Rock Spindle Trees Over 100 Years Old |url=http://www.dokdocenter.org/dokdo_news/index.cgi?action=detail&number=7489&thread=19r02}}</ref> ]s such as ]s, ]s, and ]s are known to migrate through these areas.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2007 |language=ko |script-title=ko:독도수비 해경, 그물걸린 범고래 구조 – 멸종위기 해양생물 보호 적극적인 조치 기대 |url=http://www.enviroasia.info/K/?p=1259 |journal=K07011002K |page=ENVIROASIA |access-date=10 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119103856/http://www.enviroasia.info/K/?p=1259 |archive-date=19 January 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|translator=Koike T.|year=2007 |language=ja |script-title=ja:独島警備の海洋警察、網にかかったシャチ救出 |url=http://www.enviroasia.info/J/?p=6168 |journal=K07011002J |page=ENVIROASIA |access-date=10 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714121130/http://www.enviroasia.info/J/?p=6168 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2017 |url=http://www.netongs.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=103971 |script-title=ko:"동해 고래, 한미관계 뿐 아니라 독도 역사와도 연결" |access-date=August 21, 2017}}</ref>


===Pollution and environmental destruction===
The ratio of the real distances in kilometers and the distances in 里 on the 1877 document are about the same.
Records of the human impact on the Liancourt Rocks before the late 20th century are scarce, although both Japanese and Koreans claim to have felled trees and killed ]s there for many decades.<ref>국민일보 (Gookmin Daily). "독도‘실효적 지배’새 근거 (New Evidence of effective control), 1890년 이전부터 독도서 강치잡이 (Sea lion hunting before 1890) </ref><ref>Japan: </ref>
120里:80里 (distance on 1877 document ratio=.66)
240kms:157kms (actual distance ratio in kms =.65) </ref> and considers this order as an evidence that Liancourt Rocks was under the control of Korea. The Japanese government has not made any comment on this point whereas some Japanese consider that "another island" (外一島) does not refer to Liancourt Rocks.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://dokdo-or-takeshima.blogspot.com/2008/06/8th-column-seeking-truth-based-solely.html
| title=Prof. Shimojo Masao:The 8th column “Seeking Truth Based Solely on Facts”
}}Japanese(http://www.pref.shimane.lg.jp/soumu/web-takeshima/takeshima04/takeshima04-2/takeshima04-o.html)</ref> <ref>>{{cite web
| url=http://dokdo-or-takeshima.blogspot.com/2007/06/shimane-prefecture-explains-history-of.html
| title=Shimane Prefecture document sent to the Meiji governemnt regarding "Takeshima and another island."
}} Prof. Shimojo Masao's reference to the 1881 survey is out of context as the designation of the two islands are quite different: "As a matter of fact, Matsushima as 'another island' in Dajoukan order turned out to be today's Ulleundo three years later (1880), and 'Takeshima' in the order was identified as today's Jukdo which locates 2km east of Ulleundo until 1881." The 1876-1877 documents of Dajoukan and the Ministry of Home Affairs clearly demonstrate that, at the time of the investigation of the islands based on historical documents, "Takeshima" refers to modern Ulleung-do and "Matsushima", modern Liancourt Rocks.</ref>


There are serious pollution concerns in the seas surrounding the Liancourt Rocks. In 2004, a malfunction in the sewage water treatment system established on the islets caused sewage produced by inhabitants of the Liancourt Rocks, such as ] and lighthouse staff, to be dumped directly into the ocean. Significant water pollution was observed; sea water turned milky white, sea vegetation died, and coral reefs were calcified. The pollution also caused ] in the surrounding seas. In November 2004, eight tons of malodorous ] was being dumped into the ocean every day.<ref name=" imaeil">{{cite web |work=Imaeil |date=28 September 2007 |language=ko |script-title=ko:독도 오수정화시설이 동해바다 오염 주범? |url=http://www.imaeil.com/sub_news/sub_news_view.php?news_id=42521&yy=2007 |access-date=15 April 2009 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110419/http://www.imaeil.com/sub_news/sub_news_view.php?news_id=42521&yy=2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efforts have since been made by both public<ref>{{cite web|language=ko |trans-title=Three-Month Cleanup for Dokdo's Marine Garbage Starts from June 2 |script-title=ko:독도 바다쓰레기 청소 6월2일부터 석달간 |url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=003&aid=0002703591}}</ref> and private<ref>{{cite web |language=ko |script-title=ko:나무 심고 오물 줍고…아름다운 ‘독도 사랑’ |url=http://www.imaeil.com/sub_news/sub_news_view.php?news_id=27210&yy=2010 |date=5 July 2010 |access-date=28 September 2010 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121815/http://www.imaeil.com/sub_news/sub_news_view.php?news_id=27210&yy=2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> organizations to reduce the level of pollution surrounding the Rocks.
===1900 Korean Imperial Decree No. 41===
In the year 1900, Korea issued Imperial Decree No. 41 of Oct 25, 1900, which was published to the international community in Official Gazette No. 1716 (관보 제1716호) on Oct 27.<ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www2.gol.com/users/hsmr/Content/East%20Asia/Korea/Dokto_Island/History/Shin_Yong-ha_5.html
| title=Chosun Dynasty's Re-development of Ullungdo and Tokdo and Imperial Ordinance No.41
}} Shin, Yong Ha, describes the circumstances that culminated in the 1900 Imperial Decree No. 41. Also makes a brief reference to a 1904 account of Liancourt Rocks by Japanese warship Niitakago crew during the Russo-Japanese War. </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://hosting.ohseon.com/hanmaum/seokdo/Daehan.jpg
| title=image of Imperial Decree No. 41 of Oct 25, 1900, as published in Official Gazette No. 1716 (관보 제1716호) on Oct 27
}} </ref>
This decree states that Ulleungdo be renamed to Uldo (mod. ]), and that the county hall shall govern the whole island of ], ], and '''Sokdo'''. <ref> These islands are being transfered from ] to Uldo County (mod. ]). According to Geographical Treatise, Annals of King Sejong, Gangwon Province, Uljin Prefecture, two islands of Usan and Mulung are in the Eastern Sea; they are close enough to be visible from each other on a clear day. During the Shilla period, they were called Usan'gug or Ulleungdo. </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2209/2246975328_4c38043882.jpg?v=0
| title=Facts on Arrangement of Uldo County
}} Jul 13, 1906, edition of the daily, Hwang Seong Shinmun, reported: "The Resident-General sent an official letter to the Ministry of the Interior asking for a clarification as to which islands belonged to Ulleung (sic.) Island, which was (sic.) under the administration of Samcheok County (sic) in Gangwon Province, and which year and month the County Office was established. The response was that the post of Ulleungdo Directorate was established on May 20, 1898, and that the County Magistrate was stationed on October 25, 1900, as a result of the government's decision. The County seat is at Taehadong (台霞洞), with islands of Jukdo (竹島) and Sokdo (石島). measures sixty ri from east to west and forty ri from north to south with a circumference of 200 ri in total."</ref> Japan claims that there is no evidence to identify the island "Sokdo" as Liancourt Rocks, <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/takeshima/incorporation.html
| title=MOFA: Incorporation of Takeshima into Shimane Prefecture
}}See 2. Background (5) and (6). Note the misrepresentation of Sokdo (石島 석도) as "Ishi-jima"; as a credible governmental document offered to English speakers, the island should have been referred to as "Seokdo" in the current standard of romanisation of a Korean place name. This error, however, is corrected, on page 9 in the Feb 2008 MOFA document, "10 Issues of Takeshima". (http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/takeshima/pamphlet_e.pdf)</ref> <ref>{{cite web
| url=http://dokdo-or-takeshima.blogspot.com/2008/06/10th-column-seeking-truth-based-solely.html
| title=Prof. Shimojo Masao:The 10th column “Seeking Truth Based Solely on Facts”
}}Japanese(http://www.pref.shimane.lg.jp/soumu/web-takeshima/takeshima04/takeshima04-2/takeshima04_q.html)
Shimojo Masao claims it is impossible for "Sokdo" to be Liancourt Rocks because the figures given for Uldo Island in the 1906 Hwangseong Shinmun report is only 200 ri in circumference, which can not cover the distance to "Sokdo", 87 to 92 km away from Uldo Island depending on tide levels. </ref> and that there is no record that proves the effective occupation by Korea before Japanese Cabinet decision of Jan 28, 1905. Korea claims that the island "Sokdo" mentioned in this document is Liancourt Rocks, and thus Liancourt Rocks was still officially part of Korea as an ancient territory since 512. Korea claims that Ulleungdo islanders who called Dokdo as Dokseom (or Dolseom, both literally meaning "rocky island"), the name "Seokdo" (literally "rocky island") in the Ordinance refers to Dokdo. <ref> </ref>


==Construction==
Korea also claims Liancourt Rocks was effectively administered in recent times as a result of King Gojong's Ulleungdo Reclamation Program (鬱陵島開拓令) issued in Dec 1881. <ref> Kazuo Hori, "Japan's Incorporation of Takeshima into Its Territory in 1905", Korea Observer Vol XXVII, No 3, Autumn 1997, p. 509, quotes Hong Chae-hyon (홍재현; born 1862) who moved to this island in 1883, who recalled , "at the time of the development , the people on Ulleungdo discovered Tokdo immediately, and went to Tokdo many times to harvest kelp (konbu) and abalone and to catch sea lions. I myself went there several doezens of times." Taehan Gongnonsa (Korean Public Information Service), ed., ''Tokdo'' (Seoul: 1965), p. 30</ref>
South Korea has carried out construction work on the Liancourt Rocks; by 2009, the islands had a lighthouse, helicopter pad,<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823031639/http://vn.vladnews.ru/issue592/Special_reports/Dokdo_Islands_land_of_contention |date=23 August 2009 }}</ref> and a police barracks.{{sfn|Choe|2008}} In 2007, two ]s were built capable of producing 28 tons of clean water every day.{{sfn|KOIS staff|2007a}} Both of the major South Korean telecommunications companies have installed cellular telephone towers on the islets.{{sfn|KOIS staff|2007}}


==History==
===1904 Japan-Korea treaty===
])]]
The ] signed between Japan and Korea on February 23, 1904 (Japanese 日韓議定書, Nikkan Giteisho; Korean 韓日議定書, 한일의정서, Han'il uijongso) stipulates in article 3 that Japan shall guarantee the territorial integrity of Korea. It further stipulates in article 4 that, in case the territorial integrity of Korea is endangered by aggression of a third power, Korea shall give full facilities to promote the action of Japan, and that Japan may occupy, when the circumstances require, such places as may be necessary for strategic reasons.


===Whaling===
Article 4 of the treaty has been quoted as giving Japan full authorisation in terms of international law in taking Liancourt Rocks as a strategic surveillence point during the ].<ref> Kazuo Hori, "Japan's Incorporation of Takeshima into Its Territory in 1905", Korea Observer Vol XXVII, No 3, Autumn 1997, p. 511: "The Japanese government ... made the Korean government ackowledge in the Korea-Japan protocol that Japan would temporarily expropriate the places needed for military purposes."</ref> Article 3, however, has been quoted as preventing Japan from appropriating Liancourt Rocks post bellum, and hence ruling the 1905 Shimane incorporation illegal after the end of the war.<ref> Article 4 of the Japan-Korea Protocol was to continue in force even after the signining of the ] of Nov 17, 1905, which states in Article 4: "The stipulations of all treaties existing between Japan and Korea not inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement shall continue in force." The text of the Eulsa Treaty can be found below in full.{{cite web
U.S. and ] ]s cruised for ]s off the rocks between 1849 and 1892.<ref>''Cambria'', of New Bedford, Apr. 29, 1849, Nicholson Whaling Collection; ''Cape Horn Pigeon'', of New Bedford, Apr. 19, 1892, Kendall Whaling Museum.</ref>
| url=http://kalaniosullivan.com/Korea/KunsanCity/JapTreaty.html
| title=The 1905 Agreement (Korean-Japanese Agreement, Nov 17, 1905)
}} </ref> Although the watch tower on Liancourt Rocks was demolished, suggesting the necessity on strategic resaons had disappeared, the Cabinet Decision to incorporate Liancourt Rocks had not been revoked in violation of the treaty. This suggests the military threat in Article 4 was not the primary ground of incorporating Liancourt Rocks.{{Fact|date=August 2008}}<!--<ref> citation pending. exact statement from published works shall be sought out to fill this space. </ref>-->


===Demographics and economy===
===1905 Japanese Incorporation of Liancourt Rocks===
]
The imperial government of Japan incorporated Liancourt Rocks as a result of a Cabinet decision in early 1905. Three motives are commonly cited for it cause: civilian occupation of said islets by a Japanese citizen from Oki, Nakai Yozaburo (中井養三郎; 1864-1934), practical necessities arising from the armed conflict with Russia, and Japan's foreign policy regarding Korea as its western frontier to fend off encroaching foreign powers. The incorporation was conducted incognito to foreign nations including Korea as the decision had never been announced by the central government to the international community. The Korean response to reports of the verbal notice by a local Japanese official was one of shock and disbelief, and orders were issued to investigate the truth of the report. While the result of the investigation is obscured in silence, apparently lending momentum to the Japanese claim, the Japanese Resident-General residing in Seoul, in 1906, makes an inquiry into which islands are administered by ] (sic.), in the older designation before the 1900 Korean Imperial Decree No 40, to which the Internal Ministry relays facts consistent with the 1900 Imperial Decree No 41, that Uldo County administers Uldo proper, Jukdo, and Seokdo.
In February 2017, there were two civilian residents, two government officials, six lighthouse managers, and 40 members of the coast guard living on the islets.<ref name="residents"/> Since the South Korean coast guard was sent to the islets, civilian travel has been subject to South Korean government approval; they have stated that the reason for this is that the islet group is designated as a nature reserve.<ref>On 13 December 1997 the "Special Act on the Preservation of Ecosystem in Island Areas Including Dokdo Island" was enacted by the South Korean parliament. The title of the Natural Monument No. 336, the Dokdo Seaweed Habitat, was changed to the Dokdo National Nature Reserve in December 1999. {{Cite web|title=Dokdo in History: Chronology |publisher=The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea |url=https://korea.assembly.go.kr:447/dokdo/history_02.jsp }}</ref>
====1903-1904 Nakai's Fishing Enterprise====
On September 29, 1904, Nakai Yozaburo (中井養三郎; 1864-1934) of Saigo, Shimane Prefecture, experimenting with sea lion hunting business in the summers of 1903 and 1904, and wanting to protect his investment, submitted a petition to incorporate Liancourt Rocks and to issue exclusive license to hunt sea lions for ten years. The petition was submitted to the ], the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. Nakai, initially believing Liancourt Rocks to be Korean territory, had planned to ask for a lease from the Korean government via the Ministry of Trade and Commerce. An officer of the Minstry of Home Affairs considered it unwise to incorporate Liancourt Rocks suspected to be Korean territory, but the Navy and the Foreign Ministry advised incorporation would be profitable, and that there would arise no diplomatic repercussions. <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www.sanin-chuo.co.jp/tokushu/modules/news/article.php?storyid=105200145
| title=Sanin Chuo Shimpo,(発信竹島～真の日韓親善に向けて～:第２部「勅令ＶＳ閣議決定」－明治時代－（６）無主先占), Aug 28, 2005}} Aug 28, 2005 article from interview with Shimojo Masao. </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://nmemo.blog72.fc2.com/blog-entry-4109.html
| title=Sankei Shimbun, "Beyond the crest of waves: Takeshima Report Part 1 (1) The Challege of a Fishery Investor" (【波頭を越えて　竹島リポート　第１部】（１）水産家の挑戦) }} Mar 7, 2007 article. </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www.pref.shimane.lg.jp/soumu/web-takeshima/takeshima04/takeshima04_01/index.data/08.pdf
| title=Okuhara Hekiun, ''Takeshima Executive Nakai Yosaburo's Biography'', 1906. manuscript『竹島経営者中井養三郎氏立志伝』明治39(1906)年(奥原碧雲)(pdf) }} Codified from manuscript by Takeshima Institute of Shimane Prefecture. </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www.geocities.jp/tanaka_kunitaka/takeshima/shimanekenshi-1923/
| title=Shimane-ken Education Board, "Chapter 4. Shimane Prefecture's Takeshima" in ''A Treatise on Shimane Prefecture'', 1923; 島根県誌 in 1923 }}Photographic reproduction of the 1923 publication. </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://dokdo-or-takeshima.blogspot.com/2007/06/petition-to-incorporate-ryanko-to.html?showComment=1181131800000
| title=Petition to Incorporate Liancourt Rocks (リャンコ島領土編入並二貸下願 ) }}A draft translation. </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www.geocities.com/mlovmo/page11.html
| title=Who was Nakai Yozaburo? }}
Compiled by Mark Lovmo; see bibliography for sources. </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www.dokdo-takeshima.com/dokdo-nakai.html
| title=Nakai Yozaburo and The Shimane Prefecture Inclusion
}} The text has been identified as that of Kazuo Hori's from "Japan's Incorporation of Takeshima into Its Territory in 1905", Korea Observer Vol XXVII, No 3, Autumn 1997, conveyed by Steve Barber. </ref>


In March 1965, Choi Jong-duk moved from the nearby ] to the islets to make a living from octopus fishing. He also helped install facilities from May 1968. In 1981, Choi Jong-duk changed his administrative address to the Liancourt Rocks, making himself the first person to officially live there. He died there in September 1987. His son-in-law, Cho Jun-ki, and his wife also resided there from 1985 until they moved out in 1992. Meanwhile, in 1991, Kim Sung-do and Kim Shin-yeol transferred to the islets as permanent residents, still continuing to live there. In October 2018, Kim Sung-do died, thus Kim Shin-yeol is the last civilian resident still living on the islands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hong |first=Euny |title=The birth of Korean cool: how one nation is conquering the world through pop culture |date=2014 |publisher=Picador |isbn=978-1-250-04511-9 |edition=1st |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Lee Tae-hee |title=Widow to remain sole Dokdo resident, authorities confirm |date=13 February 2019 |newspaper=] |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190213000563 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/14/asia/south-korea-japan-disputed-islands-one-resident-intl/index.html |last1=McKirdy |first1=Euan |last2=Jeong |first2=Sophie |title=Widow, 81, sole resident of remote island disputed by South Korea and Japan |publisher=CNN |date=15 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.koreaworldtimes.com/topics/news/9882/|script-title=ja:竹島人口は7万人 4年で倍増 日本人17人も住民登録している！？|newspaper=KoreaWorldTimes |date=2021-08-16|language=ja|access-date=2021-10-06}}</ref>
====1905 Japanese Cabinet Decision on Liancourt Rocks====
On Jan 28, 1905, the Cabinet decided (明治三十八年一月二十八日閣議決定), "There is no evidence to recognise that this uninhabited island was ever occupied by a foreign country... As evidenced through relevant records that a person by the name of Nakai Yozaburo (中井養三郞) has relocated to said island in 1903 (Meiji 36) and practiced fishing there since, we recognise the fact that occupation has occurred in terms of international law."<ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www.jacar.go.jp
| title=search key 隠岐島ヲ距ル西北八十五哩ニ在ル無人島ヲ竹島ト名ヶ島根県所属隠岐島司ノ所管ト為ス pp. 1-3 (on images 1 and 2) in '公文類聚' Vol. 29, 1905(明治三十八年) book 1}}
"明治三十八年一月二十八日閣議決定 ... 無人島ハ他國ニ於テ之ヲ占領シタリト認ムヘキ形迹ナク、... 依テ審査スルニ明治三十六年以來中井養三郞ナル者該島ニ移住シ漁業ニ從事セルコトハ關係書類ニ依リ明ナル所ナルハ國際法上占領ノ事實アルモノト認メ."
</ref> Japanese government's official view has evolved since 1905. In 1905, the Japanese government claimed the incorporation was valid on grounds that the incorporation of Liancourt Rocks was a prior occupation of a ] under international law. <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www2.gol.com/users/hsmr/Content/East%20Asia/Korea/Dokto_Island/History/Shin_Yong-ha_6.html
| title=Japan's Annexation of Tokdo
}}Shin, Yong Ha, describes the circumstances of the 1905 Cabinet Decision</ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://home.megapass.net/~phoong1/dokdo/simane4.jpg
| title=Image of Japan's Cabinet decision of Jan 28, 1905 明治三十八年一月二十八日閣議決定
}} </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www.sanin-chuo.co.jp/tokushu/modules/news/article.php?storyid=105200145
| title=Aug 28, 2005, Sanin Chuo article 發信竹島-眞の日韓親善に向けて 第２部 勅令ＶＳ閣議決定 - 明治時代 - (6) 無主先占}} 下條正男・拓殖大教授「ポイントは二つある。まず、竹島を他国が占領したと認められる形跡がないことを確認した。さらに、中井の漁業会社が小屋を構えていることを、国際法上の占領の事実とした。これらのことから、竹島を『無主先占』の地であると判断した」
Prof. Shimojo Masao of Takushoku Universuty said, "There are only two points. First, it has been confirmed there is no evidence to recognise the occupation of Takeshima by any other country. Second, Nakai's fishing company has constructed a shed there; this is a fact of occupation under international law . From these facts, determined Takeshima is to have been subject to ''prior occupation of a terra nullius'' (無主先占)." </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjeaa/journal51/japan2.pdf
| title=Sean Fern, Tokdo or Takeshima? The International Law of Territorial Acquisition in the Japan-Korea Island Dispute" in Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs, Vol. 5, No. 1, Winter 2005, p. 84}} "The Japanese claim to have incorporated Liancourt - land they considered to be terra nullius - into Shimane Prefecture on February 22, 1905." </ref> Since 1954, the Japanese government's claim shifted to ''effective occupation'' based on the same Cabinet decision while carefully avoiding its previous claims of incorporation on grounds of ''prior occupation of a terra nullius''. <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www.iks.or.kr/koreaobserver/article.asp
| title=search key Kim, Myung-Ki, A Study of Legal Aspects of Japan's Claim to Tokdo, Korea Observer, Autumn 1997, pp. 365-366 }}
Professor Kim Myung-Ki summarises: "The Japanese government stated on Feb 10, 1954, that Japan announcing prior occupation of territory ... has satisfied the requisite conditions under international law,"
MOFA of Korea, Tokdo kwan'gye charyojip (Collection of Data on Tokdo) (I) Wangbok oegyio munso (Diplomatic Correspondence Exchanged); Chipmu charyo (Reference Material for Staff), (Seoul: MFA, 1997), p. 55 </ref> Korea also claims that Japan's 1905 claim to ] conflicts with its previous recognition of the islets as Korean territory. <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://home.megapass.net/~phoong1/dokdo/ai.jpg
| title=image of Map appended to a 1696 manuscript 元祿九丙子年朝鮮舟着岸一卷之覺書
}} </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://hanmaum.web-bi.net/dokdo/DocuPic/an_yongbok.pdf
| title=元祿九丙子年朝鮮舟着岸一卷之覺書 transcribed by 半月城通信 (in Japanese; pdf)
}} </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://hanmaum.web-bi.net/dokdo/DocuPic/Ahn.pdf
| title=元祿九丙子年朝鮮舟着岸一卷之覺書 transcribed by Takeshima Institute (竹島硏究會) (in Japanese; pdf)
}} </ref>


The South Korean government gave its approval to allow 1,597 visitors to visit the islets in 2004. Since March 2005, more tourists have received approval to visit. The South Korean government lets up to 70 tourists land at any given time; one ferry provides rides to the islets every day.{{sfn|Ha|2008}} Tour companies charge around 350,000 ] per person (about US$310 {{As of|2019|lc=on}}).<ref name="vis">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dokdo.go.kr/eng/html/introduction/living.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130111204054/http://www.dokdo.go.kr/eng/html/introduction/living.jsp |archive-date=11 January 2013 |url-status=dead |title=Life in Dokdo |publisher=Cyber Dokdo of Korea }}</ref>
====1905 Shimane Notice 40====
Japan claims to have enforced its Cabinet decision of Jan 28, 1905 to incorporate the "unclaimed" islands as part of ] (島根縣) in Shimane Prefectural Notice No. 40 of Feb 22, 1905 (島根縣告示第40號) <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www2.gol.com/users/hsmr/Content/East%20Asia/Korea/Dokto_Island/History/Shin_Yong-ha_6.html
| title=Japan's Annexation of Tokdo
}} </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://home.megapass.net/~phoong1/dokdo/simane01.jpg
| title=Image of Shimane Prefectural Notice No. 40 of Feb 22, 1905 島根縣告示第40號
}} </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/takeshima/pdfs/g_hennyu04.pdf
| title=Image of Shimane Prefectural Notice No. 40 of Feb 22, 1905 島根縣告示第40號(])
| publisher=]
}} a cleaned-up text lacking the various seals and handwritten figures</ref>. The decision was reported in a newspaper, ], on Feb 24, 1905.<ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www.pref.shimane.lg.jp/kochokoho/photo/161/05.data/05-01.jpg
| title=Minuscule Image of Feb 24, 1905, Sanin Shimbun report on Shimane Notice
| publisher=]
}} </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://home.megapass.net/~phoong1/dokdo/simane06.jpg
| title=Full-page image of Feb 24, 1905, Sanin Shimbun report on Shimane Notice
}} </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://home.megapass.net/~phoong1/dokdo/simane05.jpg
| title=Cropped-up Image of Feb 24, 1905, Sanin Shimbun report on Shimane Notice
}} </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://hanmaum.web-bi.net/dokdo/d501/DokdoinKorea.hwp
| title=Korean and Japanese POV's regarding the Sea surrounding Dokdo Is. 독도를 둘러싼 바다에 대한 韓日간의 시각 (in Korean only; HWP viewer required)
}} In Chapter 2, Lee, Jong Hak discusses the historical verity of the 1905 Shiname Noitce No. 40 in detail</ref>


===Sovereignty dispute===
Korea claims that the decision was not reported in a official gazette. The decision was reported a one minor local newspaper only. There is no evidence that decision reported in a government gazette. Moreover, There is no evidence that decision reported to a central government of Japan at one time, also the decision was not noticed by central government. Japan was not notice to neighbor country. Korea claims that it was a almost impossible that tiny sized notice of local newspaper (3.4 cm<ref> San-in Shimbun newspaper notice size is a almost 3.4cm(1단크기)</ref><ref> ]]{{ko}} ''시마네 현이 ‘산음(山陰) 신문’이라는 지방지에 눈에 잘 띄지도 않는 1단 크기(3.4 cm)로 ‘관내 고시’한 날이 바로 100년 전의 오늘이다.''</ref>) recognized by foreign. Korea claims that the decision was a nothing but a "document occupation", and its procedure was a secret. Therefore, Korea claims that the decision was not fulfil the necessary conditions of territory's incorporation by international law. <ref> {{cite web
{{Main|Liancourt Rocks dispute}}
| url=http://hanmaum.web-bi.net/dokdo/jmofa/leejonghak.hwp
| title=The Shimane Notice that Never Was 시마네현 고시는 존재하지 않았다
}} Part 2 summarises Lee, Jong Hak's study of the historicity of the Shimane Notice </ref> <ref> {{ko}} “일본의 독도영유권 주장은 1905년 2월 22일 시마네 현 고지 제40호에 근거하고 있다”며 “그러나 국제고시가 아닌 은밀한 ‘지방고시’에 의한 독도 편입은 서류점령에 불과하지 형식이나 절차면에서 국제법적 영토 취득의 요건에 맞지 않는다”(It was not reported by public Gazette. it was a ""document occupation" secretly. This secrect "document occupation" was not a fulfil the necessary conditions by international law. </ref>
Korea also claims that 'Shimane Notice 40' was not announced to public. <ref> {{ko}}일본 시마네현 측에 확인한 결과, 1905년 2월 22일 '시마네현고시 40호'는 내부 회람용이란 도장이 찍혀 있고 관보 게시 사실이 없는 것으로 밝혀졌다.(According to Shimane Prefecture, 'Shimane Notice 40' was not announced outside. it imprinted a stamp of 'circulation for inner memebers', it was not a announced to public) </ref>


Sovereignty over the islands has been an ongoing point of contention in ]. There are conflicting interpretations about the historical state of sovereignty over the islets.
The incorporation came in the heat of the ] and before the ] of November 17, 1905, when Korea became Japan's protectorate. A temporary watchtower was erected on the islands for anti-Russian surveillance purposes, which was demolished after Japan's victory in the war.


South Korean claims are partly based on references to an island called ] ({{Korean|hangul=우산도|hanja=于山島; 亐山島|labels=no}}) in various medieval historical records, maps, and encyclopedia such as '']'', '']'', ''Dongguk Yeoji Seungnam'', and ''Dongguk munhon bigo''. According to the South Korean view, these refer to today's Liancourt Rocks.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} Japanese researchers of these documents have claimed the various references to Usan-do refer at different times to ], its neighboring island ], or a non-existent island between Ulleungdo and Korea.{{efn|"Such description ... rather reminds us of Utsuryo Island" (para. 2); "A study ... criticizes ... that Usan Island and Utsuryo Island are two names for one island." (para. 3); and "that island does not exist at all in reality" (para. 4{{snd}} {{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/takeshima/pamphlet_e.pdf |title=10 Issues of Takeshima, MOFA (Article 2) |date=February 2008 |publisher=] (Japan) |page=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913071653/http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/takeshima/pamphlet_e.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2008 }} }} The first printed usage of the name ''Dokdo'' was in a Japanese log book in 1904.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dokdo-takeshima.com/japans-takeshima-x-files-i.html |title="Logbooks of the Japanese Warship Niitaka September 25th 1904"<!--<軍艦新高行動日誌>--> |website=Dokdo Takeshima The Historical Facts of the Dispute|date=1 September 2008 }}</ref>
====1906 Verbal Notification of Incorporation and Korean Response====
One Japanese author claims the incorporation was legitimate in that Korea did not dispute the incorporation when the news was published. Korea claims the incorporation was invalid in that the Feb 24 San-in Shimbun report lacked official status as its circulation was limited to the Shimane prefectural region. Korea claims neither the decision of the Japanese Cabinet, the order of Ministry of Home Affairs, nor the Shimane Notice had been announced, until March 28, 1906, to the Korean government to which many Japanese, including petitioner Nakai Yozaburo (中井養三郞) and certain governmental officials believed the title of Liancourt Rocks belonged. On that date, a party of 44 officials from Shimane Prefecture visited Ulleungdo. The Japanese officials, including Kanda Yoshitaro, traveled to Ulleungdo by way of Dokdo, and informed Sim Heung-taek, then Magistrate of Ulleungdo, that Dokdo had been incorporated into Japan. Stunned by this announcement, Sim sent word, the next day to Yi Myeong-nae, then Governor of Gangwon Province. Yi, in turn, recognizing the urgency and gravity of the matter, forwarded the report to the State Council Minister of the Korean Empire. State Council Minister Bak Je-sun, in Directive No. 3 issued on May 20, 1906, stated, “It is totally groundless that Dokdo has become Japanese territory,” and went on to order “an investigation and report on the situation and on what the Japanese have done.”<ref> {{cite web
| url=http://english.dokdohistory.com/museum/m_j_history02.html
| title=Japan’s Meiji Government affirmed that Dokdo was Korean territory. Cyber Dokdo History Hall
}} </ref> The ] stripped Korea of all its diplomatic rights on 17 November 1905.<ref> </ref><ref></ref> Five years later, Korea was fully annexed by Japan.
====1906 Communication between Japanese Resident-General and the Korean Government====
A curious inquiry and reply are exchanged between Japanese and Korean officials, the result of which is reported in July 13 edition of Hwangseong Shinmun. In the letter, says the report, the Japanese Resident-General asks which islands are administered by Ulleung Is. The Korean Home Ministry simply lists the same islands as in the 1900 Decree specifying Seokdo, which Korea claims to be Liancourt Rocks. It also adds a physical measurement of what is believed to be Ulleung Is.<ref> The interpretation of this report has ignited some controversy, the published articles of the participants of which are listed in the following, arranged in chronological order.{{cite web
| url=http://ameblo.jp/nidanosuke/entry-10059918345.html
| title=Feb 2, 2008, 杉野洋明(Sugino Youmei)'s interpretation of Hwangsoeng Shinmun article of Jul 13, 1906 }}</ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www.sanin-chuo.co.jp/news/modules/news/article.php?storyid=500527006
| title=Feb 22, Sanin chuou shimpo, local newspaper article reporting on Mr Sugino's claim}} </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www.kmi.re.kr/data/linksoft/00000005/1256.pdf
| title=Apr 3, 2008, Yoo, Mirim, Korea Maritime Institute, analysis of Hwangsoeng Shinmun article of Jul 13, 1906 }} </ref> <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://www.kmi.re.kr/data/linksoft/00000007/23-01-06.pdf
| title=Jun 30, 2008, Yoo, Mirim, Korea Maritime Institute, Critical Review of Japanese Seokdo Denial (pdf)}} </ref>


North Korea also regards the islands as Korean, and as it claims the entirety of ], North Korea claims the islands as its own and contests Japan's claim to the islands alongside South Korea.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Agency|first1=United States Central Intelligence|last2=Office|first2=Government Publications|title=The World Factbook 2016–17|date=2016|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=9780160933271|pages=406|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HfywxU2EnFwC&pg=PA406|language=en}}</ref>
The Japanese inquiry is not current with the 1900 Korean Decree in its inaccurate designation of place names and offices, while the Korean reply remains silent on the ''rumour'' of incorporation of Liancourt Rocks of which it had not been officially notified. The details of the reasons for the Resident-General's inquiry and the Korean government's judgement regarding the inquiry are not known. <ref> Yoo, Mirim, ''op. cit.'' Apr 3, 2008. </ref> <ref>
Yoo, Mirim, ''op. cit.'' Jun 30, 2008.</ref>


<gallery widths="200px" heights="135px">
Prior to the Resident-General's inquiry and the Korean government's response reported on July 13, daily newspapers Hwangseong Shinmun (May 9, 1906) and Daehan Maeil Sinbo (May 1, 1906) had denied the rumoured Japanese local official's claim of incorporating Liancourt Rocks. ''"their claim to Dokdo as Japanese territory is totally groundless; the story is really shocking."'' <ref name=kazuo> ''"It is certain that many Korean people learned through this newspaper coverage of the Japanese move to incorporate Takeshima/Tokdo into its territory and must have read it as an aggression into Korean territory. For example, Hwang Hyon who lived in Kurye, Chollado, at that time writes in a note that "the Japanese are making a false statement that Tokdo belongs to Japan while it is our own territory."''</ref> Although Hwangseong Shinmun had clearly declared that rumours of the Japanese incorporation of Liancourt Rocks were baseless two months before the July communication<ref> </ref>, and although the July communication reminded the Resident-General, Ito Hirobumi, of the 1900 Imperial Decree reaffirming Korea's state authority over Liancourt Rocks, there is no evidence that the then Resident-General or any other representation of Imperial Japan raised a formal objection to it.
File:South Korean "Tokto" postage stamps, c. 1954.png|South Korean stamps depicting the Liancourt Rocks from 1954
File:Dokdo-Police boat.jpg|A South Korean police boat approaches the dock on the Liancourt Rocks' East Islet.
</gallery>


===1920 ] in exile=== === Natural Monument of South Korea ===
The Liancourt Rocks were designated as a breeding ground for ]s, ]s, and ]s as ] #336 of South Korea on November 29, 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 1982 |title=문화재(천연기념물)보호구역지정 |url=http://theme.archives.go.kr/viewer/common/archWebViewer.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0028139917#19}}</ref>
In a memorial speech at the first anniversary of the 1919 ], Prime Minister ] accused Japanese government's illegal incorporation of Liancourt Rocks of 1905. <ref> {{cite web
| url=http://dokdo.culturecontent.com/01_intro/intro_04.htm
| title=Dokdo yoksa munhwa hwangyong archive 독도 역사문화환경 아카이브
}} </ref>


===Post World War II era=== == See also ==
{{Portal|Politics|Japan|South Korea|Islands}}
The recent dispute stems largely from conflicting interpretations of whether Japan's renunciation of sovereignty over its ] after ] was supposed to cover the Liancourt Rocks as well. ] ] of ], ], listed the Liancourt Rocks, along with many other islands, as part of those territories over which Japanese administration was to be suspended.<ref> {{cite web
* ]
| url=http://en.wikisource.org/Confidential_Security_Information_about_Liancourt_Rocks
* ]
| title=Letter from Office of Northeast Asian Affairs To E. Allan Lightner American Embassy, Pusan Korea}} </ref> In the ] to ] drafts of the ] between Japan and the Allied powers, Liancourt Rocks was described as part of Korea. The ] and ] drafts, made on Dec 29, 1949, and Aug 7, 1950, respectively, ruled that Liancourt Rocks belonged to Japan. ] submitted April 7, 1951, reflecting the views of Commonwealth nations, demarked Liancourt Rocks as Korean territory: "Japanese sovereignty shall continue over all the islands and adjacent islets and rocks lying within an area bounded by a line ... bearing north-easterly between ... the islands of Oki-Retto to the south-east and Take Shima to the north-west".
{{Clear}}
] did not mention Liancourt Rocks leaving its territorial title undefined between signatory states and Japan.


==Notes==
On Aug 10, 1951, a notification currently known as ] was sent to South Korea as a final U.S. Government reply on the issue of sovereignty between South Korea and Japan, and it states that Liancourt Rocks are territory of Japan.
{{Notelist}}


==Inline citations==
On January 18, 1952, South Korea, a non-signatory state to the San Francisco Peace Treaty, announced the ], which included Liancourt Rocks within Korean territory, along the expiring MacArthur Line (SCAPIN#1033; June 22, 1946 - April 1952) before the Peace Treaty came into force on April 28. On July 18, 1952, South Korea issued a presidential order to seize all illegal foreign vessels engaging in fishing in breach of the Peace Line.
{{Reflist|30em}}


=== References ===
On September 15, 1952, a South Korean scientific expedition aboard Chinnam-ho and a fishing crew of 23 aboard Kwangyong-ho were attacked on Liancourt Rocks waters by a mono-propellered aircraft bearing the US insignia that disappeared in the direction of Japan after dropping four bombs. The South Korean Navy had initially submitted an itinerary to the United Nations Naval Commander in Busan (CTG 95.7) on Sept 7 of the expedition to visit Ulleungdo Island and Liancourt Rocks 14th and 15th of September. Granted approval to travel to said areas by CTG 95.7, the expedition departed Busan on Sept 12 unaware of the United States-Japan Joint Committee's bombing plan over Liancourt Rocks for Sept 15.<ref> {{cite web
* {{citation|author=BAEK In-ki |author2=SHIM Mun-bo |author3=Korea Maritime Institute |title=A study of Distance between Ulleungdo and Dokdo and Ocean Currents (울릉도와 독도의 거리와 해류에 관한 연구) |date=December 2006 |url=http://library.kmi.re.kr/w03_01e.asp?gs_DType=m&gs_DControlNo=52190 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130112034708/http://library.kmi.re.kr/w03_01e.asp?gs_DType=m&gs_DControlNo=52190 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 January 2013 |pages=20–22 |isbn=978-89-7998-340-1 }}
|url=http://www.geocities.com/mlovmo/page9.html
* {{citation |author=BBC staff |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4925258.stm |title=Seoul and Tokyo hold island talks |publisher=BBC |date=20 April 2006}}
|title=John M. Steeves, Despatch No. 659, "Koreans on Liancourt Rocks"}} Historical context, summary, and source documents offered by Mark Lovmo. See the declassified despatch in para. 1952; 10/3/52. </ref>
* {{citation |author=BBC staff |date=27 July 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7511065.stm |title=Island row hits Japanese condoms|work=BBC News}}

* {{citation |last=Fern |first=Sean |date=Winter 2005 |title=Tokdo or Takeshima? The International Law of Territorial Acquisition in the Japan-Korea Island Dispute |journal=Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs |volume=5 |number=1}}
In response to the bombing incident, the US Embassy to Japan in Tokyo transmitted a message including the following on October 3, 1952, to the US State Department, ''"The history of these rocks has been reviewed more than once by the Department, and does not need extensive recounting here. The rocks, which are fertile seal breeding grounds, were at one time part of the Kingdom of Korea. They were, of course, annexed together with the remaining territory of Korea when Japan extended its Empire over the former Korean State... There exists a fair chance that... American bombs may cause loss of life... which will bring the Korean efforts to recapture these islands into more prominent play, and may involve the United States unhappily in the implications of that effort."'' <ref> ibid. </ref>
* {{citation |author=Gyeongsangbuk-do Province |date=28 September 2017a |url=http://en.dokdo.go.kr/pages/s03/page.html?mc=7180 |title=Climate |website=Dokdo, Beautiful island of Korea |publisher=Korean Government }}

* {{citation |author=Gyeongsangbuk-do Province |date=28 September 2017b |url=http://en.dokdo.go.kr/pages/s01/page.html?mc=7226 |title=Composition |website=Dokdo, Beautiful island of Korea |publisher=Korean Government }}
],''"It appears that the Department has taken the position that these rocks belong to Japan and has so informed the Korean Ambassador in Washington.it did not appear that they had ever before been claimed by Korea. As a result Article 2(a) of the Treaty of Peace with Japan makes no mention of the Liancourt Rocks."''
* {{citation |author=Gyeongsangbuk-do Province |date=28 September 2017c |url=http://en.dokdo.go.kr/pages/s01/page.html?mc=7225 |title=Location |website=Dokdo, Beautiful island of Korea |publisher=Korean Government }}

* {{citation |author=Gyeo ngbuk Province |year=2001a |url=http://en.dokdo.go.kr/pages/sub01/page.html?mc=0082 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729172424/http://en.dokdo.go.kr/pages/sub01/page.html?mc=0082 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-07-29 |title=Natural Environment |website=Cyber Dokdo |publisher=Korean Government }}
On Dec 9, 1953, the US Secretary of State, ''"US view re Takeshima is simply that of one of many signatories to the treaty. The U.S. is not obligated to 'protect Japan' from Korean "pretensions" to Dokdo, and that such an idea cannot...be considered as a legitimate claim for US action under the U.S.-Japan security treaty.""'' <ref> {{cite web
* {{citation |author=Gyeo ngbuk Province |year=2001b |url=http://en.dokdo.go.kr/pages/sub01/page.html?mc=0093 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729172446/http://en.dokdo.go.kr/pages/sub01/page.html?mc=0093 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-07-29 |title=Visit Dokdo |website=Cyber Dokdo |publisher=Korean Government }}
| url=http://www.geocities.com/mlovmo/page9.html
* {{citation|last=Ha |first=Michael |date=26 August 2008 |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2009/01/177_30015.html |title=A Unique Trip to Dokdo—Islets in the News |newspaper=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065204/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/special/2009/01/177_30015.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy }}
| title=The United States' Involvement with Dokdo Island (Liancourt Rocks):
* {{citation |last=Kirk |first=Donald |date=26 July 2008 |url= http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/JG26Dh01.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090301001613/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/JG26Dh01.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 1 March 2009 |title=Seoul has desert island dreams |work= Asia Times Online }}
}} </ref> <ref> {{cite web
* {{citation |author=KOIS staff |date=12 January 2007 |url=http://www.korea.net/News/News/NewsView.asp?serial_no=20070111037&part=109&SearchDay= |title=Cell phones give Korean ring to Dokdo |publisher=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302011635/http://www.korea.net/News/News/NewsView.asp?serial_no=20070111037&part=109&SearchDay= |archive-date=2 March 2009}}
| url=http://www.dokdo-takeshima.com/dokdo-sf-truth.html
* {{citation |author=KOIS staff |date=12 June 2007a |url=http://www.korea.net/news/news/NewsView.asp?serial_no=20070612020&part=102&SearchDay= |title=Doosan pours big drink for Dokdo residents |publisher=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302022720/http://www.korea.net/news/news/NewsView.asp?serial_no=20070612020&part=102&SearchDay= |archive-date=2 March 2009}}
| title=The Historical Facts of the Dokdo Takeshima Island Dispute:
* {{citation |last=Choe |date=28 August 2008 |first=Sang-Hun |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/08/28/asia/island.php |title=A fierce Korean pride in a lonely group of islets |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828200807/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/08/28/asia/island.php |archive-date=28 August 2008}}
}} </ref> In 1954, US sent in a special mission ambassador to Korea. ], ''"the United States concluded that they remained under Japanese sovereignty and the Island was not included among the Islands that Japan released from its ownership under the Peace Treaty.Though the United States considers that the islands are Japanese territory, we have declined to interfere in the dispute..""'' The current U.S. government stands on a neutral position on this issue.
* {{citation |author=Yonhap staff |date=20 July 2011 |url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2011/07/30/34/0301000000AEN20110730001800320F.HTML |title=N. Korea denounces Japan's vow to visit island near Dokdo |publisher=]}}

In September 1954 and March 1962, Japan proposed to South Korea that the dispute be referred to the ]. South Korea has rejected the proposal.

===Recent conflict===
]
On ], ], South Korea temporarily recalled its ] to Japan,<ref>{{cite web |accessdate=2008-07-14 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7504933.stm |title= South Korea to recall Japan envoy
|publisher=] |date=2008-07-14}}</ref> after Japanese government decided to mention the dispute over the islands in the {{nihongo|"Commentary to the ]"|学習指導要領解説|Gakushu sido yōryō kaisetsu}} for ] classes in ].<ref> (in Chinese) Phoenix TV Hong Kong 2008年07月16日</ref> The ] strengthened its early warning system as a preventative measure against any possible attempt by ] to land on the islets.<ref name="15julyNYTimes"> {{cite news
| url= http://movies.nytimes.com/reuters/world/international-korea-japan-islands.html?scp=1&sq=dokdo&st=cse
| title= South Korea Beefs Up Patrols Near Disputed Isles
| publisher= ]
| date= 2008-07-15
}} </ref> On July 18th, there was a protest in front of the Japanese ] in Seoul.<ref name="aljazeera"> {{cite news
| url= http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2008/07/20087183593714312.html
| title= Japan-S Korea island row escalates
| publisher= ]
| date= 2008-07-18
}} </ref><ref name="aljazeera"/><ref> (in Korean) 18 July 2008 </ref> The ] is considering sending ] to replace a ] contingent on Dokdo to thwart Japan's territorial claim to the islets.<ref> {{cite news
| last= ]
| first= Sung-ki
| url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/07/116_27876.html
| title= Seoul May Take Hardline Steps on East Sea Islets
| publisher= ]
| date= 2008-07-20
}} </ref>

] ] expressed strong dissatisfaction for ]<ref name="Sung-ki116_27873"> {{cite news
| last= ]
| first= Sung-ki
| url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/07/116_27873.html
| title= Dokdo to Become Inhabited Islets
| publisher= ]
| date= 2008-07-20
}} </ref> The Korean government is also considering building ] to provide ], establishing an oceanic scientific base, dispatching public officials to the area, allowing freer public access to the islets, and turning Dokdo into a ] area with hotels.<ref name="Sung-ki116_27873"/>
Korea rejected a Japanese offer for a bilateral meeting on the sidelines of the annual ] regional security summit in Singapore.<ref name="aljazeera23"> {{cite news
| url= http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2008/07/20087234042483633.html
| title= S Korea rejects talks over islands
| publisher= ]
| date= 2008-07-23
}} </ref> Japan's ] expressed concern that military tensions would escalate.<ref name="aljazeera23"/>

In July 2008, the ] (BGN) changed the name of the country that Liancourt Rocks belong to from South Korea to Undesignated Sovereignty. Responding to this change, Gonzalo R. Gallegos, Acting Deputy Spokesman of the U.S. State Department, said on July 28, 2008 that the United States has long maintained a policy stance of neutrality on the islets, and that the latest change does not represent any policy change within the U.S. government.<ref name="us_state_department_2008-07-28">{{cite web| url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2008/july/107498.htm| title=Daily Press Briefing, Gonzalo R. Gallegos, Acting Deputy Spokesman, Washington, DC, July 28, 2008| publisher=Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. State Department| accessdate=2008-07-29}}</ref>

The same change that classified Liancourts Rocks as Undesignated Sovereignty in the BGN database was reversed on July 30th under the order of U.S. President ], once again marking the status of Liancourts Rocks under South Korean control.<ref> {{cite news
| url= http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hWkGA3-H4Fl_nZXqJpfd5TN9v8xg
| title= US restores Korean status of islets at center of Japan-SKorea row
| publisher= AFP
| date= 2008-07-30
}} </ref><ref> {{cite news
| last= Klug
| first= Foster
| url= http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gH7pb6rsjuRgh0WW6X4QdeMiFshwD928FV0O0
| title= US backtracks on name of disputed Asian islands
| publisher= Associated Press
| date= 2008-07-30
}} </ref><ref> {{cite news
| url= http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/newsview_sub.php?menu=1&key=2008073102
| title= Japan tries to confirm Bush's Dokdo orders
| publisher= KBS
| date= 2008-07-31
}} </ref><ref> {{cite news
| last= Pelofsky
| first= Jeremy
| url= http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN3029250220080730
| title= U.S. backs away from S.Korea-Japan island dispute
| publisher= Reuters
| date= 2008-07-30
}} </ref><ref> {{cite news
| last= Hans, Holly
| first= Nichols, Rosenkrantz
| url= http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=a2_awzC4yRFc&refer=japan
| title= Bush orders reversal of map change after South Korean protest
| publisher= Bloomberg.com
| date= 2008-07-30
}} </ref>

==Appearance in Chinese records==
In 1488, ], a Chinese fonctionnaire and diplomat, wrote a memoir of his Korean journey in a fu epic called ''A Fu on Korea'', ],（''Chinese ]]]''). A 1717 Japanese facsimile manuscript recently rediscovered includes a map of Korea, ''Joson paldo chongdo'', which shows the islands of Ulleung (Dagelet Is.) and Usan (Liancourt Rocks) as Korean territory. <ref> {{cite web
|accessdate=2008-08-06
|url=http://www.donga.com/fbin/output?n=200503160364
|title=Uri d'ang Dokdo, Daemado nun Joson d'ang Jung(guk) 15 segi jido balgyon
|publisher=]
|date=2005-03-16}} </ref>

==See also==
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==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category|Liancourt Rocks}}
*
{{Wikivoyage|Liancourt Rocks}}
*, Korea.net
*
*, Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs
*, Northeast Asian History Foundation
*]
* by Steve Barber
*, Shimane Prefectural Government
*{{ws|] on '']''}}
*The truth of Dokdo : Response of 『10 Issues of Takeshima』by Northeast Asian History Foundation ,


'''South Korea'''
==References==
*
{{reflist|2}}
* (Korea)
*
**{{cite web|author=대한민국외교부|author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (South Korea)|title=Dokdo, Beautiful Island of Korea|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEF9FDh4nZc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/mEF9FDh4nZc| archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live|date=2014-04-22|language=en|website=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}


'''Japan'''
{{coor title dms|37|14|30|N|131|52||E|display=inline}}
* (])
** Cabinet Secretariat, Japan
* (] office, Japan)
* (])
** Northeast Asia Division, Asian and Oceanian Affairs Bureau, ] (February 2008)
** Northeast Asia Division, Asian and Oceanian Affairs Bureau, MOFA, Japan (March 2014)
**{{cite web|author=MOFA, Japan |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) |title=Takeshima – Seeking a Solution based on Law and Dialogue |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYRHZX3m-bg | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/DYRHZX3m-bg| archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live|date=October 31, 2013 |language=en |website=YouTube }}{{cbignore}}


{{Coord|37|14|30|N|131|52|00|E |type:landmark |display=title}} <!-- region:KR_ or JP -->
{{Territorial disputes in East and South Asia}} {{Territorial disputes in East and South Asia}}
{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 07:03, 3 January 2025

Group of disputed islets in the Sea of Japan For the naming and territorial dispute surrounding these rocks, see Liancourt Rocks dispute. "Dokdo" and "Takeshima" redirect here. For other uses, see Dokdo (disambiguation) and Takeshima (disambiguation).

Liancourt Rocks
Disputed islands
The two main islets
Other namesLiancourt Islets, Liancourt Islands, Takeshima, Dokdo, Tok Islets, Hornet Islands, Kajido, Sambongdo
Geography
LocationSea of Japan
Coordinates37°14′30″N 131°52′0″E / 37.24167°N 131.86667°E / 37.24167; 131.86667
Total islands91 (37 permanent land)
Major islandsEast Islet, West Islet
Area18.745 ha (46.32 acres)
East Islet: 7.33 hectares (18.1 acres)
West Islet: 8.864 hectares (21.90 acres)
Highest elevation169 m (554 ft)
Highest pointWest Islet
Administration
 South Korea
CountyUlleung County, North Gyeongsang
Claimed by
 Japan
TownOkinoshima, Shimane (Japan)
 North Korea
CountyUlleung County, North Gyeongsang
Demographics
PopulationApproximately 26

The Liancourt Rocks, known in Korea as Dokdo (Korean: 독도) and in Japan as Takeshima (Japanese: 竹島), are a group of islets in the Sea of Japan between the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago administered by South Korea. The Liancourt Rocks comprise two main islets and 35 smaller rocks; the total surface area of the islets is 0.187554 square kilometres (46.346 acres) and the highest elevation of 168.5 metres (553 ft) is on the West Islet. The Liancourt Rocks lie in rich fishing grounds that may contain large deposits of natural gas. The English name Liancourt Rocks is derived from Le Liancourt, the name of a French whaling ship that came close to being wrecked on the rocks in 1849.

While South Korea controls the islets, its sovereignty over them is contested by Japan. North Korea also claims the territory. South Korea classifies the islets as Dokdo-ri, Ulleung-eup, Ulleung County, North Gyeongsang Province, while Japan classifies the islands as part of Okinoshima, Oki District, Shimane Prefecture.

Geography

A steep, rocky island surrounded by dark blue seaA round rocky island, with an empty port. Seagulls block some of the frame.The West island (top) and the East island (bottom)

The Liancourt Rocks consist of two main islets and numerous surrounding rocks. The two main islets, called Seodo (서도; 西島; lit. western island) and Dongdo (동도; 東島; lit. eastern island) in Korean and Ojima (男島; "Male Island") and Mejima (女島; "Female Island") in Japanese, are 151 metres (495 ft) apart. The Western Island is the larger of the two, with a wider base and higher peak, while the Eastern Island offers more usable surface area.

Altogether, there are about 90 islets and reefs, volcanic rocks formed in the Cenozoic era, more specifically 4.6 to 2.5 million years ago. A total of 37 of these islets are recognized as permanent land.

The total area of the islets is about 187,554 square metres (46.346 acres), with their highest point at 168.5 metres (553 ft) on the West Islet. The western islet is about 88,740 square metres (21.93 acres); the eastern islet is about 73,300 square metres (18.1 acres). The western islet consists of a single peak and features many caves along the coastline. The cliffs of the eastern islet are about 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 ft) high. There are two large caves giving access to the sea, as well as a crater.

In 2006, a geologist reported that the islets formed 4.5 million years ago and are (in a geological sense) quickly eroding.

Tourism

Restricted public access to the rocks for a variety of purposes is provided by ferry from Ulleng Island. In 2022, 280,312 tourists visited the islands, averaging 500 visitors per day.

Distances

The Liancourt Rocks are located at about 37°14′N 131°52′E / 37.233°N 131.867°E / 37.233; 131.867. The western islet is located at 37°14′31″N 131°51′55″E / 37.24194°N 131.86528°E / 37.24194; 131.86528 (West Islet) and the Eastern Islet is located at 37°14′27″N 131°52′10″E / 37.24083°N 131.86944°E / 37.24083; 131.86944 (East Islet).

The Liancourt Rocks are situated at a distance of 211 kilometres (114 nmi) from the main island of Japan (Honshu) and 216.8 kilometres (117.1 nmi) from mainland South Korea. The nearest Japanese island, Oki Islands, is at a distance of 157 kilometres (85 nmi), and the nearest Korean island, Ulleungdo, is 87.4 kilometres (47.2 nmi).

Climate

The Liancourt Rocks viewed from the North

Owing to their location and small size, the Liancourt Rocks can have harsh weather. If the swell is greater than 3 to 5 metres, then landing is not possible, so on average ferries can only dock about once in forty days. Overall, the climate is warm and humid, and heavily influenced by warm sea currents. Precipitation is high throughout the year (annual average—1,383.4 millimetres or 54.46 inches), with occasional snowfall. Fog is common. In summer, southerly winds dominate. The water around the islets is about 10 °C (50 °F) in early spring, when the water is coldest, warming to about 24 °C (75 °F) in late summer.

Ecology

Japanese sea lions at Liancourt Rocks during a Japanese sealing operation in 1934

The islets are volcanic rocks, with only a thin layer of soil and moss. About 49 plant species, 107 bird species, and 93 insect species have been found to inhabit the islets, in addition to local marine life with 160 algal and 368 invertebrate species identified. Although between 1,100 and 1,200 litres of fresh water flow daily, desalinization plants have been installed on the islets for human consumption because existing spring water suffers from guano contamination. Since the early 1970s trees and some types of flowers were planted. According to historical records, there used to be trees indigenous to Liancourt Rocks, which have supposedly been wiped out by overharvesting and fires caused by bombing drills over the islets. A recent investigation, however, identified ten spindle trees aged 100–120 years. Cetaceans such as Minke whales, orcas, and dolphins are known to migrate through these areas.

Pollution and environmental destruction

Records of the human impact on the Liancourt Rocks before the late 20th century are scarce, although both Japanese and Koreans claim to have felled trees and killed Japanese sea lions there for many decades.

There are serious pollution concerns in the seas surrounding the Liancourt Rocks. In 2004, a malfunction in the sewage water treatment system established on the islets caused sewage produced by inhabitants of the Liancourt Rocks, such as South Korean Coast Guards and lighthouse staff, to be dumped directly into the ocean. Significant water pollution was observed; sea water turned milky white, sea vegetation died, and coral reefs were calcified. The pollution also caused loss of biodiversity in the surrounding seas. In November 2004, eight tons of malodorous sludge was being dumped into the ocean every day. Efforts have since been made by both public and private organizations to reduce the level of pollution surrounding the Rocks.

Construction

South Korea has carried out construction work on the Liancourt Rocks; by 2009, the islands had a lighthouse, helicopter pad, and a police barracks. In 2007, two desalination plants were built capable of producing 28 tons of clean water every day. Both of the major South Korean telecommunications companies have installed cellular telephone towers on the islets.

History

Japanese map depicting the Liancourt Rocks in "Matsushima Ezu" (松嶋絵図), 1656, (Tottori Prefecture)

Whaling

U.S. and French whaleships cruised for right whales off the rocks between 1849 and 1892.

Demographics and economy

The base that houses South Korean police guards on the Liancourt Rocks' East Islet

In February 2017, there were two civilian residents, two government officials, six lighthouse managers, and 40 members of the coast guard living on the islets. Since the South Korean coast guard was sent to the islets, civilian travel has been subject to South Korean government approval; they have stated that the reason for this is that the islet group is designated as a nature reserve.

In March 1965, Choi Jong-duk moved from the nearby Ulleungdo to the islets to make a living from octopus fishing. He also helped install facilities from May 1968. In 1981, Choi Jong-duk changed his administrative address to the Liancourt Rocks, making himself the first person to officially live there. He died there in September 1987. His son-in-law, Cho Jun-ki, and his wife also resided there from 1985 until they moved out in 1992. Meanwhile, in 1991, Kim Sung-do and Kim Shin-yeol transferred to the islets as permanent residents, still continuing to live there. In October 2018, Kim Sung-do died, thus Kim Shin-yeol is the last civilian resident still living on the islands.

The South Korean government gave its approval to allow 1,597 visitors to visit the islets in 2004. Since March 2005, more tourists have received approval to visit. The South Korean government lets up to 70 tourists land at any given time; one ferry provides rides to the islets every day. Tour companies charge around 350,000 Korean won per person (about US$310 as of 2019).

Sovereignty dispute

Main article: Liancourt Rocks dispute

Sovereignty over the islands has been an ongoing point of contention in Japan–South Korea relations. There are conflicting interpretations about the historical state of sovereignty over the islets.

South Korean claims are partly based on references to an island called Usando (우산도; 于山島; 亐山島) in various medieval historical records, maps, and encyclopedia such as Samguk Sagi, Annals of Joseon Dynasty, Dongguk Yeoji Seungnam, and Dongguk munhon bigo. According to the South Korean view, these refer to today's Liancourt Rocks. Japanese researchers of these documents have claimed the various references to Usan-do refer at different times to Jukdo, its neighboring island Ulleungdo, or a non-existent island between Ulleungdo and Korea. The first printed usage of the name Dokdo was in a Japanese log book in 1904.

North Korea also regards the islands as Korean, and as it claims the entirety of Korea, North Korea claims the islands as its own and contests Japan's claim to the islands alongside South Korea.

  • South Korean stamps depicting the Liancourt Rocks from 1954 South Korean stamps depicting the Liancourt Rocks from 1954
  • A South Korean police boat approaches the dock on the Liancourt Rocks' East Islet. A South Korean police boat approaches the dock on the Liancourt Rocks' East Islet.

Natural Monument of South Korea

The Liancourt Rocks were designated as a breeding ground for band-rumped storm petrels, streaked shearwaters, and black-tailed gulls as Natural Monument #336 of South Korea on November 29, 1982.

See also

Notes

  1. Hanja: 獨島; IPA: [tok̚t͈o]; lit. 'solitary island' or 'lonely island'.
  2. IPA: [takeɕima]; lit. 'bamboo island'.
  3. Pronounced [lə ljɑ̃kuʁ]; named in honor of François Alexandre Frédéric, Duke of La Rochefoucauld and Liancourt.
  4. "There are records attesting to the existence of trees in the past" (BAEK In-ki, SHIM Mun-bo & Korea Maritime Institute 2006, p. 48)
  5. "Such description ... rather reminds us of Utsuryo Island" (para. 2); "A study ... criticizes ... that Usan Island and Utsuryo Island are two names for one island." (para. 3); and "that island does not exist at all in reality" (para. 4 – "10 Issues of Takeshima, MOFA (Article 2)" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan). February 2008. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2008.

Inline citations

  1. ^ "Dokdo Residents". Gyeongsangbuk-do Province. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  2. Fern 2005, p. 78: "Since the end of World War II, Japan and Korea have contested ownership of these islets, given the name Liancourt Rocks by French whalers in the mid-1800s and called that by neutral observers to this day".
  3. BBC staff 2006.
  4. ^ Gyeongsangbuk-do Province 2017b.
  5. BBC staff 2008.
  6. Kirk 2008.
  7. 울릉군리의명칭과구역에관한조례 [개정 2000. 4. 7 조례 제1395호] [Act 1395 amending Chapter 14-2, Ri-Administration under Ulleung County, Local Autonomy Law, Ulleung County] (in Korean). "2000년 4월 7일 울릉군조례 제1395호로 독도리가 신설됨에 따라 독도의 행정구역이 종전의 경상북도 울릉군 울릉읍 도동리 산42～76번지에서 경상북도 울릉군 울릉읍 독도리 산1～37번지로 변경 됨."
    Translation: "Pursuant to Act 1395 amending Chapter 14-2, Ri-Administration under Ulleung County, Local Autonomy Law, Ulleung County, passed March 20, 2000, enacted April 7, 2000, the administrative designation of Dokdo addresses as 42 to 76, Dodong-ri, Ulleung-eup, Ulleung County, North Gyungsang Province, is changed to address 1 to 37, Dokdo-ri, Ulleung-eup, Ulleung County, North Gyungsang Province." 조회 (in Korean). Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2008.
  8. "독도ㆍ울릉도 `침몰하고 있다'"<손영관교수>. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 1 December 2006. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  9. "독도 : 독도입도안내 페이지 입니다.아름다운 신비의 섬 – 울릉군". www.ulleung.go.kr. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  10. Gyeongsangbuk-do Province 2017c.
  11. ^ "The Issue of Takeshima". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  12. BAEK In-ki, SHIM Mun-bo & Korea Maritime Institute 2006, pp. 20–22.
  13. Gyeo ngbuk Province 2001b.
  14. Gyeongsangbuk-do Province 2017a.
  15. Gyeo ngbuk Province 2001a.
  16. 독도 자연생태계 정밀조사결과(요약) [A comprehensive survey of the natural ecosystems of Liancourt Rocks (synopsys)] (in Korean). Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.
  17. 독도 자생 사철나무 군락 첫 발견 [Indigenous Spindle Tree Colony Found on Liancourt Rocks] (in Korean).
  18. 독도 자생 사철나무 100년 이상 된 자생식물 [Liancourt Rock Spindle Trees Over 100 Years Old] (in Korean).
  19. 독도수비 해경, 그물걸린 범고래 구조 – 멸종위기 해양생물 보호 적극적인 조치 기대. K07011002K (in Korean): ENVIROASIA. 2007. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  20. 独島警備の海洋警察、網にかかったシャチ救出. K07011002J (in Japanese). Translated by Koike T.: ENVIROASIA 2007. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  21. "동해 고래, 한미관계 뿐 아니라 독도 역사와도 연결". 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  22. 국민일보 (Gookmin Daily). "독도‘실효적 지배’새 근거 (New Evidence of effective control), 1890년 이전부터 독도서 강치잡이 (Sea lion hunting before 1890)
  23. Japan: Outline of Takeshima Issue
  24. 독도 오수정화시설이 동해바다 오염 주범?. Imaeil (in Korean). 28 September 2007. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
  25. 독도 바다쓰레기 청소 6월2일부터 석달간 [Three-Month Cleanup for Dokdo's Marine Garbage Starts from June 2] (in Korean).
  26. 나무 심고 오물 줍고…아름다운 ‘독도 사랑’ (in Korean). 5 July 2010. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  27. Vladivostok News report Archived 23 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  28. Choe 2008.
  29. KOIS staff 2007a.
  30. KOIS staff 2007.
  31. Cambria, of New Bedford, Apr. 29, 1849, Nicholson Whaling Collection; Cape Horn Pigeon, of New Bedford, Apr. 19, 1892, Kendall Whaling Museum.
  32. On 13 December 1997 the "Special Act on the Preservation of Ecosystem in Island Areas Including Dokdo Island" was enacted by the South Korean parliament. The title of the Natural Monument No. 336, the Dokdo Seaweed Habitat, was changed to the Dokdo National Nature Reserve in December 1999. "Dokdo in History: Chronology". The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea.
  33. Hong, Euny (2014). The birth of Korean cool: how one nation is conquering the world through pop culture (1st ed.). New York: Picador. ISBN 978-1-250-04511-9.
  34. Lee Tae-hee (13 February 2019). "Widow to remain sole Dokdo resident, authorities confirm". The Korea Herald.
  35. McKirdy, Euan; Jeong, Sophie (15 February 2019). "Widow, 81, sole resident of remote island disputed by South Korea and Japan". CNN.
  36. 竹島人口は7万人 4年で倍増 日本人17人も住民登録している！？. KoreaWorldTimes (in Japanese). 16 August 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  37. Ha 2008.
  38. "Life in Dokdo". Cyber Dokdo of Korea. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013.
  39. ""Logbooks of the Japanese Warship Niitaka September 25th 1904"". Dokdo Takeshima The Historical Facts of the Dispute. 1 September 2008.
  40. Agency, United States Central Intelligence; Office, Government Publications (2016). The World Factbook 2016–17. Government Printing Office. p. 406. ISBN 9780160933271.
  41. "문화재(천연기념물)보호구역지정". 2 December 1982.

References

External links

South Korea

Japan

37°14′30″N 131°52′00″E / 37.24167°N 131.86667°E / 37.24167; 131.86667

Territorial disputes in East, South, and Southeast Asia
LandIslands and waters
  • 1: Divided among multiple claimants
Categories: