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{{Short description|Clandestine detention center}}
{{redirect|Blacksite|the 2007 video game|BlackSite: Area 51}}
{{Redirect|Blacksite||Black Site (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2016}}
'''Black sites''' are clandestine detention centers operated by a state where prisoners who have not been charged with a crime are incarcerated without ] or court order, are often mistreated and murdered, and have no recourse to ].<ref>{{cite dictionary| title=black site| dictionary=Collins English Dictionary|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/black-site}}</ref><ref name="AP 2021" >{{cite news|title=Detainee says China has secret jail in Dubai, holds Uyghurs |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4270887 |newspaper=Taiwan News|agency=]|date=August 16, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Bbc070214">{{cite news |title=EU endorses damning report on CIA |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6360817.stm|work=BBC News |date=February 14, 2007}}</ref>


==Argentina==
{{wikisource|Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism}}
{{Main|Clandestine detention center (Argentina)}}
<!-- Deleted image removed: ] in ].]] -->
Several clandestine detention centres operated in Argentina during the ]. Prisoners, many of whom had been ], were tortured and murdered, including pregnant women who were killed after giving birth, and their babies given to military families.<ref>{{cite news| last1=Tondo | first1=Lorenzo |first2=Elena|last2=Basso|last3=Jones | first3=Sam | title=Adopted by their parents' enemies: tracing the stolen children of Argentina's 'dirty war' |newspaper=The Guardian | date=16 January 2023 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/jan/16/tracing-stolen-children-of-argentina-dirty-war}}</ref>


== China ==
In ], a '''black site''' is a location at which a ] is conducted. Recently the term has gained notoriety in describing secret prisons operated by the CIA, generally outside of the mainland U.S. territory and legal ], and with little or no political or public ]. It can refer to the facilities that are controlled by the ] (CIA) used by the U.S. in its ] to detain alleged ]s. One of the alleged purposes is to detain suspected ] outside of the ] which authorizes ] supervision.{{Fact|date=January 2007}} Another purpose, according to the February 2007 ] report, is for detaining suspects while CIA flights used in the ] program make their way through European territory <ref name="Bbc070214"> {{cite news | title=EU endorses damning report on CIA | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6360817.stm | accessdate=2007-02-14 | publisher=] | date=] ] }}</ref>.
{{Main|Black jails}}
Black sites are widespread within China and a Chinese black site has been alleged to exist in ] by a former detainee.<ref name="AP 2021"/> Black sites in China are also known as "]".<ref>{{cite news |last1=LANGFITT |first1=FRANK |title=For Complainers, A Stint In China's 'Black Jails' |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/11/01/163949720/for-complainers-a-stint-in-chinas-black-jails |newspaper=NPR.org |publisher=NPR |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref>


== Egypt ==
] ] acknowledged the existence of secret prisons operated by the ] during a speech on ], ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/09/06/bush.speech/index.html |publisher=CNN / AP |title= Bush: Top terror suspects to face tribunals |date=] |accessdate=2006-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
Black sites are used extensively by the Egyptian security services. During the ] hundreds of protesters alleged that torture occurred at these black sites. The Egyptian security service also operated black sites involved with the CIA's counter-terror black site program.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rosenfeld |first1=Jesse |title=Egypt's Black Site Torture Camps |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/egypts-black-site-torture-camps |newspaper=The Daily Beast |date=June 19, 2014 |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref>
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5321606.stm
| work= BBC News | title=Bush admits to CIA secret prisons | author=
|date=2006-09-07 | accessdate=2007-04-15
}}</ref> A claim that the black sites existed was made by '']'' in November 2005 and before by ] ]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/01/AR2005110101644.html |publisher=Washington Post |title= CIA Holds Terror Suspects in Secret Prisons |date=] |accessdate=2007-02-19}}</ref>


== Iran ==
Many European countries{{Who|date=October 2007}} have officially denied they are hosting Black Sites to imprison terrorists or cooperating in the US ] program. No countries have confirmed that they are hosting black sites. However, according to the ] report, adopted on February 14, 2007 by a majority of the ] (382 ]s voting in favour, 256 against and 74 abstaining), the CIA operated 1,245 flights, and stated that it was not possible to contradict evidence or suggestions that secret ] were operated in Poland and Romania. This 2007 report "regrets that European countries have been relinquishing control over their airspace and airports by turning a blind eye or admitting flights operated by the CIA which, on some occasions, were being used for illegal transportation of detainees" <ref name="Bbc070214"> {{cite news | title=EU endorses damning report on CIA | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6360817.stm | accessdate=2007-02-14 | publisher=] | date=] ] }}</ref><ref> adopted by the European Parliament </ref>.
Rights groups have documented abuse in clandestine detention centers. Sources cited by ] noted in 2023 that black-site torture appeared to increase during the ].<ref>{{cite news |title=How Iran used a network of secret torture centers to crush an uprising |url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2023/02/middleeast/iran-torture-jails-black-sites-mahsa-amini-protests-cmd-intl/ |access-date=20 March 2023 |work=www.cnn.com |date=2023}}</ref>


== Israel ==
An investigation on the origins of the leaks has also been opened by the U.S. Justice Department to investigate what may have been illegal release of classified information.


During the ], Gazan detainees were reportedly transported from Gaza to Sde Teiman, a military base used as a black site. Severe violence, torture, abuse, and in some cases rape and deaths have been reported.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.today/newest/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/06/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-detention-base.html |title=Inside Sde Teiman, the Base Where Israel Detains Gazans - the New Yor… }}</ref>
==Controversy==
The revelation of such black sites adds to the controversy surrounding U.S. policy regarding ']s'. According to government sources{{Fact|date=August 2008}}, the detainees are broken into two groups. Approximately 30 detainees are considered the most dangerous or important terrorism suspects and are held by the CIA at black sites under the most secretive arrangements. The second group is more than 70 detainees who may have originally been sent to black sites, but were soon delivered by the CIA to intelligence agencies in Middle Eastern and Asian countries such as Afghanistan, Morocco, and Egypt. A further 100 ]s kidnapped on European territory and rendered to other countries must be counted, according to Swiss senator ]'s report of January 2006. This process is called ']'. Marty also underlined that European countries probably had knowledge of these covert operations. Furthermore, the CIA apparently financially assists and directs the jails in these countries. While the U.S. and host countries have signed the ], CIA officers are allowed to use what the agency calls ']'. These have been alleged to constitute "severe pain or suffering" under the UN convention, which would be a violation of the treaty and thus U.S. law.


Another longstanding black site in Israel is ], noted as the "Israeli ]".
The fourteen European countries Marty listed as ] in "unlawful inter-state transfers" are Britain, Germany, Isle Of Man, Italy, Sweden, Bosnia, Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Spain, Cyprus, Ireland, Greece, Portugal, Romania and Poland. Named airport bases include ], ], ] and Frankfurt (Germany), ] (Italy), ] (Spain), ] (Bosnia-Herzegovina), ] (Republic of Macedonia), ] (Greece), ] (Cyprus), ] (Czech Republic), ], as well as ] (Morocco) and ] (Algeria) <ref> See BBC map: , '']'', June 7, 2006 </ref>. Polish Prime Minister ] characterized the accusation as "libel", while Romania similarly said there was no evidence.
Britain's ] said that the report "added absolutely nothing new whatever to the information we have."<ref> , '']'', June 7, 2006 </ref>
Poland and Romania received the most direct accusals, as the report claims the evidence for these sites is "strong." The report cites airports in ], Romania, and ], Poland, as "detainee transfer/drop-off point." Eight airports outside Europe are also cited.


===Waterboarding=== == Russia ==
{{Main|Anti-gay purges in Chechnya}}
{{further|]}}
In December 2005, ] reported that former agents claimed the CIA used ], along with five other "Enhanced Interrogation Techniques", against detainees held in the secret prisons.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/Investigation/story?id=1375123
| work=ABC News
| title=Sources Tell ABC News Top Al Qaeda Figures Held in Secret CIA Prisons
| author=] and Richard Esposito
|date=2005-12-05
| accessdate=2007-04-15
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/Investigation/story?id=1322866&page=1
| work=ABC News
| title=CIA's Harsh Interrogation Techniques Described
| author=] and Richard Esposito
|date=2005-11-18
| accessdate=2007-04-15
}}</ref> Waterboarding is widely regarded as a form of ]<ref
>In April 2006, in a , more than 100 U.S. law professors stated unequivocally that waterboarding is ], and is a criminal felony punishable under the U.S. federal criminal code.</ref
><ref>According to Republican ] ], who was tortured as a ] in ], waterboarding is "torture, no different than holding a pistol to his head and firing a blank" and can damage the subject's psyche "in ways that may never heal." </ref><ref>In its 2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, the ] formally recognizes "submersion of the head in water" as torture in its examination of ]'s poor human rights record. {{cite journal | first = | last = U.S. Department of State| year =2005 | month = | title =Tunisia | journal = Country Reports on Human Rights Practices | url =http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61700.htm}}</ref><ref>A former senior official in the directorate of operations is quoted (in full) as saying: "'Of course it was torture. Try it and you'll see.'" Another "former higher-up in the directorate of operations" said "'Yes, it's torture'". At pp. 225-26, in Stephen Grey (2006). ''Ghost Plane: The True Story of the CIA Torture Program.'' New York City: St. Martin's Press.</ref><ref>.</ref><ref>. 74 signatories and 136 parties have as of November 2, 2004.</ref><ref>. See Article 7, "Crimes against humanity," paragraph 2(e).</ref><ref>Benjamin Davis. . "Waterboarding has been torture for at least 500 years. All of us know that torture is going on."</ref><ref>, CNN, October 10, 2007. "The United States tortures prisoners in violation of international law, former President Carter said Wednesday. 'I don't think it. I know it,' Carter told CNN's Wolf Blitzer."</ref><ref>Michael Cooper and Marc Santora. , ''New York Times'', October 26, 2007. Speaking about Waterboarding, John McCain stated in a telephone interview "They should know what it is. It is not a complicated procedure. It is torture."</ref>, though there are reports that President Bush signed a secret "finding" that it is not{{Fact|date=October 2007}}, authorizing its use.


In ], ] have allegedly been tortured at black sites by Chechen ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krupkin |first1=Taly |title=Gay Men in Chechnya Tell of Black Sites Where They're Tortured, Some to Death |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/.premium-gay-men-in-chechnya-tell-of-black-sites-where-theyre-tortured-1.5457708 |newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref> Gay men in other parts of Russia ] to sites in Chechnya, where over 100 have been tortured, and some killed.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-04-11|title=Chechen police 'kidnap and torture gay men' - LGBT activists|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39566136|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> Chechen authorities have thwarted attempts by the ] to help gay people in Chechnya escape to safe locations in Russia, and inhibited investigations by the ] ]. Despite protests in ] against the situation in Chechnya, President ], wanting to maintain good relations with local leader ], has denied that any abuses of homosexuals in Chechnya have occurred. Chechnya is arguably the most ] area in Russia, with 95% of its population adhering to ] (]) ]. It remains the only district of Russia where ] and punishable with jail time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=De Bruyn|first=Piet|date=8 June 2018|title=Persecution of LGBTI people in the Chechen Republic (Russian Federation)|url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1434970/1226_1528870961_document.pdf|journal=Doc. 14572 Report|publisher=Council of Europe (Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination)|volume=1|pages=15|via=ECOI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-08|title=Russia: New Anti-Gay Crackdown in Chechnya|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/08/russia-new-anti-gay-crackdown-chechnya|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref>
===American Psychological Association===
On August 19, 2007, the ] ruled that psychologists can no longer be associated with such interrogation techniques because the methods are "immoral, psychologically damaging and counterproductive in eliciting useful information." The APA said that psychologists who witness interrogators using mock executions, simulated drowning, sexual and religious humiliation, stress positions or sleep deprivation are required to intervene to stop such abuse, to report the activities to superiors and to report the involvement of any other psychologists in such activities to the association. Failure to do so could lead the APA to strip those professionals of their membership, which could lead to revocation of their license(s) by the states in which they practice.
<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/19/AR2007081901513.html | publisher=The Washington Post | title=APA Rules on Interrogation Abuse: Psychologists' Group Bars Member Participation in Certain Techniques | author=Shankar Vedantam |date=2007-08-20 | accessdate=2007-08-20}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.apa.org/governance/resolutions/notorture0807.html | publisher=American Psychological Association | title=Reaffirmation of the American Psychological Association Position Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and Its Application to Individuals Defined in the United States Code as “Enemy Combatants” |date=2007-08-19 | accessdate=2007-08-20
}}</ref>


== Turkey ==
==U.S. administration response==
{{Main|JITEM}}
Responding to the allegations, Secretary of State ] stated on ] that U.S. had not violated any ] in the ] of terrorism suspects, and that individuals were never rendered to countries where it was believed that they might be tortured. Some media sources have noted her comments do not exclude the possibility of covert prison sites operated with the knowledge of the "host" nation,<ref>Rupert Cornwell, ] on ] ]</ref> or the possibility that promises by such "host" nations that they will refrain from torture may not be genuine.<ref>Bronwen Maddox, , ] on ], ]</ref> Indeed, on ] ] President Bush finally publicly admitted the existence of the secret prisons<ref>BBC News </ref> and that many of the detainees held there were being transferred to Guantanamo Bay<ref>Reuters, </ref>.
{{Main|Deep state in Turkey}}


== United States ==
In December 2002, ] reported that "the capture of al Qaeda leaders Ramzi Binalshibh in Pakistan, Omar al-Faruq in Indonesia, Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri in Kuwait and Muhammad al Darbi in Yemen were all partly the result of information gained during interrogations." The ''Post'' cited "U.S. intelligence and national security officials" in reporting this.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A37943-2002Dec25?language=printer | title=U.S. Decries Abuse but Defends Interrogations | publisher=Washington Post | author=Dana Priest and Barton Gellman |date=2002-12-26}}</ref>
{{Main|CIA black sites}}
] controlled black sites have been used by the ] in its ] to detain ]s.<ref name="Bbc070214" />
US President ] acknowledged the existence of secret prisons operated by the CIA during a speech on September 6, 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/09/06/bush.speech/index.html |publisher=CNN |agency=Associated Press |title=Bush: Top terror suspects to face tribunals |date=2006-09-06 |access-date=2006-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906193917/http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/09/06/bush.speech/index.html |archive-date=September 6, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5321606.stm|work=BBC News |title=Bush admits to CIA secret prisons |date=2006-09-07 |access-date=2007-04-15}}</ref> A claim that the black sites existed was made by '']'' in November 2005 and before this by ] ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/01/AR2005110101644.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=CIA Holds Terror Suspects in Secret Prisons |date=2005-11-02 |access-date=2007-02-19 |first=Dana |last=Priest}}</ref>


A ] (EU) report adopted on February 14, 2007, by a majority of the ] (382 ] voting in favor, 256 against and 74 abstaining) stated the CIA operated 1,245 flights and that it was not possible to contradict evidence or suggestions that secret ] where prisoners have been tortured were operated in ] and ].<ref name="Bbc070214" /><ref> adopted by the European Parliament</ref> After denying the fact for years, Poland confirmed in 2014 that it has hosted black sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Williams|first=Carol|date=2015-05-10|title=Poland feels sting of betrayal over CIA 'black site'|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-poland-cia-blacksite-20150510-story.html|access-date=2021-01-16|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
In a September 29, 2006 speech, President ] stated "Once captured, ], ], and ] were taken into custody of the Central Intelligence Agency. The questioning of these and other suspected terrorists provided information that helped us protect the American people. They helped us break up a cell of ]n terrorist operatives that had been groomed for attacks inside the United States. They helped us disrupt an al Qaeda operation to develop ] for terrorist attacks. They helped us stop a planned strike on a U.S. Marine camp in ], and to prevent a planned attack on the U.S. Consulate in ], and to foil a plot to hijack passenger planes and to fly them into ] and London's ]."<ref>White House,, September 29, 2006</ref>


In January 2012, Poland's ]'s office initiated investigative proceedings against ], the former ] chief. Siemiątkowski was charged with facilitating the alleged CIA detention operation in Poland, where foreign suspects may have been tortured in the context of the War on Terror. The involvement of ], Poland's Prime Minister from 2001 to 2004, is also considered possible.<ref name="Poland ex-spy boss 'charged over alleged CIA secret prison'">{{cite news|work=]|title=Poland ex-spy boss 'charged over alleged CIA secret prison'|date=2012-03-27|author=Matthew Day|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/9169366/Poland-ex-spy-boss-charged-over-alleged-CIA-secret-prison.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/9169366/Poland-ex-spy-boss-charged-over-alleged-CIA-secret-prison.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2012-03-28}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Polish Ex-Official Charged With Aiding C.I.A.">{{cite news|work=The New York Times|title=Polish Ex-Official Charged With Aiding the C.I.A.|date=2012-03-27|author=Joanna Berendt, Nicholas Kulish|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/28/world/europe/polish-ex-official-charged-with-aiding-cia.html|access-date=2012-03-28}}</ref>
On ] ], ], a longtime CIA analyst, was fired for leaking classified information to a ''Washington Post'' reporter, ], who was awarded the ] for her revelations concerning the CIA's black sites. Some have speculated that the information allegedly leaked may have included information about the camps.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://fairuse.100webcustomers.com/nws/nytimes37.htm |title=Colleagues Say C.I.A. Analyst Played by Rules" |publisher=New York Times |date=] ]}}</ref> McCarthy's lawyer, however, claimed that McCarthy "did not have access to the information she is accused of leaking." <ref> , '']'', April 24, 2006 </ref> The ''Washington Post'', however, has put in doubt the black sites connection with her dismissal, positing instead that McCarthy "had been probing allegations of criminal mistreatment by the CIA and its contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan", and became convinced that "CIA people had lied" in a meeting with ] staff in June 2005.<ref name=WapO514></ref>


A 2022 ] story cited former Polish President ] as admitting in 2014 that his country had provided "a quiet location" for the ] to operate a ] to torture accused ] terrorists.<ref name="UPI 2022" >{{cite web |title= Supreme Court rejects Guantánamo prisoner's request to interview torturers |url= https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2022/03/03/Guantanamo-prisoner-torture-Supreme-Court/9921646332416 |website=www.upi.com |date=March 3, 2022 |publisher=United Press International |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref>
On ] ] President ] made an executive order banning torture of captives by intelligence officials.<ref name=Reuters20070720>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSN2029519720070720
| publisher=]
| title=Bush orders CIA to comply with Geneva Conventions
| author=]
| date= ], ]
| accessdate=2007-07-20
}}</ref>

In a September 7, 2007 public address to the ] in New York, rare for a sitting Director of Central Intelligence, General ] praised the program of detaining and interrogating prisoners, and credited it with providing 70 percent of the ] on the terrorist threat to America released in July. Hayden said the CIA has detained fewer than 100 people at secret facilities abroad since 2002, and even fewer prisoners have been secretly transferred to or from foreign governments. In a 20-minute question-and-answer session with the audience, Hayden disputed assertions that the CIA has used mock drowning, stress positions, hypothermia and dogs to interrogate suspects — all techniques that have been broadly criticized. "That's a pretty good example of taking something to the darkest corner of the room and not reflective of what my agency does," Hayden told one person from a human rights organization.
<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iPMxKLv8VMTyTbkVgGpLC53w3lQg
| publisher=Associated Press
| title= Hayden: CIA Had Fewer Than 100 Prisoners
| author=Adam Goldman
|date=2007-09-07
| accessdate=2007-09-07}}</ref>

A ] allows the agency to capture and hold specific classes of suspects without accounting for them to the public, or revealing the conditions they face in the prisons.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} Opponents of this practice{{Who|date=October 2007}} charge that US officials have ordered (or deliberately overlooked) ]. Apart from the hundred ], Swiss politician ]'s January 2006 report concluded that another hundred had been kidnapped on European territory and ] to other countries, some of which use ].{{Fact|date=December 2007}}

==Detainees==
{{main|Detainees in CIA custody}}

The list of those thought to be held by the CIA include suspected al-Qaeda members ], ], ] and ]. The total number of ]s is presumed to be at least one hundred, although the precise number cannot be determined because fewer than 10% have been charged or convicted. However, Swiss senator ]'s memorandum on "alleged detention in Council of Europe states" stated that about 100 persons have been kidnapped by the CIA on European territory and subsequently ] to countries where they may have been tortured. This number of 100 persons does not overlap, but adds itself to the U.S.-detained 100 ghost detainees.<ref name="Marty">] ]]</ref>

A number of the alleged detainees listed above were transferred to the U.S.-run ] prison on Cuba in the fall of 2006. With this publicly announced act, the United States government de facto also acknowledged the existence of secret prisons abroad in which these prisoners were held.

====Khaled el-Masri ====
{{main|Khalid El-Masri}}
Khalid El-Masri is a ] citizen who was detained, flown to ], interrogated and allegedly tortured by the CIA for several months, and then released in remote Albania in May 2004 without having been charged with any offense. This was apparently due to a misunderstanding that arose concerning the similarity of the spelling of El-Masri's name with the spelling of suspected terrorist ]. Germany had issued warrants for 13 people suspected to be involved with the abduction, but dropped them in September, 2007.

On October 9, 2007, the ] declined without comment to hear an appeal of El-Masri's civil lawsuit against the United States, letting stand an earlier verdict by a federal district court judge, which was upheld by the ]. Those courts had agreed with the government that the case could not go forward without exposing ]. In May 2007, Masri was committed to a psychiatric institution after he was arrested in the southern German city of Neu-Ulm on suspicion of arson. His attorney blamed his troubles on the CIA, saying the kidnapping and detention had left Masri a "psychological wreck."<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/09/AR2007100900605_pf.html
|title=Court Declines Case of Alleged CIA Torture Victim
|first=Robert
|last=Barnes
|publisher=The Washington Post
|date=2007-10-09
|accessdate=2007-10-09}}</ref>

====Imam Rapito ====
{{Main|Imam Rapito affair}}
The Imam Rapito affair refers to the alleged abduction and transfer by the CIA to Egypt of the Imam of Milan, and alleged terrorist, ], also known as Abu Omar, and tortured and abused. Hassan Nasr was released by Egyptian justice in February 2007, who considered his detention "unfounded," and has not been indicted for any alleged crime in Italy. Ultimately, twenty-six Americans and nine Italians have been indicted with a trial pending.

==Suspected black sites==
[[Image:ExtRenditionMap.gif|thumb|400px|right|<table width=100%><tr><td valign=top>
{{legend|#000000|The U.S. and suspected ] "black sites"}}
{{legend|#3333FF|Extraordinary renditions allegedly have been carried out from these countries}}
{{legend|#9999FF|Detainees have allegedly been transported through these countries}}
{{legend|#FF0000|Detainees have allegedly arrived in these countries}}
''Sources:'' Amnesty International<ref name=AmnestyInternational060101> , '']'', ] ]</ref>, ], ] article on Misplaced Pages{{Fact|date=October 2007}}</tr></td></table>]]
===Asia===
In Thailand, the ] ] in ] was reported to be a ''black site''. Former Prime Minister ] has denied these reports.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thaksin denies Thailand had 'CIA secret prison'|publisher=Bangkok Post|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/breaking_news/breakingnews.php?id=59604}}</ref>

===Middle East===
In Afghanistan, the prison at ] was initially housed in an abandoned brickmaking factory outside ] known as the "]" <ref>{{cite news |title="The Salt Pit" CIA Interrogation Facility outsitde Kabul|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/afghanistan/saltpit.htm}}</ref>, but later moved to the base some time after a young Afghan died of hypothermia after being stripped naked and left chained to a floor. During this period, there were several incidents of ], though they were related to non-secret prisoners, and not the CIA-operated portion of the prison. At some point prior to 2005, the prison was again relocated, this time to an unknown site. Metal containers at Bagram Air Base were reported to be ''black sites''.<ref>{{note label|post1|3|a}}{{cite news |first=Dana |last=Priest |pages=A01 |title=U.S. Decries Abuse but Defends Interrogations 'Stress and Duress' Tactics Used on Terrorism Suspects Held in Secret Overseas Facilities |date=], ] |publisher=Washington Post
|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A37943-2002Dec25?language=printer}}</ref> Some Guantanamo detainees report being ]d in a prison they called "]", also near Kabul.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/HRW/05bee6d5f916310a6f68909e2e67ecf7.htm |title="U.S. Operated Secret 'Dark Prison' in Kabul" |publisher=Reuters |date=] ]}}</ref> Also in Afghanistan, Jalalabad and Asadabad have been reported as suspected sites.<ref name=RisenShaker>{{cite news |first = James |last = Risen |authorlink = |coauthors =Shanker, Thom |title = Hussein Enters Post 9/11 Web of U.S. Prisons |url = |publisher = ] |page = A1 |date= ] |accessdate = }}</ref>

In Iraq, ] was disclosed as also working as a ''black site'', and was the center of an extensive prisoner abuse scandal.<ref>{{cite news|first=Josh|last=White|pages=A16|title=Army, CIA Agreed on 'Ghost' Prisoners|date=], ] |publisher=Washington Post|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A25239-2005Mar10.html}}</ref> Additionally, ] (near ]) and ] (near the ]) were reported.

The ]i newspaper ] reported ] in ] as a black site.<ref>{{cite news |title=Secret CIA centre in Jordan |date=], ] |publisher=News24 |url=http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_1604532,00.html}}</ref>

Black sites have also been reported in ], ],<ref name=RisenShaker /> and ], Pakistan. The Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram reported in December 2001 that 275 prisoners, charged with illegally entering Pakistan, were interrogated by the FBI and CIA at Kohat prison, writing that while Pakistani Taliban were questioned by Pakistan's intelligence agency, the Arabs were "at the mercy of the FBI and CIA."<ref></ref>

===Africa===
{{Expand|date=January 2007}}
Some reported sites in ], ], and ] <ref>{{cite news |first=Johan |last=Huizinga |title=Is Europe being used to hold CIA detainees? |date=], ] |publisher=Radio Netherlands |url=http://www2.rnw.nl/rnw/en/currentaffairs/region/internationalorganisations/eur051125?view=Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CIA Prisons Moved To North Africa? |date=], ] |publisher=CBS News |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/13/world/main1121577.shtml}}</ref>, as well as ] <ref>{{cite news |author=Amnesty International |title=United States of America / Below the radar: Secret flights to torture and ‘disappearance’ |date=], ] |publisher=amnestyusa.org|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/document.do?id=ENGUSA20060404001}}</ref> The al-Tamara interrogation centre, five miles outside the Moroccan capital, ], is cited as one such site.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jason Burke |title=Secret world of US jails |date=], ] |publisher=Observer|url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/waronterrorism/story/0,,1237652,00.html}}</ref>

===Indian Ocean===
The U.S. Naval Base in ] was reported to be a black site, but UK and U.S. officials initially attempted to suppress these reports.<ref>{{cite news |author=Amnesty International |title=United States of America / Yemen: Secret Detention in CIA "Black Sites" |date=], ] |publisher=YubaNet.com |url=http://www.yubanet.com/artman/publish/article_27536.shtml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmhansrd/vo040621/text/40621w13.htm#40621w13.html_wqn9 | title=Developments in the British Indian Ocean Territory" | publisher=] |date=2004-06-21 | accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref> However, it has since been revealed by Time Magazine and a "senior American official" source that the UK isle was indeed used by the US as a secret prison for "war on terror" detainees.

While the revelation is expected to cause considerable embarrassment for both governments, UK officials may face considerable exposure since they had previously quelled public outcry over US detainee abuse by falsely reassuring the public no US detainment camps were housed any on UK bases or territories. The UK may also face liabilities over apparent violations of international treaties. Time Magazine Article: http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1828469,00.html

===Europe===
Several European countries (particularly the former Soviet satellites and republics) have been accused of and denied hosting black sites: the ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]{{ref label|Financial|8|a}}. Slovak ministry spokesman ] said the country had no black sites, but its intelligence service spokesman ] said he would not disclose any information about possible Slovak black sites to the media.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} ] ] ] makes an unprecedented call for the suspension of voting rights for any member state found to have hosted a CIA black site.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

The interior minister of ], ], has assured the EU that the ] was used only as a supply point for equipment, and never for detention, though there have been reports to the contrary. A fax intercepted by the ], from the Egyptian Foreign Ministry to its London embassy stated that 23 prisoners were clandestinely interrogated by the U.S. at the base.<ref>{{cite news | title=Swiss hunt leak on CIA prisons | publisher=The Chicago Tribune |date=] ] | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0601120196jan12,1,938136.story?coll=chi-newsnationworld-hed}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Swiss intercept fax on secret CIA jails |publisher=Vive le Canada |date=] ] | url=http://www.vivelecanada.ca/article.php/20060110084310922}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Swiss paper claims proofs of secret US torture camp | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=] ] | url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2006/s1546440.htm}}</ref> In 2007, it was disclosed by ] (investigator) that the CIA allegedly had secret prisons in Poland and Romania.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/06/08/poland.cia.ap/index.html
|title=Report: CIA had prisons in Poland
|publisher=]
|author=
|date=2007-06-08
}}</ref>

There are other reported sites in the ]<ref name="Financial">{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Dombey |title=CIA faces new secret jails claim|date=] ]|publisher=Financial Times|url=http://news.ft.com/cms/s/d874f262-817d-11da-8b55-0000779e2340.html}}</ref>, who denied hosting any such sites <ref>{{cite news |author=UPI |title=Ukraine denies hosting secret CIA prisons|date=] ]|publisher=United Press International|url=http://www.upi.com/SecurityTerrorism/view.php?StoryID=20060313-125031-1031r}}</ref>, and the ].{{ref label|Financial|8|c}}

Polish intelligence officers admitted a secret CIA detention facility was held on Polish territory from 2002 to 2005, inside a military intelligence training base in Stare Kiejkuty in north-eastern Poland. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7601899.stm

===Mobile sites===
*U.S. warship ]<ref>{{cite paper | author=Posner, Michael | title=Letter to Secretary Rumsfeld |year=2004 | url=http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/iraq/posner_let_dod_051304.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=John Walker Lindh Profile: The case of the Taliban American| work= CNN.com People in the News | url=http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/people/shows/walker/profile.html | accessdate=November 29 | accessyear=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Myers: Intelligence might have thwarted attacks |date=], ] |publisher=CNN |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/central/01/08/ret.afghan.attacks/}}</ref>- By definition as a U.S. military vessel, this is not technically a "black site" as defined above. However, it has been used by the United States military as a temporary initial interrogation site (after which, prisoners are then transferred to other facilities, possibly including black sites).
:*] a ]
:*] a ]<ref>{{cite news |first=Dana |last=Priest |pages=A01 |title=Jet Is an Open Secret in Terror War |date=], ] |publisher=Washington Post |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A27826-2004Dec26?language=printer}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Tim |title=CIA Torture Jet sold in attempted cover up |date=], ]|publisher=Melbourne Indymedia |url=http://www.melbourne.indymedia.org/news/2004/12/84411.php}}</ref> (also known as ])
:*] a Gulfstream V
:*] a ]<ref>{{cite news |first=Stephen |last=Grey |title=Details of US 'torture by proxy flights' emerge |date=], ] |publisher=Not In Our Name |url=http://www.notinourname.net/restrictions/torture-flights-14nov04.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Rosa |last=Brooks |title=Torture: It's the new American way |date=], ] |publisher=Los Angeles Times |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-brooks5nov05,0,2414917.story?coll=la-news-comment-opinions}}</ref>
* On ] ] '']'' reported that the human rights group Reprieve said up to seventeen US Naval vessels may have been used to covertly hold captives.<ref name=TheGuardian20080531a>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jun/02/usa.humanrights
| title=US accused of holding terror suspects on prison ships
| publisher=]
| author=], ]
| date=] ]
| accessdate=2008-06-01
| quote=
}}</ref><ref name=TheGuardian20080531b>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jun/02/terrorism.terrorism
| title=Prison ships, torture claims, and missing detainees
| publisher=]
| author=], ]
| date=] ]
| accessdate=2008-06-01
| quote=
}}</ref> In addition to the USS ''Bataan'' ''The Guardian'' named: ] and the ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]; ], ], ], ] and ]. The ''Ashland'' was stationed off the coast of ], in 2007, and, Reprieve expressed concern it had been used as a receiving ship for up to 100 captives taken in East Africa.

==Media and investigative history==
===Media===
====The Washington Post December 2002====
''The Washington Post'' on ], ] reported about a secret CIA prison in one corner of ] (Afghanistan) consisting of metal shipping containers.{{ref label|post1|3|a}} On ], ], '']'' reported that three British citizens were held captive in a secret section (]) of the Guantánamo Bay complex.<ref>{{cite news |title=Revealed: the full story of the Guantanamo Britons The Observer's David Rose hears the Tipton Three give a harrowing account of their captivity in Cuba |date=], ] |publisher=The Guardian |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/guantanamo/story/0,13743,1169147,00.html}}</ref> Several other articles reported the retention of ]s by the CIA, alongside the other official "]s". However, it was the revelations of the ''Washington Post'', in a ], ] article, that would start the scandal. (])<ref>{{cite news |first=Dana |last=Priest |pages=A01 |title=CIA Holds Terror Suspects in Secret Prisons |date=], ] |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/01/AR2005110101644.html}}</ref>

====Human Rights Watch March 2004 report====
{{further|Enduring Freedom - Abuses by US Forces in Afghanistan}}

A report by the ] organization ], entitled Enduring Freedom - Abuses by US Forces in Afghanistan, states that the CIA has operated in Afghanistan since September, 2001<ref></ref>; maintaining a large facility in the Ariana Chowk neighborhood of ] and a detention and interrogation facility at the ].

====Village March 2005 report ====
In the ]-] ] edition of Ireland's '']'' magazine, an article titled "Abductions via Shannon" claimed that Dublin and Shannon airports in Ireland were "used by the CIA to abduct suspects in its 'war on terror'". The article went on to state that a ] (registration number N313P, later reregistered ]) "was routed through Shannon and Dublin on fourteen occasions from ] ] to the end of 2004. This is according to the flight log of the aircraft obtained from Washington DC by ''Village''. Destinations included ] (1/11/03); ], ], ], ], ], ], Kabul (all ] ]);] (] ] and ] ]). Other flights began in places such as ] (] ] and ] ]), Mitiga (] ] and ] ]), ] (2003) and ] (] ], ] ], ] ]), all of which ended in ].

According to the article, the same aircraft landed in ] on ] ] "having travelled from ] to ] (Poland), ] (Romania) and ] (Morocco)." It had been used "in connection with the abduction in ], Republic of Macedonia, of ], a German citizen of Lebanese descent, on ] ], and his transport to a US detention centre in Afghanistan on ] ]."

In the article, it was noted that the aircraft's registration showed it as being owned by Premier Executive Transport Services, based in Massachusetts, though as of February 2005 it was listed as being owned by ], ] (US). On the day of registration transference, a Gulfstream V jet (number ]) used in the same activities, was transferred from Premier Executive Transport Services to a company called ].

====Washington Post November 2005 article====
A story by reporter ] published in '']'' of ] ], reported: "The CIA has been hiding and interrogating some of its most important alleged al Qaeda captives at a Soviet-era compound in Eastern Europe, according to U.S. and foreign officials familiar with the arrangement."<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/01/AR2005110101644_pf.html
| work=The Washington Post
| title=CIA Holds Terror Suspects in Secret Prisons
| author=Dana Priest
|date=2005-11-01
| accessdate=2007-04-15
}}</ref> According to current and former intelligence officials and diplomats, there is a network of foreign prisons that includes or has included sites in several European democracies, Thailand, Afghanistan, and a small portion of the Guantánamo Bay prison in Cuba - this network has been labeled by ] as "]", in a clear reference to the novel of the same name by Russian writer and activist ].<ref name="ms">{{cite web
| url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/13615446/page/6/
| work=MSNBC
| title=Transcript of interview of ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]
|date=2006-06-02
| accessdate=2007-04-15
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Consequences of Covering Up |date=], ] |publisher=FAIR |url=http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=2715}}</ref>

The reporting of the secret prisons was heavily criticized by members and former members of the Bush Administration. However, Dana Priest states no one in the administration requested that the Washington Post not print the story. Rather they asked they not publish the names of the countries in which the prisons are located.<ref name="ms"/> "The Post has not identified the East European countries involved in the secret program at the request of senior U.S. officials who argued that the disclosure could disrupt counter-terrorism efforts".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110300422.html?nav=hcmodule
| work=The Washington Post
| title=U.S. Faces Scrutiny Over Secret Prisons
| author=]
|date=2005-11-03
| accessdate=2007-04-15
}}</ref>

====Human Rights Watch's report ====
On ] ], Tom Malinowski of the New York-based ] cited circumstantial evidence pointing to Poland and Romania hosting ]-operated covert prisons. Flight records obtained by the group documented the ] leased by the CIA for transporting prisoners leaving Kabul and making stops in Poland and Romania before continuing on to Morocco, and finally Guantánamo Bay in Cuba.<ref>{{cite news |title=Secret Prisons in Poland and Romania? |date=], ] |publisher=DW-World |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1765288,00.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jan |last=Sliva |title=Nations Urged to Answer Prison Allegations |date=], ] |publisher=MagicValley.com |url=http://www.magicvalley.com/news_worldnation/?storyid=/dynamic/stories/C/CIA_SECRET_PRISONS}}</ref> Such flight patterns might corroborate the claims of government officials that prisoners are grouped into different classes being deposited in different locations. Malinowski's comments prompted quick denials by both Polish and Romanian government officials as well as sparking the concern of the ] ("ICRC"), who called for access to all foreign terrorism suspects held by the United States.

The accusation that several EU members may have allowed the United States to hold, imprison or torture detainees on their soil has been a subject of controversy in the European body, who announced in November 2005 that any country found to be complicit could lose their right to vote in the council.<ref></ref>

;Amnesty International November 2005 report
On ], ], rights group ] provided the first comprehensive testimony from former inmates of the CIA black sites.<ref>United States of America / Yemen: Secret Detention in CIA "Black Sites", AI Index: AMR 51/177/2005</ref> The report, which documented the cases of three ]i nationals, was the first to describe the conditions in black site detention in detail. In a subsequent report, in April 2006, Amnesty International used flight records and other information to locate the black site in Eastern Europe or Central Asia.

====BBC December 2006 report====
On 28 December 2006, the BBC reported that during 2003, a well-known CIA Gulfstream aircraft implicated in extraordinary renditions, ], had on several occasions landed at the Polish airbase of ]. The airport manager reported that airport officials were told to keep away from the aircraft, which parked at the far end of the runway and frequently kept their engines running. Vans from a nearby intelligence base (]) met the aircraft, stayed for a short while and then drove off. Landing fees were paid in cash, with the invoices made out to "probably fake" American companies. <ref>{{cite web
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6212843.stm
| work=BBC
| title=Hunt for CIA 'black site' in Poland
| author=Nick Hawton
| accessdate=2007-08-01
}}</ref>

====New Yorker August 2007 article====
An August 13, 2007 story by ] in ] reported that the CIA has operated "black site" secret prisons by the direct Presidential order of ] since shortly after 9/11, and that extreme psychological interrogation measures based at least partially on the Vietnam-era ] were used on detainees. These included sensory deprivation, sleep deprivation, keeping prisoners naked indefinitely and photographing them naked to degrade and humiliate them, and forcibly administering drugs by suppositories to further break down their dignity. According to Mayer's report, CIA officers have taken out professional liability insurance, fearing that they could be criminally prosecuted if what they have already done became public knowledge. <ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/08/13/070813fa_fact_mayer?currentPage=1
| work=The New Yorker
| title=The Black Sites; A rare look inside the C.I.A.’s secret interrogation program
| author=Jane Mayer
|date=2007-08-13
| accessdate=2007-08-13
}}</ref>

====September 2007 media reports to present====
On September 14, 2007, ] reported that members of the ] had requested the withdrawal of the nomination of John Rizzo - a career CIA lawyer - for the position of ], due to concerns about his support for Bush administration legal doctrines permitting "enhanced interrogation" of terrorism detainees in CIA custody.
<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/12/AR2007091202353.html
| publisher=The Washington Post
| title=Senate Intelligence Panel Seeks CIA Nominee's Withdrawal
| author=Joby Warrick
|date=2007-09-14
| accessdate=2007-09-14}}</ref>

On October 4, 2007, ] reported that despite a public legal opinion issued in December 2004 that declared torture "abhorrent," that shortly after ] became ] in February of 2005 that the ] issued another, secret opinion which for the first time provided CIA explicit authorization to barrage terror suspects with a combination of painful physical and psychological tactics, including head-slapping, simulated drowning and frigid temperatures. Gonzales reportedly approved the legal memorandum on “combined effects” over the objections of ], the outgoing deputy attorney general, who told colleagues at the Justice Department that they would all be “ashamed” when the world eventually learned of it. According to The Times report, the 2005 Justice Department opinions remain in effect, and their legal conclusions have been confirmed by several more recent memorandums.
<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/04/washington/04interrogate.html?pagewanted=print
| publisher=The New York Times
| title=Secret U.S. Endorsement of Severe Interrogations
| author=Scott Shane, David Johnston and James Risen
|date=2007-10-04
| accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref>

] and ], chairmen of the respective Senate and House Judiciary Committees, requested that the Justice Department turn over documents related to the secret February 2005 legal opinion to their committees for review.
<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/04/washington/14cnd-interrogate.html?pagewanted=print
| publisher=The New York Times
| title=Congress Seeks Justice Dept. Documents on Interrogation
| author=David Johnston
|date=2007-10-04
| accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref>
The chairman of the ], ], wrote to acting attorney general ], asking for copies of all opinions on interrogation since 2004. "I find it unfathomable that the committee tasked with oversight of the C.I.A.’s detention and interrogation program would be provided more information by The New York Times than by the Department of Justice," Rockefeller's letter read in part.
<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/05/washington/05interrogate.html?hp=&pagewanted=print
| publisher=The New York Times
| title=Debate Erupts on Techniques used by C.I.A.
| author=David Johnston and Scott Shane
|date=2007-10-05
| accessdate=2007-10-05}}</ref>
On October 5, 2007, President ] responded, saying "This government does not torture people. You know, we stick to U.S. law and our international obligations." The President said that the interrogation techniques "have been fully disclosed to appropriate members of Congress."
<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/05/washington/05cnd-torture.html?hp=&pagewanted=print
| publisher=The New York Times
| title=Bush Defends Treatment of Terrorism Suspects
| author=David Johnston and Scott Shane
|date=2007-10-05
| accessdate=2007-10-05}}</ref>

On October 11, 2007, ] reported that CIA director Gen. Michael V. Hayden had ordered an unusual internal inquiry into the work of the agency’s inspector general, John L. Helgerson, whose aggressive investigations of the CIA’s detention and interrogation programs and other matters have created resentment among agency operatives. The inquiry is reportedly being overseen by Robert L. Deitz, a lawyer who served as general counsel at the ] when General Hayden ran it, and also includes Michael Morrell, the agency’s associate deputy director.

A report by Helgerson’s office completed in the spring of 2004 warned that some CIA-approved interrogation procedures appeared to constitute cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, as defined by the international Convention Against Torture. Some of the inspector general’s work on detention issues was conducted by ], who was fired from the agency in 2006 after being accused of leaking classified information. Helgerson’s office is reportedly nearing completion on a number of inquiries into CIA detention, interrogation, and renditions.
<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/11/washington/12intel.html?pagewanted=print
|title=Watchdog of C.I.A. Is Subject of C.I.A. Inquiry
|author=Mark Mazzetti and Scott Shane
|publisher=The New York Times
|date=2007-10-11}}</ref>
Members of the House and Senate intelligence committees expressed concern about the inquiry, saying that it could undermine the inspector general's role as independent watchdog. Senator ] said he was sending a letter to ], the ], asking him to instruct General Hayden to drop the inquiry.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/12/washington/12cnd-cia.html?pagewanted=print
|title=C.I.A. Internal Inquiry Troubling, Lawmakers Say
|author=Mark Mazzetti and Scott Shane
|publisher=The New York Times
|date=2007-10-12}}</ref>

In an October 30, 2007 address to the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, CIA Director General ] defended the agency's interrogation methods, saying, "Our programs are as lawful as they are valuable." Asked a question about ], Hayden mentioned attorney general nominee ], saying, "Judge Mukasey cannot nor can I answer your question in the abstract. I need to understand the totality of the circumstances in which this question is being posed before I can give you an answer."
<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iPMxKLv8VMTyTbkVgGpLC53w3lQgD8SJTO280
|title=CIA Head Defends Interrogation Practices
|author=Sophia Tareen
|publisher=Associated Press
|date=2007-10-30
|accessdate=2007-10-31}}</ref>

On December 6, 2007, the CIA admitted that it had destroyed videotapes recordings of CIA interrogations of terrorism suspects involving harsh interrogation techniques, tapes which critics suggest may have documented the use of torture by the CIA, such as waterboarding. The tapes were made in 2002 as part of a secret detention and interrogation program, and were destroyed in November 2005. The reason cited for the destruction of the tapes was that the tapes posed a security risk for the interrogators shown on the tapes. Yet the department also stated that the tapes "had no more intelligence value and were not relevant to any inquiries".
<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN0654798320071207
|title=CIA says it made and destroyed interrogation tapes
|first=Randall
|last=Mikkelsen
|publisher=Reuters
|date=2007-12-06
|accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref>
In response, Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman Carl Levin, D-Mich., stated: "You'd have to burn every document at the CIA that has the identity of an agent on it under that theory." Other Democrats in Congress also made public statements of outrage about the destruction of the tapes, suggesting that a violation of law had occurred.
<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/12/06/national/w132617S54.DTL&tsp=1
|title=Democrats Want Probe of Tape Destruction
|first=Pamela
|last=Hess
|publisher=Associated Press
|date=2007-12-07
|accessdate=2007-12-07}}</ref>

===European investigations===
After a media and public outcry in Europe concerning headlines about "secret CIA prisons" in Poland and other US allies, the EU through its Committee on Legal Affairs investigated whether any of its members, especially Poland, the Czech Republic or Romania had any of these "secret CIA prisons." After an investigation by the EU Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, the EU determined that it could not find any of these prisons. In fact, they could not prove if they had ever existed at all. To quote the report, "At this stage of the investigations, there is no formal, irrefutable evidence of the existence of secret CIA detention centres in ], ] or any other country. Nevertheless, there are many indications from various sources which must be considered reliable, justifying the continuation of the analytical and investigative work."<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/CommitteeDocs/2006/20060124_Jdoc032006_E.htm
| work=Council of Europe
| title=Alleged secret detentions in Council of Europe member states
| author=Dick Marty
| pages=chapter E: Preliminary analysis of the information already obtained, part C: Secret detention centres
| accessdate=2007-04-15
}}</ref>

====Spain investigations ====
In November 2005, Spanish newspaper '']'' reported that CIA planes had landed in the Canary Islands and in Palma de Mallorca. An attorney opened up an investigation concerning these landings which, according to Madrid, were made without official knowledge, thus being a breach of ].<ref>{{cite news | title=''El Gobierno canario pide explicaciones sobre vuelos de la CIA en Tenerife'' |date= ] ] | publisher=El Pais |url=http://www.elpais.es/articulo/elpepinac/20051116elpepinac_3/Tes/Canarias%20pide%20explicaciones%20sobre%20las%20escalas%20de%20vuelos%20de%20la%20CIA%20en%20Tenerife}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=''La Fiscalía de Canarias investigará las escalas de vuelos de la CIA en Tenerife y Gran Canaria'' |date=] ] | publisher=El Mundo | url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/11/18/espana/1132315880.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=''Un supuesto avión de la CIA aterriza en la base portuguesa de Azores'' |date=] ] | publisher=Canarias 7 | url=http://www.canarias7.es/articulo.cfm?Id=14607&dia=29/11/05}}</ref>

====France investigations ====
The prosecutor of ] court, in France, opened up an investigation in order "to verify the presence in ], on ], ], of the plane numbered N50BH." This instruction was opened following a complaint deposed in December 2005 by the '']'' (LDH) NGO ("Human Rights League") and the '']'' (FIDH) NGO on charges of "arbitrary detention", "crime of torture" and "non-respect of the rights of ]". It has as objective to determine if the plane was used to transport CIA prisoners to ] and if the French authorities had knowledge of this stop. However, the lawyer defending the LDH declared that he was surprised that the judicial investigation was only opened on ], ], and that no verifications had been done before.
On ], ], conservative newspaper '']'' had revealed the existence of two CIA planes that had landed in France, suspected of transporting CIA prisoners. But the instruction concerned only N50BH, which was a ], which would have landed at Le Bourget on ] ], coming from ], ]. The other suspected aircraft would have landed in ] on ], ]. It is investigated by the ] authorities, as it would have been flying from ] in Canada, via ] in ] before going to ] <ref> {{fr icon}}{{cite news | title=La France enquête sur les avions de la CIA | publisher=Le Figaro |date=] ] | url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/france/20060302.FIG000000200_la_france_enquete_sur_les_avions_de_la_cia.html}} </ref>.

==== Portugal investigations ====

Portugal opened an investigation concerning CIA flights in February 2007, on the basis of declarations by ] ] ] and by ], a journalist for the '']'' review. The Portuguese general prosecutor, ], head of the ] ("DCIAP"), announced the opening of investigations on February 5, 2007. They center on the issue of "torture or inhuman and cruel treatment," and are instigated by allegations of "illegal activities and serious human rights violations" made by MEP Ana Gomes to the attorney general, Pinto Monteiro, on January 26, 2007 <ref name="StateFeb07"> "Portugal: Renditions: Judicial investigation into CIA flights begins", ] News Online, February 5-6, 2007 () {{en icon}} </ref>.

Ana Gomes was highly critical of the Portuguese government's reluctance to comply with the European Parliament Commission investigation into the CIA flights, leading to tensions with Foreign Minister ], a member of the ]. She declared that she had no doubt that permission of these illegal flights were frequent during ] (2002-2004) and ] (2004-2005)' governments, and that "during the government of ] , 24 flights which passed through Portuguese territory" are registered <ref>, '']'', February 5, 2007 {{es icon}} </ref>. She has declared herself satisfied with the opening of the investigations, but underlined that she had always claimed that a parliamentary inquiry would be necessary <ref name="StateFeb07"/>.

Journalist Rui Costa Pinto was heard by the "DCIAP" after having written an article, refused by ''Visão'', about flights passing through ] in the ], a Portuguese airbase used by the US Air Force<ref name="StateFeb07">.

Approximatively 150 "CIA" flights which have flown through Portugal have been identified. <ref> Details about "CIA" flights requested to Portuguese government by MEP ]. See "Portugal: Evidence of illegal ""CIA rendition flights surfacing", ], October 2006 {{en icon}} </ref>.

====Other European investigations====
] ] by the Swiss Onyx interception system, as published in the Swiss press.]]

The ] (EU) as well as the ] pledged to investigate the allegations. On ] ], the lead investigator for the Council of Europe, Swiss lawmaker ] announced that he had obtained latitude and longitude coordinates for suspected black sites, and he was planning to use satellite imagery over the last several years as part of his investigation. On ], ], EU Justice Commissioner ] asserted that any EU country which had operated a secret prison would have its voting rights suspended.<ref>{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Ames |title=EU May Suspend Nations With Secret Prisons |date=], ] |publisher=] |url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=1352347}}</ref> On ] ] ], investigating illegal CIA activity in Europe on behalf of the ] in Strasbourg, reported evidence that "individuals had been abducted and transferred to other countries without respect for any legal standards". His investigation has found that no evidence exists establishing the existence of secret CIA prisons in Europe, but added that it was "highly unlikely" that European governments were unaware of the American program of renditions. However, Marty's interim report, which was based largely on a compendium of press clippings has been harshly criticised by the governments of various EU member states.<ref name="move">{{cite web
| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/13/world/main1121577.shtml?cmp=EM8706
| work=CBS News
| title=CIA Prisons Moved To North Africa?
| author=]
|date=2005-12-13
| accessdate=2007-05-23
}}</ref> The preliminary report declared that it was "highly unlikely that European governments, or at least their intelligence services, were unaware" of the CIA kidnapping of a "hundred" persons on European territory and their subsequent ] to countries where they may be tortured <ref name="Marty"> ] ]]</ref>.

On ] ] the ] reported that European investigators said they had not been able to find conclusive evidence of the existence of European black sites.<ref name=Nytimes060421>, '']'', ] ]</ref>

On 27 June 2007, the ] voted on Resolution 1562 and Recommendation 1801 backing the conclusions of the report by Dick Marty. The Assembly declared that it was established with a high degree of probability that secret detention centres had been operated by the CIA under the High Value Detainee (HVD) program for some years in Poland and Romania.<ref name="move"/>

====The Onyx-intercepted fax====
In its edition of ], ], the ] newspaper '']'' published a document intercepted on ] by the Swiss ] (similar to the ]'s ] system). Purportedly sent by the Egyptian embassy in London to foreign minister ], the document states that 23 Iraqi and Afghan citizens were interrogated at Mihail Kogălniceanu base near ], Romania. According to the same document, similar interrogation centers exist in Bulgaria, Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia, and Ukraine <ref name="Financial">{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Dombey |title=CIA faces new secret jails claim|date=] ]|publisher=Financial Times|url=http://news.ft.com/cms/s/d874f262-817d-11da-8b55-0000779e2340.html}}</ref>.

The Egyptian Foreign Ministry later explained that the intercepted fax was merely a review of the Romanian press done by the Egyptian Embassy in Bucharest. It probably referred to a statement by controversial Senator and Great Romania party leader ].<ref>Axis Information and Analysis. , ] ].</ref>

The Swiss government did not officially confirm the existence of the report, but started a judiciary procedure for leakage of secret documents against the newspaper on 9 January 2006.

====The European Parliament's February 14, 2007 report====
The ]'s report, adopted by a large majority (382 ]s voting in favour, 256 against and 74 abstaining) passed on February 14, 2007 concludes that many European countries tolerated illegal actions of the ] including secret flights over their territories. The countries named were: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and the ]. <ref name="Bbc070214"> {{cite news | title=EU endorses damning report on CIA | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6360817.stm | accessdate=2007-02-14 | publisher=] | date=] ] }}</ref> The report...
<blockquote>"''denounces the lack of co-operation of many member states and of the ] with the investigation," "Regrets that European countries have been relinquishing control over their airspace and airports by turning a blind eye or admitting flights operated by the CIA which, on some occasions, were being used for illegal transportation of detainees; Calls for the closure of Guantanamo and for European countries immediately to seek the return of their citizens and residents who are being held illegally by the US authorities; Considers that all European countries should initiate independent investigations into all stopovers by civilian aircraft the CIA; Urges that a ban or system of inspections be introduced for all CIA-operated aircraft known to have been involved in extraordinary rendition.''" <ref>, on the BBC News website</ref><ref>, on the ] website</ref> </blockquote>

The report criticized a number of European countries (including Austria, Italy, Poland, Portugal and the UK) for their "unwillingness to co-operate" with investigators.and the action of ] for lack of cooperation with the Parliaments' investigators and acceptal of the illegal abductions. The European Parliament voted a resolution condemning member states which accepted or ignore the practice. According to the report, the CIA had operated 1,245 flights, many of them to destinations where suspects could face torture. The Parliament also called for the creation of an independent investigation commission and the closure of Guantanamo camp. According to Italian Socialist ], who drafted the document, there was a "strong possibility" that the intelligence obtained under the extraordinary rendition illegal program had been passed on to EU governments who were aware of how it was obtained. The report also uncovered the use of secret detention facilities used in Europe, including Romania and Poland. The report defines extraordinary renditions as instances where "an individual suspected of involvement in terrorism is illegally abducted, arrested and/or transferred into the custody of US officials and/or transported to another country for interrogation which, in the majority of cases involves incommunicado detention and torture".

==United Nations response==
On May 19, 2006, the ] Committee Against Torture (the U.N. body that monitors compliance with the ], the world's anti-torture treaty) recommended that the United States cease holding detainees in secret prisons and stop the practice of rendering prisoners to countries where they are likely to be tortured. The decision was made in ] following two days of hearings at which a 26-member U.S. delegation defended the practices.<ref>William Fisher, , ] on ], ]</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
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==References== ==References==
{{reflist|2}} {{Reflist|2}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Wikisource|Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism}}
*{{cite news |title=CIA Interrogation Centre "The Salt Pit" |publisher=Altopix |url=http://explorer.altopix.com/map/x4ha1r/CIA_Interrogation_Centre_The_Salt_Pit.htm}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Black sites}}
*{{cite news |first=Dana |last=Priest |pages=A01 |title=Secret World of U.S. Interrogation Long History of Tactics in Overseas Prisons Is Coming to Light |date=] ] |publisher=Washington Post |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A15981-2004May10?language=printer}}
*{{cite news |first=Seymour M. |last=Hersh |title=The Gray Zone - How a secret Pentagon program came to Abu Ghraib |date=] ] |publisher=The New Yorker |url=http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/?040524fa_fact}}
*{{cite news |title=U.S. Holding Prisoners in More Than Two Dozen Secret Detention Facilities Worldwide, New Report Says |date=] ] |publisher=Human Rights First |url=http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/media/2004_alerts/0617.htm}}
*{{cite news |first=Dana |last=Priest |title=At Guantanamo, a Prison Within a Prison CIA Has Run a Secret Facility for Some Al Qaeda Detainees, Officials Say |date=] ] |publisher=Washington Post |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5918-2004Dec16.html}}
*{{cite news |title=CIA Avoids Scrutiny of Detainee Treatment Afghan's Death Took Two Years to Come to Light; Agency Says Abuse Claims Are Probed Fully |date=] ] |publisher=Washington Post |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A2576-2005Mar2.html}}
*{{cite news |first=Dana |last=Priest |title=CIA Avoids Scrutiny of Detainee Treatment Afghan's Death Took Two Years to Come to Light; Agency Says Abuse Claims Are Probed Fully |date=] ] |publisher=Washington Post |url=http://gnn.tv/headlines/1291/CIA_Avoids_Scrutiny_of_Detainee_Treatment}}
*{{cite news |title=Terror Interrogations Held in Old Soviet Facility |date=] ] |publisher=Fox News |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,174338,00.html}}
*{{cite news |first=Dana |last=Priest |title=Secret prison system detains high-level terrorism suspects |date=] ] |publisher=Washington Post |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002598646_detain02.html}}
*{{cite news |title=CIA 'running secret terror jails' |date=] ] |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4400728.stm}}
*{{cite news |title=CIA 'has secret terror jails' |date=] ] |publisher=Aljazeera |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/9E6F94FB-130A-49A5-A556-5174AFCA1629.htm}}
*{{cite news |first=Dana |last=Priest |title=Policies on Terrorism Suspects Come Under Fire: Democrats Say CIA's Covert Prisons Hurt U.S. Image; U.N. Official on Torture to Conduct Inquiry |date=] ] |publisher=Washington Post |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/02/AR2005110202988.html?nav=hcmodule}}
*{{cite news |title=Thailand denies being interrogation site |date=] ] |publisher=The Age |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Thailand-denies-being-interrogation-site/2005/11/03/1130823333738.html}}
*{{cite news |title=Get out of the torture business - Mistreating detainees is unAmerican and puts our own soldiers at risk |date=] ] |publisher=Oregon Live |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/editorials/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/editorial/1130981107165890.xml&coll=7}}
*{{cite news |first=Eugene |last=Robinson |pages=A23 |title=Out of a Bad Spy Novel |date=] ] |publisher=Washington Post |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110301732.html}}
*{{cite news |title=‘Black site’ prisons invite unchecked abuse |date=] ] |publisher=News Tribune |url=http://www.thenewstribune.com/opinion/story/5303355p-4808433c.html}}
*{{cite news |first=Jan |last=Silva |title=Nations urged to answer prison allegations |date=] ] |publisher=Washington Post |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/04/AR2005110400502.html}}
*{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Brookes |title=CIA 'black sites': A black eye for U.S. |date=] ] |publisher=Philadelphia Inquirer |url=http://www.philly.com/mld/inquirer/news/editorial/13116843.htm}}
*{{cite news |title=Frist concerned more about leaks than secret prisons |date=] ] |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/11/10/frist.secretprisons.ap/index.html}}
*{{cite news |url=http://service.spiegel.de/cache/international/spiegel/0,1518,387185,00.html |title=The Hunt for Hercules N8183J |publisher=Der Spiegel |date=], ]}}
*{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2089-2036185,00.html |title=Revealed: the terror prison US is helping build in Morocco |publisher=The Sunday Times |date=], ]}}
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Latest revision as of 13:26, 19 October 2024

Clandestine detention center "Blacksite" redirects here. For other uses, see Black Site (disambiguation).

Black sites are clandestine detention centers operated by a state where prisoners who have not been charged with a crime are incarcerated without due process or court order, are often mistreated and murdered, and have no recourse to bail.

Argentina

Main article: Clandestine detention center (Argentina)

Several clandestine detention centres operated in Argentina during the military dictatorship that ruled the country from 1976 to 1983. Prisoners, many of whom had been "disappeared", were tortured and murdered, including pregnant women who were killed after giving birth, and their babies given to military families.

China

Main article: Black jails

Black sites are widespread within China and a Chinese black site has been alleged to exist in Dubai by a former detainee. Black sites in China are also known as "black jails".

Egypt

Black sites are used extensively by the Egyptian security services. During the Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) hundreds of protesters alleged that torture occurred at these black sites. The Egyptian security service also operated black sites involved with the CIA's counter-terror black site program.

Iran

Rights groups have documented abuse in clandestine detention centers. Sources cited by CNN noted in 2023 that black-site torture appeared to increase during the Mahsa Amini protests.

Israel

During the Israel-Hamas war, Gazan detainees were reportedly transported from Gaza to Sde Teiman, a military base used as a black site. Severe violence, torture, abuse, and in some cases rape and deaths have been reported.

Another longstanding black site in Israel is Camp 1391, noted as the "Israeli Guantanamo".

Russia

Main article: Anti-gay purges in Chechnya

In Chechnya, gay men have allegedly been tortured at black sites by Chechen security forces. Gay men in other parts of Russia have been kidnapped and transported to sites in Chechnya, where over 100 have been tortured, and some killed. Chechen authorities have thwarted attempts by the Russian LGBT Network to help gay people in Chechnya escape to safe locations in Russia, and inhibited investigations by the Commissioner for Human Rights Tatyana Moskalkova. Despite protests in major Russian cities against the situation in Chechnya, President Vladimir Putin, wanting to maintain good relations with local leader Ramzan Kadyrov, has denied that any abuses of homosexuals in Chechnya have occurred. Chechnya is arguably the most homophobic area in Russia, with 95% of its population adhering to Orthodox (Sunni) Islam. It remains the only district of Russia where homosexuality is outlawed and punishable with jail time.

Turkey

Main article: JITEM Main article: Deep state in Turkey

United States

Main article: CIA black sites

CIA controlled black sites have been used by the U.S. government in its War on Terror to detain enemy combatants. US President George W. Bush acknowledged the existence of secret prisons operated by the CIA during a speech on September 6, 2006. A claim that the black sites existed was made by The Washington Post in November 2005 and before this by human rights NGOs.

A European Union (EU) report adopted on February 14, 2007, by a majority of the European Parliament (382 MEPs voting in favor, 256 against and 74 abstaining) stated the CIA operated 1,245 flights and that it was not possible to contradict evidence or suggestions that secret detention centers where prisoners have been tortured were operated in Poland and Romania. After denying the fact for years, Poland confirmed in 2014 that it has hosted black sites.

In January 2012, Poland's Prosecutor General's office initiated investigative proceedings against Zbigniew Siemiątkowski, the former Polish intelligence chief. Siemiątkowski was charged with facilitating the alleged CIA detention operation in Poland, where foreign suspects may have been tortured in the context of the War on Terror. The involvement of Leszek Miller, Poland's Prime Minister from 2001 to 2004, is also considered possible.

A 2022 United Press International story cited former Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski as admitting in 2014 that his country had provided "a quiet location" for the CIA to operate a black site to torture accused 9/11 terrorists.

See also

References

  1. "black site". Collins English Dictionary.
  2. ^ "Detainee says China has secret jail in Dubai, holds Uyghurs". Taiwan News. Associated Press. August 16, 2021.
  3. ^ "EU endorses damning report on CIA". BBC News. February 14, 2007.
  4. Tondo, Lorenzo; Basso, Elena; Jones, Sam (January 16, 2023). "Adopted by their parents' enemies: tracing the stolen children of Argentina's 'dirty war'". The Guardian.
  5. LANGFITT, FRANK. "For Complainers, A Stint In China's 'Black Jails'". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  6. Rosenfeld, Jesse (June 19, 2014). "Egypt's Black Site Torture Camps". The Daily Beast. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  7. "How Iran used a network of secret torture centers to crush an uprising". www.cnn.com. 2023. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
  8. "Inside Sde Teiman, the Base Where Israel Detains Gazans - the New Yor…".
  9. Krupkin, Taly. "Gay Men in Chechnya Tell of Black Sites Where They're Tortured, Some to Death". Haaretz. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  10. "Chechen police 'kidnap and torture gay men' - LGBT activists". BBC News. April 11, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  11. De Bruyn, Piet (June 8, 2018). "Persecution of LGBTI people in the Chechen Republic (Russian Federation)" (PDF). Doc. 14572 Report. 1. Council of Europe (Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination): 15 – via ECOI.
  12. "Russia: New Anti-Gay Crackdown in Chechnya". Human Rights Watch. May 8, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  13. "Bush: Top terror suspects to face tribunals". CNN. Associated Press. September 6, 2006. Archived from the original on September 6, 2006. Retrieved September 6, 2006.
  14. "Bush admits to CIA secret prisons". BBC News. September 7, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2007.
  15. Priest, Dana (November 2, 2005). "CIA Holds Terror Suspects in Secret Prisons". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
  16. Key excerpts of the February 2007 report adopted by the European Parliament
  17. Williams, Carol (May 10, 2015). "Poland feels sting of betrayal over CIA 'black site'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  18. Matthew Day (March 27, 2012). "Poland ex-spy boss 'charged over alleged CIA secret prison'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  19. Joanna Berendt, Nicholas Kulish (March 27, 2012). "Polish Ex-Official Charged With Aiding the C.I.A." The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  20. "Supreme Court rejects Guantánamo prisoner's request to interview torturers". www.upi.com. United Press International. March 3, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2022.

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