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{{Short description|Most populous city in the United States}}
{{otheruses4|the city}}
{{Redirect2|NYC|New York, New York|other uses|New York City (disambiguation)|and|NYC (disambiguation)|and|New York, New York (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect4|New York, New York|NYC}}
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{{featured article}}
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{{Use American English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox Settlement
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
| name = City of New York
{{Infobox settlement
| native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->
| name = New York<!--DO NOT change without discussion.-->
| nickname = ''The ], Gotham, The City That Never Sleeps, The Capital of The World (]), The Empire City, The City So Nice They Named It Twice.''
| subdivision_type = ]
| settlement_type =
| settlement_type = ]
| motto =
| named_for = ]
| image_skyline = NYC Montage 7.jpg
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| imagesize = 270px
| total_width = 300
| image_caption =
| border = infobox
| image_flag = Flag of New York City.svg
| perrow = 1/3/3/2
| flag_size =
| caption_align = center
| image_seal = Seal of New York City.png
| image1 = View of Empire State Building from Rockefeller Center New York City dllu.jpg
| seal_size =
| alt1 = Midtown Manhattan
| image_shield =
| caption1 = ] with the ] (center) and ] with ] (background)
| shield_size =
| image2 = 67º Período de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157) (cropped).jpg
| city_logo =
| alt2 = United Nations headquarters building
| citylogo_size =
| caption2 = ]
| image_map = Map of New York Highlighting New York City.svg
| image3 = Liberty02.jpg
| mapsize = 200px
| alt3 = Statue of Liberty
| map_caption = Location in the state of ]
| caption3 = ]
| image_map1 =
| image4 = New york times square-terabass (cropped).jpg
| mapsize1 =
| alt4 = Bright lights of Times Square
| map_caption1 =
| caption4 = ]
| image_dot_map =
| image5 = Unisphere at night (cropped).jpg
| dot_mapsize =
| alt5 = The Unisphere, a large metal globe sculpture
| dot_map_caption =
| caption5 = ]
| dot_x =
| image6 = 20170721 Gotham Shield NYC Aerials-225 medium (cropped).jpg
| dot_y =
| alt6 = Central Park scenery
| pushpin_map = <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/Template:Location_map -->
| caption6 = ]
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
| image7 = Spiderweb BB jeh.jpg
| pushpin_map_caption =
| alt7 = Brooklyn Bridge
| pushpin_mapsize =
| caption7 = ]
| subdivision_type = ]
| image8 = Look_out_point_(cropped).jpg
| subdivision_name = United States
| alt8 = A bridge over a river
| subdivision_type1 = ]
| caption8 = ]
| subdivision_name1 = ]
| image9 = Bronx Zoo 001.jpg
| subdivision_type2 = ]
| alt9 = Entrance to the Bronx Zoo
| subdivision_name2 = ]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]
| caption9 = ]
| government_foonotes =
}}
| government_type =
| leader_title = ] | image_flag = Flag of New York City.svg
| image_seal = Seal of New York City BW.svg
| leader_name = ] (])
| image_blank_emblem = NYC Logo Wolff Olins.svg
| leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->
| blank_emblem_type = ]
| leader_title2 =
| image_map = {{infobox mapframe|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=250|frame-height=300|zoom=8|frame-lat=40.782|frame-long=-73.965|type=shape-inverse|id=Q60|title=New York City}}
| leader_name2 =
| mapsize =
| established_title = ]
| map_caption = Interactive map outlining New York City
| established_date = 1624
| pushpin_map = New York#USA
| established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
| pushpin_relief = yes
| established_date2 =
| pushpin_label_position = left
| established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
| pushpin_label = {{nowrap|New York City}}
| established_date3 = 1898
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within the ]##Location within the ]
| area_magnitude = 1 E9
| coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q60|region:US-NY_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| unit_pref = Imperial
| coordinates_footnotes = <ref name="GR1">{{Cite web |date=February 12, 2011 |title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990 |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html |access-date=April 23, 2011 |publisher=] }}</ref>
| area_footnotes =
| official_name = <!-- DO NOT add to this parameter without consensus -->
| area_total_km2 = 1214.4
| subdivision_name = {{Flagu|United States}}
| area_land_km2 = 789.4
| subdivision_type2 = ]
| area_water_km2 = 428.8
| subdivision_name2 = {{Flag|New York}}
| area_total_sq_mi = 468.9
| subdivision_type3 = ] (])
| area_land_sq_mi = 304.8
| subdivision_name3 = {{Ubl|]|]|]|]|]}}
| area_water_sq_mi = 165.6
| established_title = ]
| area_water_percent =
| established_date = {{Start date and age|1624|p=yes}}
| area_urban_km2 = 8683.2
| established_title1 = ]
| area_urban_sq_mi = 3352.6
| established_date1 = {{Start date and age|1898|p=yes}}
| area_metro_km2 = 17405
| government_type = ]
| area_metro_sq_mi = 6720
| governing_body = ]
| area_blank1_title =
| leader_title = ]
| area_blank1_km2 =
| leader_name = ] (])
| area_blank1_sq_mi =
| total_type = Total
| population_as_of = July 1, 2007
| unit_pref = Imperial
| population_footnotes = <ref name=100000plus>{{cite web | url = http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2007-01.csv | title = Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2007 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007| format = ] | publisher = ], Population Division | date = ] | accessdate = 2008-08-31}}</ref>
| area_footnotes = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web |title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory |url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=September 20, 2022 }}</ref>
| population_note =
| area_total_sq_mi = 472.43
| population_total = 8274527 (], ])
| area_total_km2 = 1223.59
| population_density_km2 = 10482
| area_land_sq_mi = 300.46
| population_density_sq_mi = 27147
| area_land_km2 = 778.18
| population_metro = 19750000
| area_water_sq_mi = 171.97
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| area_water_km2 = 445.41
| population_density_metro_sq_mi =
| elevation_min_ft = 0
| population_urban = 18498000
| elevation_max_m = 122
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| elevation_max_ft = 401
| population_density_urban_sq_mi =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="GR3">{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2018 |title=US Board on Geographic Names |url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/ |access-date=January 31, 2008 |publisher=] }} Search for feature ID 975772.</ref>
| population_blank1_title = ]
| elevation_max_footnotes = {{efn|The highest point in New York City is ].}}
| population_blank1 = New Yorker
| elevation_min_footnotes =
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_rank = ] in the United States
| population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
| population_density_sq_mi = 29,302.7
| timezone = ]
| population_density_km2 = 11313.8
| utc_offset = -5
| population_as_of = ]
| timezone_DST = ]
| population_total = 8804190
| utc_offset_DST = -4
| population_footnotes = <ref name="QuickFacts" />
| latd=40 | latm=43 | lats= | latNS=N
| population_est = 8,258,035
| longd=74 | longm=00 | longs= | longEW=W
| pop_est_as_of = July 2023
| elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref></ref> tags -->
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="Estimate2023" />
| elevation_m = 10
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="2020Pop">{{cite web |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |publisher=] |date=August 12, 2021 |access-date=November 24, 2021}}</ref>
| elevation_ft = 33
| population_metro = 20140470
| postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="urban area">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html |title=List of 2020 Census Urban Areas |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=January 8, 2023 }}</ref>
| postal_code =
| population_urban = 19426449
| area_code = 212, 718, 917, 347, 646
| population_density_urban_km2 = 2309.2
| blank_name =
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 5980.8
| blank_info =
| population_demonym = New Yorker
| blank1_name =
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| blank1_info =
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="bea.gov">{{citation |title=Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/release?et=&pageID=2&rid=397&t= |website=fred.stlouisfed.org }}</ref><ref name="fred.stlouisfed.org">{{citation |title=Total Gross Domestic Product for New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA (MSA) |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP35620 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org }}</ref>
| website =
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| footnotes =
| demographics2_info1 = $1.286&nbsp;trillion (2023)
| blank7_name =
| demographics2_title2 = Metro
| demographics2_info2 = $2.299&nbsp;trillion (2023) (])
| timezone1 = ]
| utc_offset1_DST = −04:00
| timezone1_DST = ]
| utc_offset1 = −05:00
| postal_code_type = ]s
| postal_code = 100xx–104xx, 11004–05, 111xx–114xx, 116xx
| area_codes = ], ], ]
| blank_name = ]
| blank_info = 36-51000
| blank1_name = ] feature ID
| blank1_info = 975772
| website = {{official URL}}
| nicknames = ], ], ],<ref>Nigro, Carmen. , ], January 25, 2011. Accessed March 3, 2023. "It is here that we learn that the term Gotham is tied to the author Washington Irving, famous for his short stories 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,' and 'Rip Van Winkle.' It's also here that we learn Irving was being less than flattering when he nicknamed the city in 1807."</ref> and ]
}} }}


{{Regions of New York}}
'''New York City''' (officially '''The City of New York''') is the ] in the United States, with a ] that is among the ] in the world. The city serves as one of the world's primary ], exerting a powerful influence over worldwide ], ], ], and ]. The city is also an important center for international affairs, hosting the headquarters of the ].


'''New York''', often called '''New York City'''{{efn|To distinguish it from the state of ]}} or '''NYC''', is the ], located at the southern tip of ] on ]. The city comprises ], each coextensive with ]. The city is the geographical and demographic center of both the ] and the ], the largest metropolitan area in the United States by both population and ]. New York is a ] of ]<ref name=NYCFinancialCapitalWorldA>{{cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/219124.htm |title=Shanghai and New York--Similar, But Different |publisher=China.org |access-date=February 10, 2024 }}</ref> and ], ], ],<ref name=NewYorkCityDestinationNumberOneTechHub>{{cite news |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/technology/new-york-closer-ever-beating-bay-area-tech |title=New York is closer than ever to beating the Bay Area on tech |first=Cara |last=Eisenpress |newspaper=] |date=April 28, 2023 |access-date=June 17, 2023 }}</ref> ] and ], academics and ],<ref name=NYCScientificCapital>{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} Nature Index 2022 Science Cities |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2022-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=April 24, 2024 |website=nature.com |language=en }}</ref> the arts and ], and, as home to the ], ].<ref name="The City of New York">{{Cite web |title=NYC Mayor's Office for International Affairs |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/html/home/home.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616080757/http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/html/home/home.shtml |archive-date=June 16, 2015 |access-date=June 24, 2015 |publisher=The City of New York }}</ref><ref name="Digital Diplomacy Coalition, New York">{{Cite web |title=DDC New York |url=http://www.digidiplomats.org/newyork/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727142713/http://www.digidiplomats.org/newyork/ |archive-date=July 27, 2018 |access-date=August 11, 2018 |publisher=Digital Diplomacy Coalition, New York |quote=Established in 2014, DDC New York has partnered with the United Nations, major tech and social media companies, multiple governments, and NGOs to bring unique programs to the area community. |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NYCWorld'sMostImportantCity2">{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/most-influential-cities-in-the-world-2018-5?amp |title=The 21 most influential cities in the world |author1=Will Martin |author2=Libertina Brandt |publisher=] |date=June 14, 2019 |access-date=August 9, 2023 }}</ref><ref name="NYCTheCapitaloftheWorld">{{cite book |title=The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History |author=Edward Robb Ellis |date=December 21, 2004 |access-date=January 2, 2023 |publisher=Basic Books |page=593 |isbn=9780786714360 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sx3RDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA594 }}</ref><ref name="NewYorkCapitaloftheWorld2">{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Roberts |date=September 14, 2017 |title=When the World Called for a Capital |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/nyregion/when-the-world-called-for-a-capital.html |access-date=January 2, 2023 }}</ref>
The city consists of five distinct ]: ], ], ], ], and ]. It is the most densely populated major city in the United States, with an estimated 8,274,527 people<ref name=100000plus /> within an area of {{convert|304.8|sqmi|km2|2|}}.<ref name="NYC Land Estimate">{{cite web |publisher=New York City Department of City Planning |title=NYC Profile |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/lucds/nycprofile.pdf |accessdate=2008-05-22|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="NYT Land Estimate">{{cite web |publisher=The New York Times |title=It’s Still a Big City, Just Not Quite So Big |first=Sam |last=Robers |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/22/nyregion/22shrink.html |accessdate=2008-05-22}}</ref><ref>] is more densely populated but has a population of 63,930.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-2000city50kdens.htm |title=2000 Census: US Municipalities Over 50,000: Ranked by 2000 Density |publisher=Demographia |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Metropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006 |url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2006/CBSA-EST2006-01.csv |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080115171647/http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2006/CBSA-EST2006-01.csv |archivedate=2008-01-15 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The city also lies at the center of the heavily urbanized ], which, with an estimated 19,750,000 people over {{convert|6720|sqmi}} in three states, is the largest metropolitan area in the nation.<ref>Consists of two separate ]s (MSA): the New York-Northern New Jersey Long Island MSA and the Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk MSA.</ref>


<!-- Demographics -->
New York is largely unique among American cities for its high use of mass transit, and the overall density and diversity of its population. In 2005, nearly 170 languages were spoken in the city and 36% of its population was ] the United States.<ref name="languages in NYC">{{cite web |publisher=] |title=Queens: Economic Development and the State of the Borough Economy |month=June | year=2006 |url=http://www.osc.state.ny.us/osdc/rpt3-2007queens.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref><ref name="NYC immigration">{{cite web |title=The Newest New Yorkers: 2000 |publisher=] |year=2005 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/nny_briefing_booklet.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The city is sometimes referred to as "The City That Never Sleeps" due to its extensive 24-hour ] and constant bustling of traffic and people, while other nicknames include ] and the ].<ref></ref><ref>Irving's mocking ''Salmagundi Papers'', 1807, noted by Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, ''Gotham: A History of New York to 1898'' (Oxford) 1999:xii.</ref>
With an estimated population in 2023 of 8,258,035<ref name=Estimate2023/> distributed over {{convert|300.46|sqmi|km2}},<ref name=QuickFacts/> the city is the ] major city in the United States. New York City has more than double the population of ], the nation's second-most populous city.<ref name=CensusNYC>, ]. Accessed January 30, 2024. "In 2021, 3,079,776 New Yorkers identified themselves as foreign-born, including 1,542,413 Latin American, 910,151 Asian, and 443,113 European immigrants.... The 2020 Census found that New York City was home to 8,804,190 people. Los Angeles, CA, was the nation's distant second most populous city with 3,898,747 residents."</ref> With more than 20.1 million people in its ]<ref>, ]. Accessed January 30, 2024.</ref> and 23.5 million in its ] as of 2020, New York City is one of the world's most populous ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statsamerica.org/radius/big.aspx |title=Big Radius Tool: StatsAmerica |publisher=Indiana Business Research Center |access-date=October 30, 2022 }}</ref> The city and its metropolitan area are the premier gateway for legal ]. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York City,<ref name="QueensMostLinguisticallyDiverse">{{cite web |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/02/queens-in-new-york-has-more-languages-than-anywhere-in-the-world/#:~:text=There%20are%20as%20many%20as,Endangered%20Language%20Alliance%20(ELA). |title=Welcome to the language capital of the world: Queens, New York |author=Gus Lubin |publisher=], in collaboration with ] |access-date=August 30, 2024 |quote=There are as many as 800 languages spoken in New York City, and nowhere in the world has more than ], according to the Endangered Language Alliance (ELA). }}</ref> making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. In 2021, the city was home to nearly 3.1 million residents born outside the United States,<ref name="CensusNYC" /> the largest foreign-born population of any city in the world.<ref name="NYCHighestForeignBorn">{{Cite news |date=December 19, 2013 |title=More Foreign-Born Immigrants Live in NYC Than There Are People in Chicago |work=] |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/19/new-york-city-immigrants_n_4475197.html |access-date=April 16, 2017 }}</ref>


<!-- History -->
Founded as a commercial trading post by the ] in 1624, it served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790, and has been the nation's largest city since 1790. The ] greeted millions of ] as they came to America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ], in ], has been a dominant global financial center since ] and is home to the ]. Today, the city has many renowned landmarks and neighborhoods that are world famous. The city has been home to several of the ], including the ] and the twin towers of the former ].
New York City traces ] to ] and a trading post founded on Manhattan Island by ] around 1624. The settlement was named ] in 1626 and was ]ed as a city in 1653. The city came under ] in 1664 and was temporarily renamed New York after King ] granted the lands to his brother, the ],<ref name="npsnetherland" /> before being permanently renamed New York in November 1674. New York City was the ] from 1785 until 1790.<ref name="senate">{{Cite web |first=Robert |last=Fortenbaugh |title=The Nine Capitals of the United States |year=1948 |url=https://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm |access-date=September 7, 2008 |publisher=] }}</ref> The modern city was formed by the ] of its five ]: ], ], ], ], and ].


<!-- Economy -->
New York is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the ] in literature and visual art, ] (also known as the ]) in painting, and ],<ref name = "Toop-RapAttack2">{{cite book |first=David |last=Toop |title=Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop|publisher=Serpents Tail |year=1992 |isbn=1852422432}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/american.html |accessdate=2008-09-01 |title=A timeline of the USA |first=Piero |last=Scaruffi}}</ref> ], ] and ] in music. It is also the home of ].
Anchored by ] in the ], New York City has been called both the world's premier financial and ] center<ref name="NYCFinancialAndFintechCapitalWorld">{{cite web |url=https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-36/ |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 36 |date=September 24, 2024 |publisher=Long Finance |access-date=September 24, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/new-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24/ |title=New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index |website=Reuters |date=March 24, 2022 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |last1=Jones |first1=Huw }}</ref> and the most economically powerful city in the world.<ref name="NewYorkMostPowerfulGlobalCity">{{cite web |title=2021 Global Cities Report |url=https://www.kearney.com/global-cities/2021 |date=2021 |website=] |access-date=July 30, 2022 }}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, the New York metropolitan area is the ], with a ] of over US$2.16&nbsp;trillion.<ref name="fred.stlouisfed.org"/> The New York metropolitan area's economy is larger than all but ] in the world. Despite having a ] ], New York also leads the world in urban automobile ].<ref name=NYCCongestion/> The city is home to the world's two ] by ] of their listed companies: the ] and ]. New York City is an established safe haven for global investors.<ref name=NYCSafeHavenGlobalInvestors>{{cite web |url=https://www.propertyinvestortoday.co.uk/breaking-news/2016/12/international-investors-eye-new-york-as-safe-haven |title=International investors eye New York as safe haven |author=Marc Da Silva |publisher=Angelsmedia |date=January 3, 2017 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103153122/https://www.propertyinvestortoday.co.uk/breaking-news/2016/12/international-investors-eye-new-york-as-safe-haven |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, New York City is the most expensive city in the world for ]s<ref name=MostExpensiveCityExpats>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2023/06/08/nyc-overtakes-hong-kong-as-most-expensive-city-in-world-for-expats-eca.html |title=New York overtakes Hong Kong as the most expensive city in the world for expats, new survey shows |author=Goh Chiew Tong |publisher=] |date=June 7, 2023 |access-date=June 9, 2023 }}</ref> and has by a wide margin the highest residential rents of any city in the nation;<ref name=NYCMostExpensiveRents>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/new-york-rent-hits-all-time-high-1945346 |title=New York City Rent Hits All-Time High |author=Giulia Carbonaro |publisher=] |date=August 28, 2024 |access-date=October 17, 2024 |quote=Residents are paying a median amount of $4,500 for a one-bedroom apartment in the city, up 12.8 percent compared to a year earlier and 3.4 percent compared to July. Those renting out two-bedroom apartments are not doing much better. According to Zumper, the median two-bedroom rent reached a record high of $5,100 in August, up 13.3 percent year-over-year and 3.7 percent month-over-month...These numbers make New York the most expensive city for people to rent either a one-bedroom or two-bedroom apartment in the entire country. The second-most expensive rental market, by comparison, was Jersey City (NJ), for a median rent of $3,400 for a one-bedroom and of $3,900 for a two-bedroom. }}</ref> and ] is the most expensive shopping street in the world.<ref name=FifthAvenueMostExpensiveStreetOnEarth>{{cite web |url=https://ir.cushmanwakefield.com/news/press-release-details/2023/New-Yorks-Fifth-Avenue-Retains-its-Top-Ranking-as-the-Worlds-Most-Expensive-Retail-Destination/default.aspx#:~:text=around%20the%20world.-,New%20York's%20Fifth%20Avenue%20retains%20its%20top%20ranking%20as%20the,which%20placed%20third%20in%202023. |title=New York's Fifth Avenue Retains its Top Ranking as the World's Most Expensive Retail Destination |publisher=Cushman & Wakefield |date=November 20, 2023 |access-date=July 31, 2024 }}</ref> New York City is home by a significant margin to the ],<ref name=NYCHighestNumberBillionaires>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/annikagrosser/2024/04/26/the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2024/#:~:text=New%20York%20City%20once%20again,the%20top%20spot%20in%202021.) |title=The Cities With The Most Billionaires 2024 |author=Annika Grosser |work=] |quote=New York City once again is home to the most billionaires in the world: It’s the primary residence of an estimated 110 billionaires who are worth a collective $694 billion. The Big Apple has long dominated the ranks, |date=April 30, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2024 }}</ref> individuals of ] (greater than US$30 million),<ref name=NYCUltraHighNetWorth>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/07/19/population-ultra-high-net-worth-wealth.html#:~:text=The%20global%20population%20of%20ultra,the%20year%2Dend%20stock%20rally. |title=The ultra-wealthy just gained $49 trillion in wealth thanks to stocks |author=Robert Frank |publisher=] |date=July 19, 2024 |access-date=July 20, 2024 |quote=New York has the world’s largest population of people worth $30 million or more, with 16,630. Hong Kong ranked second, with 12,546, followed by Los Angeles with 8,955 and Tokyo with 6,445. }}</ref> and ] of any city in the world.<ref name=NewYorkArtMarketGlobalHeadquarters>{{cite web |title=The New York Art Market Report |url=https://nyartmarket.independenthq.com/ |access-date=January 29, 2023 |publisher=Arts Economics |quote=New York is the global headquarters of the art market, with the highest market share by value of art sales in the world. It is also a center of high net worth wealth, has the largest population of millionaires and billionaires globally, as well as being the key financial hub of the US. }}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{See_also|Nicknames of New York City}}
In 1664, New York was named in honor of the ] (later King ]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/new-amsterdam-becomes-new-york/article_dd6e910f-a882-5b2e-9771-a2caa1574e07.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201120328/https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/new-amsterdam-becomes-new-york/article_dd6e910f-a882-5b2e-9771-a2caa1574e07.html |title=1664 New Amsterdam becomes New York Dutch rulers surrender to England |first=Etta |last=Badoe |publisher=] |date=November 11, 2015 |archive-date=February 1, 2017 |access-date=March 13, 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> James's elder brother, King ], appointed him ] of the former territory of ], including the city of ], when the ] seized it from Dutch control.<ref name="Archdeacon2013a">{{cite book |first=Thomas J. |last=Archdeacon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bTxAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT19 |title=New York City, 1664–1710: Conquest and Change |publisher=] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8014-6891-9 |page=19 |author-link1=Thomas J. Archdeacon }}</ref>


== History == == History ==
{{main|History of New York City}} {{Main|History of New York City|Timeline of New York City}}
{{Further|History of Manhattan|Timeline of Brooklyn |Timeline of Queens|Timeline of the Bronx|Timeline of Staten Island}}
]


=== Early history ===
The region was inhabited by about 5,000 ] ] at the time of its European discovery in 1524<ref> Timeline 1500 - 1700</ref> by ], an Italian explorer in the service of the French crown, who called it "Nouvelle Angoulême" (]).<ref name="rodgers">{{cite book |title=New York: the World's Capital City, Its Development and Contributions to Progress |author=Rankin, Rebecca B., Cleveland Rodgers |publisher=Harper |year=1948}}</ref> European settlement began with the founding of a ] ] settlement, later called "Nieuw Amsterdam" (]), on the southern tip of Manhattan in 1614. ] colonial Director-General ] purchased the island of Manhattan from the Lenape in 1626 for a value of 60 ] (about $1000 in 2006);<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate.php |title=Value of the Guilder / Euro |accessdate=2008-08-19 |publisher=International Institute of Social History }}</ref> a legend, now disproved, says that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.<ref>The message of the purchase, which was sent to Amsterdam, is present in the National Archive in The Hague.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller, Christopher L., George R. Hamell |month=September | title=A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade |journal=The Journal of American History |volume=73 |issue=2 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28198609%2973%3A2%3C311%3AANPOIC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A |accessdate=2007-03-21 |month=Sep |year=1986 |pages=311 |doi=10.2307/1908224}}</ref> In 1664, the English conquered the city and renamed it "New York" after the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History |author=Homberger, Eric |year=2005 |pages=p. 34 |publisher=Owl Books |isbn=0805078428}}</ref> At the end of the ] the Dutch gained control of ] (a much more valuable asset at the time) in exchange for the English controlling New Amsterdam (New York) in North America. By 1700, the Lenape population was diminished to 200.<ref> Timeline 1700-1800</ref>
{{Main|History of New York City (prehistory–1664)}}
In the ], the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by ]s, including the ]. Their homeland, known as ], included the present-day areas of ], ], ], the western portion of ] (including ] and ]), and the ].<ref>{{cite book |first=Evan T. |last=Pritchard |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5hky9f5PgoC&pg=PA27 |title=Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin people of New York |page=27 |publisher=Council Oak Books |isbn=1-57178-107-2 }}</ref>


The first documented visit into ] by a European was in 1524 by explorer ].<ref name="Debo2013">{{cite book |first=Angie |last=Debo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pLjYpwiuN_wC&pg=PT28 |title=A History of the Indians of the United States |publisher=] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8061-8965-9 |page=28 }}</ref> He claimed the area for ] and named it ''Nouvelle Angoulême'' (New ]).<ref name="rodgers">{{cite book |last1=Rankin |first1=Rebecca B. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.226262 |title=New York: The World's Capital City, Its Development and Contributions to Progress |last2=Rodgers |first2=Cleveland |publisher=] |year=1948 }}</ref> A Spanish expedition, led by the Portuguese captain ] sailing for ], arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the ], which he named {{lang|es|Río de San Antonio}} ('Saint Anthony's River').<ref>{{cite book |author=WPA Writer's Project |title=A Maritime History of New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o08K8jlMI-IC |page=246 |publisher=Going Coastal Productions |year=2004 |isbn=0-9729803-1-8 }}</ref>
New York City grew in importance as a trading port while under ]. The city hosted the seminal ] trial in 1735, helping to establish the ] in North America. In 1754, ] was founded under charter by ] as King's College in Lower Manhattan.<ref>{{cite book |title=An Historical Sketch of Columbia College, in the City of New York, 1754-1876 |author=Moore, Nathaniel Fish |year=1876 |pages=p. 8 |publisher=Columbia College}}</ref> The ] met in New York in October of 1765.


In 1609, the English explorer ] rediscovered New York Harbor while searching for the ] to the ] for the ].<ref name="Lankevich2002">{{cite book |first=George J. |last=Lankevich |url=https://archive.org/details/newyorkcity00geor |title=New York City: A Short History |publisher=] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8147-5186-2 |page= |url-access=registration }}</ref> He sailed up what the Dutch called ] (now the Hudson River), named first by Hudson as the ''Mauritius'' after ].<ref name="hudsonnni">{{cite web |title=The Hudson River |url=http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/digital-exhibitions/a-tour-of-new-netherland/hudson-river/ |access-date=July 10, 2016 |publisher=] }}</ref>
The city emerged as the theater for a series of major battles known as the ] during the ]. After the ] in upper Manhattan in 1776 the city became the British military and political base of operations in North America until military occupation ended in 1783. The assembly of the ] made New York City the national capital shortly thereafter; the ] was ratified and in 1789 the first ], ], was inaugurated there; the first ] assembled for the first time in 1789, and the ] drafted; all at ] on Wall Street.<ref>{{cite web |title=The People's Vote: President George Washington's First Inaugural Speech (1789) |publisher=U.S. News and World Report |url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/documents/docpages/document_page11.htm |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> By 1790, New York City had surpassed ] as the largest city in the United States.


Hudson claimed the region for the Dutch East India Company. In 1614, the area between ] and ] was claimed by the Netherlands and called {{lang|nl|Nieuw-Nederland}} (']'). The first non–Native American inhabitant of what became New York City was ], a merchant from ] who arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–14, trapping for ] and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch.<ref>{{cite news |last=Roberts |first=Sam |date=October 2, 2012 |title=Honoring a Very Early New Yorker |newspaper=] |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/02/honoring-a-very-early-new-yorker/ |access-date=October 28, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 14, 2013 |title=CUNY DSI Publishes Monograph on New York's First Immigrant |url=https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/news/juan-rodriguez-monograph |access-date=May 16, 2020 |publisher=] }}</ref>
], circa 1900]]


=== Dutch rule ===
In the 19th century, the city was transformed by immigration and development. A visionary development proposal, the ], expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan, and the 1819 opening of the ] connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the North American interior.<ref>{{cite book
{{Main|New Amsterdam|Fort Amsterdam|New Netherland}}
|author=Bridges, William |title=Map Of The City Of New York And Island Of Manhattan With Explanatory Remarks And References |year=1811}}; Lankevich (1998), pp. 67–68.</ref> Local politics fell under the domination of ], a ] supported by Irish immigrants.<ref>{{cite book |title=Fernando Wood: A Political Biography |author=Mushkat, Jerome Mushkat |publisher=Kent State University Press |year=1990 |pages=p. 36 |isbn=087338413X}}</ref> Public-minded members of the old merchant aristocracy lobbied for the establishment of ], which became the first landscaped park in an American city in 1857. A significant free-black population also existed in Manhattan, as well as in Brooklyn. Slaves had been held in New York through 1827, but during the 1830s New York became a center of interracial abolitionist activism in the North.
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Stad Amsterdam in Nieuw Nederland (City Amsterdam in New Netherland) Castello Plan 1660.jpg
| caption1 = The ], a 1660 map of ] in ]
| image2 = GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg
| caption2 = ], centered in what eventually became Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year ] took control and renamed it New York
}}


A permanent European presence near ] was established in 1624, making New York the ] European-established settlement in the ], with the founding of a Dutch ] settlement on ]. In 1625, construction was started on a ] and ], later called ''Nieuw Amsterdam'' (New Amsterdam), on present-day Manhattan Island.<ref>, ]. Retrieved May 19, 2007. "Sponsored by the West India Company, 30 families arrived in North America in 1624, establishing a settlement on present-day Manhattan."</ref><ref name="Tolerance">, Tolerance Park. Retrieved February 9, 2017. See Legislative Resolutions Senate No. 5476 and Assembly No. 2708.</ref>
Anger at military conscription during the ] (1861–1865) led to the ], one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 |author=Cook, Adrian |year=1974 |pages=pp. 193-195}}</ref> In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then an independent city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens.<ref>, New York City. Accessed June 29, 2007.</ref> The opening of the ] in 1904 helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. However, this development did not come without a price. In 1904, the steamship ] caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the ], the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the ] and major improvements in factory safety standards.<ref name="cornell1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/ |title=Cornell University Library: Triangle Factory Fire |publisher=Cornell University |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>


The colony of New Amsterdam extended from the southern tip of Manhattan to modern-day ], where a {{Convert|12|ft|adj=on}} wooden ] was built in 1653 to protect against Native American and English raids.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/crash-selected-wall-street-chronology/ |title=Timeline: A selected Wall Street chronology |publisher=] |access-date=October 28, 2021 }}</ref> In 1626, the Dutch colonial Director-General ], as charged by the ], purchased the island of Manhattan from the ''Canarsie'', a small Lenape band,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Frederick M. |last1=Binder |first2=David M. |last2=Reimers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o08K8jlMI-IC |title=All the Nations Under Heaven: An Ethnic and Racial History of New York City |page=4 |year=1996 |isbn=0-231-07879-X |publisher=] }}</ref> for "the value of 60 ]"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.s4ulanguages.com/laet2.html |title=Pieter Schaghen Letter |year=1626 |quote="...&nbsp;hebben t'eylant Manhattes van de wilde gekocht, voor de waerde van 60 gulden: is groot 11000 morgen.&nbsp;..." ("...&nbsp;They have purchased the Island Manhattes from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders. It is 11,000 morgens in size&nbsp;...) |access-date=October 28, 2021 |website=S4ulanguages.com }}</ref> (about $900 in 2018).<ref>{{cite web |title=Value of the Guilder versus Euro |url=http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate.php |access-date=July 25, 2019 |publisher=] }}</ref> A frequently told but disproved legend claims that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peter Schaghen Letter |url=http://www.nnp.org/nnp/documents/schagen_main.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023083225/http://www.nnp.org/nnp/documents/schagen_main.html |archive-date=October 23, 2010 |access-date=October 28, 2010 |publisher=Nnp.org }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Christopher L. |last2=Hamell |first2=George R. |date=September 1986 |title=A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade |journal=] |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=311–328 |doi=10.2307/1908224 |jstor=1908224 |issn=0021-8723 }}</ref>
], New York City, from ], 1932]]


Following the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly.<ref name="npsnetherland">{{cite web |title=Dutch Colonies |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/kingston/colonization.htm |access-date=July 10, 2016 |publisher=] }}</ref> To attract settlers, the Dutch instituted the ] in 1628, whereby wealthy Dutchmen (''patroons'', or patrons) who brought 50 colonists to New Netherland would be awarded land, local political autonomy, and rights to participate in the lucrative fur trade. This program had little success.<ref name="locnetherland">{{cite web |title=The Patroon System |url=http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/awkbhtml/kb-1/kb-1-2-2.html |access-date=July 10, 2016 |publisher=] |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319082007/http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/awkbhtml/kb-1/kb-1-2-2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In the 1920s, New York City was a major destination for ]s during the ] from the American South. By 1916, New York City was home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The ] flourished during the era of ], coincident with a larger economic boom that saw the skyline develop with the construction of competing ]s. New York City became the most populous urbanized area in the world in early 1920's, overtaking ], and surpassed the 10 million mark in early 1930's becoming the first ] in human history.<ref></ref> The difficult years of the ] saw the election of reformer ] as mayor and the fall of ] after eighty years of political dominance.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Tiger – The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall |author=Allen, Oliver E. |publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company |accessdate=2007-05-25 |chapter=Chapter 9: The Decline |year=1993}}</ref>


Since 1621, the Dutch West India Company had operated as a ] in New Netherland, on authority granted by the ]. In 1639–1640, in an effort to bolster economic growth, the Dutch West India Company relinquished its monopoly over the fur trade, leading to growth in the production and trade of food, timber, tobacco, and slaves (particularly with the ]).<ref name="npsnetherland" /><ref name="nahcnetherland">{{cite web |title=The Story of New Amsterdam |url=http://www.newamsterdamhistorycenter.org/bios/origins.html |access-date=July 10, 2016 |publisher=New Amsterdam History Center }}</ref>
Returning ] veterans and ] from Europe created a postwar economic boom and the development of huge housing tracts in eastern Queens. New York emerged from the war unscathed and the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's ascendance as the world's dominant economic power, the ] (completed in 1950) emphasizing New York's political influence, and the rise of ] in the city precipitating New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Center of the World - New York: A Documentary Film (Transcript) |author=Burns, Ric |publisher=PBS |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/filmmore/pt.html| accessdate=2008-09-01 |date=2003-08-22}}</ref> In the 1960s, New York suffered from economic problems, rising crime rates and racial tension, which reached a peak in the 1970s.


In 1647, ] began his tenure as the last ] of New Netherland. During his tenure, the population of New Netherland grew from 2,000 to 8,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Jaap |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgnh3E5Mm0cC |title=The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-Century America |publisher=] |year=2009 |page=32 |isbn=978-0801475160 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Eisenstadt |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmHEm5ohoCUC&q=New+Amsterdam+grew+from+under+2,000+to+8,000&pg=PA1051 |title=The Encyclopedia of New York State |last2=Moss |first2=Laura-Eve |last3=Huxley |first3=Carole F. |publisher=] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8156-0808-0 |page=1051 }}</ref> Stuyvesant has been credited with improving law and order; however, he earned a reputation as a ] leader. He instituted regulations on liquor sales, attempted to assert control over the ], and blocked other religious groups from establishing houses of worship.<ref name="nyhsstuyvesant">{{cite web |title=Peter Stuyvesant |url=http://www.nyhistory.org/peter-stuyvesant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624011523/http://www.nyhistory.org/peter-stuyvesant |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |access-date=July 11, 2016 |publisher=] |url-status=dead }}</ref>
], August 2001]]


=== English rule ===
In the 1980s, resurgence in the financial industry improved the city's fiscal health. By the 1990s, racial tensions had calmed, crime rates dropped dramatically, and waves of new immigrants arrived from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as ], emerged in the city's economy and New York's population reached an all-time high in the ].
{{Main|Province of New York|History of New York City (1665–1783)}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = The fall of New Amsterdam cph.3g12217.jpg
| caption1 = '']'', painting by ], depicting the ]
| image2 = A_view_of_Fort_George_with_the_city_of_New_York,_from_the_SW.jpg
| caption2 = ] and New York with British warships, {{Circa|1731}}
}}


In 1664, unable to summon any significant resistance, Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel ], without bloodshed.<ref name="nyhsstuyvesant" /><ref name="nnistuyvesant">{{cite web |title=Peter Stuyvesant |url=http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/dutch_americans/peter-stuyvesant/ |access-date=July 11, 2016 |publisher=] }}</ref> The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom.<ref name="lehrmanstuyvesant">{{cite web |title=The surrender of New Netherland, 1664 |url=http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/early-settlements/resources/surrender-new-netherland-1664 |access-date=July 11, 2016 |publisher=] }}</ref>
The city was one of the sites of the ], when nearly 3,000 people died in the destruction of the ]. The ], along with a memorial and three other office towers, will be built on the site and is scheduled for completion in 2013.


In 1667, during negotiations leading to the ] after the ], the victorious Dutch decided to keep the nascent plantation colony of what is now ], which they had gained from the English,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Breda |title=Treaty of Breda |encyclopedia=] |access-date=July 10, 2016 }}</ref> and in return the English kept New Amsterdam. The settlement was promptly renamed "New York" after the Duke of York (the future King James II and VII).<ref>{{cite book |last=Homberger |first=Eric |title=The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History |publisher=Owl Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8050-7842-8 |page=34 }}</ref> The duke gave part of the colony to proprietors ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McEJCAAAQBAJ |title=James II (The English Monarchs Series) |publisher=] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-300-08728-4 |pages=44–45 }}</ref>
==Geography==
{{main|Geography of New York City|Geography of New York Harbor}}
]. Over 10 million people live in the imaged area]]


On August 24, 1673, during the ], ] of the Dutch navy ] at the behest of ] and rechristened it "New Orange" after ], the ].<ref name="Roper2017">{{cite book |first=L. H. |last=Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8wnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA215 |title=Advancing Empire |publisher=] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-107-11891-1 |page=215 }}</ref> The Dutch soon returned the island to England under the ] of November 1674.<ref>{{cite news |last=Van Luling |first=Todd |date=April 17, 2014 |title=8 Things Even New Yorkers Don't Know About New York City |work=] |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/17/new-york-history-facts_n_5107337.html |access-date=September 13, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Peter |last=Douglas |title=The Man Who Took Back New Netherland |url=http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/files/2813/5680/0659/Man_Who_Took_Back_NN.pdf |access-date=July 11, 2016 |publisher=] |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708102432/http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/files/2813/5680/0659/Man_Who_Took_Back_NN.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
New York City is located in the ], in southeastern ], approximately halfway between ] and ].<ref>Washington, DC is {{convert|228|mi|km|0}} driving distance from New York City, and Boston is {{convert|217|mi|km|0}} driving distance from New York. - </ref> The location at the mouth of the ], which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the ], has helped the city grow in significance as a trading city. Much of New York is built on the three islands of Manhattan, Staten Island, and Long Island, making land scarce and encouraging a high population density.


Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and ]s brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between 1660 and 1670.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.penntreatymuseum.org/americans.php |title=Native Americans |publisher=Penn Treaty Museum |access-date=October 29, 2021 }}</ref> By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200.<ref> Timeline 1700–1800</ref> New York experienced several ] epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its population in 1702 alone.<ref>{{cite web |first=Pedro |last=Nogueira |url=http://jdc.jefferson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=yellow_fever_symposium |title=The Early History of Yellow Fever (PDF) |publisher=] |year=2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/fever-timeline-yellow-fever-america/ |title=Timeline – Yellow Fever in America |publisher=] (PBS) |access-date=October 30, 2021 }}</ref>
The Hudson River flows through the ] into ]. Between New York City and ], the river is an ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/fc.1.estuaries.html |title=Information about the Hudson River estuary}}</ref> The Hudson separates the city from ]. The ], actually a tidal strait, flows from ] and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The ], another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates Manhattan from the Bronx.


In the early 18th century, New York grew in importance as a ] while as a part of the ].<ref name="Foote2004">{{cite book |first=Thelma Wills |last=Foote |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu4VfJPRsl4C&pg=PA68 |title=Black and White Manhattan: The History of Racial Formation in Colonial New York City |publisher=], US |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-508809-0 |page=68 }}</ref> It became a center of ], with 42% of households enslaving Africans by 1730.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oltman |first=Adele |date=October 24, 2005 |title=The Hidden History of Slavery in New York |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/hidden-history-slavery-new-york# |journal=] |access-date=July 9, 2013 |archive-date=November 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130043006/https://www.thenation.com/article/hidden-history-slavery-new-york/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most were ]; others were hired out as labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banking and shipping industries trading with the ]. During construction in ] in the 1990s, the ] was discovered; the cemetery included 10,000 to 20,000 graves of colonial-era Africans, some enslaved and some free.<ref name="AsanteMazama2005">{{cite book |first1=Molefi Kete |last1=Asante |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcBkDlJ7qjwC&pg=PA33 |title=Encyclopedia of Black Studies |first2=Ama |last2=Mazama |first3=Marie-José |last3=Cérol |publisher=] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7619-2762-4 |page=33 }}</ref>
The city's land has been altered considerably by human intervention, with substantial ] along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times. Reclamation is most notable in ], with developments such as ] in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="gillespie-p71">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=Rutgers University Press |pages=p. 71}}</ref> Some of the natural variations in topography have been evened out, particularly in Manhattan.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lopate , Phillip |title=Waterfront: A Walk Around Manhattan |publisher=Anchor Press |year=2004 |isbn=0385497148}}</ref>


The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of ], who had been accused of ] after criticizing ] ], helped to establish ] in ].<ref name="zenger">{{cite web |last=Linder |first=Doug |year=2001 |title=The Trial of John Peter Zenger: An Account |url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/zenger/zengeraccount.html |publisher=] |access-date=October 30, 2021 }}</ref> In 1754, ] was founded.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=Nathaniel Fish |url=https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalske00univgoog |title=An Historical Sketch of Columbia College, in the City of New York, 1754–1876 |publisher=] |year=1876 |page= }}</ref>
The city's land area is estimated at {{convert|304.8|sqmi|km2|2|}}.<ref name="NYC Land Estimate" /><ref name="NYT Land Estimate" /> New York City's total area is {{convert|468.9|sqmi|km2|1|}}. {{convert|164.1|sqmi|km2|2|}} of this is water and {{convert|304.8|sqmi|km2|0|}} is land. The highest point in the city is ] on Staten Island, which at 409.8 feet (124.9 m) above sea level is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Staten Island: Isle of the Bay, NY |author=Lundrigan, Margaret |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |year=2004 |ID=ISBN 0738524433 |pages=p. 10}}</ref> The summit of the ridge is largely covered in woodlands as part of the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Outside Magazine's Urban Adventure New York City |author=Howard, David |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2002 |isbn=0393322122 |pages=p. 35}}</ref>


=== Climate === === American Revolution ===
{{Further|American Revolution}}
New York City has a ] according to the ], because the coldest month's (January) average temperature is 29°F (-1.5°C) at ] and 32°F (0°C) in Central Park.
], one of the largest battles of the ], which took place in ] on August 27, 1776]]
The ] met in New York in October 1765, as the ] organization emerged in the city and skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.<ref name="BoyerClark2009">{{cite book |first1=Paul |last1=Boyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7NsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume 1: To 1877, Concise |first2=Clifford |last2=Clark |first3=Sandra |last3=Hawley |first4=Joseph |last4=Kett |first5=Andrew |last5=Rieser |publisher=] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-111-78553-6 |page=100 }}</ref> The ], the largest battle of the ], was fought in August 1776 within modern-day Brooklyn.<ref name="Reno2008">{{cite book |first=Linda Davis |last=Reno |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KvhogpG5154C&pg=PA3 |title=The Maryland 400 in the Battle of Long Island, 1776 |publisher=] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7864-5184-5 |page=3 }}</ref> A British rout of the Continental Army at the ] in November 1776 eliminated the last American stronghold in Manhattan, causing ] and his forces to retreat across the Hudson River to ], pursued by British forces.<ref>, ]. Accessed December 31, 2023. "Fought on November 16, 1776 on the island of Manhattan, the Battle of Fort Washington was the final devastating chapter in General Washington's disastrous New York Campaign.... Seeing how precarious the American position was, Howe launched a three-pronged assault on Fort Washington and its outer defensive works. The combined British-Hessian assault force of 8,000 men grossly outnumbered the fort's 3,000 defenders.... At 3:00 P.M., after a fruitless attempt to gain gentler surrender terms for his men, Magaw surrendered Fort Washington and its 2,800 surviving defenders to the British."</ref><ref>Schenawolf, Harry. , Revolutionary War Journal, August 5, 2019. Accessed December 31, 2023.</ref>


After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made the city their military and political base of operations in North America.<ref>] , ''New York History'', Winter 2017. Accessed December 29, 2023. "One of New York City's key distinctions in the late colonial period was its role as the headquarters of the British Army in North America, almost continuously from 1755 to 1783."</ref> The city was a haven for ] refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom promised by the ], with as many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation, the largest such community on the continent.<ref>, ], May 4, 2018. Accessed December 31, 2023. "They ran to the British Army which offered freedom to enslaved people owned by rebel masters based on the 1779 Philipsburg Proclamation issued by British General Henry Clinton. Historians estimate that 10,000 enslaved people sought freedom by escaping to the British during the Revolutionary War."</ref><ref>Goulet, L.; and Tsaltas-Otoomanelli, Mary. , ], November 15, 2023. Accessed December 31, 2023. "By 1783, New York City had become the largest fugitive slave community in North America.... Free and self-emancipated Black people entered New York City during the British occupation seeking protection."</ref> When the British forces ] New York at the close of the war in 1783, they transported thousands of ] for resettlement in ], England, and the ].<ref name="Hinks2007">{{cite book |first=Peter P. |last=Hinks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UXQs0uO0VMC&pg=PA508 |title=Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition |publisher=] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-313-33144-2 |page=508 }}</ref>
Summers are typically very warm & humid with average high temperatures of 79-84°F (26-29°C) and lows of 63-69°F (17-21°C).
Winters are cold but the city's coastal position keeps temperatures slightly milder than inland regions, with high temperatures of just above freezing and lows of just below freezing.<ref name="NYC climate">{{cite web |title=The Climate of New York |publisher=New York State Climate Office |url=http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climate_of_ny.html |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Spring and autumn are erratic, and can range from cool to hot, although they are usually pleasantly mild with low humidity.
New York City enjoys on average 234 sunny days every year.<ref name="NYC climate">{{cite web |title=Weatherbase |publisher=New York State Climate Office |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=330527&refer==&units=metric |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Temperatures extremes do occur; readings above 90°F (32°C) and below 20°F (-7°C) occur on average 15-20 days each year,<ref name="NYC climate" /> but temperatures below 0°F (-18°C) or above 100°F (38°C) are extremely uncommon, occurring about once every 5 to 6 years on average.


The attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the ] on Staten Island between American delegates, including ], and British general ] on September 11, 1776.<ref>Mattera, John. , ]. Accessed December 29, 2023.</ref> Shortly after the British occupation began, the ] destroyed nearly 500 buildings, about a quarter of the structures in the city, including ].<ref>Trinity Church bicentennial celebration, May 5, 1897, By Trinity Church (New York, N.Y.) p. 37, ISBN 978-1-356-90825-7</ref><ref>, ]. Accessed December 29, 2023. "The fire started in a wooden building near White Hall Slip, called the Fighting Cocks Tavern, a fun house visited by the city's most disreputable residents. It was fanned by winds south west of the city and spread rapidly into the night, demolishing 493 buildings and houses in the process."</ref>
The annual precipitation, which is fairly distributed throughout the year, is around 46 inches (1,180 mm). The average winter snowfall is around 25 inches (63.5 cm), but this often varies considerably from year to year. Thunderstorms, which occasionally reach ] limits, are common during the summer months.


=== Post-revolutionary period and early 19th century ===
Though not usually associated with ], New York City is susceptible to them, notably the ], which flooded southern Manhattan, and the ], which brushed the eastern end of the city. The city's long-term climate patterns have been affected by the ], a 70-year-long warming and cooling cycle in the Atlantic that influences the frequency and severity of coastal storms in the region.<ref>{{cite web |author=Riley, Mary Elizabeth |title=Assessing the Impact of Interannual Climate Variability on New York City's Reservoir System |year=2006 |publisher=Cornell University Graduate School for Atmospheric Science |url=http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/2623/1/MER+Thesis-new.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Although direct strikes from hurricanes are very rare in New York, the city has been identified as one of the three cities in the United States most vulnerable to hurricanes, mainly due to its many narrow river channels, tall skyscrapers, large population, and low-lying infrastructure and coastal subway system, the other two cities being ] and ].<ref name="Katrina">{{cite book|last=Tidwell|first=Mike|title=''The Ravaging Tide: Strange Weather, Future Katrinas, and the Coming Death of America's Coastal Cities|publisher=Free Press|year=2006|isbn=0-7432-9470-X}}</ref>
{{Main|History of New York City (1784–1854)}}
] in 1789]]
In January 1785, the assembly of the ] made New York City the national capital.<ref>, ] Declaration Resources Project, January 4, 2017. Accessed December 29, 2023. "From January 11, 1785 through 1789, the Congress of the Confederation met in New York City, at City Hall (which later became Federal Hall) and at Fraunces Tavern."</ref> New York was the last capital of the United States under the ] and the first under the ].<ref name="Post-Revolutionary War"/> As the capital, New York City hosted the inauguration of the first President, ], and the first ], at ] on ]. Congress drafted the ] there.<ref name="Post-Revolutionary War">{{cite magazine |title=The People's Vote: President George Washington's First Inaugural Speech (1789) |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/documents/docpages/document_page11.htm |magazine=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925045133/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/documents/docpages/document_page11.htm |archive-date=September 25, 2008 |access-date=September 1, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ] held its first organizational sessions in New York in 1790.


In 1790, for the first time, New York City surpassed ] as the nation's largest city. At the end of 1790, the national capital was ].<ref name="residence act">{{cite web |title=Residence Act |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Residence.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110855/https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Residence.html |archive-date=February 22, 2017 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |work=Web Guides: Primary Documents in American History |publisher=] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Robert |last=Fortenbaugh |url=https://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm |access-date=October 30, 2021 |title=The Nine Capitals of the United States |year=1948 |pages=9 |publisher=] }}</ref>
{{Infobox Weather
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|location=New York City (Central Park)
|Jan_Hi_°F = 38 | Jan_REC_Hi_°F = 72
|Feb_Hi_°F = 41 | Feb_REC_Hi_°F = 75
|Mar_Hi_°F = 50 | Mar_REC_Hi_°F = 86
|Apr_Hi_°F = 61 | Apr_REC_Hi_°F = 96
|May_Hi_°F = 71 | May_REC_Hi_°F = 99
|Jun_Hi_°F = 79 | Jun_REC_Hi_°F = 101
|Jul_Hi_°F = 84 | Jul_REC_Hi_°F = 106
|Aug_Hi_°F = 82 | Aug_REC_Hi_°F = 104
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|Oct_Hi_°F = 64 | Oct_REC_Hi_°F = 94
|Nov_Hi_°F = 53 | Nov_REC_Hi_°F = 84
|Dec_Hi_°F = 43 | Dec_REC_Hi_°F = 75
|Year_Hi_°F = | Year_REC_Hi_°F =
|Jan_Lo_°F = 26 | Jan_REC_Lo_°F = -6
|Feb_Lo_°F = 28 | Feb_REC_Lo_°F = -15
|Mar_Lo_°F = 35 | Mar_REC_Lo_°F = 3
|Apr_Lo_°F = 44 | Apr_REC_Lo_°F = 12
|May_Lo_°F = 54 | May_REC_Lo_°F = 32
|Jun_Lo_°F = 63 | Jun_REC_Lo_°F = 44
|Jul_Lo_°F = 69 | Jul_REC_Lo_°F = 52
|Aug_Lo_°F = 68 | Aug_REC_Lo_°F = 50
|Sep_Lo_°F = 60 | Sep_REC_Lo_°F = 39
|Oct_Lo_°F = 50 | Oct_REC_Lo_°F = 28
|Nov_Lo_°F = 41 | Nov_REC_Lo_°F = 7
|Dec_Lo_°F = 32 | Dec_REC_Lo_°F = -13
|Year_Lo_°F = | Year_REC_Lo_°F =
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|Mar_Precip_inch = 4.37
|Apr_Precip_inch = 4.28
|May_Precip_inch = 4.69
|Jun_Precip_inch = 3.84
|Jul_Precip_inch = 4.62
|Aug_Precip_inch = 4.22
|Sep_Precip_inch = 4.23
|Oct_Precip_inch = 3.85
|Nov_Precip_inch = 4.36
|Dec_Precip_inch = 3.95
|Year_Precip_inch =
|source=<ref name= >{{cite web
|url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/okx/climate_cms.html |from=yest_bottomnav_undeclared |title=Average Weather for New York, NY - Temperature and Precipitation |accessmonthday=August 12 |accessyear=2008 |publisher=NOAA/National Weather Service |language=English}}</ref>
|accessdate=
}}


During the 19th century, New York City's population grew from 60,000 to 3.43&nbsp;million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smil |first=Vaclav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52yuDwAAQBAJ |title=Growth: From Microorganisms to Megacities |publisher=] |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-262-04283-3 |page=336 |author-link=Vaclav Smil }}</ref> Under New York State's ] act of 1799, children of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in ] until their mid-to-late twenties.<ref>"An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Negro Slavery in New York" (])</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Harper |first=Douglas |year=2003 |title=Emancipation in New York |url=http://www.slavenorth.com/nyemancip.htm |work=Slave North |access-date=February 6, 2013 }}</ref> Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-Black population gradually developed in Manhattan. The ] worked for abolition and established the ] to educate Black children.<ref name="Divided">{{cite web |url=http://www.nydivided.org/VirtualExhibit/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414223102/http://www.nydivided.org/VirtualExhibit/ |title=New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War Online Exhibit |publisher=New-York Historical Society (physical exhibit) |date=September 3, 2007 |access-date=May 10, 2012 |archive-date=April 14, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was not until 1827 that ].<ref>, ]. Accessed January 16, 2024. "In 1799, New York passed a Gradual Emancipation act that freed slave children born after July 4, 1799, but indentured them until they were young adults. In 1817 a new law passed that would free slaves born before 1799 but not until 1827."</ref> Free Blacks struggled with discrimination and interracial abolitionist activism continued. New York City's population jumped from 123,706 in 1820 (10,886 of whom were Black and of which 518 were enslaved) to 312,710 by 1840 (16,358 of whom were Black).<ref name=Census1790to1990/>
=== Environment ===
], which follows the Native American ] Trail through Manhattan, 1840<ref>{{cite news |last=Shorto |first=Russell |date=February 9, 2004 |title=The Streets Where History Lives |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/09/opinion/the-streets-where-history-lives.html |access-date=June 19, 2013 }}</ref>]]
{{main|Environmental issues in New York City|Food and water in New York City}}
Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in United States and gasoline consumption in the city is at the rate the national average was in the 1920s.<ref name="NYC energy consumption">{{cite book |first=Ben |last=Jervey |title=The Big Green Apple: Your Guide to Eco-Friendly Living in New York City |isbn=0762738359 |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |year=2006}}</ref> New York City's high rate of transit use saved 1.8 billion gallons of oil in 2006; New York saves half of all the oil saved by transit nationwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Better Way to Go: Meeting America's 21st Century Transportation Challenges with Modern Public Transit |publisher=U.S. Public Interest Research Group |month=March | year=2008 |url=http://www.uspirg.org/uploads/2q/fV/2qfVu2ZrflTk-TnRQEDdDw/A-Better-Way-to-Go-vUSPIRG.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-04-23}}</ref> The city's population density, low automobile use and high transit utility make it among the most energy efficient cities in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |author=Owen, David |title=Green Manhattan |publisher=The New Yorker |date=October 18, 2004}}</ref> New York City's greenhouse gas emissions are 7.1 ]s per person compared with the national average of 24.5.<ref name="NYC emissions"/> New Yorkers are collectively responsible for one percent of the nation's total ] emissions<ref name="NYC emissions">{{cite web |title=Inventory of New York City Greenhouse Gas Emissions |publisher=New York City Office of Long-term Planning and Sustainability |month=April | year=2007 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/pdf/ccp_report041007.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> though comprising 2.7% of the nation's population. The average New Yorker consumes less than half the electricity used by a resident of San Francisco and nearly one-quarter the electricity consumed by a resident of ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/challenge/faq.shtml |title=Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases |publisher=]/The City of New York |date=] |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>


Also in the 19th century, the city was transformed by both commercial and residential development relating to its status as a national and ], as well as by European immigration, respectively.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rosenwaike |first=Ira |url=https://archive.org/details/populationhistor00irar |title=Population History of New York City |date=1972 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-8156-2155-3 |page= |url-access=registration }}</ref> The city adopted the ], which expanded the city ] to encompass almost all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the ] through ] connected the ] port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bridges |first=William |title=Map of the City Of New York And Island Of Manhattan With Explanatory Remarks And References |year=1811}}; Lankevich (1998), pp. 67–68.</ref> Local politics became dominated by ], a ] supported by ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mushkat |first=Jerome |url=https://archive.org/details/fernandowoodpoli0000mush |title=Fernando Wood: A Political Biography |publisher=] |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-87338-413-1 |page= |url-access=registration }}</ref> In 1831, ] was founded.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Communications |first=NYU Web |title=A Brief History of New York University |url=http://www.nyu.edu/content/nyu/en/faculty/governance-policies-and-procedures/faculty-handbook/the-university/history-and-traditions-of-new-york-university/a-brief-history-of-new-york-university |access-date=March 8, 2024 |website=nyu.edu |language=en }}</ref>
In recent years the city has focused on reducing its environmental impact. Large amounts of concentrated pollution in New York City led to high incidence of ] and other respiratory conditions among the city's residents.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Urban Asthma and the Neighbourhood Environment in New York City |author=Coburn, Jason, Jeffrey Osleeb, Michael Porter |journal=Health & Place |month=June | year=2006 |volume=12(2) |pages=pp. 167–179 |pmid=16338632}}</ref> The city government is required to purchase only the most energy-efficient equipment for use in city offices and public housing.<ref>{{cite news |author=DePalma, Anthony |title=It Never Sleeps, but It's Learned to Douse the Lights |publisher=The New York Times |date=December 11, 2005 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/11/nyregion/11efficiency.html |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> New York has the largest clean air diesel-] and ] bus fleet in the country, and some of the first hybrid taxis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mta.info/nyct/bus/centennial/page2.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060525043420/http://mta.info/nyct/bus/centennial/page2.htm |archivedate=2006-05-25 |title=A Century of Buses in New York City |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |accessdate=2008-09-01}} See also {{cite press release |url=http://www.sierraclub.org/pressroom/releases/pr2005-07-01a.asp |title=New York City's Yellow Cabs Go Green |publisher=Sierra Club |date=July 1, 2005 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The city government was a petitioner in the landmark ] Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. The city is also a leader in the construction of energy-efficient ], including the ] among others.<ref name="greenbuilding">{{cite news |title=7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building: New York's Test Cases for Environmentally Aware Office Towers |publisher=The New York Times |date=April 16, 2006 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/arts/design/16gree.html |accessdate=2008-09-01 |author=Pogrebin, Robin}}</ref>


Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. Members of the business elite lobbied for the establishment of ], which in 1857 became the first ] in an American city.<ref>Waxman, Sarah. , NY.com. Accessed January 16, 2024. "New York's Central Park is the first urban landscaped park in the United States."</ref>
New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected ] ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/maplevels.html |title=Current Reservoir Levels |publisher=New York City Department of Environmental Protection |accessdate=2007-06-04}}</ref> As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration process, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States with drinking water pure enough not to require purification by ] plants.<ref>{{cite news |title=City's Drinking Water Feared Endangered; $10B Cost Seen |publisher=The New York Sun |date=August 6, 2008 |url=http://www.nysun.com/new-york/citys-drinking-water-feared-endangered-10b-cost/83288/ |accessdate=2008-08-09 |author=Lustgarten, Abrahm}}</ref>


The ] brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of whom more than 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, representing over a quarter of the city's population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cholera in Nineteenth Century New York |url=http://www.virtualny.cuny.edu/cholera/1866/cholera_1866_set.html |website=Virtual New York |publisher=] |access-date=October 31, 2021 }}</ref> Extensive immigration from the German provinces meant that Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860.<ref name="Harris">{{cite book |first=Leslie M. |last=Harris |author-link=Leslie M. Harris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZx6A_M0yjQC |title=In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863 |date=2003 |publisher=] |isbn=9780226317755 |at=Excerpted from pages 279–288 |section=The New York City Draft Riots |section-url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/317749.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=M.G. Leonard |title=H. Doc. 29-54 - Paupers and criminals. Memorial of the Corporation of the City of New York, relative to the exportation from abroad of paupers and criminals. January 25, 1847. Read, and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/SERIALSET-00499_00_00-043-0054-0000 |website=GovInfo.gov |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |access-date=June 22, 2023 |pages=8–9 |date=January 20, 1847 |quote='Leaving their homes,' say, 'with the brightest prospects,' alluring representations presented to them of the blessed state of American life, a few scanty coins in their pockets, though feeling in the enjoyment of rugged health, and surrounded by their young and innocent offspring, little did they imagine the trials to which they would be exposed; but at length they discover to their sorrow, and very natural discontent, that the foul steerage of some ocean-tossed ship is to form the filthy receptacle of persons, crowded too with hordes of human beings, with scarcely space enough to contain the half of them—certainly not more than the ''quarter'' of them ''comfortably''; and thus huddled together ''en masse'', they become the "''emigrant passengers''" destined to this country. }}</ref>
== Cityscape ==
] skyline from the ]]]


=== Architecture === === American Civil War ===
{{main|Architecture in New York City}} {{Main|New York City in the American Civil War|History of New York City (1855–1897)}}
] for the defense of Washington, D.C., April 19, 1861]]
The building form most closely associated with New York City is the ], that saw New York buildings shift from the low-scale European tradition to the vertical rise of business districts. As of August 2008, New York City has 5,538 highrise buildings,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/?id=101028|title=High-rise Buildings of New York City|publisher=Emporis.com|accessdate=2008-08-22}}</ref> with ]. This is more than any other city in United States, and second in the world behind ].<ref name="Highrises">{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/st/sr/|title=Emporis Skyline Ranking|accessdate=2008-06-16|publisher=Emporis.com}}</ref> Surrounded mostly by water, the city's residential density and high real estate values in commercial districts saw the city amass the largest collection of individual, free-standing office and ] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Emporis |title=About New York City |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=newyorkcity-ny-usa |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2008}}
] candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor ] called on the ] to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on.<ref name="Divided" /> Anger at new ] laws during the ] (1861–1865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to hire a substitute, led to the ], whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class.<ref name="Divided" />


The draft riots deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on Black New Yorkers after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and Black people for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground.<ref name="Harris" /> At least 120 people were killed.<ref name="McPherson">{{cite book |last1=McPherson |first1=James M. |last2=Hogue |first2=James Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0077430352 |title=Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction |publisher=] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-07-743035-1 |page=399 }}</ref> Eleven Black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of Blacks to flee. The Black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865. The White working class had established dominance.<ref name="Harris" /><ref name="McPherson" /> It was one of the worst incidents of ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cook |first=Adrian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNkeBgAAQBAJ |title=The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 |year=1974 |pages=193–195 |publisher=] |isbn=9780813162553 }}</ref>
] rowhouses in Brooklyn]]


=== Late 19th and early 20th century ===
New York has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles. These include the ] (1913), an early ] skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing able to be read from street level several hundred feet below. The ] required ] in new buildings, and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Metropolitan Dimension of Early Zoning: Revisiting the 1916 New York City Ordinance |author=Fischler, Raphael |journal=Journal of the American Planning Association |volume=64(2) |year=1998}}</ref> The ] design of the ] (1930), with its tapered top and steel spire, reflected the zoning requirements. The building is considered by many historians and architects to be New York's finest building, with its distinctive ornamentation such as replicas at the corners of the 61st floor of the 1928 Chrysler eagle hood ornaments and V-shaped lighting inserts capped by a steel spire at the tower's crown.<ref>{{cite web |title=Favorites! 100 Experts Pick Their top 10 New York Towers |publisher=The Skyscraper Museum |date=January 22, 2006 |url=http://www.skyscraper.org/EXHIBITIONS/FAVORITES/fav_exhibits.htm# |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> A highly influential example of the ] in the United States is the ] (1957), distinctive for its facade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The ] (2000) is an important example of ] in American skyscrapers.<ref name="greenbuilding" />
{{Main|History of New York City (1898–1945)|History of New York City (1946–1977)}}
] in the ], {{Circa|1900}}]]


In 1886, the ], a gift from ], was dedicated in New York Harbor. The statue welcomed 14 million immigrants as they arrived via ] by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is a symbol of the United States and American ideals of liberty and peace.<ref name="Statue of Liberty UNESCO">, ]. Accessed December 28, 2023. "Inaugurated in 1886, the sculpture stands at the entrance to New York Harbour and has welcomed millions of immigrants to the United States ever since."</ref><ref>, ]. Accessed December 28, 2023. "Between 1886 and 1924, almost 14 million immigrants entered the United States through New York. The Statue of Liberty was a reassuring sign that they had arrived in the land of their dreams."</ref>
The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant ] ], ]s, and shabby ] that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Housing in New York City: Dwelling Type and Change in the American Metropolis |author=Plunz, Richar A. |chapter=Chapters 3 & 4 |year=1990 |publisher=Columbia University Press |id=ISBN 0231062974}}</ref> Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the ].<ref name="lankevich-p82">Lankevich (1998), pp. 82–83; {{cite book |title=New York: Old & New: Its Story, Streets, and Landmarks |author=Wilson, Rufus Rockwell |year=1902 |publisher=J.B. Lippincott |pages=p. 354}}</ref> Unlike Paris, which for centuries was built from its own limestone bedrock, New York has always drawn its building stone from a far-flung network of quarries and its stone buildings have a variety of textures and hues.<ref>{{cite book |author=B. Diamonstein–Spielvoegel, Barbaralee |title=The Landmarks of New York |publisher=Monacelli Press |year=2005 |id=ISBN 1580931545}} See also {{cite book |author=Whyte, William H. |title=The WPA Guide to New York City |year=1939 |publisher=New Press |id=ISBN 1565843215}}</ref> A distinctive feature of many of the city's buildings is the presence of wooden roof-mounted ]s. In the 1800s, the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could burst municipal water pipes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wondering About Water Towers |author=Elliot, Debbie |publisher=National Public Radio |date=] |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6567297 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> ] became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, including ] in Queens, which became more accessible with expansion of the subway.<ref>{{cite book |title=722 Miles: The Building of the Subways and how They Transformed New York |author=Hood, Clifton |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2004 |pages=pp. 175–177}}</ref>
<div style="clear:both"></div>


In 1898, the City of New York was formed with the ] of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 100 Year Anniversary of the Consolidation of the 5 Boroughs into New York City |url=http://nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/classroom/hist_info/100aniv.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011221627/http://nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/classroom/hist_info/100aniv.html |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |access-date=October 28, 2010 |website=NYC100 Centennial Celebration }}</ref> The opening of the ] in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together.<ref name="Cudahy2004">{{cite book |first=Brian J. |last=Cudahy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfodzizzrfQC&pg=PA2 |title=The New York Subway: Its Construction and Equipment : Interborough Rapid Transit, 1904 |publisher=] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8232-2401-2 |page=2 }}</ref> Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication.<ref name="Blake2009">{{cite book |first=Angela M. |last=Blake |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v36fyM6qswYC&pg=PT63 |title=How New York Became American, 1890–1924 |publisher=] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8018-8874-8 |pages=63–66 }}</ref>
=== Boroughs ===
{{main|Borough (New York City)|Neighborhoods of New York City}}
New York City is composed of five ], an unusual form of government.<ref>{{cite book |title=Regionalism and realism: A Study of Government in the New York Metropolitan Area |author=Benjamin, Gerald, Richard P. Nathan |year=1990 |publisher=] |pages=p. 59}}</ref> Each borough is coextensive with a respective ] of ] as shown below. Throughout the boroughs there are hundreds of distinct ], many with a definable history and character to call their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States.
* ''']''' (Bronx County: Pop. 1,373,659)<ref name="census" /> is New York City's northernmost borough, the site of ], home of the ], and home to the largest ] complex in the United States, ].<ref>{{cite news |author=Frazier, Ian |title=Utopia, the Bronx |publisher=The New Yorker |date=June 26, 2006 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/06/26/060626fa_fact_frazier |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Except for a small piece of Manhattan known as ], the Bronx is the only section of the city that is part of the United States mainland. It is home to the ], the largest metropolitan zoo in the United States, which spans 265&nbsp;acres (107.2&nbsp;]) and is home to over 6,000 animals.<ref>{{cite book |title=New York City Museum Guide |author=Ward, Candace |publisher=Dover Publications |year=2000 |id=ISBN 0486410005 |pages=p. 72}}</ref> The Bronx is the birthplace of ] and ].<ref name = "Toop-RapAttack2"/>
]
* ''']''' (Kings County: Pop. 2,528,050)<ref name="census">{{cite web |publisher=] |title=Big Apple Coming to Its Census |url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/03202008/news/regionalnews/big_apple_coming_to_its_census_102755.htm |accessdate=2008-03-20}}</ref> is the city's most populous borough and was an independent city until 1898. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, ] and a unique architectural heritage. It is also the only borough outside of Manhattan with a distinct downtown area. The borough features a long beachfront and ], established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country.<ref>{{cite book |title=Coney Island: The People's Playground |author=Immerso, Michael |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2002 |pages=p. 3 |id=ISBN 0813531381}}</ref>
* ''']''' (New York County: Pop. 1,620,867)<ref name="census" /> is the most densely populated borough and home to most of the city's ]s, as well as ]. The borough is the financial center of the city and contains the headquarters of many major corporations, the ], as well as a number of important universities, and many cultural attractions, including numerous museums, the ] district, ], and ]. Manhattan is loosely divided into ], ], and ] regions. Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the ] and the ], and above the park is ].
* ''']''' (Queens County: Pop. 2,270,338)<ref name="census" /> is geographically the largest borough and the most ethnically diverse county in the United States,<ref name="queensdiverse">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/04/nyregion/04fourth.html |author=O'Donnell, Michelle |title=In Queens, It's the Glorious 4th, and 6th, and 16th, and 25th... |publisher=New York Times|date=July 4, 2006 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> and may overtake Brooklyn as the city's most populous borough due to its growth. Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch, today the borough is largely residential and middle class. It is the only large county in the United States where the median income among ], approximately $52,000 a year, is higher than that of ]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Black Incomes Surpass Whites in Queens |author=Roberts, Sam |publisher=The New York Times |date=January 10, 2006 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/01/nyregion/01census.html?ref=nyregion |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Queens is the site of ], the home of the ], and annually hosts the ]. Additionally, it is home to New York City's two major airports, ] and ].
* ''']''' (Richmond County: Pop. 481,613)<ref name="census" /> is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the ] and to Manhattan via the free ]. The Staten Island Ferry is one of the most popular tourist attractions in New York City as it provides unsurpassed views of the ], ], and lower Manhattan. Located in central Staten Island, the 25 km² Greenbelt has some {{convert|35|mi|km}} of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city. Designated in 1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the Greenbelt encompasses seven city parks. The F.D.R. Boardwalk along South Beach is two and one-half miles long, which is the fourth largest in the world.


In 1904, the ] '']'' caught fire in the ], killing 1,021 people.<ref name="Sheard1998">{{cite book |first=Bradley |last=Sheard |url=https://archive.org/details/lostvoyagestwoce0000shea |title=Lost Voyages: Two Centuries of Shipwrecks in the Approaches to New York |publisher=Aqua Quest Publications, Inc. |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-881652-17-5 |page= |url-access=registration }}</ref> In 1911, the ], the city's worst industrial disaster, killed 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the ] and major improvements in factory safety standards.<ref name="cornell1">{{cite web |title=The 1911 Triangle Factory Fire |url=https://trianglefire.ilr.cornell.edu/ |access-date=February 9, 2017 |publisher=Kheel Center, ] }}</ref>
== Culture and contemporary life ==
{{main|Culture of New York City}}
] is one of the largest museums in the world]]


] atop the ] during its construction in 1930. The ] is visible to the right.]]
"Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather", the writer ] has said of New York City.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Speeches: Tom Christopher Exhibit Opening |publisher=Consulate General of the United States: Frankfurt, Germany |date=May 9, 2007 |url=http://frankfurt.usconsulate.gov/frankfurt/speech05092007b.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070723115555/http://frankfurt.usconsulate.gov/frankfurt/speech05092007.html |archivedate=2007-07-23 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as the ], which established the African-American literary canon in the United States. The city was a center of ] in the 1940s, ] in the 1950s and the birthplace of ] in the 1970s. The city's ] and ] scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s, and the city has long had a flourishing scene for ]. Prominent ] bands coming out of New York in recent years include ], ], ], ], and ].


New York's non-White population was 36,620 in 1890.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rosenwaike |first=Ira |url=https://archive.org/details/populationhistor00irar |title=Population History of New York City |date=1972 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-8156-2155-3 |at=Table 30 |url-access=registration }}</ref> New York City was a prime destination in the early 20th century for Blacks during the ] from the American South, and by 1916, New York City had the largest urban ] in North America.<ref name="GatesHigginbotham2009">{{cite book |first1=Henry Louis Jr. |last1=Gates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_vRLcgEdGoC&pg=PR7 |title=Harlem Renaissance Lives from the African American National Biography |first2=Evelyn Brooks |last2=Higginbotham |publisher=] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-538795-7 |page=7 }}</ref> The ] of literary and ] flourished during the era of ].<ref name="Roche2015">{{cite book |first=Linda De |last=Roche |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOGOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR18 |title=The Jazz Age: A Historical Exploration of Literature: A Historical Exploration of Literature |publisher=] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-61069-668-5 |pages=18–19 }}</ref> The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Willis |first1=Carol |title=Form Follows Finance: Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago |date=1995 |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |location=New York |isbn=9781568980447 |pages=41, 85, 165 }}</ref>
=== Entertainment and performing arts ===
{{main|Music of New York City}}
] at ]]]


New York City became the most populous ] in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking ]. The metropolitan area surpassed 10&nbsp;million in the early 1930s, becoming the first ].<ref>{{cite web |title=New York Urbanized Area: Population & Density from 1800 (Provisional) |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-nyuza1800.htm |access-date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=] }}</ref> The ] saw the election of reformer ] as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Allen |first=Oliver E. |title=The Tiger—The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall |publisher=] |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-201-62463-2 |chapter=Chapter 9: The Decline |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/tigerrisefalloft00alle }}</ref>
The city is also important in the American film industry. '']'' (1920), an early ] film, was filmed in the city.<ref>{{cite video |people=Bruce Posner |title=Picturing a Metropolis: New York City Unveiled |medium=DVD |publisher=Unseen Cinema |year=2005}}</ref> Today, New York City is the second largest center for the film industry in the United States. The city has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes.<ref name="NYC arts">{{cite web |title=Creative New York |publisher=Center for an Urban Future |month=December | year=2005 |url=http://www.nycfuture.org/images_pdfs/pdfs/CREATIVE_NEW_YORK.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the ].<ref name="NYC arts" /> Wealthy industrialists in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed ] and ], that would become internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theatre productions, and in the 1880s New York City theaters on ] and along 42nd Street began showcasing a new stage form that came to be known as the ].


Returning ] veterans created a post-war ] and the development of large ]s in eastern Queens and ], with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The ] was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global ] influence, and the rise of ] in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.<ref>{{cite web |last=Burns |first=Ric |date=August 22, 2003 |title=The Center of the World—New York: A Documentary Film (Transcript) |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/filmmore/pt.html |access-date=September 1, 2008 |publisher=PBS |archive-date=June 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623065806/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/filmmore/pt.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of ], ] and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition. Today these productions are a mainstay of the New York theatre scene. The city's 39 largest theatres (with more than 500 seats) are collectively known as "]," after the ] that crosses the ] theatre district.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20040606-9999-1a6tony.html |title=2 plays + 9 nominations=good odds for locals |publisher=San Diego Union-Tribune |author=Welsh, Anne Marie |date=June 6, 2004 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> This area is sometimes referred to as The Main Stem, ] or The Realto.


=== Late 20th and early 21st centuries ===
The ], which includes ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ] and ], is the largest performing arts center in the United States. ] presents performances of free plays and music in Central Park and 1,200 free concerts, dance, and theater events across all five boroughs in the summer months.<ref>{{cite web |title=Summerstage: Our Mission |url=http://www.summerstage.org/index.aspx?lobid=854 |publisher=Summerstage.org |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>
{{Main|History of New York City (1978–present)|September 11 attacks}}
] in ], the site of the June 1969 ] and the cradle of the modern ] movement<ref name="GayGreenwichVillage1">{{cite web |first=Julia |last=Goicichea |date=August 16, 2017 |title=Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers |url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/ |access-date=February 2, 2019 |publisher=The Culture Trip }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562 |url=http://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm |access-date=May 1, 2011 |publisher=] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Eli |last=Rosenberg |date=June 24, 2016 |title=Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/25/nyregion/stonewall-inn-named-national-monument-a-first-for-gay-rights-movement.html |access-date=June 25, 2016 }}</ref>]]


In 1969, the ] were a series of violent protests by members of the ] against a ] that took place in the early morning of June 28, 1969, at the ] in ].<ref name="Murphy2013">{{cite book |first=Timothy |last=Murphy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeWMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA572 |title=Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies |publisher=] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-135-94234-2 |page=572 }}</ref> They are widely considered to be the single most important event leading to the ] movement<ref name="GayGreenwichVillage1" /><ref name="KentuckyStonewall">{{cite web |title=Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S. |url=http://www.uky.edu/~lbarr2/gws250spring11_files/Page1186.htm |access-date=September 2, 2017 |publisher=] |archive-date=November 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118054142/http://www.uky.edu/~lbarr2/gws250spring11_files/Page1186.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="PinkNewsStonewall">{{cite web |first=Nell |last=Frizzell |date=June 28, 2013 |title=Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/06/28/feature-how-the-stonewall-riots-started-the-gay-rights-movement/ |access-date=August 31, 2017 |publisher=] }}</ref><ref name="EncycloStonewall">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Stonewall-riots |title=Stonewall riots |encyclopedia=] |access-date=August 31, 2017}}</ref> and the modern fight for ].<ref name="NPSStonewall">{{cite web |date=June 2016 |title=Civil Rights at Stonewall National Monument |url=https://www.nps.gov/places/stonewall.htm |access-date=August 31, 2017 |publisher=] }}</ref><ref name="ObamaStonewall">{{cite web |title=Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay-rights riots |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/2012_Presidential_Election/Obama_inaugural_speech_references_Stonewall_riots.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530065722/http://www.northjersey.com/news/2012_Presidential_Election/Obama_inaugural_speech_references_Stonewall_riots.html |date=January 21, 2013 |archive-date=May 30, 2013 |access-date=July 2, 2013 |publisher=] }}</ref> ], author of the '']'', wrote that ]s were the only "] folks around" during the Stonewall riots. The transgender community in New York City played a significant role in fighting for LGBT equality.<ref name="TransEqualityNYC">{{cite web |first=Cristan |last=Williams |date=January 25, 2013 |title=So, what was Stonewall? |url=http://transadvocate.com/so-what-was-stonewall_n_8424.htm |access-date=March 28, 2017 |publisher=The TransAdvocate }}</ref>
New York City is considered by many to be the heart of ] in the United States.<ref></ref><ref></ref>


]'' front page on President Ford's refusal to help the city avert bankruptcy|upright]]
===Tourism===
In the 1970s, job losses due to ] caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tannenbaum |first=Allan |title=New York in the 70s: A Remembrance |url=http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0402/at_intro.html |date=February 2004 |access-date=December 18, 2011 |publisher=] |archive-date=March 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320194616/http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0402/at_intro.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Growing fiscal deficits in 1975 led the city to appeal to the federal government for financial aid; President ] gave a speech denying the request, which was paraphrased on the front page of the '']'' as "FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD."<ref>]. , '']'', December 28, 2006. Accessed February 20, 2024. "Mr. Ford, on Oct. 29, 1975, gave a speech denying federal assistance to spare New York from bankruptcy. The front page of The Daily News the next day read: "FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD."... Moreover, the speech spurred New York's civic, business and labor leaders to rally bankers in the United States and abroad, who feared their own investments would be harmed if New York defaulted on its debt."</ref> The ] was formed and granted oversight authority over the city's finances.<ref>Chan, Sewell. , '']'', December 14, 2019. Accessed February 20, 2024. "For nearly two decades, from 1975 to 1993, as chairman of the state-appointed Municipal Assistance Corporation, Mr. Rohatyn had a say, often the final one, over taxes and spending in the nation's largest city, a degree of influence for an unelected official that rankled some critics. His efforts to meld private profit with the public good defined him: In the perception of many his name was synonymous with two institutions — the M.A.C., which was hastily created in 1975 to save the city from insolvency, and Lazard (formerly Lazard Frères), the storied investment firm that started as a dry-goods business in New Orleans in 1848."</ref> While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Effgen |first=Christopher |date=September 11, 2001 |title=New York Crime Rates 1960–2009 |url=http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/nycrime.htm |access-date=October 28, 2010 |publisher=Disastercenter.com }}</ref>
{{main|Tourism in New York City}}
{{see also|List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City}}
] is important to New York City, with about 40 million foreign and American tourists visiting each year.<ref>{{cite web |title=NYC Statistics |publisher=NYC & Company |url=http://www.nycvisit.com/content/index.cfm?pagePkey=57 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Major destinations include the ], ], Broadway theatre productions, museums such as the ], and other tourist attractions including ], ], ], ], the ], ], luxury shopping along ] and ], and events such as the ] in ], the ], and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage. The Statue of Liberty is a major tourist attraction and one of the most recognizable icons of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nymag.com/listings/attraction/statue_of_liberty/ |title=Statue of Liberty |publisher=New York Magazine |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Many of the city's ethnic enclaves, such as ], ], and ] are major shopping destinations for first and second generation Americans up and down the East Coast.
] is the most visited city park in the United States<ref name = "TPL.org-CFCPE">{{cite web |title=City Park Facts |publisher=The Trust for Public Land, Center for City Park Excellence |month=June | year=2006 |url=http://www.tpl.org/tier3_cd.cfm?content_item_id=20531&folder_id=3208 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>]]
New York's food culture, influenced by the city's immigrants and large number of dining patrons, is diverse. Jewish and Italian immigrants have made the city famous for ]s, ], and ]. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as ]s and ]s standbys of contemporary New York street food, although hot dogs and pretzels are still the main street fare.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kebabs on the Night Shift |first=Jennifer |last=Bleyer |publisher=The New York Times |date=May 14, 2006 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/nyregion/thecity/14vend.html|accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The city is also home to many of the finest ] restaurants in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=Michelin Takes on the City, Giving Some a Bad Taste |first=Glenn |last=Collins |publisher=The New York Times |date=November 3, 2005 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E0D9163EF930A35752C1A9639C8B63 |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref>


By the mid-1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities, ], and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} New York City's population exceeded 8 million for the first time in the ];<ref>, ]. Accessed January 27, 2024. "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of New York City as of April 1, 2000, was 8,008,278, the largest enumerated census population in the city's history. The previous peak was in 1970, when the enumerated population stood at 7,894,862."</ref> further records were set in the ] and ] censuses.<ref>, ]. Accessed January 27, 2024. "The enumerated population of New York City's was 8,804,190 as of April 1, 2020, a record high population. This is an increase of 629,057 people since the 2010 Census."</ref> Important new economic sectors, such as ], emerged.<ref name="Waller2013">{{cite book |first=Irvin |last=Waller |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQPGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38 |title=Smarter Crime Control |publisher=] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4422-2170-3 |page=38 }}</ref>
New York City has over {{convert|28000|acre|ha}} of municipal parkland and 14 miles (22 km) of public beaches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/99a/pr042-99.html |title=Mayor Giuliani Announces Amount of Parkland in New York City has Passed 28,000-acre Mark |date=February 3, 1999 |publisher=New York City Mayor's Office |accessdate=2008-09-01}}; {{cite web |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_things_to_do/facilities/af_beaches.html |title=Beaches |publisher=New York City Department of Parks & Recreation |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> This parkland is augmented by thousands of acres of ], part of the ], that lie within city boundaries. The Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, the only wildlife refuge in the National Park System, alone is over {{convert|9000|acre|ha}} of marsh islands and water taking up most of ] and included. Manhattan's ], designed by ] and ], is the most visited city park in the United States with 30 million visitors each year — 10 million more than ] in Chicago, which is 2nd.<ref name = "TPL.org-CFCPE"/> ] in Brooklyn, also designed by Olmsted and Vaux, has a 90&nbsp;acre (36&nbsp;]) meadow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prospectpark.org/general/main.cfm?target=home |title=General Information |publisher=Prospect Park Alliance |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> ] in Queens, the city's third largest, was the setting for the ] and ].


], in ], during the ] in 2001]]
=== Media ===
{{main|Media in New York City}}
]


The year ] was celebrated with fanfare in ].<ref name=NYC-Y2K>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/02/nyregion/year-2000-overview-2000-draws-rave-reviews-after-opening-night-night-jitters.html |title=THE YEAR 2000: THE OVERVIEW; 2000 Draws Rave Reviews After Opening Night Night Jitters |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 6, 2000 |access-date=October 28, 2023 }}</ref> New York City suffered the bulk of the ] and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the ].<ref name="Dieterle2017">{{cite book |first=David A. |last=Dieterle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmphDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA396 |title=Economics: The Definitive Encyclopedia from Theory to Practice |publisher=] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-313-39708-0 |page=396 }}</ref> Two of the four hijacked airliners were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, resulting in the collapse of both buildings and the deaths of 2,753 people, including 343 first responders from the ] and 71 law enforcement officers.<ref>Nelson, Joshua Q. , '']'', September 11, 2021. Accessed January 30, 2024. "Of the 2,753 people killed at the World Trade Center, 343 were first responders from the Fire Department of New York, while another 71 were law enforcement officers from 10 different agencies."</ref>
New York is a global center for the television, advertising, music, newspaper and book publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America (followed by ], ], and ]).<ref>{{cite press release |title=Tampa Bay 12th largest media market now |publisher=Tampa Bay Partnership |date=August 26, 2006 |url=http://tampabay.org/press.asp?rls_id=991& |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Some of the city's media conglomerates include ], the ], the ], and ]. Seven of the world's top eight global ] networks are headquartered in New York.<ref>, '']'' Agency Report 2007 Index (April 25, 2007). Retrieved on June 8, 2007.</ref> Three of the "]" record labels are also based in the city, as well as in Los Angeles. One-third of all American ]s are produced in New York.<ref name="NYC Media">{{cite web |title=Request for Expressions of Interest |publisher=The Governors Island Preservation & Education Corporation |year=2005 |url=http://www.govisland.com/PDFs/RFEI/RFEI.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city<ref name="NYC Media" /> and the book-publishing industry employs about 25,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Media and Entertainment |publisher=New York City Economic Development Corporation |url=http://www.nycedc.com/Web/NYCBusinessClimate/IndustryOverviews/MediaEntertainment/MediaEntertainment.htm |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>


] with a ], the ], and other new buildings and infrastructure,<ref name="Greenspan2013">{{cite book |first=Elizabeth |last=Greenspan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMHzmpTK5rYC&pg=PA152 |title=Battle for Ground Zero: Inside the Political Struggle to Rebuild the World Trade Center |publisher=]/] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-137-36547-7 |page=152 }}</ref> including the ], the city's third-largest hub.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/transportation-hub.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103164156/https://old.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/transportation-hub.html |title=World Trade Center Transportation Hub |publisher=] |access-date=February 9, 2017 |archive-date=January 3, 2020 |quote=The state-of-the-art World Trade Center Transportation Hub, completed in 2016, serves 250,000 Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) daily commuters and millions of annual visitors from around the world. At approximately 800,000 square feet, the Hub, designed by internationally acclaimed architect Santiago Calatrava, is the third-largest transportation center in New York City. |url-status=dead }}</ref> The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere<ref name="OneWTCtallest">{{cite news |last1=Hetter |first1=Katia |last2=Boyette |first2=Chris |date=November 12, 2013 |title=It's official: One World Trade Center to be tallest U.S. skyscraper |publisher=] |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/12/travel/one-world-trade-center-tallest-us-building/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 |access-date=March 1, 2014 }}</ref> and the ] by ] height, with its ] reaching a symbolic {{convert|1776|ft|m|1}}, a reference to the year of ].<ref>{{cite web |title=New York City Skyscraper Diagram |url=http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?cityID=8 |access-date=January 22, 2013 |website=] |publisher=Skyscraper Source Media }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=One World Trade Center |url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7788 |access-date=February 9, 2017 |website=] |publisher=Skyscraper Source Media |quote=The roof height is the same as original One World Trade Center. The building is topped out by a 124-meter (408-foot) spire. So the tower rises 1,776 feet (541-meter) which marks the year of the American declaration of Independence. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lesser |first=Benjamin |date=April 30, 2012 |title=It's official: 1 World Trade Center is now New York's tallest skyscraper |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/real-estate/official-1-wtc-new-york-new-tallest-building-article-1.1069925 |access-date=January 22, 2013 |work=] |location=New York }}</ref>
Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: '']'' and '']''. Major tabloid newspapers in the city include '']'' and '']'', founded in 1801 by ]. The city also has a major ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ethnic Press Booms In New York City |publisher=Editor & Publisher |date=July 10, 2002 |url=http://www.editorandpublisher.com/eandp/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1538594 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> '']'' is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=e4526a43cc213775795cc84762fce768 |title=el diario/La Prensa: The Nation's Oldest Spanish-Language Daily |date=July 27, 2005 |publisher=New America Media |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> '']'', published in Harlem, is a prominent African American newspaper. '']'' is the largest ].


The ] protests in ] in the ] of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and popularizing the ] against ] and ] worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |first=Joe |last=Nocera |author-link=Joe Nocera |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/15/opinion/nocera-two-days-in-september.html |title=Two Days in September |work=] |date=September 14, 2012 |access-date=May 6, 2017 |quote=On the left, that anger led, a year ago, to the rise of the Occupy Wall Street movement. Thus, Anniversary No. 2: Sept. 17, 2011, was the date Occupy Wall Street took over Zuccotti Park in Lower Manhattan, which soon led to similar actions in cities across the country. The movement's primary issue was income inequality—"We are the 99 percent", they used to chant. }}</ref>
] is home to NBC Studios]]


New York City was ] by ] in October 2012, including flooding that led to the days-long shutdown of the subway system,<ref>Flegenheimer, Matt. , '']'', October 30, 2012. Accessed January 15, 2024. "As the remnants of Hurricane Sandy left the city on Tuesday, transit officials surveyed the damage to the system, which they shut down on Sunday night as a precaution. What they found was an unprecedented assault: flooded tunnels, battered stations and switches and signals likely damaged."</ref> and flooding of all ] subway tunnels and of all road tunnels entering Manhattan except the ].<ref>, ], December 6, 2012. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The most damaging impact of the storm, from a transportation standpoint, was on the highway, transit, and rail tunnels in and out of Manhattan. All seven of the subway tunnels under the East River flooded, as did the Hudson River subway tunnel, the East River and Hudson River commuter rail tunnels, and the subway tunnels in lower Manhattan. Three of the four highway tunnels into Manhattan flooded, leaving only the Lincoln Tunnel open. While some subway service was restored three days after the storm, the PATH train service to the World Trade Center was only restored on November 26, four weeks after the storm, and subway service between the Rockaway peninsula and Howard Beach is not expected to be re-opened for months."</ref> The New York Stock Exchange closed for two days due to weather for the first time since the ].<ref>Strasburg, Jenny; Cheng, Jonathan; and Bunge, Jacob. , '']'', October 29, 2012. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Superstorm Sandy forced regulators and exchange operators to keep U.S. stock markets closed Tuesday, in the first weather-related shutdown to last more than one day since the Blizzard of 1888. The decision to close the New York Stock Exchange and other U.S. equity markets for a second straight day—reached by midafternoon Monday—renewed questions about the industry's disaster preparedness."</ref> At least 43 people died in New York City as a result of Sandy, and the economic losses in New York City were estimated to be roughly $19 billion.<ref>, '']'', October 13, 2022. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Hurricane Sandy swept through New York City in October 2012, leading to 43 deaths and an estimated $19 billion in damages.... New York needs to step up its efforts and spend the $15 billion in federal grants that it received for recovery efforts, a new report by New York City Comptroller Brad Lander released on Thursday said."</ref> The disaster spawned long-term efforts towards infrastructural projects to counter ] and rising seas, with $15&nbsp;billion in federal funding received through 2022 towards those resiliency efforts.<ref name=ClimateResiliency2/><ref>, ] ], October 13, 2022. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Of the $15 billion of federal grants appropriated for Sandy recovery and resilience, the City has spent $11 billion, or 73%, as of June 2022."</ref>
The television industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The four major American broadcast networks, ], ], ] and ], are all headquartered in New York. Many cable channels are based in the city as well, including ], ], ] and ]. In 2005, there were more than 100 television shows taped in New York City.<ref>{{cite press release |title=2005 is banner year for production in New York |publisher=The City of New York Mayor's Office of Film, Theater and Broadcasting |date=December 28, 2005 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/film/html/news/010106_2005_banner_year.shtml |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>


In March 2020, the first case of ] in the city was confirmed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=West |first=Melanie Grayce |date=March 1, 2020 |title=First Case of Coronavirus Confirmed in New York State |language=en-US |work=] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/first-case-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-new-york-state-11583111692 |access-date=July 10, 2020 |issn=0099-9660 }}</ref> With its population density and extensive exposure to global travelers, the city rapidly replaced ], China as the global epicenter of ] during the early phase, straining the city's healthcare infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 2022 |title=When New York City was the COVID-19 pandemic epicenter: The impact on trauma care |journal=] |pmc=9322893 |quote=During early spring 2020, New York City (NYC) rapidly became the first US epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. |last1=Liveris |first1=A. |last2=Stone Jr |first2=M. E. |last3=Markel |first3=H. |last4=Agriantonis |first4=G. |last5=Bukur |first5=M. |last6=Melton |first6=S. |last7=Roudnitsky |first7=V. |last8=Chao |first8=E. |last9=Reddy |first9=S. H. |last10=Teperman |first10=S. H. |last11=Meltzer |first11=J. A. |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=247–255 |doi=10.1097/TA.0000000000003460 |pmid=35881035 }}</ref><ref>Robinson, David. , '']'', March 27, 2020. Accessed January 13, 2024. "New York City's rise this month to become the new coronavirus pandemic's epicenter has far-reaching implications for communities statewide. Most pressing, the rapidly spreading virus that originated in Wuhan, China, threatens to overwhelm New York state's entire medical system, prompting a dire push for thousands of new hospital beds to treat infected New Yorkers. Further, the outbreak, which topped 44,600 confirmed cases statewide as of Friday, including 23,000 in New York City alone, is also devastating the entire state's economy and draining government coffers at all levels.... Why New York City's density, tourism made it vulnerable to coronavirus"</ref> Through March 2023, New York City recorded ] from COVID-19-related complications.<ref>, '']'', March 23, 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024 "Since the beginning of the pandemic, a total of 6,805,271 cases have been reported. At least 1 in 243 residents have died from the coronavirus, a total of 80,109 deaths."</ref>
New York is also a major center for non-commercial media. The oldest ] channel in the United States is the ], founded in 1971.<ref>, ] press release dated August 6, 2006. Accessed April 28, 2007. "Public access TV was created in the 1970s to allow ordinary members of the public to make and air their own TV shows—and thereby exercise their free speech. It was first launched in the U.S. in Manhattan July 1, 1971, on the Teleprompter and Sterling Cable systems, now Time Warner Cable."</ref> ] is the city's major public television station and a primary provider of national ] programming. ], a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Radio Research Consortium |title=Top 30 Public Radio Subscribers: Spring 2006 Arbitron |date=August 28, 2006 |url=http://www.rrconline.org/reports/pdf/Sp06%20eRanks.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, ], that produces several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods, as well as city government.


===Accent=== == Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of New York City|Geography of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary}}
The New York City area has a distinctive regional speech pattern called the ], alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. It is often considered to be one of the most recognizable accents within ].<ref>Newman, Michael (2005) "New York Talk" in ''American Voices'' Walt Wolfram and Ben Ward (eds). p.82-87 Blackwell ISBN 1-4051-2109-2</ref> The classic version of this dialect is centered on middle and working class people of ] descent, and the influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect.<ref name=NYT19930214/>
] with Manhattan at its center]]
New York City lies in the ], in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between ] and ]. Its location at the mouth of the ], which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the ], has helped the city become a significant trading port. Most of the city is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island.


During the ], 75,000 to 11,000 years ago, the New York City area was situated at the edge of a large ].<ref name="JacksonKeller2010a">{{cite book |first1=Kenneth T. |last1=Jackson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT2384 |title=The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition |first2=Lisa |last2=Keller |first3=Nancy |last3=Flood |publisher=] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-300-18257-6 |page=2384 }}</ref> The erosive forward movement of the ice (and its subsequent retreat) contributed to the separation of what is now Long Island and Staten Island. That action left ] at a relatively shallow depth, providing a solid ] for most of Manhattan's skyscrapers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remnants of an Ice Age, The Wisconsin Ice Sheet Continues Its Journey |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/geology |access-date=August 8, 2015 |publisher=] }}</ref>
The traditional New York area accent is ], so that the sound {{IPA|}} does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant; hence the pronunciation of the city as "New Yawk."<ref name=NYT19930214/> There is no {{IPA|}} in words like ''park'' {{IPA|}} (with vowel raised due to the low-back chain shift), ''butter'' {{IPA|}}, or ''here'' {{IPA|}}. In another feature called the low back chain shift, the {{IPA|}} vowel sound of words like ''talk'', ''law'', ''cross'', and ''coffee'' and the often homophonous {{IPA|}} in ''core'' and ''more'' are tensed and usually raised more than in ].


The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into ]. Between New York City and ], the river is an ].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hudson River Estuary |url=http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/fc.1.estuaries.html |access-date=August 20, 2011 |website=Life.bio.sunysb.edu |publisher=] |archive-date=June 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604154033/http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/fc.1.estuaries.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Hudson River separates the city from New Jersey. The East River—a ]—flows from ] and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The ], another tidal strait between the East and Hudson rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The ], which flows through the Bronx and ], is the only entirely ] river in the city.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |last=Berger |first=Joseph |date=July 19, 2010 |title=Reclaimed Jewel Whose Attraction Can Be Perilous |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/nyregion/20river.html |access-date=July 21, 2010 }}</ref>{{importance inline|date=July 2023}}
In the most old-fashioned and extreme versions of the New York dialect, the vowel sounds of words like "girl" and of words like "oil" both become a diphthong {{IPA|}}. This is often misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the ''er'' and ''oy'' sounds, so that ''girl'' is pronounced "goil" and ''oil'' is pronounced "erl"; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like "Joizey" (Jersey), "Toidy-Toid Street" (33rd St.) and "terlet" (toilet).<ref name=NYT19930214/> The character ] from the 1970s ] '']'' was a good example of a speaker who had this feature. This particular speech pattern is no longer very prevalent.<ref name=NYT19930214>Sontag, Deborah. , '']'', February 14, 1993. Accessed July 8, 2007.</ref>


The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable ] along the ]s since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments such as ] in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="gillespie-p71">{{cite book |last=Gillespie |first=Angus K. |url=https://archive.org/details/twintowerslifeof00gill |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7838-9785-1 |page= |url-access=registration }}</ref> Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out, especially in Manhattan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lopate |first=Phillip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QR69izwr9dcC |title=Waterfront: A Walk Around Manhattan |publisher=Anchor Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-385-49714-5 }}</ref>
=== Sports ===
{{main|Sports in New York City}}
] is home to the ]]]
New York City has teams in the four major North American professional sports leagues.


The city's total area is {{convert|468.484|sqmi}}. {{cvt|302.643|sqmi}} of the city is land and {{cvt|165.841|sqmi}} of it is water.<ref name="CensusGazetteer">, ]. Retrieved February 9, 2017.</ref><ref name="NYT Land Estimate">{{cite news |last=Roberts |first=Sam |date=May 22, 2008 |title=It's Still a Big City, Just Not Quite So Big |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/22/nyregion/22shrink.html |access-date=May 22, 2008 }}</ref> The highest point in the city is ] on Staten Island, which, at {{convert|409.8|ft}} ], is the highest point on the eastern seaboard south of ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lundrigan |first=Margaret |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-p4lHNbJfE8C |title=Staten Island: Isle of the Bay |publisher=] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7385-2443-6 |page=10 }}</ref> The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in ]s as part of the ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Howard |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfCcxk4OcwkC |title=Outside Magazine's Urban Adventure New York City |publisher=] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-393-32212-5 |page=35 }}</ref>
New York is one of the few areas of the United States where ], rather than ], remains the most popular sport. There have been fourteen ] championship series between New York City teams, in matchups called ]. New York is one of only five metro areas (Chicago, Washington-Baltimore, Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. The city's two current ] teams are the ] and the ], who compete in six games every regular season. The Yankees have enjoyed 26 world titles, while the Mets have taken the Series twice. The city also was once home to the ] (now the ]) and the ] (now the ]). Both teams moved to California in 1958. There are also two ] teams in the city, the ] and ].


=== Boroughs ===
The city is represented in the ] by the ] and ] (officially the New York Football Giants), although both teams play their home games in ] in nearby ].
{{main|Boroughs of New York City|Neighborhoods in New York City}}
]}}{{legend|#FFFF33|2. ]}}{{legend|#FF7F00|3. ]}}{{legend|#E41A1C|4. ]}}{{legend|#984EA3|5. ]}}]]


{{nowrap|New York City}} is sometimes referred to collectively as the ''Five Boroughs''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 7, 2017 |title=The Five Boroughs of the City of New York: A Brief Historical Description |url=http://www.thehistorybox.com/ny_city/nycity_5_boros_historical_descrip__article00598.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007144725/http://www.thehistorybox.com/ny_city/nycity_5_boros_historical_descrip__article00598.htm |url-status=dead |publisher=The History Box |archive-date=October 7, 2017 |access-date=July 10, 2020 }}</ref> Each borough is coextensive with a respective ] of New York State, making New York City one of the ].
] is the largest marathon in the world]]


Manhattan (New York County) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough. It is home to Central Park and most of the city's ]s, and is sometimes locally known as ''The City''.<ref name="ManhattanTheCity">{{cite web |first=Jen |last=Carlson |date=May 21, 2012 |title=Do You Refer To Manhattan As "The City"? |url=http://gothamist.com/2012/05/21/do_you_refer_to_manhattan_as_the_ci.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025130428/http://gothamist.com/2012/05/21/do_you_refer_to_manhattan_as_the_ci.php |archive-date=October 25, 2016 |access-date=August 20, 2017 |publisher=] }}</ref> Manhattan's population density of {{Convert|70,450.8|PD/sqmi}} in 2022 makes it the ] and ].<ref name=CensusDensity2022/> Manhattan is the cultural, administrative, and ] of New York City and contains the ] of many major ]s, the ], Wall Street, and a number of important universities. The borough is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world.<ref>{{cite news |author=Barry, Dan |date=October 11, 2001 |title=A Nation challenged: in New York; New York Carries On, but Test of Its Grit Has Just Begun |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/11/nyregion/nation-challenged-new-york-new-york-carries-but-test-its-grit-has-just-begun.html |access-date=March 27, 2016 |quote=A roaring void has been created in the financial center of the world. }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Sorrentino, Christopher |date=September 16, 2007 |title=When He Was Seventeen |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/16/nyregion/thecity/16toug.html |access-date=March 27, 2016 |quote=In 1980 there were still the remains of the various downtown revolutions that had reinvigorated New York's music and art scenes and kept Manhattan in the position it had occupied since the 1940s as the cultural center of the world. }}</ref>
The ] represent the city in the ].


] (Kings County), on the western tip of ], is the city's most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, ], and a distinctive architectural heritage. ] is the largest central core neighborhood in the Outer Boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including ], established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the United States<ref>{{cite book |last=Immerso |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4POVzmwY9cC |title=Coney Island: The People's Playground |publisher=] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8135-3138-0 |page=3 }}</ref> ] and ] are the two largest parks in Brooklyn.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hughes |first=C.J. |date=August 17, 2016 |title=Marine Park, Brooklyn: Block Parties, Bocce and Salt Air |website=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/21/realestate/marine-park-brooklyn-block-parties-bocce-and-salt-air.html |access-date=October 29, 2017 |quote=The neighborhood of Marine Park, a compact enclave in southeast Brooklyn, has a major claim to fame. It sits next to the borough's largest park, Marine Park }}</ref> Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of ] and ]nology ],<ref>{{cite web |date=October 19, 2015 |title=19 Reasons Why Brooklyn Is New York's New Startup Hotspot |url=https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/brooklyn-hot-startup-list-investments/ |access-date=August 27, 2017 |publisher=] }}</ref><ref name="BrooklynDesignHub">{{cite news |first=Vanessa |last=Friedman |date=April 30, 2016 |title=Brooklyn's Wearable Revolution |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/01/fashion/brooklyn-wearables-revolution.html |access-date=August 27, 2017 }}</ref> and of ] and design.<ref name="BrooklynDesignHub" /><ref name="BrooklynArt1">{{cite news |first=Alexandria |last=Symonds |date=April 29, 2016 |title=One Celebrated Brooklyn Artist's Futuristic New Practice |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/29/t-magazine/art/dustin-yellin-vr-google-tilt-brush-art.html |access-date=August 27, 2017 }}</ref> Brooklyn is also home to ], the ] only active duty installation within New York City,<ref>{{cite web |title=Military Bases in the Continental United States |url=http://www.nps.gov/nagpra/documents/BASES.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902235300/http://www.nps.gov/nagpra/documents/BASES.PDF |archive-date=September 2, 2011 |access-date=February 20, 2012 |publisher=] |url-status=dead }}</ref> aside from ] operations. The facility was established in 1825 on the site of a ] used during the ], and it is one of America's longest-serving military forts.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&q=encyclopedia+of+new+york |title=The History of New York City |edition=2nd |publisher=] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-300-11465-2 |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Kenneth T. |page=30 }}</ref>
In ], New York is represented by the ] side, ]. The "Red Bulls" also play their home games at the ] in New Jersey.


] (Queens County), on Long Island north and east of Brooklyn, is geographically the largest borough, the most ] county in the United States,<ref name="queensdiverse">{{cite news |last=O'Donnell |first=Michelle |date=July 4, 2006 |title=In Queens, It's the Glorious 4th, and 6th, and 16th, and 25th&nbsp;... |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/04/nyregion/04fourth.html |access-date=July 20, 2014 }}</ref> and the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.<ref name="QueensMostDiverseWorld1">{{cite news |first1=Christine |last1=Kim |title=Queens, New York, Sightseeing |newspaper=] |url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/queens-new-york-sightseeing-107156.html |access-date=March 20, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="QueensMostDiverseWorld2">{{cite web |first=Andrew |last=Weber |date=April 30, 2013 |title=Queens |url=http://www.newyork.com/articles/neighborhoods/queens-72876/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513065643/http://www.newyork.com/articles/neighborhoods/queens-72876/ |archive-date=May 13, 2015 |access-date=March 20, 2016 |publisher=NewYork.com }}</ref> Queens is the site of the ], home of the ], and hosts the annual ] at the ] in ], with plans to build ], a soccer-specific stadium for ].<ref>, ], November 7, 2023. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The property surrounding Citi Field is home to Flushing Corona Park, the US Open Tennis Center, and a planned soccer stadium for New York City FC."</ref> Additionally, two of the three busiest airports serving the New York metropolitan area, ] and ], are in Queens.<ref>Rizzo, Cailey. , '']'', January 10, 2024. Accessed January 15, 2024. "NYC's main airport, John F. Kennedy International, is in Queens. It's the largest and busiest of the three major airports serving the city, seeing more than 55 million passengers per year.... LaGuardia is the smallest of the NYC area's three major airports but has been called the most efficient in the world. It's located in Queens, about 10 miles north of JFK, and is most accessible from Queens, Manhattan's Upper East Side, the Bronx, and northern Brooklyn."</ref>
The city's ] team is the ] and the city's ] team is the ]. The first national college-level basketball championship, the ], was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nit.org/history/nit-postseason.html |title=Postseason Overview |publisher=National Invitation Tournament |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> ] in ] is a celebrated court where many professional athletes play in the summer league.


] (Bronx County) is both New York City's northernmost borough and the only one that is mostly on the ]. It is the location of ], the baseball park of the ], and home to the largest ] complex in the United States, ].<ref>{{cite news |last=Frazier |first=Ian |date=June 26, 2006 |title=Utopia, the Bronx |magazine=] |url=https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/06/26/060626fa_fact_frazier |access-date=September 1, 2008 }}</ref> It is home to the ], the world's largest metropolitan zoo,<ref name="BronxZoo">{{cite web |title=Animals & Exhibits |url=http://www.bronxzoo.com/animals-and-exhibits.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114073313/http://bronxzoo.com/animals-and-exhibits.aspx |archive-date=January 14, 2015 |access-date=March 20, 2016 |work=] |publisher=] }}</ref> which spans {{convert|265|acre|km2}} and houses more than 6,000 animals.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ward |first=Candace |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuWKuHbWnvIC |title=New York City Museum Guide |publisher=] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-486-41000-5 |page=72 }}</ref> The Bronx is the birthplace of ] and its associated ].<ref name="Toop-1992">{{cite book |last=Toop |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KuRQgAACAAJ |title=Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop |publisher=] |year=1992 |isbn=978-1-85242-243-1 }}</ref> ] is the largest park in New York City, at {{convert|2772|acre|ha}}.<ref name="nyt20130601">{{cite news |author=Foderaro, Lisa W. |date=May 31, 2013 |title=How Big Is That Park? City Now Has the Answer |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/01/nyregion/surveying-effort-alters-sizes-of-some-new-york-parks.html |access-date=May 31, 2013 }}</ref>
] (held in Queens) is the fourth and final event of the Grand Slam tennis tournaments]]


] (Richmond County) is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. It is connected to Brooklyn by the ], and to Manhattan by way of the free ]. In central Staten Island, the ] spans approximately {{cvt|2500|acres|km2}}, including {{convert|28|mi|km}} of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Staten Island Greenbelt |url=http://www.nynjtc.org/park/staten-island-greenbelt |access-date=October 28, 2010 |website=NYNJTC.org |publisher=] }}</ref> Designated in 1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks.
As a global city, New York supports many events outside these sports. Queens is host of the U.S. Tennis Open, one of the four ] tournaments. The ] is the world's largest, and the 2004-2006 runnings hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers, including 37,866 finishers in 2006.<ref>, ]. Accessed June 28, 2007.</ref> The ] is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the ]. Boxing is also a very prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year.


=== Climate ===
Many sports are associated with New York's immigrant communities. ], a street version of baseball, was popularized by youths in working class Italian, ], and Irish neighborhoods in the 1930s. Stickball is still commonly played, as a street in The Bronx has been renamed Stickball Blvd. as tribute to New York's most known street sport. In recent years several amateur ] leagues have emerged with the arrival of immigrants from South Asia and the Caribbean. Street hockey, football, and baseball are also commonly seen being played on the streets of New York. New York City is often called "The World's Biggest Urban Playground," as street sports are commonly played by people of all ages.<ref>{{cite video |people=Sas, Adrian (Producer) |year=2006 |url=http://nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/video/index.html?key=16&search= |title=It's my Park: Cricket |medium=TV-Series |location=New York City |publisher=]}}</ref>
{{main|Climate of New York City}}
{{climate chart
| New York
| 27.9 | 39.5 | 3.64
| 29.5 | 42.2 | 3.19
| 35.8 | 49.9 | 4.29
| 45.5 | 61.8 | 4.09
| 55.0 | 70.8 | 3.96
| 64.4 | 79.7 | 4.54
| 70.1 | 84.9 | 4.60
| 68.9 | 83.3 | 4.56
| 62.3 | 76.2 | 4.31
| 51.4 | 64.5 | 4.38
| 42.0 | 54.0 | 3.58
| 33.8 | 44.3 | 4.38
| units = imperial
| float = right
| clear = right
| source = "New York City Weatherbox NOAA" }}
Under the ], New York City has a ] (Cfa), and is the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west are in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and ]s (Dfa).<ref name="Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A">{{cite web |last1=Peel |first1=M.C. |last2=Finlayson |first2=B.L. |last3=McMahon |first3=T.A |title=World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113015116/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png |archive-date=January 13, 2015 |access-date=April 26, 2013 |publisher=] }}</ref><ref name="newyorkpolonia.com">{{cite web |title=New York Polonia Polish Portal in New York |url=http://www.newyorkpolonia.com/index.php?sitelg=en&p=localinfo |access-date=April 26, 2013 |publisher=NewYorkPolonia.com }}</ref> The city receives an average of {{convert|49.5|in|sigfig=3}} of precipitation annually, which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year. New York averages ] annually.<ref name=NYCSunshine>{{cite web |title=Average monthly hours of sunshine in New York City (NY) |url=https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-hours-Sunshine,New-York,United-States-of-America#google_vignette |publisher=World Weather & Climate Information |access-date=January 1, 2024 |quote=On average, the total annual amount of sun is 2540 hours. }}</ref>


Winters are chilly and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow ]s offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the ] keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes.<ref>, Climate and Weather. Accessed December 31, 2023. "Sprawling across three islands at the mouth of the Hudson River in the north-eastern United States, New York City's climate benefits from the warm Gulf Stream of the Atlantic Ocean. This, coupled with the protection of the Appalachian Mountains inland, keep the city warmer than other big American cities at similar latitudes."</ref> The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is {{convert|33.3|°F|1}}.<ref name="NOAA txt">{{cite web |title=New York, NY |url=http://w2.weather.gov/climate/local_data.php?wfo=okx |publisher=United States ] |access-date=July 30, 2022 }}</ref> Temperatures usually drop to {{convert|10|°F|0}} several times per winter,<ref name="NYC climate">{{cite web |title=The Climate of New York |url=http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climate_of_ny.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412104922/http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climate_of_ny.html |archive-date=April 12, 2008 |access-date=July 6, 2012 |publisher=] }}</ref> yet can also reach {{convert|60|°F}} for several days even in the coldest winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from cool to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically hot and humid, with a daily mean temperature of {{convert|77.5|°F|1}} in July.<ref name="NOAA txt" />
==Economy==
{{main|Economy of New York City}}
] on ] is the largest ] in the world by dollar volume]]
New York City is a global hub of international business and commerce and is one of three "command centers" for the ] (along with ] and ]).<ref>{{cite book |author=] |title=The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo |year=2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |edition=2nd edition |isbn=0691070636}}</ref> The city is a major center for finance, insurance, real estate, media and the arts in the United States. The New York ] had an estimated ] of $1.13 trillion in 2005,<ref name="World's Most Economically Powerful Cities">{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities_slide_2.html?thisSpeed=15000&boxes=custom|title=World's Most Economically Powerful Cities|publisher=Forbes|accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref><ref>, dated ], ]. The list fails to include Taipei. Accessed ], ].</ref> the largest regional economy in the United States and second largest city economy in the world.<ref name="London ranked as world's six largest economy">{{cite web|url=http://www.itweek.co.uk/accountancyage/news/2184877/london-ranked-world-six-largest=|title=London ranked as world's six largest economy|publisher=ITWeek|accessdate=2008-08-04}}</ref> The metropolitan area's economy accounts for the majority of the economic activity in the states of New York and New Jersey. Many major corporations are headquartered in New York City, including 44 ] companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycedc.com/Web/NYCBusinessClimate/FactsFigures/FactsFigures.htm |title=NYC Business Climate - Facts & Figures |publisher=New York City Economic Development Corporation|accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> New York is also unique among American cities for its large number of foreign corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company.<ref>{{cite news |title=Keeping the Economy Growing |author=Wylde, Kathryn |publisher=Gotham Gazette |date=January 23, 2006 |url=http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/fea/20060123/202/1727 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>


Nighttime temperatures are {{Convert|9.5|F-change}} degrees higher for the average city resident due to the ] effect, caused by paved streets and tall buildings.<ref>Maldonando, Samantha. , ], July 26, 2023. Accessed December 30, 2023. "The city as a whole feels about 9.5 degrees hotter for the average New Yorker. That's thanks to the human-made surroundings that define the cityscape: tall buildings that limit air circulation, abundant asphalt and pavement and the heat-generating things New Yorkers do fairly close to one another, like running appliances and driving."</ref> Daytime temperatures exceed {{convert|90|°F|0}} on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed {{convert|100|°F|0}}, although this is a rare occurrence, last noted on July 18, 2012.<ref name = "New York City Weatherbox NOAA" >{{cite web |url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=okx |title=NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=] |access-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-date=May 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527215410/http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=okx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="New York City Weatherbox NOAA txt">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504224841/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00094728&format=pdf |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00094728&format=pdf |publisher=] |title=Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020 |access-date=May 4, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = noaasun>{{cite web |title=New York Central Park, NY Climate Normals 1961−1990 |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP2/00305801.TXT |publisher=] |access-date=July 18, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Weather Atlas NYC">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-us.com/en/new-york-usa/new-york-climate |title=New York, New York, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=July 4, 2019 }}</ref> Similarly, readings of {{convert|0|°F|0}} are extremely rare, last occurring on February 14, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather2000.com/NY_Cold.html |title=Days below 0&nbsp;°F in New York City |publisher=Weather 2000 |access-date=June 24, 2021 }}</ref> Extreme temperatures have ranged from {{convert|106|°F|0}}, recorded on July 9, 1936, down to {{convert|−15|°F|0}} on February 9, 1934;<ref name="NOAA txt" /> the coldest recorded wind chill was {{convert|−37|°F|0}} on the same day as the all-time record low.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pollak |first=Michael |date=January 10, 2014 |title=Determining New York City's Record Wind Chill |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/12/nyregion/determining-new-york-citys-record-wind-chill.html |access-date=November 5, 2021 }}</ref> Average winter snowfall between 1991 and 2020 was {{convert|29.8|in|cm|0}}; this varies considerably between years. The record cold daily maximum was {{convert|2|°F|0}} on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum was {{convert|87|°F|0}}, on July 2, 1903.<ref name="New York City Weatherbox NOAA" /> The average water temperature of the nearby Atlantic Ocean ranges from {{convert|39.7|°F|1}} in February to {{convert|74.1|°F|1}} in August.<ref>{{cite web |title=New York City Sea Temperature—United States—Sea Temperatures |url=https://www.seatemperature.org/north-america/united-states/new-york-city.htm |website=World Sea Temperatures |access-date=November 5, 2021 }}</ref>
New York City is home to some of the nation's — and the world's — most valuable real estate. 450 ] was sold on July 2, 2007 for $510 million, about $1,589 per square foot ($17,104/m²), breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $1,476 per square foot ($15,887/m²) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue.<ref>Quirk, James. {{cite web |url=http://www.northjersey.com/page.php?qstr=eXJpcnk3ZjczN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXk4NDImZmdiZWw3Zjd2cWVlRUV5eTcxNjI5NzEmeXJpcnk3ZjcxN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXkyMg== |title= "Bergen offices have plenty of space" |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071222235142/http://www.northjersey.com/page.php?qstr=eXJpcnk3ZjczN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXk4NDImZmdiZWw3Zjd2cWVlRUV5eTcxNjI5NzEmeXJpcnk3ZjcxN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXkyMg== |archivedate=2007-12-22}}, '']'', July 5, 2007. Accessed July 5, 2007. "On Monday, a 26-year-old, 33-story office building at 450 Park Ave. sold for a stunning $1,589 per square foot, or about $510 million. The price is believed to be the most ever paid for a U.S. office building on a per-square-foot basis. That broke the previous record—set four weeks earlier—when 660 Madison Ave. sold for $1,476 a square foot."</ref>


]s and ]s are rare in the New York area.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dolnick |first=Sam |date=August 28, 2011 |title=Damage From Irene Largely Spares New York—Recovery Is Slower in New York Suburbs |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/nyregion/wind-and-rain-from-hurricane-irene-lash-new-york.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=November 5, 2021 }}</ref> Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive ] to New York City on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 29, 2012 |title=Superstorm Sandy blamed for at least 11 U.S. deaths as it slams East Coast |url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/29/hurricane-sandy-strengthens-to-85-mph/ |access-date=January 22, 2013 |publisher=] |archive-date=January 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120072118/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/29/hurricane-sandy-strengthens-to-85-mph/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing ]s and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.<ref name=ClimateResiliency2>{{cite web |last=Eshelman |first=Robert S. |date=November 15, 2012 |title=Adaptation: Political support for a sea wall in New York Harbor begins to form |url=http://www.eenews.net/public/climatewire/2012/11/15/1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702082031/http://www.eenews.net/stories/1059972561 |archive-date=July 2, 2015 |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=], LLC |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Weather box
] had 353.7 million square feet (32,859,805 m²) of office space in 2001.<ref name="Four Percent of Manhattan's Total Office Space Was Destroyed in the World Trade Center Attack">{{cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/construction/4266400-1.html|title=Four Percent of Manhattan's Total Office Space Was Destroyed in the World Trade Center Attack|publisher=Allbusiness|date=September 25, 2001|accessdate=2008-08-05}}</ref>
| name = New York City weatherbox
| location = New York (], ]), 1991–2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020}} extremes 1869–present{{efn|Official weather observations for Central Park were conducted at the Arsenal at Fifth Avenue and 64th Street from 1869 to 1919, and at Belvedere Castle since 1919.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/centralpark/highlights/11956 |title=Belvedere Castle at NYC Parks |access-date=January 26, 2024 |archive-date=July 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702010127/http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/centralpark/highlights/11956 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| single line = Y
| Jan record high F = 72
| Feb record high F = 78
| Mar record high F = 86
| Apr record high F = 96
| May record high F = 99
| Jun record high F = 101
| Jul record high F = 106
| Aug record high F = 104
| Sep record high F = 102
| Oct record high F = 94
| Nov record high F = 84
| Dec record high F = 75
| year record high F = 106
<!-- To calculate avg record high, go to monthly summarized data, choose 1991-2020 as year range, max temp as variable, and daily maximum under summary and values are obtained under "mean" -->| Jan avg record high F = 60.4
| Feb avg record high F = 60.7
| Mar avg record high F = 70.3
| Apr avg record high F = 82.9
| May avg record high F = 88.5
| Jun avg record high F = 92.1
| Jul avg record high F = 95.7
| Aug avg record high F = 93.4
| Sep avg record high F = 89.0
| Oct avg record high F = 79.7
| Nov avg record high F = 70.7
| Dec avg record high F = 62.9
| year avg record high F = 97.0
| Jan high F = 39.5
| Feb high F = 42.2
| Mar high F = 49.9
| Apr high F = 61.8
| May high F = 71.4
| Jun high F = 79.7
| Jul high F = 84.9
| Aug high F = 83.3
| Sep high F = 76.2
| Oct high F = 64.5
| Nov high F = 54.0
| Dec high F = 44.3
| year high F = 62.6
| Jan mean F = 33.7
| Feb mean F = 35.9
| Mar mean F = 42.8
| Apr mean F = 53.7
| May mean F = 63.2
| Jun mean F = 72.0
| Jul mean F = 77.5
| Aug mean F = 76.1
| Sep mean F = 69.2
| Oct mean F = 57.9
| Nov mean F = 48.0
| Dec mean F = 39.1
| year mean F = 55.8
| Jan low F = 27.9
| Feb low F = 29.5
| Mar low F = 35.8
| Apr low F = 45.5
| May low F = 55.0
| Jun low F = 64.4
| Jul low F = 70.1
| Aug low F = 68.9
| Sep low F = 62.3
| Oct low F = 51.4
| Nov low F = 42.0
| Dec low F = 33.8
| year low F = 48.9
<!-- To calculate avg record low, go to monthly summarized data, choose 1991-2020 as year range, min as variable, and daily minium under summary and values are obtained under "mean" -->| Jan avg record low F = 9.8
| Feb avg record low F = 12.7
| Mar avg record low F = 19.7
| Apr avg record low F = 32.8
| May avg record low F = 43.9
| Jun avg record low F = 52.7
| Jul avg record low F = 61.8
| Aug avg record low F = 60.3
| Sep avg record low F = 50.2
| Oct avg record low F = 38.4
| Nov avg record low F = 27.7
| Dec avg record low F = 18.0
| year avg record low F = 7.7
| Jan record low F = −6
| Feb record low F = −15
| Mar record low F = 3
| Apr record low F = 12
| May record low F = 32
| Jun record low F = 44
| Jul record low F = 52
| Aug record low F = 50
| Sep record low F = 39
| Oct record low F = 28
| Nov record low F = 5
| Dec record low F = −13
| year record low F = -15
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 3.64
| Feb precipitation inch = 3.19
| Mar precipitation inch = 4.29
| Apr precipitation inch = 4.09
| May precipitation inch = 3.96
| Jun precipitation inch = 4.54
| Jul precipitation inch = 4.60
| Aug precipitation inch = 4.56
| Sep precipitation inch = 4.31
| Oct precipitation inch = 4.38
| Nov precipitation inch = 3.58
| Dec precipitation inch = 4.38
| year precipitation inch = 49.52
| Jan snow inch = 8.8
| Feb snow inch = 10.1
| Mar snow inch = 5.0
| Apr snow inch = 0.4
| May snow inch = 0.0
| Jun snow inch = 0.0
| Jul snow inch = 0.0
| Aug snow inch = 0.0
| Sep snow inch = 0.0
| Oct snow inch = 0.1
| Nov snow inch = 0.5
| Dec snow inch = 4.9
| year snow inch = 29.8
| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
| Jan precipitation days = 10.8
| Feb precipitation days = 10.0
| Mar precipitation days = 11.1
| Apr precipitation days = 11.4
| May precipitation days = 11.5
| Jun precipitation days = 11.2
| Jul precipitation days = 10.5
| Aug precipitation days = 10.0
| Sep precipitation days = 8.8
| Oct precipitation days = 9.5
| Nov precipitation days = 9.2
| Dec precipitation days = 11.4
| year precipitation days = 125.4
| unit snow days = 0.1 in
| Jan snow days = 3.7
| Feb snow days = 3.2
| Mar snow days = 2.0
| Apr snow days = 0.2
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.0
| Nov snow days = 0.2
| Dec snow days = 2.1
| year snow days = 11.4
| humidity colour = green
| Jan humidity = 61.5
| Feb humidity = 60.2
| Mar humidity = 58.5
| Apr humidity = 55.3
| May humidity = 62.7
| Jun humidity = 65.2
| Jul humidity = 64.2
| Aug humidity = 66.0
| Sep humidity = 67.8
| Oct humidity = 65.6
| Nov humidity = 64.6
| Dec humidity = 64.1
| year humidity = 63.0
| Jan sun = 162.7
| Feb sun = 163.1
| Mar sun = 212.5
| Apr sun = 225.6
| May sun = 256.6
| Jun sun = 257.3
| Jul sun = 268.2
| Aug sun = 268.2
| Sep sun = 219.3
| Oct sun = 211.2
| Nov sun = 151.0
| Dec sun = 139.0
| year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 54
| Feb percentsun = 55
| Mar percentsun = 57
| Apr percentsun = 57
| May percentsun = 57
| Jun percentsun = 57
| Jul percentsun = 59
| Aug percentsun = 63
| Sep percentsun = 59
| Oct percentsun = 61
| Nov percentsun = 51
| Dec percentsun = 48
| year percentsun = 57
| Jan dew point C = −7.8
| Feb dew point C = −7.2
| Mar dew point C = −3.4
| Apr dew point C = 1.1
| May dew point C = 8.5
| Jun dew point C = 14.1
| Jul dew point C = 16.6
| Aug dew point C = 16.7
| Sep dew point C = 13.1
| Oct dew point C = 6.7
| Nov dew point C = 1.1
| Dec dew point C = −4.1
| year dew point C = 4.6
| Jan uv = 2
| Feb uv = 3
| Mar uv = 4
| Apr uv = 6
| May uv = 7
| Jun uv = 8
| Jul uv = 8
| Aug uv = 8
| Sep uv = 6
| Oct uv = 4
| Nov uv = 2
| Dec uv = 1
| source 1 = ] (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990; dew point 1965–1984)<ref name = "New York City Weatherbox NOAA" /><ref name="New York City Weatherbox NOAA txt"/><ref name = noaasun/>
| source 2 = Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas NYC"/>
See ] for additional climate information from the outer boroughs.
| source =
| collapsed = y
}}


=== Parks ===
] is the largest central business district in the United States and is home to the highest concentration of the city's skyscrapers. ] is the third largest central business district in the United States, and is home to The ], located on ], and the ], representing the world's first and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured by average daily trading volume and overall market capitalization.<ref>{{cite web |authors=Claessens, Stjin |title=Electronic Finance: Reshaping the Financial Landscape Around the World |publisher=The World Bank |month=September | year=2000 |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTENERGY/0,,contentMDK:20708340~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:336806,00.html |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Financial services account for more than 35% of the city's employment income.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/current_issues/ci12-1.pdf|format=PDF |title=Challenges Facing the New York Metropolitan Area Economy |author=Orr, James and Giorgio Topa |work=Current Issues in Economics and Finance - Second District Highlights |publisher=New York Federal Reserve |date=Volume 12, Number 1, January 2006|accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Real estate is a major force in the city's economy, as the total value of all New York City property was $802.4 billion in 2006.<ref name="NYC real estate">{{cite web |title=Tentative Assessment Roll: Fiscal Year 2008 |publisher=New York City Department of Finance |date=January 15, 2007 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dof/html/pdf/07pdf/tent-ass-roll-07-08t.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The ] is the property with the highest-listed market value in the city, at $1.1 billion in 2006.<ref name="NYC real estate" />
{{main|New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|List of New York City parks}}
] on ] in ], a global symbol of the United States and ]<ref name="Statue of Liberty UNESCO" />]]
] and ] as seen from ] in ]]]


The city of New York has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the ], the ], and the ]. In its 2023 ParkScore ranking, the ] reported that the park system in New York City was the tenth-best park system among the most populous U.S. cities, citing the city's park acreage, investment in parks and that 99% of residents are within {{Convert|1/2|mi}} of a park.<ref>, ]. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref>
] has been dubbed "the Crossroads of the World"]]


] contains over {{convert|26000|acres|km2}}, most of it in New York City.<ref>{{cite web |title=Discover the truly wild side of New York's metropolitan area |url=http://www.nps.gov/gate/index.htm |access-date=June 11, 2012 |publisher=] }}</ref> In Brooklyn and Queens, the park contains over {{convert|9000|acre|km2}} of ], ]s, islands, and water, including most of ] and the ]. Also in Queens, the park includes a significant portion of the western ], most notably ] and ].<ref>, ]. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Within the Jamaica Bay Unit there are several places to visit. Floyd Bennett Field, Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, Canarsie Pier, Breezy Point, Fort Tilden and Jacob Riis Park."</ref> In Staten Island, it includes ], with historic pre-Civil War era ] and ], and ].<ref>, ]. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The Staten Island Unit is made of three different areas, Fort Wadsworth, Miller Field, and Great Kills Park."</ref>
The city's television and film industry is the second largest in the country after ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/film/html/news/stats.shtml |title=NYC Film Statistics |publisher=Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre, and Broadcasting |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Creative industries such as new media, advertising, fashion, design and architecture account for a growing share of employment, with New York City possessing a strong competitive advantage in these industries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Currid, Elizabeth |title=New York as a Global Creative Hub: A Competitive Analysis of Four Theories on World Cities |journal=Economic Development Quarterly |year=2006 |volume=20(4) |pages=pp. 330–350 |doi=10.1177/0891242406292708}}</ref> High-tech industries like bioscience, software development, game design, and internet services are also growing, bolstered by the city's position at the terminus of several ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Telecommunications and Economic Development in New York City: A Plan for Action|publisher=New York City Economic Development Corporation |month=March | year=2005 |url=http://www.nycedc.com/about_us/TelecomPlanMarch2005.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref> Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities.


The ] and ] are managed by the National Park Service and are in both New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by ]. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include ]; ]; Federal Hall National Memorial; ]; ] (Grant's Tomb); ]; and ]. ] are listed on the ] or as a ].
Manufacturing accounts for a large but declining share of employment. Garments, chemicals, metal products, processed foods, and furniture are some of the principal products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/imb/downloads/pdf/whitepaper.pdf |format=PDF |title=Protecting and Growing New York City's Industrial Job Base |publisher=The Mayor's Office for Industrial and Manufacturing Business |month=January | year=2005 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The food-processing industry is the most stable major manufacturing sector in the city.<ref name="food manufacturing">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/imb/downloads/pdf/more_than_link_food_chain.pdf |format=PDF |title=More Than a Link in the Food Chain |publisher=The Mayor's Office for Industrial and Manufacturing Business |accessdate=2008-09-01 |month=February | year=2007}}</ref> Food making is a $5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents, many of them immigrants who speak little English. Chocolate is New York City's leading specialty-food export, with $234 million worth of exports each year.<ref name="food manufacturing" />
<br clear="all">


There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City. They include: the ], a natural area that includes extensive ]; the ], a {{convert|28|acre|ha|adj=on}} facility;<ref>{{cite web |title=New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, New York City Region |url=http://www.nysparks.state.ny.us/parks/93/details.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215035615/http://www.nysparks.state.ny.us/parks/93/details.aspx |archive-date=February 15, 2011 |access-date=October 28, 2010 |publisher=] }}</ref> and the ], a state park in Brooklyn and Manhattan that borders the East River renamed in honor of ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Marsha P. Johnson State Park (East River State Park) |url=https://www.parks.ny.gov/parks/155/details.aspx |website=] |access-date=October 4, 2021 }}</ref>
== Demographics ==
<!-- CONSIDER ADDING TO "DEMOGRAPHICS OF NYC" DAUGHTER ARTICLE INSTEAD OF ADDING LENGTH HERE. -->
{{main|Demographics of New York City}}


New York City has over {{convert|28000|acre|km2}} of ] and {{convert|14|mi|km}} of public beaches.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 3, 1999 |title=Mayor Giuliani Announces Amount of Parkland in New York City has Passed {{convert|28000|acre|km2 |adj=on}} Mark |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/99a/pr042-99.html |access-date=September 1, 2008 |publisher=New York City Mayor's Office }}; {{cite web |title=Beaches |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/facilities/beaches |access-date=September 1, 2008 |publisher=] }}</ref> The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with {{cvt|2772|acres|0}},<ref name="nyt20130601" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Pelham Bay Park |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/pelham-bay-park |access-date=June 8, 2012 |publisher=] }}</ref> and the most visited urban park is the Central Park, and one of the most filmed and visited locations in the world, with 42&nbsp;million visitors in 2023.<ref name=NYCvisitors/>

=== Environment ===
{{main|Environmental issues in New York City}}
] is the largest ] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Szczepanski |first=Mallory |date=July 21, 2017 |title=Behind the Scenes of Sims Municipal Recycling's MRF in Brooklyn |url=https://www.waste360.com/mrfs/behind-scenes-sims-municipal-recyclings-mrf-brooklyn |access-date=January 5, 2022 |website=Waste360 |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paben |first=Jared |date=January 11, 2022 |title=Closed Loop picks up a MRF operator with strong financials – Resource Recycling |url=https://resource-recycling.com/recycling/2022/01/11/closed-loop-picks-up-a-mrf-operator-with-strong-financials/ |access-date=February 21, 2022 |website=Resource Recycling News |language=en-US }}</ref>]]
Environmental issues in New York City are affected by the city's size, density, ], and its location at the mouth of the Hudson River. For example, it is one of the country's biggest sources of pollution and has the lowest per-capita ] rate and electricity usage. ] is planned to host a US$1{{nbsp}}billion research and education center to make New York City the global leader in addressing the ].<ref name="NYCGlobalClimateLeader">{{cite web |date=October 26, 2022 |title=Mayor Adams, Trust For Governors Island Unveil Finalist Proposals For Climate Solutions Center |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/781-22/mayor-adams-trust-governors-island-finalist-proposals-climate-solutions-center#/0 |access-date=October 28, 2022 |publisher=City of New York }}</ref>

As an ] city, New York City is vulnerable to long-term manifestations of ] like ] exacerbated by ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prisco |first1=Jacopo |title=New York City is sinking due to its million-plus buildings, study says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/23/world/nyc-sinking-sea-level-climate-scn/index.html |access-date=January 22, 2024 |agency=CNN |publisher=Earth's Future |date=May 23, 2023 }}</ref> Climate change has spawned the development of a significant ] and ] economy in the city. New York City has focused on reducing its ] and ].<ref name="NYCCarbonFootprint">{{cite web |date=September 21, 2014 |title=Mayor de Blasio Commits to 80 Percent Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2050, Starting with Sweeping Green Buildings Plan |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/451-14/mayor-de-blasio-commits-80-percent-reduction-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2050-starting-with#/0 |access-date=October 31, 2014 |publisher=City of New York }}</ref> ] use is the highest in the country.

New York's ], more than 610,000 daily cycling trips {{As of|2022|lc=y}},<ref name=NYCcycling/> and ] make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States.<ref name="NYC energy consumption">{{cite book |last=Jervey |first=Ben |url=https://archive.org/details/biggreenappleyou00jerv |title=The Big Green Apple: Your Guide to Eco-Friendly Living in New York City |publisher=] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7627-3835-9 }}</ref> Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally, the rate for metro regions is about 8%.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2004 |title=2001 National Household Travel Survey: Summary of Travel Trends |url=http://nhts.ornl.gov/2001/pub/STT.pdf |access-date=September 1, 2008 |publisher=] }}</ref> In both 2011 and 2015, ] named New York City the most ] large city in the United States,<ref>{{cite news |last=Florida |first=Richard |date=April 7, 2015 |title=2015's Most Walkable U.S. Cities |newspaper=] |publisher=] |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/2015s-most-walkable-us-cities/ar-AAayJRg |url-status=dead |access-date=April 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411013021/http://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/2015s-most-walkable-us-cities/ar-AAayJRg |archive-date=April 11, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NYC tops list of most walkable cities in America—video narrative by Mara Montalbano |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/video/travel/nyc-tops-list-of-most-walkable-cities-in-america/vi-AAaEJMr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024120549/https://www.msn.com/en-us/video/travel/nyc-tops-list-of-most-walkable-cities-in-america/vi-AAaEJMr |archive-date=October 24, 2015 |access-date=April 11, 2015 |publisher=Buzz60, on ] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=The 10 Most Walkable U.S. Cities |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-10-most-walkable-us-cities-2011-07-20?link=MW_popular |access-date=July 20, 2011 |work=] }}</ref> and in 2018, ''Stacker'' ranked New York the most walkable American city.<ref>{{cite web |first=Betsy |last=Ladyzhets |date=April 18, 2018 |title=Most walkable cities in America |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/smart-living/most-walkable-cities-in-america/ss-AAw27Ti?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=iehp |access-date=May 18, 2018 |publisher=Stacker, via ] }}</ref> ] sponsored public bicycles for the city's ] project, which became known as ], in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hamblin |first=James |date=June 28, 2013 |title=The Summer Bicycles Took Control |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/06/the-summer-bicycles-took-control/277166/ |access-date=June 28, 2013 |work=] |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group }}</ref> New York City's numerical "in-season cycling indicator" of bicycling in the city had hit an all-time high of 437 when measured in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=2014 NYC In-Season Cycling Indicator |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/2014-isci.pdf |access-date=March 15, 2019 |publisher=City of New York }}</ref>

The New York City drinking water supply is extracted from the protected ] watershed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Current Reservoir Levels |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/drinking_water/maplevels_wide.shtml |access-date=August 15, 2014 |publisher=] }}</ref> As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural ] system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require ].<ref>{{cite news |last=Lustgarten |first=Abrahm |date=August 6, 2008 |title=City's Drinking Water Feared Endangered; $10B Cost Seen |work=] |url=http://www.nysun.com/new-york/citys-drinking-water-feared-endangered-0b-cost/83288/ |access-date=August 9, 2008 |archive-date=August 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820001437/http://www.nysun.com/new-york/citys-drinking-water-feared-endangered-0b-cost/83288/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city's municipal water system is the nation's largest, moving more than {{Convert|1|e9gal|e9l|abbr=off|sp=us}} of water daily from a watershed covering {{Convert|1900|sqmi}}<ref name="NYTimes-Water-Investment-2018">{{cite news |first=Winnie |last=Hu |date=January 18, 2018 |title=A Billion-Dollar Investment in New York's Water |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/18/nyregion/new-york-city-water-filtration.html |access-date=January 18, 2018 }}</ref><ref>, ]. June 2010. Accessed December 29, 2023. "New York City is home to the largest engineered water system in the nation, supplying more than 1 billion gallons of water each day to approximately 9 million people, representing half of the state's population. The city draws its water from reservoirs upstate, supplied by a 1,900-square mile watershed—that's about the size of Delaware."</ref>

According to the 2016 ] Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO Global Ambient Air Quality Database (update 2018) |url=https://www.who.int/airpollution/data/cities/en/ |website=] |access-date=January 16, 2022 }}</ref> the annual average concentration in New York City's air of particulate matter measuring 2.5{{nbsp}}micrometers or less (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) was 7.0{{nbsp}}micrograms per cubic meter, or 3.0{{nbsp}}micrograms within the recommended limit of the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for the annual mean PM<sub>2.5</sub>.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health |website=] |access-date=January 16, 2022 }}</ref> The ], in partnership with ], conducts the New York Community Air Survey to measure pollutants at about 150 locations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Air Pollution Monitoring |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/air/air_pollution_monitoring.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305195347/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/air/air_pollution_monitoring.shtml |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=January 16, 2022 |website=] |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of New York City|Demographic history of New York City}}
{{Historical populations|type=USA {{Historical populations|type=USA
| 1698|4937 | 1698|4937
Line 356: Line 595:
| 1830|202589 | 1830|202589
| 1840|312710 | 1840|312710
| 1850|696490 | 1850|515547
| 1860|813669 | 1860|813669
| 1870|942292 | 1870|942292
Line 372: Line 611:
| 1990|7322564 | 1990|7322564
| 2000|8008288 | 2000|8008288
| 2010|8175133
| 2007*|8295029
| 2020|8804190
|footnote=Beginning 1900, figures are for consolidated city of five boroughs. Sources: 1698 — 1771,<ref>{{cite book|last=Greene and Harrington|first=|title=American Population Before the Federal Census of 1790|publisher=|location=New York|year=1932|isbn=|pages=}}, as cited in: {{cite book|last=Rosenwaike|first=Ira|title=Population History of New York City|publisher=Syracuse University Press|location=Syracuse, N.Y.|year=1972|isbn=0815621558|pages=p.8}}</ref> 1790 — 1990,<ref>Gibson, Campbell., ], June 1998. Accessed June 12, 2007.</ref> *2007 est<ref name=CensusEst>, ]. Accessed June 12, 2007.</ref>
| 2023 est.|8258035
|footnote={{efn|1880 & 1890 figures include part of the Bronx. Beginning with 1900, figures are for consolidated city of five boroughs. '''Sources:''' 1698–1771,<ref>{{cite book |last=Greene and Harrington |title=American Population Before the Federal Census of 1790 |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1932}}, as cited in: {{cite book |last=Rosenwaike |first=Ira |title=Population History of New York City |publisher=] |location=Syracuse, N.Y. |year=1972 |isbn=0-8156-2155-8 |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/populationhistor00irar/page/8 }}</ref> 1790–1990,<ref name=Census1790to1990>Gibson, Campbell; and Jung, Kay. , ], February 2005. Accessed January 16, 2024.</ref> 2000 and 2010 Censuses,<ref name="2010 Census pop est">{{cite web |title=Table PL-P1 NYC: Total Population New York City and Boroughs, 2000 and 2010 |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p1_nyc.pdf |website=nyc.gov |access-date=May 16, 2016 }}</ref> 2020 Census,<ref name=QuickFacts/> and 2023 estimate<ref name=Estimate2023>, ], May 16, 2024. Accessed May 20, 2024.</ref>}}
}} }}


New York City is the most populous city in the United States,<ref name=Estimate2023/> with 8,804,190 residents as of the ], its highest decennial count ever, incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the ].<ref name=QuickFacts/><ref>{{cite news |last=Sherry |first=Virginia N. |date=March 27, 2014 |title=Staten Island population at all-time high of 473,000; NYC's soars to record 8.4&nbsp;million |newspaper=] |url=http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2014/03/staten_island_residents_number.html |access-date=March 27, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="nytimes_a">{{cite news |last=Roberts |first=Sam |date=March 14, 2013 |title=Fewer People Are Abandoning the Bronx, Census Data Show |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/nyregion/more-people-moving-to-bronx-census-shows.html |access-date=March 27, 2014 }}</ref> More than twice as many people live in New York City as in ], the second-most populous American city.<ref name=Estimate2023/> The city's population in 2020 was 31.2% ] (non-Hispanic), 29.0% ], 23.1% ] (non-Hispanic), 14.5% ], and 0.6% ] (non-Hispanic), with 8.9% listing two or more races.<ref name=QuickFacts/> A total of 3.4% of the non-Hispanic population identified with ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=new%20york%20city&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |title=2020 Decennial Census |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=February 11, 2022 }}</ref>
New York is the most populous city in the United States, with an estimated 2007 population of 8,274,527 (up from 7.3 million in 1990).<ref name="census" /> This amounts to about 40% of New York State's population and a similar percentage of the metropolitan regional population. Over the last decade the city's population has been increasing and demographers estimate New York's population will reach between 9.2 and 9.5 million by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |title=New York City Population Projections by Age/Sex and Borough, 2000-2030 |publisher=] |month=December | year=2006 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/projections_report.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}} See also {{cite news |last=Roberts, Sam |title=By 2025, Planners See a Million New Stories in the Crowded City |publisher=New York Times |date=February 19, 2006 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/nyregion/19population.html?ex=1298005200&en=c586d38abbd16541&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>


Between 2010 and 2020, New York City gained 629,000 residents, more than the total gains over the same decade of the next four largest American cities (Los Angeles, Chicago, ], and ]) combined.<ref name=2010to2020CensusGrowth1>{{cite web |first=Celine |last=Castronuovo |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/567611-all-10-largest-cities-grew-phoenix-supplants-philly-as-5th-largest-in-us |title=All 10 largest cities grew, Phoenix supplants Philly as 5th largest in US |date=August 12, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2021 |work=] }}</ref><ref name=2010to2020CensusGrowth2>{{cite web |first=John L. |last=Dorman |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/census-10-largest-cities-united-states-population-growth-reapportionment-2021-8 |title=Census: The 10 most populous US cities are led by NYC, Los Angeles, and Chicago; Phoenix leapfrogs Philadelphia to claim the No. 5 spot |access-date=August 27, 2021 |date=August 16, 2021 |work=] }}</ref> The city's population density of {{Convert|27,744.1|PD/sqmi}} makes it the densest of any American municipality with a population above 100,000.<ref name=CensusDensity2022>, ]. Accessed December 30, 2023.</ref> Manhattan's population density is {{Convert|70,450.8|PD/sqmi}}, the highest of any county in the United States.<ref name=CensusDensity2022/>
New York's two key demographic features are its ] and ]. The city's population density of 26,403 people per square mile (10,194/km²) makes it the most densely populated American municipality with a population above 100,000.<ref>, ] ]. Accessed June 12, 2007.</ref> Manhattan's population density is 66,940 people per square mile (25,846/km²), highest of any county in the United States.<ref>, Geographic Information Systems - GIS of Interest. Accessed May 17, 2007. "What I discovered is that out of the 3140 counties listed in the Census population data only 178 counties were calculated to have a population density over one person per acre. Not surprisingly, New York County (which contains Manhattan) had the highest population density with a calculated 104.218 persons per acre."</ref><ref name="census2000">{{cite web |title=Census 2000 Data for the State of New York |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=http://www.census.gov/census2000/states/ny.html|accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>


Based on data from the 2020 census, New York City comprises about 43.6% of the state's population of 20,202,320,<ref name=QuickFacts/> and about 39% of the population of the ].<ref name="PopHousingEstMetro">{{cite web |year=2016 |title=ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates—2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates—City Versus Metro |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/DP05/1600000US3651000%7C330M200US408 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214004528/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/DP05/1600000US3651000%7C330M200US408 |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |website=American Fact Finder, ] }}</ref> The majority of New York City residents in 2020 (5,141,539 or 58.4%) were living in Brooklyn or Queens, the two boroughs on Long Island.<ref name=QuickFactsFiveBoroughs>, ]. Accessed January 14, 2024.</ref> As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York,<ref name="QueensMostLinguisticallyDiverse" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://elalliance.org/ |title=Endangered Language Alliance |year=2012 |access-date=September 7, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=800source2>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21528592 |title=Linguistics- Say what? |newspaper=] |date=September 10, 2011 |access-date=October 24, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=800source3>{{cite news |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/new-yorkers-self-assured-and-opinionated-defend-their-values/ar-BBog5Ms?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=iehp |title=New Yorkers, Self-Assured and Opinionated, Defend Their Values |author=N. R. Kleinfield |newspaper=] |date=January 15, 2016 |access-date=January 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118134043/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/new-yorkers-self-assured-and-opinionated-defend-their-values/ar-BBog5Ms?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=iehp |archive-date=January 18, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the New York City metropolitan statistical area has the largest ] in the world. The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States, substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles and ].<ref name="Immigrants2022est">{{cite web |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics LPRSupplemental Table 2d Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2022 |url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2023-12/2023_0818_plcy_yearbook_lawful_permanent_residents_fy2022.xlsx |access-date=May 16, 2024 |publisher=] }}</ref> Nearly seven times as many young professionals applied for jobs in New York City in 2023 as compared to 2019, making New York the most popular destination for recent college graduates.<ref name=NYCMostPopularDestinationCollegeGrads>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2023/10/10/this-is-the-no-1-city-where-young-people-want-to-work-most.html |title=This is the No. 1 city attracting young professionals—demand grew nearly 7 times since 2019 |author=Jennifer Liu |publisher=] |date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=May 16, 2024 }}</ref>
New York City is exceptionally diverse. Throughout its history the city has been a major point of entry for ]; the term '']'' was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the ]. Today, 36% of the city's population is foreign-born.<ref name="NYC immigration" /> Among American cities, this proportion is exceeded only by ] and ].<ref name="census2000" /> While the immigrant communities in those cities are dominated by a few nationalities, in New York no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest countries of origin for modern immigration are the ], China, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and Russia.<ref name="newestnewyorkers">{{cite web |title=The Newest New Yorkers, 2000 |publisher=] |year=2004 |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/census/nny_exec_sum.shtml |accessdate=2008-05-27 |quote=The Dominican Republic was the largest source of the foreign-born, numbering 369,200 or 13 percent of the total, followed by China (262,600), Jamaica (178,900), Guyana (130,600), and Mexico (122,600). Ecuador, Haiti, Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia, and Russia rounded out the city's ten largest sources of the foreign-born.}}</ref> About 170 languages are spoken in the city.<ref name="languages in NYC" />


=== Ethnicity and nationality ===
The New York metropolitan area is home to the largest ] outside ]; ] proper (non-metro/within municipal limits) has a smaller population than the Jewish population of New York City proper, making New York the largest Jewish community in the world. About 12% of New Yorkers are Jewish or of Jewish descent and roots.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jewish Community Study of New York |publisher=United Jewish Appeal-Federation of New York |year=2002 |url=http://www.ujafedny.org/atf/cf/%7BAD848866-09C4-482C-9277-51A5D9CD6246%7D/JCommStudyIntro.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> It is also home to nearly a quarter of the nation's ]s,<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Profile:New York City's Indian American Population |publisher=Asian American Federation of New York |year=2004 |url=http://www.aafny.org/cic/briefs/indianamer.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> and the largest ] community of any city in the United States.
{{Main|Race and ethnicity in New York City|New York City ethnic enclaves}}
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size: 90%;"
!Historical demographics
!2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US3651000&y=2020 |publisher=US Census Bureau |title=2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) }}</ref>
!2010<ref name="United States Census Bureau">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045216/3651000,36,00 |title=QuickFacts for New York City / New York State / United States |publisher=] |access-date=February 14, 2022 }}</ref>
!1990<ref name="pop">{{cite web |title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date=November 7, 2021 |archive-date=August 12, 2012 |publisher=] }}</ref>
!1970<ref name="pop" />
!1940<ref name="pop" />
|-
|] (non-Hispanic)
|30.9%
|33.3%
|43.4%
|64.0%
|92.1%
|-
|]
|28.3%
|28.6%
|23.7%
|15.2%
|1.6%
|-
|] (non-Hispanic)
|20.2%
|22.8%
|28.8%
|21.1%
|6.1%
|-
|] and ] (non-Hispanic)
|15.6%
|12.6%
|7.0%
|1.2%
|0.2%
|-
|] (non-Hispanic)
|0.2%
|0.2%
|0.4%
|0.1%
|N/A
|-
|] (non-Hispanic)
|3.4%
|1.8%
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|}
According to 2022 estimates from the ], the largest self-reported ancestries in New York City were ] (8.7%), ] (7.5%), ] (6.9%), ] (5.5%), ] (4.4%), ] (4.4%), ] (3.1%), ] (2.9%), ] (2.4%), ] (2.3%), ] (2.1%), ] (1.9%), ] (1.7%), ] (1.4%), ] (1.4%), ] (1.3%), ] (1.1%), and ] (1.1%).<ref name="United States Census Bureau" /><ref name="The City of New York" /><ref name="Digital Diplomacy Coalition, New York" />


Based on data from 2018 to 2022, approximately 36.3% of the city's population is ] (compared to 13.7% nationwide),<ref name=QuickFacts/> and 40% of all children are born to mothers who are immigrants.<ref>Camarota, Steven A.; Zeigler, Karen; and Richwine, Jason. , ], October 9, 2018. Accessed January 14, 2024.</ref> Throughout its history, New York has been a major ] for immigrants.<ref name="CityDiversity">{{cite news |last=Semple |first=Kirk |date=June 8, 2013 |title=City's Newest Immigrant Enclaves, From Little Guyana to Meokjagolmok it |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/06/09/nyregion/new-york-citys-newest-immigrant-enclaves.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=June 12, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="NYC immigration">, ], December 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2017. "The immigrant share of the population has also doubled since 1965, to 37 percent. With foreign-born mothers accounting for 51 percent of all births, approximately 6-in-10 New Yorkers are either immigrants or the children of immigrants."</ref> No single country or region of origin dominates.<ref name="CityDiversity" /> Queens has the largest ] and ] in the United States, and is also the most ethnically and linguistically diverse urban area in the world.<ref name=QueensMostDiverseWorld3>{{cite web |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/02/queens-in-new-york-has-more-languages-than-anywhere-in-the-world/#:~:text=There%20are%20as%20many%20as,Endangered%20Language%20Alliance%20(ELA). |title=Welcome to the language capital of the world: Queens, New York |author=Gus Lubin |publisher=], in collaboration with ] |access-date=August 31, 2024 |quote=There are as many as 800 languages spoken in New York City, and nowhere in the world has more than ], according to the Endangered Language Alliance (ELA). }}</ref><ref name="QueensMostDiverseWorld2"/>
The five largest ethnic groups as of the 2005 census estimates are: ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="acs_socio_05">{{cite web |title=NYC2005 — Results from the 2005 American Community Survey : Socioeconomic Characteristics by Race/Hispanic Origin and Ancestry Group |publisher=]|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/acs_socio_05_nyc.pdf |format=PDF |year=2005 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}; , ]</ref> The Puerto Rican population of New York City is the ].<ref>Archive of the Mayor's Press Office, , Tuesday, June 9, 1998.</ref> Italians emigrated to the city in large numbers in the early twentieth century. The ], the sixth largest ethnic group, also have a ]; one in 50 New Yorkers of European origin carry a distinctive genetic signature on their Y chromosomes inherited from ], an Irish high king of the fifth century A.D.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Moore LT, McEvoy B, Cape E, Simms K, Bradley DG |title=A Y-Chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=334–338 |month=February | year=2006 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v78n2/43032/43032.web.pdf |format=PDF |pmid=16358217 |accessdate=2007-06-07 |doi=10.1086/500055}}{{Dead link|date=September 2008}}See also {{cite news |title=If Irish Claim Nobility, Science May Approve |publisher=The New York Times |date=]|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/18/science/18irish.html?ex=1149652800&en=2336ca46c937614b&ei=5070 |first=Nicholas |last=Wade |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>
{{multiple image
|title = ]
|align = right
|perrow = 2
|total_width = 300
|caption_align = center
|image1 = Chinatown,_New_York_(18076448908).jpg
|caption1 = ], Manhattan
|image2 = Little Italy NY Street.JPG
|caption2 = ], Manhattan
|image3 = Brighton_beach_(7434138858).jpg
|caption3 = ], Brooklyn
|image4 = 74th St shopping Jax Hts jeh.jpg
|caption4 = ], Queens
}}


The metropolitan area has the largest ] population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Russian American,<ref name="U.S. Department of Homeland Security" /> ], and ] populations; the largest ], ], and South American<ref name="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">{{cite web |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2 |url=https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR11.shtm |access-date=July 18, 2014 |publisher=] }}</ref> and second-largest overall ] population in the United States, numbering 4.8&nbsp;million.<ref name="HispanicLatino">{{cite web |title=Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010 |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213707/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |access-date=October 8, 2014 |publisher=] }}</ref> ], Ecuador, ], ], ], and ], are the top source countries from ] for immigrants to the New York City region; the ], ], ], and ] in the ]; ], ], ], ], ], and ] from ]; and ], ], and ] in ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2013 |url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2013/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712214124/https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2013/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls |access-date=March 6, 2015 |archive-date=July 12, 2014 |publisher=] |url-status=dead }}</ref>
New York City has a high degree of income disparity. In 2005 the median household income in the wealthiest census tract was $188,697, while in the poorest it was $9,320.<ref>{{cite news |author=Roberts, Sam |title=In Manhattan, Poor Make 2 Cents for Each Dollar to the Rich |publisher=The New York Times |date=April 9, 2005 |url=http://www.fiscalpolicy.org/SamRoberts4Sep05.htm |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The disparity is driven by wage growth in high income brackets, while wages have stagnated for middle and lower income brackets. In 2006 the average weekly wage in Manhattan was $1,453, the highest and fastest growing among the largest counties in the United States.<ref name=ManhattanLabor>{{cite web |title=Average Weekly Wage in Manhattan at $1,453 in Second Quarter 2006 |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor|date=February 20, 2007 |url=http://www.bls.gov/ro2/fax/qcew9310.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The borough is also experiencing a baby boom that is unique among American cities. Since 2000, the number of children under age 5 living in Manhattan grew by more than 32%.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Surge in Manhattan Toddlers, Rich White Families Lead Way |author=Roberts, Sam |publisher=The New York Times |date=] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/23/nyregion/23kid.html |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>


New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asian American Statistics |url=http://www.ameredia.com/resources/demographics/asian_american.html |access-date=July 5, 2011 |publisher=Améredia Incorporated }}</ref> ], according to the 2010 census, number more than 1.2&nbsp;million,<ref name=QuickFacts/> greater than the combined totals of ] and ].<ref>{{cite news |last=Semple |first=Kirk |date=June 23, 2011 |title=Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/nyregion/asian-new-yorkers-asian-new-yorkers-seek-power-to-match-surging-numbers.html |access-date=July 5, 2011 |quote=Asians, a group more commonly associated with the West Coast, are surging in New York, where they have long been eclipsed in the city's ] racial and ethnic mix. For the first time, according to census figures released in the spring, their numbers have topped one million—nearly one in eight New Yorkers—which is more than the Asian population in the cities of San Francisco and Los Angeles combined. }}</ref> New York has the largest ] population of any city outside Asia,<ref name="NYCLargestChinesePopulation">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/23/nyregion/in-new-york-indictment-of-officer-peter-liang-divides-chinese-americans.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=photo-spot-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0 |title=Indictment of New York Officer Divides Chinese-Americans |author=Vivian Yee |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 22, 2015 |access-date=November 17, 2023 |quote=Now they are reaching out to the Chinese-language press, contacting lawyers to advise Officer Liang and planning a protest march in New York, a city with the largest Chinese population outside of Asia. }}</ref> ] is the highest concentration of Chinese people in the ],<ref name="fact-sheet">* {{cite web |url=http://www.explorechinatown.com/PDF/FactSheet.pdf |title=Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet |publisher=www.explorechinatown.com |access-date=August 28, 2022}}
Home ownership in New York City is about 33%, much lower than the national average of 69%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/homeownership/ |title=Homeownership}}</ref> Rental vacancy is usually between 3% and 4.5%, well below the 5% threshold defined to be a housing emergency and used to justify the continuation of ]. About 33% of rental units are rent-stabilized. Finding housing, particularly affordable housing, in New York City can be more than challenging.<ref>; </ref>
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ny.com/articles/chinatown.html |title=The History of New York's Chinatown |first=Sarah |last=Waxman |publisher=Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc |access-date=August 28, 2022 |quote=Manhattan's Chinatown, the largest Chinatown in the United States and the site of the largest concentration of Chinese in the Western Hemisphere, is located on the Lower East Side.}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104 |title=Still the golden door: the Third ...&nbsp;– Google Books |first=David M. |last=Reimers |access-date=August 28, 2022 |isbn=9780231076814 |year=1992 |publisher=Columbia University Press }}
* {{cite web |url=http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf |title=Beyond Chinatown: Dual immigration and the Chinese population of metropolitan New York City, 2000, Page 4 |author=Lawrence A. McGlinn, Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz |publisher=Middle States Geographer, 2002, 35: 110–119, Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers |access-date=August 28, 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029075400/http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf |archive-date=October 29, 2012 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104 |title=Still the golden door: the Third ...&nbsp;– Google Books |first=David M. |last=Reimers |access-date=August 28, 2022 |isbn=9780231076814 |year=1992 |publisher=Columbia University Press }}</ref> and Queens is home to the largest ] population outside Asia.<ref name="UnreachedNY">{{cite web |date=July 17, 2012 |title=Most Significant Unreached People Group Communities in Metro NY |url=http://www.globalgates.info/church-plant-needs-among-unreached/ |access-date=October 27, 2014 |publisher=GLOBAL GATES |archive-date=October 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027192509/http://www.globalgates.info/church-plant-needs-among-unreached/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ] number over 160,000 in New York City,<ref>{{cite web |title=A Community of Many Worlds: Arab Americans in New York City |url=http://www.allied-media.com/Arab-American/NY-Arabs.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108212113/http://www.allied-media.com/Arab-American/NY-Arabs.htm |archive-date=November 8, 2014 |access-date=October 9, 2014 |publisher=Allied Media Corp }}</ref> with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. New York City has the highest ] population in the United States.<ref name=NYCLargestPalestinianPopulation>{{Cite web |title=Largest Palestinian Community in the United States by City {{!}} Zip Atlas |url=https://zipatlas.com/us/city-comparison/largest-palestinian-community.htm |access-date=May 24, 2024 |website=zipatlas.com }}</ref> ], primarily ]s, are a rapidly growing segment of the city's non-Hispanic White population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 2 |url=https://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2013-lawful-permanent-residents |access-date=July 19, 2014 |publisher=] }}</ref> The metropolitan area is home to 20% of the nation's ] and at least twenty ] enclaves, and 15% of all ] and four ].<ref name=NYCAmericanCommunitySurvey>{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/ |title=Explore Census Data |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=October 31, 2023 }}</ref>


New York City has the largest ] and ] population of any American city, numbering 2.7&nbsp;million in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=American FactFinder—Results |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_1YR_DP05&prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212212412/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_1YR_DP05&prodType=table |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |access-date=October 8, 2014 |publisher=] }}</ref> The ] residing in the city is very diverse and many ].<ref name=BrightonBeachRussianSpeakingEpicenter>{{cite web |url=http://untappedcities.com/2014/01/23/nyc-micro-neighborhoods-little-odessa-brighton-beach-brooklyn/ |title=NYC's Micro Neighborhoods: Little Odesa in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn |author=Brennan Ortiz |year=2014 |work=Untapped Cities (online, January 23) |access-date=October 22, 2023 }}</ref><ref name=AstoriaNYCGreektown1>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/15/arts/astoria-a-greek-isle-in-the-new-york-city-sea.html |title=Astoria, a Greek Isle in the New York City Sea |author=Richard F. Shepard |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 15, 1991 |access-date=October 22, 2023 }}</ref><ref name=AstoriaNYCGreektown2>{{cite web |url=https://greekreporter.com/2022/06/18/the-ever-changing-face-of-greektown-in-astoria-queens-video/ |title=Astoria: The Ever-Changing Greektown of New York |author=Kerry Kolasa-Sikiaridi |publisher=Greek Reporter |date=June 18, 2022 |access-date=October 22, 2023 }}</ref> With 960,000 Jewish inhabitants as of 2023, New York City is home to the highest ] of any city in the world,<ref name="Gergely-2024">{{Cite web |last=Gergely |first=Julia |date=May 9, 2024 |title=Nearly 1 million Jews live in NYC, new study finds |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/05/09/ny/nearly-1-million-jews-live-in-nyc-new-study-finds |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US }}</ref> and its metropolitan area concentrated over 2 million Jews as of 2021, the second largest Jewish population worldwide after the ] in Israel.<ref>{{cite report |editor1-last=Dashefsky |editor1-first=Arnold |editor-link1=Arnold Dashefsky |editor2-last=Della-Pergola |editor2-first=Sergio |editor-link2=Sergio Della Pergola |editor3-last=Sheskin |editor3-first=Ira |date=2021 |title=World Jewish Population |url=https://www.jewishdatabank.org/api/download/?studyId=1185&mediaId=bjdb%5c2021_World_Jewish_Population_AJYB_(DellaPergola)_DB_Public.pdf |publisher=] |access-date=September 4, 2023 }}</ref> In the borough of Brooklyn, an estimated one in four residents was Jewish as of 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Danailova |first1=Hilary |title=Brooklyn, the Most Jewish Spot on Earth |url=https://www.hadassahmagazine.org/2018/01/11/brooklyn-jewish-spot-earth/ |work=] |date=January 2018 }}</ref>
==Government==
<!-- PLEASE CONSIDER ADDING TO "GOV'T OF NYC" DAUGHTER ARTICLE INSTEAD OF ADDING LENGTH HERE. -->
{{main|Government of New York City}}
], a 40-story building built to accommodate increased governmental space demands after the 1898 consolidation of New York City]]
]]]


=== Sexual orientation and gender identity ===
Since its consolidation in 1898, New York City has been a ] with a "strong" ]. The government of New York is more centralized than that of most other U.S. cities. In New York City, the central government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services. The ] and ]s are elected to four-year terms. The ] is a ] body consisting of 51 Council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyccouncil.info/html/actioncenter/moved.cfm |title=About the Council |publisher=New York City Council |accessdate=2007-06-06}}</ref> The mayor and councilors are limited to two four-year terms.
{{main|LGBT culture in New York City|Same-sex marriage in New York|NYC Pride March}}
{{further|New York City Drag March|Queens Pride Parade|List of LGBT people from New York City|List of largest LGBT events}}


New York City has been described as the ] of the world and the central node of the ] (LGBT) ], and is home to one of the world's largest LGBT populations and the most prominent.<ref name=NYCGayCapitalOfTheWorld1>{{cite web |url=https://gayexpress.co.nz/2018/04/new-york-worlds-gay-capital/ |title=New York – The World's Gay Capital |first=Peter |last=Minkoff |publisher=Your LGBTQ+ Voice |date=April 5, 2018 |access-date=January 4, 2023 }}</ref> The New York metropolitan area is home to about 570,000 self-identifying ] and ] people, ].<ref>{{cite web |last=Gates |first=Gary J. |title=Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community Survey |url=http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-Same-Sex-Couples-GLB-Pop-ACS-Oct-2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609015224/http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-Same-Sex-Couples-GLB-Pop-ACS-Oct-2006.pdf |archive-date=June 9, 2013 |date=October 2006 |access-date=December 7, 2013 |publisher=] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Silverman |first1=Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fIAuxa6ic9EC&q=new+york+one+of+the+largest+world+gay+population&pg=PT703 |title=Frommer's New York City 2013 |last2=Chauvin |first2=Kelsy |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-118-33144-6 |access-date=March 24, 2015 |publisher=] }}</ref> Same-sex sexual activity between consenting adults has been legal in New York since 1980's '']'' case, which invalidated the state's ].<ref>{{cite court |litigants=People v. Ronald Onofre |vol=51 |reporter=N.Y.2d |opinion=476 |court=] |date=December 18, 1980 |url=https://www.leagle.com/decision/198052751ny2d4761481 |access-date=March 30, 2022 }}</ref> ] was legalized on June 24, 2011, and were authorized to take place on July 23, 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Confessore |first1=Nicholas |last2=Barbaro |first2=Michael |date=June 24, 2011 |title=New York Allows Same-Sex Marriage, Becoming Largest State to Pass Law |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/25/nyregion/gay-marriage-approved-by-new-york-senate.html?_r=1&hp |access-date=September 2, 2012 |work=] }}</ref>
The mayor is ], a former Democrat and current independent elected as a ] in 2001 and re-elected in 2005 with 59% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement and Return Report for Certification: General Election 2005 |publisher=New York City Board of Elections |date=November 8, 2005 |url=http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/pdf/results/2005/general/Manhattan/New%20York%20Mayor%20NY%20Recap.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> He is known for taking control of the city's education system from the state, rezoning and economic development, sound fiscal management, and aggressive public health policy. In his second term he has made school reform, poverty reduction, and strict gun control central priorities of his administration.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Mike Bloomberg |url=http://www.mikebloomberg.com/en/about_mike_bloomberg |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070928061207/http://www.mikebloomberg.com/en/about_mike_bloomberg |archivedate=2007-09-28 |publisher=The Official Site of Mike Bloomberg |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Together with ] mayor ], in 2006 he founded the ], an organization with the goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal ] off the streets."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/about/members.shtml |title=Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members}} Retrieved on June 20, 2007</ref> The ] holds the majority of public offices. 66% of registered voters in the city are Democrats.<ref>{{cite web |title=County Enrollment Totals |publisher=New York State Board of Elections |date=April 1, 2006 |url=http://www.elections.state.ny.us/NYSBOE/enrollment/county/county_apr06.htm |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> New York City has not been won by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since 1924. ]s center on affordable housing, education and economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the city.


] is the ].<ref name="NYCWorld'sLargestPrideParade"/>]]
New York is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States, as four of the top five ] in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top zip code, 10021 on the ], generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of both ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=2006 Election Overview: Top Zip Codes |publisher=Opensecrets.org |url=http://www.opensecrets.org/overview/topzips.asp?cycle=2004 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in ] (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). The city also sends an additional $11 billion more each year to the state of New York than it receives back.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Fair Share of State Budget: Does Albany Play Fair with NYC?|publisher=New York City Finance Division |date=March 11, 2005 |url=http://webdocs.nyccouncil.info/attachments/65379.htm?CFID=232457&CFTOKEN=33008944 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>


The annual ] proceeds southward down ] and ends at ] in Lower Manhattan; the parade is the ], attracting tens of thousands of participants and millions of sidewalk spectators each June.<ref name="NYCWorld'sLargestPrideParade">{{cite web |date=June 25, 2017 |title=Revelers Take to the Streets For 48th Annual NYC Pride March |url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2017/06/25/48th-nyc-pride-march/ |access-date=June 26, 2017 |publisher=] |quote=A sea of rainbows took over the Big Apple for the biggest pride parade in the world Sunday. }}</ref><ref name=NYCWorld>{{Cite web |last=Gleason |first=Will |date=March 11, 2019 |title=Citing its diversity and culture, NYC was voted best city in the world in new global survey |url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/new-york-voted-best-city-in-the-world-in-massive-worldwide-survey-031119 |access-date=May 19, 2019 |website=] |quote=After compiling the thoughts of over 30,000 people, both from our NYC readership and half-a-world away, New York was voted the greatest city on the planet for 2019. In a hint as to why this happened, and why now, it also led the categories of most diverse metropolis and best culture.... Since then, it's steadily attracted more and more attendees and, last year, averaged 10,000 people a night. Those thousands of New Yorkers weren't just hungry for new food, but for new points-of-view.... 'We've now been able to represent over 85 countries, and I'm constantly hearing examples of people branching out and trying things they've never heard of before.' }}</ref> The annual ] is held in ] and is accompanied by the ensuing ''Multicultural Parade''.<ref name="NYCTrans">{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Parry |date=July 10, 2018 |title=Elmhurst vigil remembers transgender victims lost to violence and hate |newspaper=] |location=New York |url=https://www.timesledger.com/stories/2016/48/transvigil_2016_11_25_q.html |url-status=dead |access-date=April 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213003206/https://www.timesledger.com/stories/2016/48/transvigil_2016_11_25_q.html |archive-date=February 13, 2019 }}</ref>
Located near City Hall are the courthouse for the ] and ], and the ]. Manhattan also hosts the ]. Brooklyn hosts the ], and ]. As with any county, each Borough has a branch of the ] and other New York State courts.


] was the ] in history, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising, with 150,000 participants and five million spectators attending in Manhattan alone.<ref name="Authorities1">{{cite news |first=Karma |last=Allen |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/million-people-crowed-nyc-worldpride-mayor/story?id=64090338 |title=About 5 million people attended WorldPride in NYC, mayor says |date=July 3, 2019 |access-date=July 3, 2019 |work=] }}</ref> New York City is home to the largest ] population in the world, estimated at more than 50,000 in 2018, concentrated in Manhattan and Queens; however, until the June 1969 Stonewall riots, this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community.<ref name="NYCTrans" /><ref name="TransEqualityNYC" /> Brooklyn Liberation March, the largest ] demonstration in LGBT history, took place on June 14, 2020, stretching from ] to ], focused on supporting Black transgender lives, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants.<ref>{{cite news |first=Anushka |last=Patil |date=June 15, 2020 |title=How a March for Black Trans Lives Became a Huge Event |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/15/nyregion/brooklyn-black-trans-parade.html |access-date=June 28, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Shannon |last=Keating |date=June 16, 2020 |title=Corporate Pride Events Can't Happen This Year. Let's Keep It That Way |website=] |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/shannonkeating/pride-protest-black-trans-rally-brooklyn-liberation-lgbtq |access-date=June 28, 2020 }}</ref>
==Crime==
{{main|Crime in New York City}}
] ]]]
] ]]]
Since 2005 the city has had the lowest crime rate among the 25 largest U.S. cities, having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1980s and early 1990s from the ] that impacted many neighborhoods. By 2002, New York City had about the same crime rate as ] and was ranked 197th in overall crime among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000. Violent crime in New York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005 and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases.<ref>{{cite news |''Law Enforcement News'' |title=Don't tell New York, but crime is going up |url=http://www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/len/2002/12.31/page5.html}}</ref> In 2005 the ] was at its lowest level since 1963, and in 2007 the city recorded fewer than 500 ]s for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963.<ref>{{cite paper |title=The Remarkable Drop In Crime In New York City |author=Langan, Patrick A. |date=October 21, 2004 |url=http://samoa.istat.it/Eventi/sicurezza/relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf |publisher=Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (Italy) |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-05-22}}</ref>


=== Religion ===
Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on what explains the dramatic decrease in the city's crime rate. Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the ], including its use of ] and the ]. Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Crime Drop in America |chapter=The Rise and Decline of Hard Drugs, Drug Markets, and Violence in Inner-City New York |author=Johnson, Bruce D., Andrew Golub, Eloise Dunlap |editor=Blumstein, Alfred, Joel Wallman |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |id=ISBN 0521862795}}; {{cite book |title=New York Murder Mystery: The True Story Behind the Crime Crash of the 1990s |author=Karmen, Andrew |year=2000 |publisher=NYU Press |id=0814747175}}</ref>
{{further|St. Patrick's Cathedral (Midtown Manhattan)|Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree|Christmas in New York|Judaism in New York City|History of the Jews in New York|Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam|Islam in New York City|Hindu Temple Society of North America|Mahayana Buddhism North America|Falun Gong}}


] is the largest religion (59% adherent) in New York City,<ref name="NYCReligion1">{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Lipka |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/29/major-u-s-metropolitan-areas-differ-in-their-religious-profiles/ |title=Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles |publisher=] |date=July 29, 2015 |access-date=July 30, 2015 }}</ref> which is home to the highest number of ] of any city in the world.<ref name="NYCTheCapitaloftheWorld"/> ] is the largest Christian denomination (33%), followed by ] (23%), and ] (3%). The ] population is primarily served by the ] and ], while ] are divided into numerous jurisdictions throughout the city. ] is the largest branch of Protestantism in the city (9%), followed by ]ism (8%), while the converse is usually true for other cities and metropolitan areas.<ref name="NYCReligion2">{{Cite web |title=Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics |url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/ |access-date=July 11, 2020 |website=]'s Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US }}</ref>
] has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the ] and the ] in the ] in the 1820s. The 20th century saw a rise in the ] dominated by the ]. ]s including the ] also grew in the late 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=NYPD: A City and Its Police |author=Lardner, James, and Thomas Reppetto |publisher=Owl Books |year=2000 |pages=pp. 18–21}}</ref>


With ] as of 2023, ] is the second-largest religion practiced in New York City.<ref name="Gergely-2024" /> Nearly half of the city's Jews live in Brooklyn.<ref name="BrooklynJewish">{{cite news |last=Weichselbaum |first=Simone |date=June 26, 2012 |title=Nearly one in four Brooklyn residents are Jews, new study finds |newspaper=] |location=New York |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/brooklyn-residents-jews-new-study-finds-article-1.1100080 |url-status=live |access-date=May 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704130656/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/brooklyn-residents-jews-new-study-finds-article-1.1100080 |archive-date=July 4, 2018 }}</ref><ref name=BrookynTheMostJewishSpotOnEarth>{{Cite web |first=Hilary |last=Danailova |date=January 11, 2018 |title=Brooklyn, the Most Jewish Spot on Earth |url=https://www.hadassahmagazine.org/2018/01/11/brooklyn-jewish-spot-earth/ |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=] |language=en-US }}</ref>
==Education==
{{main|Education in New York City}}
]'s Keating Hall in The Bronx]]
The city's public school system, managed by the ], is the largest in the United States. About 1.1 million students are taught in more than 1,200 separate primary and secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dcp/download/census/sf3edp302.xls |title=School Enrollment by Level of School and Type of School for Population 3 Years and Over |publisher=] |year=2000 |format=MS Excel |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city, including some of the most prestigious private schools in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/ |title=Private School Universe Survey |publisher=National Center for Education Statistics |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>
Though it is not often thought of as a ], there are about 594,000 university students in New York City, the highest number of any city in the United States.<ref>{{cite paper |publisher=Brookings Institution |title=New York in Focus: A Profile from Census 2000 |month=November | year=2003 |url=http://www.brookings.edu/es/urban/livingcities/newyork2.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates and one out of four had advanced degrees, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city.<ref>{{cite news |title=New York Area Is a Magnet For Graduates |author=McGeehan, Patrick |publisher=The New York Times |date=August 16, 2006 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E7DE143EF935A2575BC0A9609C8B63 |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> Public postsecondary education is provided by the ], the nation's third-largest public university system, and the ], part of the ]. New York City is also home to such notable private universities as ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. The city has dozens of other smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as ], ] and ].


] ranks as the third-largest religion in New York City, following Christianity and Judaism, with estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers of Islam, including 10% of the city's public school children.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grynbaum |first1=Michael M. |last2=Otterman |first2=Sharon |date=March 4, 2015 |title=New York City Adds 2 Muslim Holy Days to Public School Calendar |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/05/nyregion/new-york-to-add-two-muslim-holy-days-to-public-school-calendar.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news |access-date=March 4, 2015 }}</ref> 22.3% of ] live in New York City, with 1.5 million Muslims in the greater ], the largest metropolitan Muslim population in the ]<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Impact Report of Muslim Contributions to New York City |url=https://www.ispu.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/MAP-NY-Key-Findings-Web.pdf |access-date=May 17, 2021 |website=Institute for Social Policy and Understanding }}</ref>—and the most ] Muslim population of any city in the world.<ref name=NYCMostDiverseMuslimPopulationWorld>{{Cite web |date=February 29, 2016 |title=Muslims in Metro New York (Part 2) – Specific Muslim Group Estimates |url=https://globalgates.info/resources-information/muslims-in-metro-new-york-part-2-specific-muslim-group-estimates/ |access-date=September 16, 2022 |website=Global Gates |language=en-US }}</ref> ] in Brooklyn is one of the oldest continuously operating mosques in the United States, and represents the first Islamic organization in both the city and the state.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Tharik |last=Hussain |title=How America's oldest mosque was built by Muslims from the Baltic |url=https://www.baltictimes.com/how_america___s_oldest_mosque_was_built_by_muslims_from_the_baltic/ |date=May 19, 2016 |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Zuha |last=Siddiqui |date=December 26, 2018 |title=America's Oldest Surviving Mosque Is in Williamsburg |url=https://bedfordandbowery.com/2018/12/americas-oldest-surviving-mosque-is-in-williamsburg/ |access-date=July 29, 2020 |website=Bedford + Bowery |language=en-US }}</ref>
]'s Low Memorial Library]]


Following these three largest religious groups in New York City are ], ], ], ], and others. As of 2023, 24% of Greater New Yorkers identified with no organized religious affiliation, and 4% were self-identified ]s.<ref name=NYCReligion3>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/new-york-city-metro-area/ |title=Religious composition of adults in the New York City metropolitan area |publisher=] |access-date=February 1, 2023 }}</ref>
Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. New York City has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, 40,000 licensed physicians, and 127 Nobel laureates with roots in local institutions.<ref name="NYC science institutions">{{cite press release |title=Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Economic Development Corporation President Andrew M. Alper Unveil Plans to Develop Commercial Bioscience Center in Manhattan |publisher=New York City Economic Development Corporation |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_release&catID=1194&doc_name=http%3A%2F%2Fhome2.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2004b%2Fpr310-04.html&cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1 |date=November 18, 2004 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The city receives the second-highest amount of annual funding from the ] among all U.S. cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://report.nih.gov/award/trends/top100fy03.htm |title=NIH Domestic Institutions Awards Ranked by City, Fiscal Year 2003 |publisher=National Institutes of Health |year=2003 |accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> Major biomedical research institutions include ], ], ], ], ] and ].


== Economy ==
The ], which has the largest collection of any public library system in the country, serves Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island.<ref name="libraryspot">{{cite web |url=http://www.libraryspot.com/lists/listlargestlibs.htm |title=Nation's Largest Libraries |publisher=LibrarySpot |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> Queens is served by the ], which is the nation's second largest public library system, and ] serves Brooklyn.<ref name="libraryspot"/> The New York Public Library has several research libraries, including the ].
{{Main|Economy of New York City}}


] is the world's largest ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/new-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24/ |title=New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index |website=Reuters.com |date=March 24, 2022 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |last1=Jones |first1=Huw }}</ref>]]
New York City also features many of the most elite and exclusive private schools in the country. These schools include ], ], ], ], ], ] on the ] of ]; ] and ] on the ] of Manhattan; ] in ]; ], ], and ] in ]; and ] in ]. Some of New York City's renowned public secondary schools, often considered the best in the nation, include: ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].
], including ], the world's principal financial center,<ref name="NYCFinancialAndFintechCapitalWorld" /> and ], the ]]]


New York City is a global hub of business and commerce, sometimes called the "Capital of the World".<ref name="NewYorkCapitaloftheWorld1">{{cite news |first=Kenneth T. |last=Jackson |date=April 2, 2021 |title=Does New York Still Want to Be the Capital of the World? |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/does-new-york-still-want-to-be-the-capital-of-the-world-11617400766 |access-date=October 12, 2022 }}</ref> Greater New York is the ], with a ] estimated at US$2.16 trillion in 2022.<ref name="bea.gov" /><ref name="fred.stlouisfed.org" /> New York is a center for worldwide banking and finance, ], and ],<ref name="NYCHealthCareLifeSciences">{{cite web |url=https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-mayor-adams-announce-plan-sparc-kips-bay-first-its-kind-job-and-education-hub |title=Governor Hochul, Mayor Adams Announce Plan for SPARC Kips Bay, First-of-Its-Kind Job and Education Hub for Health and Life Sciences Innovation |publisher=] |date=October 13, 2022 |access-date=October 13, 2022 }}</ref> ] and ], retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, ], ], advertising, ], ], insurance, and the arts in the United States; while ], ] for New York's high technology sphere, continues to expand. The ] is a major economic engine, benefitting ] from the expansion of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=LaRocco |first=Lori Ann |date=September 24, 2022 |title=New York is now the nation's busiest port in a historic tipping point for United States–bound trade |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/24/new-york-now-no-1-port-in-us-as-sea-change-in-trade-hits-west-coast.html |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=CNBC |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of NYNJ Beats West Coast Rivals with Highest 2023 Volumes |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/port-of-nynj-beats-west-coast-rivals-with-highest-2023-volumes |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of New York and New Jersey Remains US' Top Container Port |url=https://www.marinelink.com/news/port-new-york-new-jersey-remains-us-top-501852 |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=Marinelink.com |date=December 28, 2022 }}</ref>
==Transportation==
{{main|Transportation in New York City}}
] (seen here)]]
Public transit is overwhelmingly the dominant form of travel for New Yorkers.<ref name=2001summary>{{cite web |title=NHTS 2001 Highlights Report, BTS03-05 |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics |year=2001 |url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/pdf/entire.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> About one in every three users of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in New York and its suburbs.<ref name="MTAinfo">{{cite web |title=The MTA Network: Public Transportation for the New York Region |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |url=http://www.mta.info/mta/network.htm |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Commuting in America III: Commuting Facts |author=Pisarski, Alan |publisher=Transportation Research Board |date=October 16, 2006 |url=http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/CIAIIIfacts.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> This is in contrast to the rest of the country, where about 90% of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace.<ref name=2001summary /> New York is the only city in the United States where more than half of all ] (in Manhattan, more than 75% of residents do not own a car; nationally, the percentage is 8%).<ref name=2001summary /> According to the US Census Bureau, New York City residents spend an average of about one full week a year getting to work (an average of 38.4 minutes per day), making it the longest commute time in the nation among large cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=New York Has Longest Commute to Work in Nation, American Community Survey Finds |month=December | year=2004 |url=http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/american_community_survey_acs/001695.html |accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref>


Many ] corporations are headquartered in New York City,<ref>. ]. Retrieved July 21, 2011; '']'', Vol. 163, no. 7 (May 23, 2011), p. F-45</ref> as are a large number of ]s. New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting ], business, and tourists.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Simon |date=April 13, 2014 |title=Beijing Breaks into Top Ten in Rankings by A.T. Kearney |website=] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-13/beijing-breaks-into-top-ten-in-rankings-by-a-t-kearney.html |access-date=April 13, 2014 |publisher=] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kaske |first=Michelle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312173905/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-12/new-york-city-tops-global-competitiveness-london-is-no-2-economist-says.html |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-03-12/new-york-city-tops-global-competitiveness-london-is-no-2-economist-says |title=New York City Tops Global Competitiveness Rankings, Economist Report Says |publisher=] |date=March 12, 2012 |archive-date=March 12, 2012 |access-date=February 9, 2017 }}</ref> New York City's role as the top global center for the ] is metonymously reflected as '']''.<ref name="MadisonAveMetonym">{{cite web |title=Definition of Metonymy |url=https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/metonymy-39 |publisher=] |access-date=November 23, 2021 |archive-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731204559/https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/metonymy-39 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city's ] provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11&nbsp;billion in annual wages.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fermino |first=Jennifer |date=February 7, 2014 |title=Mayor de Blasio announces $3M in grants for New York City's fashion industry |newspaper=] |location=New York |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/de-blasio-announces-3m-grants-city-fashion-industry-article-1.1605556 |url-status=live |access-date=February 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011005433/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/de-blasio-announces-3m-grants-city-fashion-industry-article-1.1605556 |archive-date=October 11, 2017 }}</ref>
New York City is served by ], which uses ]. Amtrak provides connections to ], ], and ]


Significant other economic sectors include universities and non-profit institutions. ] declined over the 20th century but still accounts for significant employment. The city's apparel and ], historically centered on the ] in Manhattan, peaked in 1950, when more than 323,000 workers were employed in the industry in New York. In 2015, fewer than 23,000 New York City residents were employed in the industry, although revival efforts were underway,<ref>{{cite news |first=Winnie |last=Hu |date=February 7, 2017 |title=New York Tries to Revive Garment Industry, Outside the Garment District |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/07/nyregion/new-york-garment-industry-brooklyn.html |access-date=October 14, 2022 }}</ref> and the American fashion industry continues to be metonymized as '']''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.apparelsearch.com/definitions/miscellaneous/seventh_avenue_new_york_fashion_avenue_definition.htm |title=Seventh Avenue New York:Fashion Avenue |publisher=Apparel Search |access-date=October 14, 2022 }}</ref> In 2017, the city had 205,592 employer firms, of which 22.0% were owned by women, 31.3% were minority-owned and 2.7% were owned by veterans.<ref name="QuickFacts">, ]. Accessed January 12, 2024.</ref>
The ] is the largest ] system in the world when measured by the number of stations in operation, with 468. It is the third-largest when measured by annual ridership (1.5 billion passenger trips in 2006).<ref name=MTAinfo /> New York's subway is also notable because nearly all of the system remains open 24 hours per day (though in some cases with significant differences in routings from the daytime network), in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including ], ], ], ],and ]. The transportation system in New York City is extensive and complex. It includes the longest ] in North America,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/verrazano-narrows/ |title=Verrazano-Narrows Bridge |publisher=Nycroads.com |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/writeups/93001619.nl.pdf |title=Holland Tunnel |publisher=National Park Service |date=November 4, 1993 |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> more than 12,000 yellow cabs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/downloads/pdf/state_of_taxi.pdf |title=The State of the NYC Taxi |publisher=New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission |date=] |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> an ] that transports commuters between ] and Manhattan, and a ferry system connecting Manhattan to various locales within and outside the city. The busiest ferry in the United States is the ], which annually carries over 19 million passengers on the 5.2&nbsp;mile (8.4&nbsp;km) run between Staten Island and ].


In 2022, the ] of New York City was US$1.053 trillion, of which $781 billion (74%) was produced by Manhattan.<ref name="bea.gov" /> Like other large cities, New York City has a degree of ], as indicated by its ] of 0.55 as of 2022.<ref>, ]. Accessed January 12, 2024.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Honan |first=Katie |date=September 11, 2019 |title=New York City's Income-Inequality Gap Hasn't Changed, Report Says |language=en-US |work=] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-citys-income-inequality-gap-hasnt-changed-report-says-11568174460 |access-date=October 27, 2020 |issn=0099-9660 }}</ref> In November 2023, the city had total employment of over 4.75&nbsp;million of which more than a quarter were in education and health services.<ref>, ], updated January 8, 2024. Accessed January 12, 2024.</ref> Manhattan, which accounted for more than half of the city's jobs, had an average weekly wage of $2,590 in the second quarter of 2023, ranking fourth-highest among the nation's 360 largest counties.<ref name="BLS2023Q3">, ], November 21, 2023. Accessed January 12, 2024.</ref> New York City is one of the relatively few American cities levying an ] (about 3%) on its residents;<ref name="Localities_with_INCOME_tax">{{cite web |last=Moreno |first=Tonya |date=February 2, 2017 |title=U.S. Cities That Levy Income Taxes |url=https://www.thebalance.com/cities-that-levy-income-taxes-3193246 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308014312/https://www.thebalance.com/cities-that-levy-income-taxes-3193246 |archive-date=March 8, 2017 |access-date=December 20, 2017 |publisher=] |quote=Fourteen states and the District of Columbia allow cities, counties, and municipalities to levy their own separate individual income taxes in addition to state income taxes. }}</ref><ref name="NYCTax">{{cite web |title=Personal Income Tax & Non-resident NYC Employee Payments |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/finance/taxes/personal-income-tax-and-non-resident-employees.page |access-date=December 19, 2017 |publisher=] |archive-date=August 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827134650/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/finance/taxes/personal-income-tax-and-non-resident-employees.page |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NYC_tax_schedule">{{cite web |year=2016 |title=New York City tax rate schedule |url=https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/current_forms/it/nyc_tax_rate_schedule.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308234704/https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/current_forms/it/nyc_tax_rate_schedule.pdf |archive-date=March 8, 2017 |access-date=December 15, 2017 |publisher=] }}</ref> despite this tax levy, New York City in 2024 was home by a significant margin to the highest number of ]s of any city in the world, with a total of 110.<ref name="NYCHighestNumberBillionaires" />
]]]


=== Wall Street ===
New York City's public ] and commuter rail network are the largest in North America.<ref name="MTAinfo" /> The rail network, which connects the suburbs in the ] to the city, has more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines.<ref name="MTAinfo" /><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |title=About the MTA Long Island Rail Road |url=http://www.mta.nyc.ny.us/lirr/pubs/aboutlirr.htm |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Facts at a Glance |publisher=NJ Transit |year=2005 |url=http://www.njtransit.com/pdf/an_factsataGlance_FY.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The commuter rail system converges at ] and ].
{{main|Wall Street|Financial District, Manhattan}}


] is the ] per total ] of ].<ref name="NYSElargest" /><ref name="NYSEhighestcap" />|alt=A large flag is stretched over Roman style columns on the front of a large building.]]
New York City is the top international air passenger gateway to the United States.<ref name=IntlTravel>{{cite web |url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/us_international_travel_and_transportation_trends/2002/index.html |title=U.S. International Travel and Transportation Trends, BTS02-03 |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics |year=2002 |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> The area is served by three major airports, ], ] and ], with plans for a fourth airport, ] near Newburgh, NY, to be taken over and enlarged by the ] (which administers the other three airports), as a "reliever" airport to help cope with increasing passenger volume. 100 million travelers used the three airports in 2005 and the city's airspace is the busiest in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panynj.gov/CommutingTravel/airports/pdfs/traffic/Air_Traffic_2005.pdf |title=2005 Annual Airport Traffic Report |publisher=The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |date=November 2, 2006 |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-02-18}}</ref> Outbound international travel from JFK and Newark accounted for about a quarter of all U.S. travelers who went overseas in 2004.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.panynj.gov/AboutthePortAuthority/PressCenter/PressReleases/PressRelease/index.php?id=724 |title=Port Authority Leads Nation in Record-Setting Year for Travel Abroad |publisher=The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |date=August 29, 2005 |accessdate=2007-02-18}}</ref>


New York City's most important ] lies in its role as a comprehensive ], metonymously known as ''Wall Street''. ] is home to the ] and the ], representing the world's largest and second largest ]s, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total ] of their listed companies in 2013.<ref name="NYSElargest">{{cite web |title=NYSE Listings Directory |url=https://www.nyse.com/about/listed/lc_ny_overview.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621174531/http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/lc_ny_overview.html |archive-date=June 21, 2013 |access-date=June 23, 2014 |publisher=] }}</ref><ref name="NYSEhighestcap">{{cite web |title=2013 WFE Market Highlights |url=http://www.world-exchanges.org/files/2013_WFE_Market_Highlights.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327112731/http://www.world-exchanges.org/files/2013_WFE_Market_Highlights.pdf |date=January 28, 2014 |archive-date=March 27, 2014 |access-date=July 20, 2014 |publisher=] }}</ref> In fiscal year 2013–14, Wall Street's ] generated 19% of New York State's tax revenue.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 11, 2015 |title=DiNapoli: Wall Street Bonuses Edge Up in 2014 |url=https://www.osc.state.ny.us/press/releases/mar15/031115.htm |access-date=July 15, 2015 |publisher=Office of the ] }}</ref>
] is the world's largest mass transit system by number of stations and mileage of track]]


New York City remains the largest global center for trading in ] and ] capital markets.<ref name="CNY2007">{{cite report |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/pdf/ny_report_final.pdf |title=Sustaining New York's and the US' Global Financial Services Leadership |publisher=] |access-date=July 19, 2015 }}</ref>{{rp|31–32}}<ref>{{cite web |date=June 2013 |title=Total debt securities |url=http://www.bis.org/statistics/r_qa1306_hanx18.pdf |access-date=July 19, 2015 |publisher=] }}</ref> New York also leads in ] management; ]; and the monetary volume of ]. Several ] and ] headquartered in Manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers.<ref name="CNY2007" />{{rp|34–35}} New York is the principal ]ing center of the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chaudhuri |first=Saabira |date=September 15, 2014 |title=Ranking the Biggest U.S. Banks: A New Entrant in Top 5 |newspaper=] |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/09/15/ranking-the-biggest-u-s-banks-a-new-entrant-in-top-5/ |access-date=July 19, 2015 }}</ref>
New York's high rate of ], 120,000 daily cyclists<ref>{{cite news |title=Biking It|author=Schaller, Bruce |publisher=Gotham Gazette |month=June | year=2006 |url=http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/transportation/20060718/16/1910/|accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> and many ] makes it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States.<ref name="NYC energy consumption" /> Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%.<ref>{{cite web |title=2001 National Household Travel Survey: Summary of Travel Trends |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation |month=December | year=2004 |url=http://nhts.ornl.gov/2001/pub/STT.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref>


Manhattan contained over 500&nbsp;million square feet (46.5&nbsp;million m<sup>2</sup>) of office space in 2018,<ref name="ManhattanOfficeSpace">{{cite web |first=Cynthia |last=Foster |date=December 7, 2018 |title=Q3 2018 U.S. Office Market Outlook |url=https://www2.colliers.com/en/Research/2018-Q3-US-Office-Market-Outlook-Report |access-date=April 13, 2019 |publisher=] |archive-date=April 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414022654/https://www2.colliers.com/en/Research/2018-Q3-US-Office-Market-Outlook-Report |url-status=dead }}</ref> making New York City the largest office market in the world,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f2849309-f490-47e8-abe6-2aa6bfcc69fc |title=Law firm Paul Weiss signs biggest US office lease of 2023 in Manhattan |author=Joe Miller and Joshua Chaffin |newspaper=Financial Times |date=December 21, 2023 |access-date=April 30, 2024 |quote=New York City's office market, the world's largest... }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Understanding The Manhattan Office Space Market |url=http://www.officespaceseeker.com/manhattan-office-space-market.html |access-date=July 20, 2014 |publisher=Officespaceseeker.com |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713071533/http://www.officespaceseeker.com/manhattan-office-space-market.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> while ], with 400&nbsp;million square feet (37.2&nbsp;million m<sup>2</sup>) in 2018,<ref name="ManhattanOfficeSpace" /> is the largest ] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Marketbeat United States CBD Office Report 2Q11 |url=http://www.cushwake.com/cwmbs2q11/PDF/off_us_cbd_2q11.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508231043/http://www.cushwake.com/cwmbs2q11/PDF/off_us_cbd_2q11.pdf |archive-date=May 8, 2013 |access-date=July 20, 2014 |publisher=] }}</ref>
To complement New York's vast mass transit network, the city also has an extensive web of ] and ]s, that link New York City to northern ], ], ], and southwest ] through various bridges and tunnels. Because these highways serve millions of suburban residents who ] into New York, it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in ] that are a daily occurrence, particularly during ]. The ] is considered one of the world's busiest bridges in terms of vehicle traffic.<ref>, '']'', October 24, 2006. "The party, however, will be small in comparison to the one that the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey organized for 5,000 people to open the bridge to traffic in 1931. And it won't even be on ''what is now the world's busiest bridge'' for fear of snarling traffic."</ref>


=== Tech and biotech ===
Despite New York's reliance on public transit, roads are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street and Madison Avenue are also used as shorthand in the American vernacular for national industries located there: the theater, finance, and advertising organizations, respectively.
{{further|Tech:NYC|Tech companies in New York City|Biotech companies in New York City|Silicon Alley}}
] is the cradle of ], initially metonymous for the New York metropolitan region's high tech sector]]
] on ]]]


New York is a top-tier global technology hub.<ref name="NewYorkCityDestinationNumberOneTechHub" /><ref name="NYCTopTierTechHub">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bradthomas/2021/09/11/silicon-alley-provides-path-to-prosperity-for-new-york-city/?sh=728c3b7b5465 |title='Silicon Alley' Provides Path To Prosperity For New York City |first=Brad |last=Thomas |magazine=Forbes |date=September 11, 2021 |access-date=August 23, 2023 |quote=As it stands now, the city is second only to Silicon Valley as the largest technology ecosystem in the world. }}</ref> ], once a metonym for the sphere encompassing the metropolitan region's ]nology industries,<ref name="Dickey2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/silicon-alley-100-2013-2013-10?op=1 |title=SA 100 2013: The Coolest People In New York Tech |first1=Megan Rose |last1=Dickey |first2=Jillian |last2=D'Onfro |website=] |date=October 24, 2013 |access-date=July 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722170340/http://www.businessinsider.com/silicon-alley-100-2013-2013-10?op=1 |archive-date=July 22, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> is no longer a relevant moniker as the city's tech environment has expanded dramatically both in location and in scope since at least 2003, when tech business appeared in more places in Manhattan and in other boroughs, and not much ] was involved.<ref name="Dickey2013" /><ref name="Ward2018">{{cite news |url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/the-history-of-new-yorks-silicon-alley |title=The History of New York's Silicon Alley |first=Peter |last=Ward |work=The Culture Trip |date=March 8, 2018 |access-date=August 23, 2023 |quote=when the revival began in 2003, tech companies didn't stick to the same areas. }}</ref> New York City's current tech sphere encompasses the array of applications involving universal applications of ] (AI),<ref name="AI-NYC1A">{{cite web |url=https://www.nyc.gov/assets/cto/downloads/ai-strategy/nyc_ai_strategy.pdf |title=AI Strategy |work=City of New York |access-date=July 27, 2023 }}</ref><ref name="AI-NYC1B">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/08/24/google-amazon-nvidia-amd-other-tech-giants-invest-in-hugging-face.html |title=Google, Amazon, Nvidia and other tech giants invest in AI startup Hugging Face, sending its valuation to $4.5 billion |author=Kif Leswing |publisher=] |date=August 24, 2023 |access-date=August 27, 2023 |quote=Hugging Face, an AI firm based in New York, has raised $235 million at a $4.5 billion valuation from some of technology's biggest companies. }}</ref> broadband ],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nyc.gov/assets/cto/downloads/internet-master-plan/NYC_IMP_1.7.20_FINAL-2.pdf |title=The New York City Internet Master Plan |work=City of New York |access-date=July 27, 2023 }}</ref> ], ] (''fintech'') and ], ], ], and other fields within ] that are supported by its ] and ] investments. ]-driven ] and ]ial employment are growing in New York City and the region. The technology sector has been claiming a greater share of New York City's economy since 2010.<ref name="TechNYC1">{{cite news |first1=Ben |last1=Casselman |first2=Keith |last2=Collins |first3=Karl |last3=Russell |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Even Without Amazon, Tech Could Keep Gaining Ground in New York |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/02/15/business/economy/nyc-tech-startups-amazon.html |access-date=February 16, 2019 }}</ref> ], founded in 2016, is a non-profit organization which represents New York City's technology industry with government, civic institutions, in business, and in the media, and whose primary goals are to further augment New York's substantial tech talent base and to advocate for policies that will nurture tech companies to grow in the city.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Schieber |date=May 24, 2017 |title=A Year After its Launch, TechNYC Has Become a Force in New York Politics |work=] |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/24/a-year-after-its-launch-technyc-has-become-a-force-in-new-york-politics/ |access-date=March 15, 2019 }}</ref>
==Sister cities==
<!-- ONLY OFFICIAL SISTER CITIES ARE LISTED HERE. SEE http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml -->
New York City has ten ],<ref>{{cite web |title=NYC's Sister Cities |publisher=Sister City Program of the City of New York |year=2006 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml|accessdate=2008-09-01}}</ref> nine of which are through the city's membership in ] (SCI).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities International: Online Directory: New York, USA |year=2007 |publisher=Sister Cities International |url=http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/usa/NY}}</ref> The date section indicates the year in which the city was twinned with New York City.


New York City's AI sector raised US$483.6 million in venture capital investment in 2022.<ref name="NYCArtificialIntelligenceHub">{{cite web |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/technology/new-york-artificial-intelligence-firms-raised-whopping-4836m-2022 |title=City AI firms bucked the VC downturn, raised a whopping $483.6M in 2022 |author=Cara Eisenpress |publisher=Crain Communications |date=March 22, 2023 |access-date=November 8, 2023 }}</ref> In 2023, New York unveiled the first comprehensive initiative to create both a framework of rules and a ] to regulate the use of AI within the sphere of city government.<ref name="NYCArtificialIntelligenceGovernment">{{cite web |url=https://www.pymnts.com/artificial-intelligence-2/2023/new-york-city-unveils-ai-action-plan-that-develops-rules-framework/ |title=New York City Unveils AI Action Plan that Develops Rules Framework |publisher=PYMNTS |date=October 16, 2023 |access-date=November 8, 2023 |quote=This comprehensive initiative is the first for a major U.S. city...As part of the plan, the city has piloted the first citywide AI chatbot to help business owners navigate government. }}</ref>
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The ] sector is growing in New York City, based on the city's strength in academic ] and public and commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of ] and ] to build a $2&nbsp;billion ] of ]s called ] on ] with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pérez-Peña |first=Richard |date=December 19, 2011 |title=Cornell Alumnus Is Behind $350 Million Gift to Build Science School in City |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/nyregion/cornell-and-technion-israel-chosen-to-build-science-school-in-new-york-city.html?scp=3&sq=cornell&st=cse |access-date=August 1, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ju |first=Anne |date=December 19, 2011 |title='Game-changing' Tech Campus Goes to Cornell, Technion |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2011/12/nyc-chooses-cornell-technion-build-tech-campus |access-date=August 1, 2014 |publisher=] }}</ref>
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=== Real estate ===
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] in ] is the most expensive shopping street in the world.<ref name="FifthAvenueMostExpensiveStreetOnEarth" />]]
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New York City real estate is a safe haven for global investors.<ref name="NYCSafeHavenGlobalInvestors" /> The total value of all New York City property was assessed at US$1.479&nbsp;trillion for the 2017 ], an increase of 6.1% from the previous year. Of the total market value, single family homes accounted for $765&nbsp;billion (51.7%); ]s, ], and apartment buildings totaled $351&nbsp;billion (23.7%); and commercial properties were valued at $317&nbsp;billion (21.4%).<ref>, ], press release dated January 17, 2023. Accessed July 28, 2023. "The tentative assessment roll for FY24 shows the total market value of all New York City properties is $1.479 trillion, a 6.1 percent increase from Fiscal Year 2023. Property values for FY24 reflect real estate activity between January 6, 2022, to January 5, 2023, the taxable status date."</ref><ref name="NYC real estate">{{cite news |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/finance/downloads/pdf/press_release/fy2017_tentative_assessment_roll.pdf |title=Department of Finance Publishes Fiscal Year 2017 Tentative Assessment Roll |publisher=] |date=January 15, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |quote=Today, Jacques Jiha, Commissioner for the Department of Finance, announced the publication of the Tentative Property Assessment Roll for fiscal year 2017, which shows the total Market Value for the upcoming year at about $1.072&nbsp;trillion, an increase of $102.5&nbsp;billion, or 10.6 percent from the 2016 Fiscal Year. }}</ref> ] in Midtown Manhattan commands the highest retail rents in the world, at {{convert|2000|$/ft2|$/m2}} in 2023.<ref>Boonshoft, Michael. , ], November 20, 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024. "New York's Fifth Avenue retains its top ranking as the world's most expensive retail destination, despite recording flat rental growth year-over-year (YOY)."</ref>
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New York City has one of the highest ] in the world, which is exacerbated by the city's housing shortage.<ref>Horowitz, Alex; and Staveski, Adam. , ], May 25, 2023. Accessed March 17, 2024. "Housing construction in New York City and its suburbs has lagged far behind that of other major cities and their suburbs, resulting in low housing availability and a vacancy rate of just 3%. New York City's housing stock has only increased 4% since 2010, not nearly enough to keep up with its 22% increase in jobs. And from 2017 to 2021, New York City permitted 13 homes for every 1,000 residents in 2017, while Boston added 28, Washington, D.C., added 43, and Seattle added 67."</ref><ref>Morabito, Charlotte (June 24, 2024). , ]. Retrieved January 12, 2024.</ref> In 2023, one-bedroom apartments in Manhattan rented at a median monthly price of US$4,443.<ref>Duddridge, Natalie (August 11, 2023). . CBS New York. Retrieved January 12, 2024.</ref> The median house price city-wide is over $1 million as of 2023.<ref>Barrett, George (August 2, 2023). . NY Real Estate Trend. Retrieved January 12, 2024.</ref> With 33,000 units available in 2023 among the city's 2.3 million rentable apartments, the vacancy rate was 1.4%, the lowest level since 1968 and a rate that is indicative of a shortage of available units, especially among those with rents below a monthly rental of $1,650, where less than 1% of units were available.<ref>Zaveri, Mihir. , '']'', February 8, 2024. Accessed February 9, 2024. "The portion of rentals that were vacant and available dropped to a startling 1.4 percent in 2023, according to city data released on Thursday. It was the lowest vacancy rate since 1968 and shows just how drastically home construction lags behind the demand from people who want to live in the city.... Then, that number — about 33,210 units in 2023 — is divided by the roughly 2.3 million total rental homes in the city that are either available or occupied by tenants. The vacancy rate dropped to 1.4 percent even as the city added some 60,000 homes over the past two years, according to the city data."</ref> Perennially high demand from younger adults has pushed median monthly one-bedroom apartment rents in New York City over US$4,000 and two-bedroom rents over $5,000, by a significant margin the highest in the United States.<ref name="NYCMostExpensiveRents" />
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=== Tourism ===
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{{main|Tourism in New York City}}
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] is one of the world's leading tourist attractions with 50&nbsp;million tourists annually.<ref name="NYCvisitors" />]]
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Tourism is a vital industry for New York City, and ] represents the city's official bureau of tourism.<ref>, ''Travel Weekly'', March 28, 2023. Accessed January 17, 2024. "New York City's official destination marketing organization has changed its name to New York City Tourism + Conventions, dropping the NYC & Company name it's held since 1999."</ref> New York has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists, with as many as 66.6&nbsp;million visitors to the city per year, including as many as 13.5&nbsp;million international visitors, with the highest numbers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and China.<ref name="Tourism2021" /> Multiple sources have called New York the most photographed city in the world.<ref name="NYCMostPhotographed1">{{cite web |date=January 19, 2022 |title=History in Photos: New York is the Most Photographed City in the World |url=https://nycity.media/history/history-in-photos-new-york-is-the-most-photographed-city-in-the-world.html |access-date=December 4, 2022 |quote=Not eliminate how many photos you have done well with your digital cameras, cell phones, and smartphones. And also in the professional area, New York has a non-sealing charm for filmmakers and photographers..Every year, there are 40,000 shoots for advertising, cinema films, TV shows, series, music videos, documentation. New York is considered the most photographed city in the world. And yet photographers, again and again, manage to take a new perspective in the megacity, to avoid an unusual motif to create an optics that fascinates. }}</ref><ref name="NYCMostPhotographed2">{{cite web |title=The Most Photographed Places In The World Based On Traveler Data |url=https://www.expedia.com/stories/most-photographed-places-in-the-world/ |access-date=December 3, 2022 |publisher=Expedia |quote=With visitors taking a slice of the Big Apple back home on their camera reel, it's hardly surprising that New York is the most photographed city in the world. }}</ref><ref name="NYCMostPhotographed3">{{cite news |last1=Swanson |first1=Ana |date=August 26, 2015 |title=The world's most photographed places |newspaper=] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/26/the-worlds-most-photographed-places/ |access-date=September 25, 2022 }}</ref> '']'' (stylized I <span style="color:red;">❤</span> NY) is both a ] and a song that are the basis of an ] and have been used since 1977 to promote ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.believermag.com/issues/200309/?read=interview_glaser |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619204157/http://www.believermag.com/issues/200309/?read=interview_glaser |title=Chip Kidd talks with Milton Glaser |work=] |date=September 2003 |access-date=July 8, 2015 |archive-date=June 19, 2015 }}</ref> and later to promote New York State as well. The ]ed logo is owned by ].<ref>{{cite web |date=September 26, 2013 |title=I Love New York Logo |url=http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/emblems/iluvny.htm |access-date=July 8, 2015 |publisher=] |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906091226/http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/emblems/iluvny.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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Many ] in New York City are major landmarks, including three of the world's ten-most-visited tourist attractions in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World's Most Visited Tourist Attractions, Ranked |url=https://www.farandwide.com/s/most-visited-tourist-destinations-bc849c0424864219 |access-date=April 22, 2023 |website=Farandwide.com |language=en }}</ref> A record 66.6&nbsp;million tourists visited New York City in 2019, bringing in $47.4&nbsp;billion in tourism revenue. Visitor numbers dropped by two-thirds in 2020 during the pandemic, rebounding to 63.3&nbsp;million in 2023.<ref name="Tourism2021">, ] ], April 2021. Accessed December 29, 2023. "After reaching a record high of 66.6 million visitors in 2019 and generating $47.4 billion in spending, the number of visitors to New York City dropped by 67 percent and their spending declined by 73 percent in 2020.... New York City hosted 66.6 million visitors in 2019 (about 25 percent of the State's 265.5 million visitors that year), a tenth-consecutive annual record. In 2020, the pandemic and related behavioral and governmental restrictions caused the number to drop to 22.3 million, a 67 percent reduction (see Figure 1)."</ref><ref>David, Greg. , ], September 5, 2023. Accessed December 29, 2023. "But the city will not surpass its 2019 record of 66.6 million visitors because once-numerous travelers from China remain few and far between and Americans are flocking to Europe in unprecedented numbers.... Still, the numbers show a rebound with the official forecast from the tourism agency NYC & Co. still predicting 63.3 million visitors this year, up 12% from last year."</ref> Major landmarks in New York City include the ], the ], the ], and Central Park.<ref>, ''LUXlife Magazine'', November 5, 2021</ref> Times Square is the brightly illuminated hub of the ],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Times Square |encyclopedia=] |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596253/Times-Square |access-date=May 10, 2011 }}</ref> and a major center of the world's ],<ref>{{Cite web |title=New York Architecture Images—Midtown Times Square |url=http://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID-TimesSquare3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125164419/http://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID-TimesSquare3.htm |archive-date=January 25, 2017 |access-date=May 10, 2011 |publisher=2011 nyc-architecture }}</ref> attracting 50&nbsp;million visitors annually to one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections.<ref name="NYCvisitors">Alikpala, Gidget. , '']'', September 4, 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024. "Central Park, New York- 42 million annual visitors... Times Square, New York- 50 million annual visitors. At number one is Times Square, one of the most iconic locations in the world."</ref> According to ], shows on ] sold approximately US$1.54&nbsp;billion worth of tickets in both the 2022–2023 and the 2023–2024 seasons. Both seasons featured theater attendance of approximately 12.3 million each.<ref name="BroadwayLeagueStatistics">{{cite web |url=https://www.broadwayleague.com/research/statistics-broadway-nyc/ |title=Broadway Season Statistics |publisher=The Broadway League |access-date=August 3, 2024 }}</ref>
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=== Media and entertainment ===
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{{Main|Media in New York City}}
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{{further|New Yorkers in journalism}}
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], one of Manhattan's leading ]]]
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] of ], publisher of '']'']]
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New York City has been described as the ]<ref name="NYCTheCapitaloftheWorld" /><ref name="NYCTheEntertainmentCapitaloftheWorld">{{cite book |title=New York City Skyscrapers |first=Richard |last=Panchyk |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=9781439638620 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01rPeuHXpeQC&pg=PT180 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=New York: The Movie Lover's Guide: The Ultimate Insider Tour of Movie New York |first=Richard |last=Alleman |publisher=Crown/Archetype |year=2013 |page=95 |isbn=9780804137782 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_0Z5SxTKLkC&pg=PA95 }}</ref> and ] capital of the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2017/05/first-nyc-pridefest-will-televised/ |title=ABC will broadcast New York's pride parade live for the first time |first=Dawn |last=Ennis |publisher=] |date=May 24, 2017 |access-date=December 21, 2020 |quote=Never before has any TV station in the entertainment and news media capital of the world carried what organizer boast is the world's largest Pride parade live on TV. }}</ref> It is a center for the ], ], ], digital media, and publishing industries and is the largest media market in North America.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Tampa Bay 12th Largest Media Market Now |publisher=Tampa Bay Partnership |date=August 26, 2005 |url=http://www.tampabay.org/press.asp?rls_id=991& |access-date=September 1, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928205103/http://www.tampabay.org/press.asp?rls_id=991& |archive-date=September 28, 2008 }}</ref> Many of the world's largest ]s are based in the city, including ], the ], the ], ], the ], ], ], the ], ], ], and ]. Seven of the world's top eight global ] networks have their headquarters in New York.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://adage.com/datacenter/datapopup.php?article_id=116384 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602212322/http://adage.com/datacenter/datapopup.php?article_id=116384 |title=Top 10 Consolidated Agency Networks: Ranked by 2006 Worldwide Network Revenue |work=] |access-date=June 8, 2007 |archive-date=June 2, 2007 }}</ref>

More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city,<ref name="NYC Media" /> and the publishing industry employs about 11,500 people, with an economic impact of $9.2&nbsp;billion.<ref>Milliot, Jim. , '']'', December 1, 2022. Accessed January 30, 2024. "According to the study, book publishers generated $9.2 billion of economic output in 2020, ahead of the other publishing sub-sectors: periodical publishers ($6.3 billion); internet publishers ($2.8 billion); and newspaper publishers (2.5 billion).... The number of people employed in New York publishing houses dipped by 1.7% between 2010 and 2020, falling to 11,500."</ref> The two national daily newspapers with the largest daily ] in the United States are published in New York: '']'' and '']'' broadsheets.<ref>Majid, Aisha. , '']'', June 26, 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024. "News Corp's business-focused ''The Wall Street Journal'' (609,654) and ''The New York Times'' (296,329) remain the biggest dailies in the US."'</ref> With 132 awards through 2022, ''The Times'' has won the most ]s for journalism<ref>] , ], May 8, 2022. Accessed January 13, 2024. "''The New York Times'' is looking to add to its list of 132 Pulitzer Prizes — by far the most of any news organization — when the 2022 recipients for journalism are announced on Monday."</ref> and is considered the U.S. media's ].<ref>, ]. Accessed January 13, 2024. "Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The Times is long regarded within the industry as a national 'newspaper of record'."</ref> ] newspapers in the city include the '']'', which was founded in 1919 by ],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/412434/New-York-Daily-News |title=New York Daily News (American newspaper) |encyclopedia=] |access-date=May 4, 2013 }}</ref> and the '']'', founded in 1801 by ].<ref>Allan Nevins, ''The Evening Post: Century of Journalism'', Boni and Liveright, 1922, p. 17.</ref><ref>, ]. Accessed January 13, 2024. "The New York Post is an American daily newspaper, primarily distributed in New York City and its surrounding area. It is the 13th-oldest and seventh-most-widely circulated newspaper in the United States. Established in 1801 by federalist and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, it became a respected broadsheet in the 19th century, under the name New York Evening Post."</ref>

{{As of|2019}}, New York City was the second-largest center for ] and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually. The industry employed more than 100,000 people in 2019, generating $12.2&nbsp;billion in wages and a total economic impact of $64.1&nbsp;billion.<ref>, New York City Mayor's Office of Media and Entertainment. Accessed January 30, 2024. "In 2019, New York City's film and television industry was directly responsible for 100,200 jobs, $12.2 billion in wages, and $64.1 billion in direct economic output."</ref> By volume, New York is the world leader in ] production—one-third of all American independent films are produced there.<ref>{{cite web |title=New York Film Academy, New York City |url=http://www.nyfa.edu/filmschools/newyork.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126210946/http://www.nyfa.edu/filmschools/newyork.php |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |access-date=February 8, 2012 |publisher=] }}</ref><ref name="NYC Media">{{cite web |year=2005 |title=Request for Expressions of Interest |url=http://www.govisland.com/PDFs/RFEI/RFEI.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802030053/http://www.govisland.com/PDFs/RFEI/RFEI.pdf |archive-date=August 2, 2008 |access-date=February 11, 2014 |publisher=] }}</ref>

New York is a major center for ] media. ] is the official public radio, television, and online media network and broadcasting service of New York City,<ref>{{cite web |title=About NYC Media |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/media/about/about.page |access-date=July 23, 2019 |website=] |publisher=City of New York }}</ref> and has produced several original ]-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government. The oldest ] channel in the United States is the ], founded in 1971.<ref>{{cite web |title=Community Celebrates Public Access TV's 35th Anniversary |url=http://www.mnn.org/en/community-celebrates-public-access-tvs-35th-annive |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825122105/http://www.mnn.org/en/community-celebrates-public-access-tvs-35th-annive |archive-date=August 25, 2010 |access-date=October 28, 2010 |publisher=] }}</ref> ] is the city's major public television station and produces a third of national ] (PBS) television programming.<ref>, ]. Accessed January 30, 2024. "Channel Thirteen is the flagship television station of the Public Broadcasting Service—a national, commercial-free, viewer-supported network known for its productions of top-notch programming in the arts and culture (Masterpiece Theater; Great Performances), science and nature (NOVA; Stephen Hawking's Universe), news and public affairs (News Hour with Jim Lehrer; ITN World News) and the humanities (The 1900 House; The American President). Thirteen/WNET produces about a third of the prime-time public-television programming aired in the United States, for which it often taps the unmatched cultural resources of New York City."</ref> ], a ] station owned by the city until 1997,<ref>Darrow, Peter H. , ], May 10, 2018. Accessed January 30, 2024. "From July 1924 until January 1997 WNYC was owned and operated by the City of New York. This is the story of how it became a self-supporting independent non-profit organization."</ref> has the largest public radio audience in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 28, 2006 |title=Top 30 Public Radio Subscribers – Spring 2006 Arbitron |url=http://www.rrconline.org/reports/pdf/Sp06%20eRanks.pdf |access-date=September 1, 2008 |publisher=] |archive-date=January 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113222054/http://www.rrconline.org/reports/pdf/Sp06%20eRanks.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of New York City}}

] seen from Fifth Avenue]]
New York City is frequently the ] and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.<ref name="cultura1">{{cite web |url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/us/nyc/cultural-affairs/ |title=Consulate General of Iceland New York Culture |publisher=Consulate General of Iceland New York |access-date=July 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205061848/http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/us/nyc/cultural-affairs/ |archive-date=February 5, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="culture2">{{cite web |url=http://www.latvia-newyork.org/english/ |title=Consulate of Latvia in New York |publisher=Consulate of Latvia |access-date=July 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208223706/http://www.latvia-newyork.org/english/ |archive-date=February 8, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="culture3">{{cite web |url=http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/Culture/intro.htm |title=Introduction to Chapter 14: New York City (NYC) Culture |publisher=The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY 2011 |access-date=July 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505181316/http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/culture/intro.htm |archive-date=May 5, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="cultural4">{{Cite book |url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/371497 |title=New York, Culture Capital of the World, 1940–1965 / edited by Leonard Wallock; essays by Dore Ashton&nbsp;... |publisher=] |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8478-0990-5 |access-date=July 23, 2023 }}</ref>
The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the ] in literature and visual art;<ref>{{cite news |date=February 8, 1987 |title=Harlem in the Jazz Age |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/08/magazine/harlem-in-the-jazz-age.html?src=pm |access-date=May 31, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Holland |last=Cotter |date=May 24, 1998 |title=ART; A 1920's Flowering That Didn't Disappear |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/24/arts/art-a-1920-s-flowering-that-didn-t-disappear.html?src=pm |access-date=May 31, 2012 }}</ref> ] (known as the ]) in painting; and ],<ref name="Toop-1992" /><ref name="BPOHPINY">{{cite news |first=David |last=Gonzalez |date=May 21, 2007 |title=Will Gentrification Spoil the Birthplace of Hip-Hop? |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/21/nyregion/21citywide.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=June 1, 2012 }}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite book |last=Harrington |first=Joe S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw9Ccboc5OcC |title=Sonic Cool: The Life & Death of Rock 'N' Roll |pages=324–30 |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-6340-2861-8 |publisher=] }}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite magazine |first1=Sam |last1=McPheeters |first2=Christy |last2=Karacas |date=September 1, 2009 |title=Survival of the Streets |url=https://www.vice.com/read/survival-of-the-streets-137-v16n9 |magazine=] |access-date=June 1, 2012 }}</ref> ], ], ], certain forms of ],<ref name="Jazzzz">{{cite web |title=Harlem Renaissance Music in the 1920s |url=http://www.1920s-fashion-and-music.com/Harlem-Renaissance-music.html |access-date=June 1, 2012 |publisher=1920s Fashion & Music }}</ref> and (along with Philadelphia) ] in music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Free To Dance—About The Film |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/freetodance/about/episodes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414045804/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/freetodance/about/episodes.html |archive-date=April 14, 2010 |access-date=July 10, 2011 |publisher=] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Group Visits |url=http://www.alvinailey.org/about/visit-us/group-visits |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513030823/http://www.alvinailey.org/about/visit-us/group-visits |archive-date=May 13, 2011 |access-date=July 10, 2011 |publisher=] }}</ref>

One of the most common traits attributed to New York City is its fast pace,<ref name="FastPaceNYC1">{{cite web |last=Chauvin |first=Kelsy |date=March 15, 2019 |title=15 Things NOT to Do in New York City |url=https://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/new-york/new-york-city/experiences/news/15-things-not-to-do-in-new-york-city |publisher=] |quote=There are more than 8.6 million citizens of New York City, and they're pretty much all in a hurry. They're also shrewd, outspoken, and proudly able to survive in a metropolis that tends to punish the meek. The buzzing subway system alone is a symbol of how this city works: part ballet, part battlefield. Residents and visitors alike can see why New York is considered the greatest city in the world. |access-date=March 23, 2019 }}</ref><ref name="FastPaceNYC2">{{cite news |last=Poliak |first=Shira |title=Adjusting To New York City |newspaper=Sun Sentinel |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2009-11-19/features/0911180065_1_new-yorkers-fast-paced-big-apple |quote=Additionally, the fast-paced lifestyle of New York City demands adjusting. |access-date=November 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203093200/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2009-11-19/features/0911180065_1_new-yorkers-fast-paced-big-apple |archive-date=December 3, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="FastPaceNYC3">{{Cite book |first=Stephen |last=Miller |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tfsmDAAAQBAJ&q=hurrying+feverish+electric+crowds+new+york&pg=PA50 |title=Walking New York: Reflections of American Writers from Walt Whitman to Teju Cole |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-8232-7425-3 |pages=46, 50, 131 |publisher=Fordham University Press |access-date=May 10, 2017 }}</ref> which spawned the term '']''.<ref name="NewYorkMinuteDefinition">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/new%20york%20minute |title=Dictionary—Full Definition of ''New York Minute'' |dictionary=] |access-date=November 1, 2015 }}</ref> New York City's residents are prominently known for their resilience historically, and more recently related to their management of the impacts of the ] and the ].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=September 7, 2021 |title=The City That Endures |url=https://time.com/6094319/new-york-after-sept-11/ |access-date=April 22, 2023 |magazine=Time |language=en }}</ref><ref name="Weaver-2022">{{cite web |last1=Weaver |first1=Shaye |title=New York is the most resilient city in the world, according to locals |url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/new-york-is-the-most-resilient-city-in-the-world-according-to-locals-072222#:~:text=New%20York%20is%20the%20most,isn't%20just%20a%20phrase.&text=Throughout%20its%20history%2C%20New%20York,to%20whatever%20comes%20their%20way. |website=Time Out |date=July 22, 2022 |access-date=April 22, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Moynihan |first=Colin |date=May 3, 2020 |title=On Subways as Riders Return: Odes to Their Resilience |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/03/arts/virus-subway-riders-poems.html |access-date=April 22, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> New York was voted the world's most resilient city in 2021 and 2022, per ]'s global poll of urban residents.<ref name="Weaver-2022" />

=== Theater ===
{{Further|Broadway theatre|Theater District, Manhattan}}
]; ]; ]; and ] theatres in ]]]
The central ], with its divisions of ], ], and ].<ref name="LondréWatermeier1998">{{cite book |first1=Felicia Hardison |last1=Londré |first2=Daniel J. |last2=Watermeier |date=1998 |title=The History of North American Theater: From Pre-Columbian Times to the Present |publisher=Continuum |pages= |isbn=978-0-8264-1079-5 |oclc=1024855967 }}</ref> Many movie and television ] have gotten their big break working in New York productions.<ref>Stephen Watt, and Gary A. Richardson, ''American Drama: Colonial to Contemporary'' (1994).</ref>

Broadway theatre is one of the premier forms of English-language theatre in the world, named after ], the major thoroughfare that crosses Times Square,<ref>{{cite news |last=Welsh |first=Anne Marie |date=June 6, 2004 |title=2 plays + 9 nominations = good odds for locals |newspaper=] |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20040606-9999-1a6tony.html |url-status=dead |access-date=September 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005110339/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20040606-9999-1a6tony.html |archive-date=October 5, 2008 }}</ref> sometimes referred to as "]".<ref>{{cite web |last=McBeth |first=VR |url=http://timessquare.com/NYC__/Times_Square_History/The_Great_White_Way/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504160457/http://timessquare.com/NYC__/Times_Square_History/The_Great_White_Way/ |title=The Great White Way |website=TimesSquare.com |quote=Coined in 1901 by O.J. Gude, the designer of many prominent advertising displays, to describe the new light show that beckoned along Broadway, The Great White Way is a phrase known worldwide to describe Broadway's profusion of theaters in Times Square. |archive-date=May 4, 2011 |date=September 25, 2006 |access-date=December 4, 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Tell |first=Darcy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwaLWFSG3rcC&pg=PA41 |title=Times Square Spectacular: Lighting Up Broadway |publisher=] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-0608-8433-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Allen |first=Irving Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j41z0yeKbeIC&pg=PA59 |title=The City in Slang: New York Life and Popular Speech |publisher=] |year=1995 |quote=By 1910, the blocks of Broadway just above 42nd Street were at the very heart of the Great White Way. The glow of Times Square symbolized the center of New York, if not of the world. |isbn=978-0-1953-5776-9 }}</ref>

] mostly in Midtown Manhattan's ], each with at least 500 seats, are classified as Broadway theatres.<ref>, '']''. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref> The 2018–19 Broadway theatre season set records with total attendance of 14.8&nbsp;million and gross revenue of $1.83&nbsp;billion<ref>, ], May 28, 2019. Accessed November 13, 2022.</ref> Recovering from closures forced by the COVID-19 pandemic, 2022–23 revenues rebounded to $1.58&nbsp;billion with total attendance of 12.3&nbsp;million.<ref>, ], press release dated May 23, 2023. Accessed January 1, 2024. "The Broadway League has released statistics for the 2022-2023 season, which began on May 23, 2022, and ended on May 21, 2023. In the first full season since Broadway returned from the COVID-19 pandemic closure, Broadway reached a total attendance of 12,283,399 and generated $1,577,586,897 in grosses."</ref><ref>, ]. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref> The ] recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre and are presented at an annual ceremony in Manhattan.<ref>, ]. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Only Broadway productions that open in designated Broadway theatres in Manhattan are eligible for Tonys."</ref>

=== Accent and dialect ===
{{Main|New York City English|New York accent}}

The New York area is home to a distinctive regional accent and speech pattern called the ], alternatively known as ''Brooklynese'' or ''New Yorkese''. It has been considered one of the most recognizable accents within ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Newman |first=Michael |title=American Voices |publisher=Blackwell |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4051-2109-5 |editor1-last=Wolfram |editor1-first=Walt |pages=82–87 |chapter=New York Talk |editor2-last=Ward |editor2-first=Ben }}</ref> The traditional New York area speech pattern is known for its rapid delivery, and its accent is characterized as ] so that the sound {{IPA|}} does not appear at the end of a ] or immediately before a ], therefore the pronunciation of the city name as "New Yawk".<ref name="NYT19930214">{{cite news |last=Sontag |first=Deborah |date=February 14, 1993 |title=Oy Gevalt! New Yawkese An Endangered Dialect? |newspaper=] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE0D61438F937A25751C0A965958260 |access-date=July 19, 2014 }}</ref> The classic version of the New York City dialect is centered on ] and ] New Yorkers. The influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect,<ref name="NYT19930214" /> and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent.<ref name="NYT19930214" />

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of New York City}}

{{Further|List of buildings, sites, and monuments in New York City|List of tallest buildings in New York City}}
] in ], Brooklyn]]
New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the Dutch Colonial ] in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern ], the skyscraper at ] in Lower Manhattan and the ] in the world by construction cost.<ref>{{cite web |first=Marisa |last=Taylor |title=As One World Trade Center soars, so do its costs |url=http://bottomline.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/01/31/10279406-as-one-world-trade-center-soars-so-do-its-costs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201180547/http://bottomline.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/01/31/10279406-as-one-world-trade-center-soars-so-do-its-costs |archive-date=February 1, 2012 |access-date=February 1, 2012 |publisher=] }}</ref>

Manhattan's ], with its many skyscrapers, has been recognized as an iconic symbol of the city,<ref>Fazzare, Elizabeth. , '']'', May 23, 2023. Accessed February 13, 2024. "When it comes to recognizable skylines, New York City's tops the list.... Super-talls and their historic neighbors have helped shape the iconic urban silhouette we associate with the city today."</ref><ref>Dobnik, Verena for ]. , '']'', August 25, 2010. Accessed February 13, 2024, via ]. "Look at Manhattan from afar, and the first thing you notice is the Empire State Building, spiking like a needle above the carpet of skyscrapers that coats the island from tip to tip. Now it's got some competition a proposal for a nearby glass office tower that would rise almost as high and alter the iconic skyline."</ref><ref>Hakela, Deepti. , '']'', February 28, 2016. Accessed February 13, 2024, via ]. "In New York City there's no escaping the pressure to be taller and thinner — not even for the skyscrapers Changes in building technology and materials in recent years have made it possible to build slender towers that are among the tallest in the world And some of these cloud-puncturing beanstalks are poised to transform the city's iconic skyline."</ref> and the city has been home to several of the ]. {{As of|2019}}, New York City had 6,455 high-rise buildings, the third most in the world after ] and ].<ref>{{usurped|1=}}, ]. Accessed February 9, 2017.</ref>

The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant ] rowhouses and ]s and shabby ]s that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930.<ref>{{cite book |last=Plunz |first=Richard A. |title=History of Housing in New York City: Dwelling Type and Change in the American Metropolis |publisher=] |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-231-06297-8 |chapter=Chapters 3 & 4 }}</ref> Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the ].<ref name="lankevich-p82">Lankevich (1998), pp. 82–83; {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Rufus Rockwell |url=https://archive.org/details/newyorkoldnewit01wilsgoog |title=New York: Old & New: Its Story, Streets, and Landmarks |publisher=] |year=1902 |page= }}</ref>

In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as ] (in the Bronx), ] (in Brooklyn), and ] (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as ] and ].<ref>{{cite news |first=Margaret |last=Garb |date=March 1, 1998 |title=If You're Thinking of Living In/Riverdale, the Bronx; A Community Jealous of Its Open Space |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/01/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-living-riverdale-bronx-community-jealous-its-open-space.html |access-date=February 10, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 17, 2001 |title=New York Metro: 6 Affordable Neighborhoods |url=https://nymag.com/realestate/articles/affordable/ditmaspark.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204145438/https://nymag.com/realestate/articles/affordable/ditmaspark.htm |access-date=February 10, 2012 |archive-date=February 4, 2012 |work=] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Diana |last=Shaman |date=February 8, 2004 |title=If You're Thinking of Living In/Douglaston, Queens; Timeless City Area, With a Country Feel |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/08/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-living-douglaston-queens-timeless-city-area-with-country-feel.html |access-date=February 10, 2012 }}</ref>
{{Wide image|Weehawken Hi Res Labeled 2.jpg|1800px|3={{convert|9|mi|spell=In|adj=on|}} high-resolution panorama of ], from 115th Street to ], taken from ], on March 26, 2020. The ] is blocked by ].}}

=== Arts ===
{{Further|List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City|Music of New York City}}
]: ] (left), home of the ]; ] (center), home of the ]; and ] (right), home of the ]]]
], the largest ] in the ]]]
], anchoring ] on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to numerous influential arts organizations, including the ], ], ], and ], as well as the ], the ], ], and ]. The ] is in ], and ] is based at New York University, while ] presents free concerts in Central Park.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Summer Stage |url=http://www.cityparksfoundation.org/summerstage/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016075818/http://www.cityparksfoundation.org/summerstage/about/ |archive-date=October 16, 2012 |access-date=June 14, 2012 |publisher=] }}</ref>

New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 ].<ref name="NYC arts">{{cite web |date=December 2005 |title=Creative New York |url=http://www.nycfuture.org/images_pdfs/pdfs/CREATIVE_NEW_YORK.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080831013443/http://www.nycfuture.org/images_pdfs/pdfs/CREATIVE_NEW_YORK.pdf |archive-date=August 31, 2008 |access-date=September 1, 2008 |publisher=] |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the ].<ref name="NYC arts" /> The city is also home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites. ] is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the ] of Manhattan,<ref name="festival">{{cite web |title=Museum Mile Festival |url=http://www.museummilefestival.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804102650/http://museummilefestival.org/ |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=August 23, 2014 |website=museummilefestival.org }}</ref> in the upper portion of ].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kusisto |first=Laura |date=October 21, 2011 |title=Reaching High on Upper 5th Avenue |work=] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204618704576643022038133998 |url-status=live |access-date=August 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023171126/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204618704576643022038133998.html |archive-date=October 23, 2011 }}</ref>

Nine museums occupy this section of Fifth Avenue, making it one of the densest displays of ] in the world.<ref name="mmilemus">{{cite web |title=Museums on the Mile |url=http://www.museummilefestival.org/museums/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101013336/http://www.museummilefestival.org/museums/ |archive-date=January 1, 2012 |access-date=August 23, 2014 |website=museummilefestival.org }}</ref> Its art museums include the ], ], ], and ]. In addition to other programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each year in June, to promote the museums and increase visitation.<ref name="drv">{{Cite news |date=June 27, 1979 |title=New Drive Promoting 5th Ave.'s 'Museum Mile' |work=] |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F1FFA395D12728DDDAE0A94DE405B898BF1D3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506150805/https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F1FFA395D12728DDDAE0A94DE405B898BF1D3 |archive-date=May 6, 2014 |access-date=August 23, 2014 }}</ref> Many of the world's most lucrative ]s are held in New York City.<ref name="NYCArtAuction1">{{cite news |first1=Robin |last1=Pogrebin |first2=Scott |last2=Reyburn |date=November 15, 2017 |title=Leonardo da Vinci Painting Sells for $450.3 Million, Shattering Auction Highs |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/15/arts/design/leonardo-da-vinci-salvator-mundi-christies-auction.html |access-date=November 16, 2017 }}</ref><ref name="NYCArtAuction2">{{cite web |date=November 15, 2017 |title=Christ painting by Leonardo da Vinci sells for record $450M |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/christ-painting-by-leonardo-da-vinci-sells-for-record-dollar450m/ar-BBEYwDu?li=BBnbfcL&ocid=iehp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116083413/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/christ-painting-by-leonardo-da-vinci-sells-for-record-dollar450m/ar-BBEYwDu?li=BBnbfcL&ocid=iehp |archive-date=November 16, 2017 |access-date=November 15, 2017 |agency=] |publisher=] }}</ref>

The Metropolitan Museum of Art is the ] in the ]. In 2022, it welcomed 3.2&nbsp;million visitors, ranking it the ] in the country, and ] in the world.<ref>''The Art Newspaper'', "Visitors Survey 2022", March 27, 2023</ref> Its permanent collection contains more than two million works across 17 curatorial departments,<ref name="Metropolitan Museum Launches New and Expanded Web Site"> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128201035/https://www.metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2000/metropolitan-museum-launches-new-and-expanded-web-site |date=November 28, 2016 }}, press release, The Met, January 25, 2000.</ref> and includes works of art from ] and ]; paintings and sculptures from nearly all the ]; and an extensive collection of ] and ]. The Met maintains extensive holdings of ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite book |last=de Montebello |first=Philippe |author-link=Philippe de Montebello |title=Masterpieces of the Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=1997 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New York |pages= |isbn=0-300-10615-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/masterpiecesofme0000unse/page/6 }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Cuisine of New York City|List of restaurants in New York City|List of Michelin starred restaurants in New York City}}

] with ]]]

New York City's food culture includes an array of international cuisines influenced by the city's long ] history. ] and ]an immigrants, especially ] immigrants from those regions, brought ]s, ], ]s, ]es, and ]s (delis) to the city. ] immigrants brought ] and ] into the city, while Jewish immigrants and Irish immigrants brought ]<ref>{{cite web |title=Pastrami On Rye: A Full-length History Of The Jewish Deli |work=] |date=March 31, 2016 |publisher=] |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-03-31/pastrami-rye-full-length-history-new-york-jewish-deli |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402133541/https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-03-31/pastrami-rye-full-length-history-new-york-jewish-deli |archive-date=April 2, 2016 |access-date=November 27, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ],<ref>{{cite web |first=Shaylyn |last=Esposito |title=Is Corned Beef Really Irish? |work=] |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/is-corned-beef-really-irish-2839144/ |date=March 15, 2013 |access-date=November 27, 2020 }}</ref> respectively. ] and other Asian restaurants, sandwich joints, ]s, ]s, and ]s are ubiquitous throughout the city. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as ] and ]s<ref>{{cite news |last=Bleyer |first=Jennifer |date=May 14, 2006 |title=Kebabs on the Night Shift |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/nyregion/thecity/14vend.html |access-date=January 17, 2014 }}</ref> examples of modern New York ]. The city is home to "nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse ] restaurants in the world", according to ].<ref>{{cite web |title=27,479 restaurants selected by the Michelin Guide—Top Destinations |url=http://www.viamichelin.com/web/Restaurants |access-date=August 24, 2014 |publisher=] }}</ref> The ] assigns letter grades to the city's restaurants based on inspection results.<ref>{{cite web |title=Restaurant Inspection Results (Letter Grades) |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/services/restaurant-inspection.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122123431/http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/services/restaurant-inspection.shtml |archive-date=January 22, 2014 |access-date=January 19, 2014 |publisher=] }}</ref> As of 2019, there were 27,043 restaurants in the city, up from 24,865 in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jennifer |last=Tiedemann |title=$15-Per-Hour Minimum Wage Isn't What NYC Restaurant Workers Ordered |url=https://indefenseofliberty.blog/2019/04/08/15-per-hour-minimum-wage-isnt-what-nyc-restaurant-workers-ordered/ |work=] |publisher=In Defense of Liberty |date=April 8, 2019 |access-date=June 1, 2019 }}</ref> The ] in ] attracts more than ten thousand people nightly to sample food from more than 85 countries.<ref name="NYCWorld" />

=== Fashion ===
{{Further|New York Fashion Week|Met Gala}}
] ]s walk the ] during ]]]

New York City is a global ], and the ] employs 4.6% of the city's private workforce.<ref name="NYCFashionCapital">{{cite web |url=https://edc.nyc/industry/fashion |title=Global Center of Fashion |publisher=NYCEDC |access-date=November 10, 2024 |quote=With the industry employing 4.6 percent of the city's private sector workforce, fashion is a major driver of New York City's economy. }}</ref> ] (NYFW) is a high-profile semiannual event featuring ]s displaying the latest wardrobes created by ]s worldwide in advance of these fashions proceeding to the marketplace.<ref name="NewYorkFashionWeekRetailTrendsetter">{{cite web |url=https://www.lightspeedhq.com/blog/new-york-fashion-week/ |title=New York Fashion Week 2023 {{!}} Retailers bring the runway to real-life |author=Naeme Elzein |publisher=lightspeed |date=August 22, 2023 |access-date=November 26, 2023 |quote=Starting with world renown designers reading the winds of change through to buyers forecasting trends that feel 'right now', New York Fashion Week is the first big domino to fall in a succession of actions resulting in what ends up in your closet. }}</ref>

NYFW sets the tone for the global fashion industry.<ref name="NewYorkFashionWeekGlobalAndEconomicImpact">{{cite news |url=https://thefordhamram.com/93053/news/fashion-week/ |title=The Economic Impact of New York Fashion Week |author=Diana Juarez |newspaper=The Fordham Ram |date=October 4, 2023 |access-date=November 26, 2023 |quote=New York Fashion Week (NYFW) is an iconic event that not only sets the global fashion industry's tone but also plays a pivotal role in contributing to the economic vitality of the city. Beyond the glitz, glamor and gorgeous soirées of the runway, NYFW profoundly impacts various sectors of the economy, including tourism, retail, hospitalityurl and media. }}</ref> New York's fashion district encompasses roughly 30 city blocks in ],<ref name="NYCFashionDistrict">{{cite web |url=https://www.allartschools.com/fashion-design/fashion-design-new-york/ |title=New York: Fashion Design Capital of the U.S. |publisher=All Art Schools |access-date=November 26, 2023 |quote=New York and fashion design go hand in hand. }}</ref> clustered around a stretch of ] nicknamed '']''.<ref name="NYCFashionAvenue">Nemy, Enid.(June 8, 1972) '']''</ref> New York's fashion calendar also includes Couture Fashion Week to showcase ] styles.<ref name="NYCHauteCouture">{{cite web |url=https://www.couturefashionweek.com/designers/ |title=Couture Fashion Week |publisher=Couture Fashion Week |quote=Couture Fashion Week New York Latest Designers |access-date=November 26, 2023 }}</ref> The Met Gala is often described as "Fashion's biggest night".<ref name="MetGalaFashion'sBiggestNight">{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/newyork/news/met-gala-2023-red-carpet/ |title=Met Gala 2023: Fashion's biggest night honors Karl Lagerfeld |author=Ali Bauman |publisher=] |date=May 1, 2023 |access-date=November 26, 2023 }}</ref>

=== Parades ===
{{Further|Category:Parades in New York City{{!}}List of parades in New York City}}
], the world's largest parade<ref name="NYCThanksgivingParade" />]]
New York City is well known for its street ]s, the majority in Manhattan. The primary orientation of the annual street parades is typically from north to south, marching along major avenues. The annual ] is the world's largest parade,<ref name="NYCThanksgivingParade">{{cite web |date=November 24, 2016 |title=Millions Of Revelers Marvel Over Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade |url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2016/11/24/macys-thanksgiving-day-parade-2016/ |access-date=March 30, 2017 |publisher=] }}</ref> beginning alongside Central Park and proceeding southward to the flagship ] store;<ref>{{cite web |first=Hilarey |last=Wojtowicz |title=Guide to the 2016 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade |url=http://www.familyvacationcritic.com/guide-to-2016-macys-thanksgiving-day-parade/art/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329144025/http://www.familyvacationcritic.com/guide-to-2016-macys-thanksgiving-day-parade/art/ |archive-date=March 29, 2017 |access-date=March 28, 2017 |publisher=The Independent Traveler, Inc }}</ref> the parade is viewed on telecasts worldwide and draws millions of spectators in person.<ref name="NYCThanksgivingParade" /> Other notable parades including the annual ] in March, the ] in June, the LGBT-inspired ] in October, and numerous parades commemorating the independence days of many nations. ] celebrating championships won by sports teams as well as other accomplishments march northward along the ] on ] from ] to ] in Lower Manhattan.

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sports in the New York metropolitan area|Traditional games of New York City}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Arthur ashe stadium interior.jpg
| caption1 = The ] in ] in ]
| image2 = Citi Field 2011.JPG
| caption2 = ], also in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, has been home to the ] since 2009.
| image3 = Yankee_Stadium_overhead_2010.jpg
| caption3 = ] in ] is home to the ] and ].
| image4 = Barclays_Center_1.jpg
| caption4 = ], home to the ] of the ] and the ] of the ]
| image5 = Madison Square Garden (MSG) - Full (48124330357).jpg
| caption5 = ], home to the ] of the NBA and ] of the ]
}}

New York City is home to the headquarters of the ],<ref>{{cite web |title=National Football League Company Information |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.National_Football_League.f36bd60db3fbcb01.html |access-date=May 18, 2013 |publisher=] }}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web |title=Major League Baseball Company Information |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Major_League_Baseball.690243a73fc37ae4.html |access-date=May 18, 2013 |publisher=] }}</ref> the ],<ref>{{cite web |title=National Basketball Association, Inc. Company Information |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.National_Basketball_Association_Inc.9752d99632cf8a45.html |access-date=May 18, 2013 |publisher=] }}</ref> the ],<ref>{{cite web |title=National Hockey League Company Information |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.National_Hockey_League.6eb8cbd895fc6ce9.html |access-date=May 18, 2013 |publisher=] }}</ref> and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Major League Soccer, L.L.C. Company Information |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Major_League_Soccer_LLC.0432cbf68c309307.html |access-date=May 18, 2013 |publisher=] }}</ref>

New York City hosted the ]<ref>, National Paralympic Heritage Trust. Accessed January 18, 2024. "The New York Games were set to run from 17th - 29th June and the Stoke Mandeville Games from 22nd July - 1st August."</ref> and the ].<ref>Bondy Filip. , '']'', October 16, 1992. Accessed January 18, 2024. "New York City, New Jersey and Long Island were awarded the 1998 Goodwill Games last night, an intriguing but risky choice by the Games' selection committee. Six years from now, the area will be called upon to play host to thousands of international athletes and fans who have every right to expect upgraded athletic facilities and a convenient ride to the arena."</ref> New York City's ] to host the ] was one of five finalists, but lost out to ].<ref>Zinser, Lynn. ,'']'', July 6, 2005. Accessed January 19, 2023. "London won the 2012 Olympic Summer Games on Wednesday in a surprising upset over the front-running Paris after ardent last-minute lobbying by Prime Minister Tony Blair..... The British capitalized on a desire to hold the Games in Western Europe and surpassed four finalists, including New York, which was knocked out in the second round of voting, earlier than most expected."</ref>

The city has played host to more than 40 major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (], the new ], ], and ]) are in the New York metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web |author=Esteban |date=October 27, 2011 |title=11 Most Expensive Stadiums in the World |url=http://www.totalprosports.com/2011/10/27/11-most-expensive-stadiums-in-the-world/ |access-date=September 2, 2012 |publisher=Total Pro Sports |archive-date=August 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827201315/http://www.totalprosports.com/2011/10/27/11-most-expensive-stadiums-in-the-world/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The city is represented in the National Football League by the ] and the ], although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby ],<ref>{{cite news |date=December 22, 2011 |title=Preparations Different for a Home-and-Home Contest |newspaper=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/23/sports/football/for-giants-jets-game-metlife-stadium-preparations-differ.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=May 31, 2012 }}</ref> which hosted ] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 26, 2010 |title=Owners warm up to New York/New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host |publisher=] |agency=] |url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story?id=09000d5d8184fc83&template=with-video-with-comments&confirm=true |access-date=May 27, 2010 |quote=It's the first time the league has gone to a cold-weather site that doesn't have a dome{{nbsp}}... the NFL will wait and see how this foray into the great outdoors in winter goes. Then the league might OK another bid }}</ref>

The city's two Major League Baseball teams are the ], who play at 41,800-seat Citi Field in Queens and the ], who play at 47,400-seat ] in the Bronx.<ref>, '']'', July 11, 1028. Accessed January 18, 2024. "Yankee Stadium Location: Bronx Year Opened: 2009 Seats: 47,422. The stadium cost more than $2.3 billion to build.... Citi Field Location: Queens; Year Opened: 2009; Seats: 41,800. The project cost about $830.6 million with $134.91 million coming from the New York Mets, and $614.3 million in public money and tax breaks."</ref> The ] in four games of ] every regular season, called the ].<ref>]. , ], June 12, 2023. Accessed January 18, 2024. "You certainly know what it was like at the old Stadium and Shea, where the Mets and Yankees played a real Subway Series in 2000. Four games this time. Two at Citi. Two at the Stadium next month."</ref> The Yankees have won an MLB-record 27 championships,<ref>{{cite web |title=New York Yankees: Facts, History, Stats, and Resources |url=http://www.thefreeresource.com/new-york-yankees-facts-history-stats-and-resources |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605211426/http://www.thefreeresource.com/new-york-yankees-facts-history-stats-and-resources |archive-date=June 5, 2012 |access-date=May 31, 2012 |publisher=The free sources }}</ref> while the Mets have won the ] twice.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 8, 1986 |title=How Mets, Colt .45s Grew Up To Beat The Bullies |newspaper=] |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1986/10/08/how-mets-colt-45s-grew-up-to-beat-the-bullies/ |access-date=May 31, 2012 }}</ref> The city was once home to the Brooklyn Dodgers (now the ]), who won the World Series once,<ref>{{cite web |title=Dodgers Timeline |url=http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/la/history/timeline01.jsp |access-date=September 22, 2008 |publisher=Los Angeles Dodgers |archive-date=July 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704170220/http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/la/history/timeline01.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the ] (now the ]), who won the World Series five times. Both teams moved to California in 1958.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Moments |url=http://www.dodgers-giants.com/ |access-date=May 31, 2012 |publisher=Dodgers Giants }}</ref> There is one ] team in the city, the Mets-affiliated ],<ref>{{cite news |date=May 30, 2012 |title=Major League Baseball, Police Athletic League and the Brooklyn Cyclones to host free MLB Umpire Camp |newspaper=MLB Press Release |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120530&content_id=32491896&vkey=pr_mlb&c_id=mlb |access-date=May 31, 2012 }}</ref> and the city gained a club in the independent ] when the ] began play in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Introducing Your Ferryhawks!! |work=Staten Island Entertainment |url=https://ferryhawks.com/news/2021/11/17/Your_FerryHawks_2.aspx |access-date=November 18, 2021 |date=November 17, 2021 }}</ref>

The city's National Basketball Association teams are the ], who play at ], and the ], who play at the ]. The ] is the city's ] team. The first national college-level basketball championship, the ], was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Postseason Overview |url=http://www.nit.org/history/nit-postseason.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724155001/http://www.nit.org/history/nit-postseason.html |archive-date=July 24, 2008 |access-date=September 1, 2008 |publisher=] }}</ref>

The metropolitan area is home to three National Hockey League teams. The ], one of the league's ], play at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan. The ], traditionally representing ], play in ] in ], but played in Brooklyn's Barclays Center from 2015 to 2020. The ] play at ] in nearby ].

New York City is represented by ] of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nycfc.com/schedule |title=nycfc.com |access-date=May 10, 2017 }}</ref> and the ], who play their home games at ] in nearby ].<ref>{{cite news |date=March 20, 2010 |title=Picture-perfect opening for $200M Red Bull Arena in Harrison |agency=] |url=http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2010/03/picture-perfect_opening_for_20.html }}</ref> ] in the ] plays their home games in Sports Illustrated Stadium. ] is a professional soccer club based in that borough, fielding a women's team in the first-division ] starting in 2024 and a men's team in the second-division ] in 2025.<ref name="shared">{{cite web |title=Brooklyn FC reveal "shared identity" for USL Super League brand |url=https://www.uslsuperleague.com/news/2024/04/12/brooklyn-fc-reveal-shared-identity-for-usl-super-league-brand/ |website=uslsuperleague.com |publisher=United Soccer League |access-date=April 15, 2024 |date=April 12, 2024 }}</ref> New York was a host city for the ], with matches being played at ] in neighboring ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stadiumguide.com/fifa-world-cup-1994-stadiums/ |title=FIFA 1994 World Cup Stadiums – USA – the Stadium Guide }}</ref> New York City will be one of eleven host cities for the ], with the ] set to be played at MetLife Stadium.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifa-to-announce-host-cities-for-fifa-world-cup-2026 |title=FIFA announces hosts cities for FIFA World Cup 2026 |website=Fifa.com |access-date=November 24, 2023 }}</ref><ref>, ] ], February 4, 2024. Accessed February 14, 2024. "New York City Mayor Eric Adams and New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy celebrated today's announcement that the Host Region of New York New Jersey (NYNJ) was awarded the rights to host the FIFA World Cup 26™ Final and seven other matches throughout the tournament at New York New Jersey Stadium (MetLife Stadium) in East Rutherford, New Jersey.... Consistent with stadiums in other Host Cities, MetLife Stadium will adopt a new venue name for FIFA World Cup 26, New York New Jersey Stadium."</ref>

The annual ] is one of four ] tennis tournaments and is held at the ] in ].<ref>{{cite web |title=US Open 2015 |url=http://www.usopen.org/ |access-date=July 6, 2015 |publisher=] }}</ref> The ], which courses through all five boroughs, is the world's largest running marathon, with 51,402 finishers in 2023, who came from all 50 states and 148 nations.<ref>Butler, Sarah Lorge. , '']'', November 7, 2023. Accessed January 17, 2024. "If you were one of the 51,933 people who started the New York City Marathon on November 5, chances are very high that you also finished it. According to New York Road Runners, 51,402 runners finished the marathon, a 98.9 percent completion rate.... They hailed from all 50 states and 148 countries."</ref> The ] is an annual ] meet held at the ], whose featured event is the ].<ref>Metzler, Brian. , '']'', February 13, 2023. Accessed January 17, 2024. "With his dominating performance in the Wanamaker Mile, Nuguse might have signaled a new era in the classic imperial distance — the quest for the world's first sub-3:47 mile on an indoor track.... In the final race of the 115th Millrose Games at The Armory Track & Field Center, Nuguse made it look relatively easy."</ref> Boxing is a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the ] held at Madison Square Garden each year.<ref>, '']'', December 13, 2021. Accessed July 17, 2024. "Created by Daily News sports columnist Paul Gallico, the city's inaugural Golden Gloves was held in 1927 at Madison Square Garden and its ensuing popularity led to a wave of similar tournaments across the country."</ref>

==Human resources==

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in New York City}}
] at ]]]
New York City has the largest educational system of any city.<ref name="NYCTheCapitaloftheWorld" /> The city's educational infrastructure spans ], ], ], and ]. The ] system, managed by the ], is the largest public school system in the United States, serving about 1.1&nbsp;million students in approximately 1,800 separate primary and secondary schools, including ], as of 2017–2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Where we live NRC Fair housing together |url=https://wherewelive.cityofnewyork.us/explore-data/access-to-opportunity/education/#:~:text=New%20York%20City's%20public%20school,and%20various%20charter%20programs1. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723020135/http://wherewelive.cityofnewyork.us/explore-data/access-to-opportunity/education/#:~:text=New%20York%20City's%20public%20school,and%20various%20charter%20programs1. |archive-date=July 23, 2023 |access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref> There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=Private School Universe Survey |url=http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906170332/http://www.nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/ |archive-date=September 6, 2008 |access-date=September 1, 2008 |publisher=]}}</ref>

] of the ]]]
The ] (NYPL) has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States.<ref name="libraryspot">{{cite web |title=Nation's Largest Libraries |url=http://www.libraryspot.com/lists/listlargestlibs.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529215517/http://www.libraryspot.com/lists/listlargestlibs.htm |archive-date=May 29, 2007 |access-date=September 1, 2008 |publisher=LibrarySpot}}</ref> Queens is served by the ] (QPL), the nation's second-largest public library system, while the ] (BPL) serves Brooklyn.<ref name="libraryspot" />

More than a million students, the highest number of any city in the United States,<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 8, 2016 |title=America's Biggest College Towns |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-08/america-s-biggest-college-towns |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728164158/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-08/america-s-biggest-college-towns |archive-date=July 28, 2022 |access-date=August 15, 2022 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> are enrolled in New York City's more than 120 higher education institutions, with more than half a million in the ] (CUNY) system alone {{as of|2020|lc=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Academics |url=https://www.cuny.edu/academics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814044917/https://www.cuny.edu/academics/ |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |access-date=April 15, 2020 |publisher=]}}</ref> According to ], New York City has, on average, the best higher education institutions of any ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities 2019 |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2019.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817225232/http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2019.html |archive-date=August 17, 2019 |access-date=August 17, 2019 |publisher=]}}</ref>

The public CUNY system comprises 25 institutions across all five boroughs. The public ] (SUNY) system's campuses in New York City include ], ], ], and ]. New York City is home to such notable private universities as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]; several of these are ranked among the top universities in the world,<ref name="ARWU">{{cite web |title=Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017 |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2017.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012154517/http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2017.html |archive-date=October 12, 2017 |access-date=October 16, 2017 |publisher=]}}</ref><ref name="CWUR">{{cite web |title=CWUR 2016—World University Rankings |url=https://cwur.org/2016.php |access-date=October 16, 2017 |publisher=]}}</ref> while some of the world's most prestigious institutions like ] and ] remain in the ].

Much of the ] in the city is done in medicine and the ]. In 2019, the New York metropolitan area ranked first ].<ref name="NYCLifeSciencesCapital">{{Cite web |title=Top 50 science cities in life sciences |url=https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2020-science-cities/tables/life-sciences |access-date=March 26, 2022 |website=natureindex.com |language=en}}</ref> New York City has the most postgraduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, and in 2012, 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Horner |first1=Blair |last2=Levin |first2=Arthur |last3=Mattei |first3=Suzanne |date=August 2014 |others=Casey Ciceron (contributor) |title=The Doctor Is In: New York's Increasing Number of Doctors |url=http://www.nypirg.org/pubs/health/2014.08.21DoctorIsIn.pdf |access-date=August 22, 2014 |publisher=] |page=13, Appendix 1: Comparison of the Numbers Of New York Doctors By County, As Of December 31, 2004, And December 31, 2012}}</ref> There are 127 ]s with roots in local institutions {{As of|2004|lc=y}}.<ref name="NYC science institutions">{{cite press release |title=Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Economic Development Corporation President Andrew M. Alper Unveil Plans to Develop Commercial Bioscience Center in Manhattan |date=November 18, 2004 |publisher=] |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_release&catID=1194&doc_name=http%3A%2F%2Fhome2.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2004b%2Fpr310-04.html&cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1 |access-date=September 1, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011233830/http://home2.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_release&catID=1194&doc_name=http%3A%2F%2Fhome2.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2004b%2Fpr310-04.html&cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1 |archive-date=October 11, 2007}}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{main|Healthcare in New York City|NYC Health + Hospitals|New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene}}
], affiliated with ] and ], is the largest hospital and largest private employer in New York City and one of the world's busiest hospitals.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us: Locations |url=http://careers.nyp.org/about-us/locations/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812212715/http://careers.nyp.org/about-us/locations/ |archive-date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=August 12, 2014 |publisher=]}}</ref>]]New York City is a center for healthcare and medical training, with employment of over 750,000 in the city's health care sector.<ref>, ] ], October 13, 2022. Accessed January 17, 2024. "New York City's health care sector employs over 750,000 New Yorkers, and the metropolitan area's life sciences sector is a rapidly growing industry with nearly 150,000 additional jobs last year."</ref><ref>, ]. Accessed January 17, 2024. "New York City is home to the largest public healthcare system in the US, world-class private medical centers, and a robust, cutting-edge R&D landscape."</ref> Private hospitals in New York City include the ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>, Definitive Healthcare, June 6, 2023. Accessed January 16, 2024.</ref> ]s include ] in Brooklyn, ] in the Bronx, and ], ], ], ], ], and ] in Manhattan.<ref>, New York ACEP. Accessed January 16, 2024.</ref>

] (HHC) is a ] established in 1969 which operates the city's ] and a network of ] clinics.<ref>, ''New York City Green Book''. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Description: A public benefit Corporation created by State Legislature, July 1, 1969, to operate the City's municipal hospitals. Operates facilities in all five boroughs, providing general, chronic, ambulatory and skilled nursing care and a wide variety of specialized patient care services. All employees are public employees."</ref><ref>, ]. Accessed January 16, 2024.</ref> {{as of|2021}}, HHC is the largest American municipal healthcare system with $10.9 billion in annual revenues.<ref>{{cite web |title=Financial Statements and Supplemental Schedules and Report of Independent Certified Public Accountants – New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (A Component Unit of the City of New York) |url=https://comptroller.nyc.gov/wp-content/uploads/documents/HHC-Financial-Statements-2021.pdf |access-date=October 12, 2022 |publisher=The City of New York}}</ref> HHC serves 1.4&nbsp;million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents.<ref name="HHC1">{{Cite web |title=HHC Health and Hospitals Corporation |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/hhc/html/home/home.shtml |access-date=November 29, 2021 |website=]}}</ref> HHC operates eleven ] hospitals, four ], six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based ] sites, serving primarily the city's poor and working-class residents.<ref>, ]. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Where are your facilities located? NYC Health + Hospitals includes 11 acute care hospitals, four skilled nursing facilities, six large diagnostic and treatment centers and more than 70 community-based clinics. These facilities are within seven geographically based networks throughout the New York City metropolitan area."</ref><ref>Miller, Kenneth. , ], November 12, 2023. Accessed January 16, 2024. "HHC is the largest municipal health system in the United States, serving 1.4 million patients—mostly low-income or working-class people on Medicaid or Medicare. About one-third are uninsured, and many are undocumented. A public benefit corporation, HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 primary care centers across New York's five boroughs."</ref> HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of New York City's largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance, enrolling 670,000 city residents as of June 2022.<ref>, ] ], September 2022. Accessed January 16, 2024. "MetroPlus Health Plan is a prepaid health services plan and a wholly owned subsidiary of NYC Health + Hospitals (H+H).... MetroPlus enrollment reached a record high of 670,915, an increase of 159,284 members (31 percent) between February 2020 and June 2022, the period impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic (see Figure 1)."</ref>

HHC's facilities annually provides service to millions of New Yorkers, interpreted in more than 190 languages.<ref name="HHC2">{{cite web |title=2014 HHC Report to the Community |url=http://www.nychealthandhospitals.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/2014-hhc-report-to-the-community.pdf |access-date=March 10, 2017 |publisher=]}}</ref> The best-known hospital in the HHC system is ], the oldest public hospital in the United States, established in 1736.<ref>Fiani, Brian; Covarrubias, Claudia; Jarrah, Ryan; Kondilis, Athanasios; and Doan, Thao M. , '']'', August 28, 2022. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Bellevue Hospital is known as the oldest public hospital in the United States of America. Although its historical beginnings date back to the 1600s, it was officially founded on the second floor of the New York City Almshouse in 1736, 40 years before the American Revolution."</ref> Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the president and other ] should they require care while in New York City.<ref name="Funding Universe Web Site">{{cite web |title=New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation History |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/New-York-City-Health-and-Hospitals-Corporation-Company-History.html |access-date=October 8, 2014 |publisher=Funding Universe}}</ref>

The city banned smoking in most parts of restaurants in 1995 and prohibited smoking in bars, restaurants and places of public employment in 2003.<ref>]. , '']'', April 7, 2023. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Dr. McCord successfully lobbied for a ban on smoking in workplaces, restaurants and bars while he was an assistant health commissioner in Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg's administration. The ban, which took effect in 2003, was later expanded and replicated in jurisdictions around the world. New York had banned smoking in most restaurants in 1995, but the city continued to allow smoking in bars and the bar areas of restaurants."</ref> ] are banned from selling smoked and vaped products in New York State.<ref name="NoTobaccoNYPharmacies">{{cite web |title=New York State Tobacco Control Laws |url=https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/tobacco_control/current_policies.htm |access-date=December 6, 2024 |publisher=New York State Department of Health}}</ref>

New York City enforces a ] law guaranteeing shelter to anyone who needs it, regardless of their immigration, socioeconomic, or housing status, which entails providing adequate shelter and food.<ref name="NYCRightToShelter">{{cite web |author=Annie McDonough |date=August 15, 2023 |title=Could New York City's right to shelter apply statewide? |url=https://www.cityandstateny.com/policy/2023/08/could-new-york-citys-right-shelter-apply-statewide/389450/ |access-date=September 9, 2023 |publisher=City & State New York}}</ref> As a result, while New York has the highest total homeless population of American cities, only 5% were unsheltered by the city, representing a significantly lower percentage of outdoor homelessness than in other cities.<ref name="MostNYCHomelessAreSheltered">{{cite web |author=Gwynn’s Hogan |date=June 13, 2024 |title=NYC's Unsheltered Homeless Population Reaches Highest Number in More Than a Decade. Volunteers and city staffers counted 4,140 people sleeping on the streets and subways during the overnight annual count on Jan. 23 |url=https://www.thecity.nyc/2024/06/13/nycs-unsheltered-homeless-population-reaches-highest-number-in-more-than-a-decade/ |access-date=June 15, 2024 |publisher=The City |quote=Shelter Beacon. City officials also pointed out that compared to other major United States cities, a relatively low proportion of New York City’s homeless population live outdoors. In Los Angeles last year 52,000 of 72,000 homeless people were living outdoors (72%), whereas the unsheltered homeless in New York City is around 5% of the 124,000 who are unhoused in total.}}</ref> As of 2023, there were 92,824 ] sleeping nightly in the shelter system.<ref>, ], updated December 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024. 'In recent years, homelessness in New York City has reached the highest levels since the Great Depression of the 1930s. In November 2023, there were 92,824 homeless people, including 33,365 homeless children, sleeping each night in New York City's main municipal shelter system. A total of 23,945 single adults slept in shelters each night in November 2023."</ref>

=== Public safety ===
{{main|New York City Police Department|New York City Fire Department|Crime in New York City|Law enforcement in New York City|}}
] (NYPD) police officers in Brooklyn]]
] (FDNY), the largest municipal fire department in the United States]]
The ] (NYPD) is the largest police force in the United States, with more than 36,000 sworn officers.<ref>Kershner, Ellen. , WorldAtlas, August 3, 2020. Accessed January 17, 2024. "Established in 1845, The New York City Police Department (NYPD) is one of the most well-known law enforcement agencies in the world. As the largest in the United States, it currently has about 36,008 full-time active officers and 19,000 civilian employees. This is almost three times as many as the country's second-largest police department in Chicago."</ref> Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname, ''New York's Finest''.<ref>Williams, Keith. , '']'', May 4, 2017. Accessed January 17, 2024. "The Police Department's slogan also came from a phrase with military origins: “the finest police force on the planet,” an adaptation of Gen. Joseph Hooker's 1863 claim that the Union forces were 'the finest army on the planet.' A similar phrase referring to police officers appeared in The Times in 1865. The police chief George Washington Matsell promoted the nickname in the early 1870s, Mr. Popik wrote; the 1882 play 'One of the Finest' cemented the label, which was condensed to 'New York's Finest' by 1889."</ref>

The city saw a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s.<ref name="Prager">{{cite magazine |last=Prager |first=Arthur |date=February–March 2006 |title=Worst-Case Scenario |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/worst-case-scenario |access-date=July 23, 2019 |magazine=] |volume=57 |issue=1}}</ref> Crime overall has trended downward in New York City since the 1990s;<ref>{{cite web |title=Compstat |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-city.pdf |access-date=July 6, 2017 |publisher=]}}</ref> violent crime decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005, and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases.<ref name="Law">{{cite journal |date=December 15–31, 2013 |title=Don't Tell New York, But Crime Is Going Up |url=http://www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/len/2002/12.31/page5.html |url-status=dead |publisher=] |volume=28 |issue=589, 590 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023100612/https://www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/len/2002/12.31/page5.html |archive-date=October 23, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2011 |website=Lib.jjay.cuny.edu}}</ref> The ] program was declared unconstitutional in 2013 as a "policy of indirect ]" of Black and Hispanic residents,<ref>Goldstein, Joseph. , '']'', August 12, 2013. Accessed January 17, 2024. "But the judge, Shira A. Scheindlin, found that the Police Department resorted to a 'policy of indirect racial profiling' as it increased the number of stops in minority communities. That has led to officers' routinely stopping 'blacks and Hispanics who would not have been stopped if they were white.'"</ref> although claims of disparate impact continued in subsequent years.<ref>Katersky, Aaron; Grant, Teddy. , '']'', June 5, 2023. January 17, 2024. "A decade after the New York Police Department's stop-and-frisk tactic was deemed unconstitutional, the police are still unlawfully stopping and searching many people, particularly men of color, according to a new report issued Monday by a court-appointed monitor. The monitor, Mylan Denerstein, faulted certain units of the NYPD's Neighborhood Safety Teams (NST), which are meant to combat gun violence in high-crime areas.... Shortly after a U.S. District Court judge ruled in 2013 the policy violated the Constitution, then-NYC Mayor Michael Bloomberg, in an op-ed in the Washington Post, pushed back against claims that stop-and-frisk promoted racial profiling."</ref> The stop-and-frisk program had been widely credited as being behind the decline in crime, though rates continued dropping in the years after the program ended.<ref>Ehrenfreund, Max. , '']'', September 22, 2016. Accessed January 17, 2024. "In 1990, there were nearly 31 homicides in the city for every 100,000 people — more than the average for other major American cities even in a year of frequent violence across the country. A decade later, that figure had declined by nearly 75 percent, to 8.4 homicides per 100,000 people. As New York police abruptly moved away from the practice of stop-and-frisk toward the end of Kelly's tenure in 2013, the rate of homicide continued to decline as it had previously."</ref><ref>Badger, Emily. , '']'', March 2, 2020, updated November 30, 2020. Accessed January 17, 2024. "In the years since Michael Bloomberg left the mayor's office in New York, the legacy of stop-and-frisk policing widely used during his administration has become clearer. Crime in the city continued to decline, suggesting that the aggressive use of police stops wasn't so essential to New York's safety after all."</ref>

The city set a record high of 2,245 murders in 1990 and hit a near-70-year record low of 289 in 2018.<ref>Kanno-Youngs, Zolan. , '']'', January 3, 2019. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The New York Police Department recorded 289 murders in 2018, three fewer than the 292 recorded in 2017. Mayor Bill de Blasio said it was the fewest number of homicides in nearly 70 years. Overall, major crime in the city fell by 1.3% from 97,089 to 95,844, police said. There were 2,245 people murdered in New York City in 1990."</ref> The number of murders and the rate of 3.3 per 100,000 residents in 2017 was the lowest since 1951.<ref>, ], press release dated January 5, 2018. Accessed January 15, 2024. "With the close of 2017, New York City marks three new crime reduction benchmarks: the first time the total number of index crimes has fallen below 100,000; the first time the number of shooting incidents has fallen below 800; and the first time the total number of murders has fallen below 300. This reduction in murders has resulted in the lowest per-capita murder rate in nearly 70 years."</ref> New York City recorded 386 murders in 2023, a decline of 12% from the previous year.<ref>Cramer, Maria; Meko, Hurubie; and Marcius, Chelsia Rose. , '']'', January 3, 2024. Accessed January 15, 2024. "There were 386 homicides in 2023, a 12 percent drop from 2022."</ref><ref>, ], press release dated January 4, 2024. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Murders – which rose for four consecutive years before the current administration was installed – fell by 11.9% (386 vs. 438) in 2023 compared to 2022, and by 33.3% (24 vs. 36) in December 2023, compared to the same month a year prior."</ref> New York City had ] at 5.5 per 100,000 residents in 2021.<ref>, Vital City. Accessed January 17, 2024.</ref>

New York City ] than most ]—a license to own any firearm is required, and the ] of 2013 ]. New York State had the fifth-lowest gun death rate of the states in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=States with the most gun violence share one trait |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/05/26/politics/gun-violence-data-what-matters/index.html |access-date=May 13, 2023 |agency=CNN}}</ref>

] has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the ] and the ] in the ] neighborhood in the 1820s, followed by the ] in the same neighborhood, which ultimately evolved into Chinatown, Manhattan. The 20th century saw a rise in the ], dominated by the ], as well as in ]s, including the ].<ref>{{cite web |last=Berkey-Gerard |first=Mark |date=March 5, 2001 |title=Youth Gangs |url=http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/issueoftheweek/20010305/200/161 |access-date=December 2, 2021 |work=]}}</ref> The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gardiner |first1=Sean |last2=Shallwani |first2=Pervaiz |date=February 18, 2014 |title=NY Crime: Mafia Is Down—but Not Out – Crime Families Adapt to Survive, Lowering Profile and Using Need-to-Know Tactics |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304626804579363363092833756 |access-date=July 8, 2015 |newspaper=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ferranti |first=Seth |date=August 18, 2015 |title=How New York Gang Culture Is Changing |url=https://www.vice.com/read/how-new-york-citys-gang-culture-is-changing-818 |access-date=December 2, 2021 |magazine=]}}</ref>

The ] (FDNY) provides ], technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and ]. FDNY faces multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition to responding to ] that range from wood-frame single family homes to ], the FDNY responds to fires that occur in the ].<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=730260 |title=Special Investigation Report: New York City Transit Authority Subway System Fires |date=October 23, 1985 |publisher=] |access-date=July 30, 2022}}</ref> Secluded bridges and tunnels, as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires, also present challenges. The FDNY is headquartered at ] in ],<ref>{{cite web |title=9 Metrotech Center – FDNY Headquarters |url=http://www.fmmcorp.com/p_gov5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118054305/http://www.fmmcorp.com/p_gov5.html |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |access-date=November 5, 2009 |publisher=Fresh Meadow Mechanical Corp}}</ref> and the FDNY Fire Academy is on ].<ref>{{cite web |title=FDNY Fire Academy |url=http://nyc.gov/html/fdny/html/units/fire_academy/fa_index.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014104143/http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/html/units/fire_academy/fa_index.shtml |archive-date=October 14, 2014 |access-date=October 8, 2014 |work=] |publisher=]}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
{{Main|Transportation in New York City}}

=== Rapid transit ===
], the world's busiest bus station, at ] and ]<ref name="Record2021" /><ref name="PABT2008" />]]

Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the country, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City metropolitan area.<ref name="MTAinfo">{{cite web |title=The MTA Network: Public Transportation for the New York Region |url=http://web.mta.info/mta/network.htm |access-date=August 30, 2012 |publisher=] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pisarski |first=Alan |date=October 16, 2006 |title=Commuting in America III: Commuting Facts |url=http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/CIAIIIfacts.pdf |access-date=August 30, 2012 |publisher=] }}</ref>

==== Buses ====
New York City's public ] runs ] and is the largest in North America.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 100 Transit Bus Fleets |url=http://www.metro-magazine.com/resources/septoct_top100.pdf |access-date=April 20, 2015 |work=] |page=4 |archive-date=October 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011010537/http://www.metro-magazine.com/resources/septoct_top100.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The New York City bus system serves the most passengers of any city in the nation: In 2022, ]'s buses served 483.5 million trips, while ] handled 100.3 million trips.<ref>, ], March 1, 2023. Accessed February 13, 2024.</ref>

The ] is the city's main ] terminal and the world's busiest bus station, serving 250,000 passengers on 7,000 buses each workday in a building opened in 1950 that was designed to accommodate 60,000 daily passengers. A 2021 plan announced by the Port Authority would spend $10 billion to expand capacity and modernize the facility.<ref name="PABT2008">, ], dated November 17, 2008. Accessed January 4, 2024. "The Port Authority Bus Terminal opened in 1950 and has become the busiest bus passenger facility in the world, handling 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters each day. It includes 223 bus gates, retail and commercial space, and public parking for 1,250 vehicles."</ref><ref name="NYT2021">McGeehan, Patrick; and Hu, Winnie. , '']'', January 21, 2021, updated September 23, 2021. Accessed January 4, 2024. "The bus terminal plan, which has been in the works for more than seven contentious years, would cost as much as $10 billion and could take a decade to complete.... More than 250,000 people passed through it on a typical weekday before the pandemic, according to the Port Authority.... The bus terminal, a brick hulk perched at the mouth of the Lincoln Tunnel, has long exceeded its capacity — when it opened in late 1950, it was expected to handle 60,000 passengers a day."</ref><ref name="Record2021">Wilson, Colleen. , '']'', June 30, 2021. Accessed January 4, 2024. "Becoming the busiest bus terminal in the world doesn't happen without also bearing the brunt of blame every time a commute goes horribly wrong — deserved or otherwise.... The popularity of bus commuting over the Hudson River has steadily risen over the last seven decades, with some 260,000 people a day coming through the terminal pre-pandemic.... A more efficient terminal should improve some of the delays through the Lincoln Tunnel and exclusive bus lane (XBL), the dedicated lane in the morning that converges all buses into a single lane from I-495 into the Lincoln Tunnel from New Jersey."</ref> In 2024, the Port Authority announced plans for a new terminal that would feature a glass atrium at a new main entrance on 41st Street.<ref>Hill, John. , World Architects, February 5, 2024. Accessed February 13, 2024. "Not surprisingly, the two renderings included in last week's announcement show the main terminal and are accompanied by photos of the existing to depict a dramatic departure from the current situation. Compare the existing intersection of 8th Avenue and 41st Street (below) with a rendering of the same (above), in which a portion of 41st Street would be closed to create an 'iconic' atrium entrance."</ref><ref>McGeehan, Patrick. , '']'', February 1, 2024. Accessed February 9, 2024. "Instead of the dismal, brick hulk that has darkened two full blocks of Midtown Manhattan for more than 70 years, there would be a bright, modern transit hub topped by two office towers.... Construction is expected to take eight years, he said, meaning the project could be completed by 2032."</ref>

==== Rail ====
{{Main|New York City Subway}}

]s in the United States, ] (pictured) and ].]]
], the world's largest ] system by number of ]]]
The ] system is the largest ] system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with {{NYCS const|number|total}}, and by length of routes. Nearly all of New York's subway system is open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to most subway systems.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hu |first1=Winnie |last2=Schweber |first2=Nate |last3=Piccoli |first3=Sean |date=May 17, 2021 |title=New York City Subway Returns to 24-Hour Service |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/17/nyregion/nyc-subway-full-service-24-hours.html |access-date=July 23, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> The New York City Subway is ],<ref name="Railway Technology 2014 m729">{{cite web |title=The world's top 10 busiest metros |website=Railway Technology |date=November 12, 2014 |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/features/featurethe-worlds-top-10-busiest-metros-4433827/ |access-date=July 23, 2023 }}</ref> with 1.70&nbsp;billion passenger rides in 2019.<ref name="MTA p768">{{cite web |title=Subway and bus ridership for 2021 |website=MTA |url=https://new.mta.info/agency/new-york-city-transit/subway-bus-ridership-2021 |access-date=July 23, 2023 }}</ref>

Public transport is widely used in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using ].<ref>{{cite news |last=Christie |first=Les |date=June 29, 2007 |title=New Yorkers are Top Transit Users |publisher=] |url=https://money.cnn.com/2007/06/13/real_estate/public_transit_commutes/index.htm |access-date=January 2, 2008 }}</ref> This is in contrast to the rest of the country, where 91% of commuters travel in automobiles to their workplace.<ref name="2001summary">{{cite web |year=2001 |title=NHTS 2001 Highlights Report, BTS03-05 |url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/pdf/entire.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050514220419/http://www.bts.gov/publications/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/pdf/entire.pdf |archive-date=May 14, 2005 |access-date=September 1, 2008 |publisher=] }}</ref> According to the ], workers in the New York City area spend an average of 6{{nbsp}}hours and 18 minutes getting to work each week, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://comptroller.nyc.gov/wp-content/uploads/documents/Longest_Work_Weeks_March_2015.pdf |title=The Hardest Working Cities |date=March 2015 |publisher=] }}</ref> New York is the only American city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Weinberger |first1=Rachel |last2=Kaehny |first2=John |last3=Rufo |first3=Matthew |year=2010 |title=U.S. Parking Policies: An Overview of Management Strategies |url=http://www.infrastructureusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/itdp_parking_fullreport.pdf |access-date=June 11, 2011 |publisher=] |page=62 |quote=New York City is the largest, densest and most transit- and pedestrian-oriented city in the United States. It is the only U.S. city in which a majority of households do not have a car. Despite this, New York City is very much an American city in the way it under prices and under uses curbside parking meters. Meter rates are far lower than in other leading world cities, and New York suffers from high levels of cruising and double parking (p. 62)&nbsp;... Nationally 90% of households own automobiles. New Yorkers own fewer at 48% with only 22% of Manhattan residents owning automobiles (p. 78) }}</ref> Due to their ], New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19&nbsp;billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 21, 2010 |title=New York City's Green Dividend |url=http://www.streetsblog.org/2010/04/21/sustainable-transport-saves-new-yorkers-19-billion-per-year/ |access-date=January 26, 2012 |publisher=CEOs for Cities |archive-date=November 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101135006/http://www.streetsblog.org/2010/04/21/sustainable-transport-saves-new-yorkers-19-billion-per-year/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

New York City's ] network is the largest in North America.<ref name="MTAinfo" /> The rail network, connecting New York City to its suburbs, consists of the ], ], and ]. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and ] and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines.<ref name="MTAinfo" /> The elevated ] in Queens connects ] to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road.<ref>, ]. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref> For ], New York City is served by ], whose busiest station by a significant margin is Penn Station on the ] of Manhattan, from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along the ], and long-distance train service to other North American cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Fact Sheet Fiscal Year 2013 |url=http://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/826/406/Amtrak-National-Fact-Sheet-FY2013-rev.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410143624/http://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/826/406/Amtrak-National-Fact-Sheet-FY2013-rev.pdf |archive-date=April 10, 2015 |access-date=April 20, 2015 |publisher=] }}</ref>

The ] rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island, operating 24 hours a day, with access to Manhattan from the ] via the ].<ref>, ], effective January 2020. Accessed January 15, 2024. "MTA Staten Island Railway – service runs 24 hours a day between the St George and Tottenville terminals. At the St George terminal, customers can make connections with Staten Island Ferry service to Manhattan."</ref> The ] train links Midtown and Lower Manhattan with ] and ] in New Jersey, and then those stations with the ] across the Hudson River.<ref>, ]. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref> Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day, meaning three of the five American rapid transit systems which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York.<ref>Cohn, Emily. , '']'', August 28, 2017. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Only five rapid transit systems in the country have 24-hour service, and three of them — the subway, the Staten Island Railway, and the PATH — all service New York City. Chicago's 'L' is only 24/7 on some of its lines."</ref> ] is the world's largest train station by number of ]s and acres occupied.<ref name="GrandCentralLargestTrainStationWorld">{{cite web |title=10 things we bet you didn't know about Grand Central |publisher=Signum International AG |url=https://www.ef.com/wwen/blog/language/10-things-we-bet-you-didnt-know-about-grand-central/ |quote=Grand Central Terminal is spread over 49 acres, has 44 platforms and 67 tracks on two levels. It is the world’s largest train station by number of platforms and area occupied. }}</ref>

Multibillion-dollar ] transit projects under construction in New York City include the ].<ref>{{cite news |last=Dobnik |first=Verena |date=February 7, 2013 |title=NYC Transit Projects: East Side Access, Second Avenue Subway, And 7 Train Extension (PHOTOS) |work=] |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/07/nyc-subway-underground-rail-second-avenue-subway_n_2637601.html |url-status=dead |access-date=August 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208120505/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/07/nyc-subway-underground-rail-second-avenue-subway_n_2637601.html |archive-date=February 8, 2013 }}</ref>

=== Air ===
{{Main|Aviation in the New York metropolitan area}}

] in ]]]
] is the busiest in the United States and one of the world's busiest air corridors. The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area are ] (with 55.3&nbsp;million passengers), ] (43.6&nbsp;million) and ] (29.0&nbsp;million); 127.9&nbsp;million travelers used these three airports in 2022.<ref>, ], April 2023. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref> JFK and Newark Liberty were the ] for international air passengers, respectively, in 2023.<ref>, ], released November 2023. Accessed January 14, 2024. "The top five domestic scheduled passenger gateway airports for the year-ended June 2023 were New York, NY (JFK), Miami, FL (MIA), Los Angeles, CA (LAX), New York, NY (EWR), and Chicago, IL (ORD)."</ref> {{As of|2011}}, JFK was the ] in North America.<ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Year-to-date International passenger Traffic (as of December 2011) |url=http://www.aci.aero/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5-212-1376-1379_666_2__ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206022153/http://www.aci.aero/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5-212-1376-1379_666_2__ |archive-date=December 6, 2010 |access-date=October 8, 2014 |publisher=] }}</ref>

Described in 2014 by then-] ] as the kind of airport travelers would see in "some third world country", LaGuardia Airport has undergone an $8&nbsp;billion project with federal and state support that has replaced its aging facilities with modern terminals and roadways.<ref>Reed, Ted. , ''Airline Weekly'', March 21, 2023. Accessed January 15, 2023. "Throughout a troubled 2022, the pandemic exposed many fragilities in a troubled United States airline industry, but it also enabled a widely recognized miracle in the $8 billion resurrection of New York LaGuardia Airport. Once widely viewed as a hellhole, LaGuardia was transformed.... Transformation involved rebuilding two terminals, each costing about $4 billion, as well as about five miles of roadway. Terminal B has 35 gates, occupied by American and four other airlines. Work began in 2016 and was completed on July 8, 2022, the exact day specified in a bond offering six years earlier. Terminal C, occupied and financed by Delta Air Lines, will have 37 gates. Work began in 2017 and is largely finished, with completion by the end of the year."</ref><ref>McGeehan, Patrick. , '']'', July 27, 2015. Accessed January 15, 2024. "He said he took it personally when, in February 2014, Mr. Biden likened La Guardia to something a traveler might find 'in a third world country.'"</ref><ref>via ]. , '']'', February 6, 2014. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Vice President Joseph R. Biden says La Guardia Airport in New York could use some major improvements — and that is putting it mildly. Mr. Biden said that if he blindfolded someone and took him to La Guardia, the person would think he was in 'some third world country.'"</ref><ref>, A Whole New LGA. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The $8 billion project, two-thirds of which is funded through private financing and existing passenger fees, broke ground in 2016."</ref> Plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport, ], near ], by the ].<ref>{{cite web |last=Strunsky |first=Steve |date=May 31, 2012 |title=Stewart International Airport upgrade approved as Port Authority aims to increase passenger traffic |url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/05/stewart_international_airport.html |access-date=July 30, 2012 |website=] |publisher=New Jersey On-Line LLC. }}</ref> Other commercial airports in or serving the ] include ], ] and ]. The primary general aviation airport serving the area is ].

=== Ferries, taxis and trams===
{{Main|Staten Island Ferry|NYC Ferry|Taxis of New York City|Roosevelt Island Tramway}}

] shuttles ] between ] and ]]]

The ] is the world's busiest ], carrying more than 23&nbsp;million passengers from July 2015 through June 2016 on a {{convert|5.2|mi|km|adj=on}} route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24/7.<ref>{{cite web |first=Anna |last=Sanders |date=September 20, 2016 |title=Staten Island Ferry ridershilip breaks record |url=http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/09/staten_island_ferry_ridership.html |access-date=December 31, 2016 |publisher=] }}</ref><ref name="nycgov-official">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/ferrybus/staten-island-ferry.shtml |title=Staten Island Ferry |publisher=] |website=] |date=September 18, 2017 }}</ref> Other ferry systems shuttle commuters between Manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area. ], a ] initiative with routes planned to travel to all five boroughs, was launched in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |first=Zoe |last=Rosenberg |date=April 17, 2017 |title=First of New York's citywide ferries arrives in Brooklyn Bridge Park |url=http://ny.curbed.com/2017/4/17/15326348/nyc-ferry-routes-times |access-date=April 17, 2017 |publisher=] New York, ] }}</ref>

Identified by their color and ], the city's 13,587 ] are the only vehicles allowed to pick up riders making street hails throughout the city.<ref>, ]. Accessed January 14, 2024. "Taxicabs are the only vehicles that have the right to pick up street-hailing and prearranged passengers anywhere in New York City. By law, there are 13,587 taxis in New York City and each taxi must have a medallion affixed to it."</ref> ]-colored ]s can pick up street hails in ] and the four outer boroughs.<ref>, ]. Accessed January 14, 2024. "Street-hail Liveries, also known as green cabs, are For-Hire Vehicles that are permitted to accept street-hails. In exchange, Street-Hail Liveries may not operate in the Hail Exclusionary Zone, south of West 110th St and East 96th St."</ref> Long dominated by yellow taxis, ] from ] and ] have provided the most trips in the city since December 2016, when the for-hire vehicles and cabs each had about 10.5&nbsp;million trips. By October 2023, the 78,000 vehicles-for-hire combined for 20.3&nbsp;million trips, while 3.5&nbsp;million trips were in yellow taxis.<ref>, ], updated December 18, 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024.</ref><ref>, ] ], August 16, 2023. Accessed January 14, 2024. "Both Uber and Lyft, which together comprise New York City's high-volume for-hire fleet of approximately 78,000 vehicles, have committed to transitioning to a greener fleet by 2030."</ref>

The ], an ] that began operation in 1976,<ref>, ]. Accessed January 13, 2024. "The original Roosevelt Island aerial tramway - the first tram in the country to be used for urban transportation – was opened in May 1976."</ref> transports 2&nbsp;million passengers per year the {{Convert|3140|ft}} between Roosevelt Island and ] and ] on Manhattan Island.<ref>, ]. Accessed January 13, 2024. "The Tram travels between the Manhattan station at 2nd Avenue between 59th and 60th streets and the Tram station on Roosevelt Island. It travels a distance of 3,140 feet at a speed of up to 17 miles per hour in less than three (3) minutes. It rises to a maximum height of 230 feet and can carry a maximum of 109 passengers plus an attendant per cabin. The system annually transports more than two million passengers."</ref>

=== Cycling network ===
{{Main|Cycling in New York City}}

] bike share service, which started in May 2013]]
New York City has mixed cycling conditions which include urban density, relatively flat terrain, congested roadways with stop-and-go traffic, and many pedestrians. The city's large cycling population includes ], such as delivery and messenger services; recreational ]s; and an increasing number of ]. Cycling is increasingly popular in New York City; in 2022 there were approximately 61,200 people who commuted daily using a bicycle and 610,000 daily bike trips, both nearly doubling over the previous decade.<ref name="NYCcycling" /> {{As of|2022||df=}}, New York City had {{convert|1525|mi|km}} of ]s, including {{Convert|644|mi||abbr=}} of segregated or "protected" bike lanes citywide.<ref name="NYCcycling">, ]. Accessed January 14, 2024. "1,525 lane miles of bike lanes installed in New York City as of 2022; 644 lane miles of protected bike lanes installed in New York City as of 2022"</ref>

=== Streets and highways ===
] on ] on July 12, 2016]]
Streets are also a defining feature of the city. New York has been found to lead the world in urban automobile ].<ref name="NYCCongestion">{{cite web |url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2024/11/21/congestion-pricing-in-new-york-gets-the-go-ahead-after-all-maybe |title=Congestion pricing in New York gets the go-ahead after all. Maybe |publisher=The Economist |date=November 21, 2024 |access-date=November 21, 2024 |quote=But traffic is bad most days, with more than 900,000 cars entering Manhattan’s central business district. INRIX, a traffic-data firm, found that New York City leads the world in urban traffic congestion among the cities scored, with the average driver stationary for 101 hours a year.}}</ref> The ] greatly influenced its physical development. New York City has an extensive web of ]s and ]s, which link the city's boroughs to each other and to ], Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern ] through ]. Because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who ] into Manhattan, it is common for motorists to be stranded for hours in dense traffic congestion that is a daily occurrence, particularly during ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/8/15/20807470/nyc-streets-dot-mobility-report-congestion |title=New York City's streets are 'more congested than ever': report |first1=Amy |last1=Plitt |first2=Valeria |last2=Ricciulli |work=] |date=August 15, 2019 |access-date=January 16, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/op-ed/solving-citys-traffic-nightmares |title=Solving the city's traffic nightmares |first=Jason M. |last=Barr |work=] |date=September 5, 2019 |access-date=January 16, 2022 }}</ref> ] was activated in January 2025, applying to most motor vehicular traffic using the area of Manhattan south of ], in an effort to encourage commuters to use ] instead.<ref name=ManhattanCongestionPricing>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/04/nyregion/congestion-pricing-nyc.html|title=Welcome to the Congestion Zone: New York Toll Program Is Set to Begin|author=Winnie Hu and Ana Ley|newspaper=]|date=January 4, 2025|access-date=January 4, 2025}}</ref>
Unlike the rest of the country, New York State prohibits ] in cities with a population greater than one million, to reduce collisions and increase pedestrian safety. In New York City, therefore, all turns on red lights are illegal unless a sign permitting such maneuvers is present.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter 4: Traffic Control |date=November 25, 2013 |url=https://dmv.ny.gov/about-dmv/chapter-4-traffic-control-2 |publisher=] |access-date=January 16, 2022 }}</ref>

=== Bridges and tunnels ===
{{Further|List of bridges and tunnels in New York City|Commissioners' Plan of 1811}}
] and ] on the ]]]
The boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are located on islands with the same names, while Queens and Brooklyn are at the west end of the larger Long Island, and the Bronx is on New York State's mainland. Manhattan Island is linked to the outer boroughs and to New Jersey by an extensive network of bridges and tunnels. The 14-lane ], connecting Manhattan to New Jersey across the Hudson River, is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.<ref name="gwbridge">{{cite web |title=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey—George Washington Bridge |url=https://www.panynj.gov/bridges-tunnels/en/george-washington-bridge.html |publisher=] |access-date=January 16, 2022 }}</ref><ref name="gwbridgepainters">{{cite news |first1=Bod |last1=Woodruff |first2=Lana |last2=Zak |first3=Stephanie |last3=Wash |date=November 20, 2012 |title=GW Bridge Painters: Dangerous Job on Top of the World's Busiest Bridge |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/george-washington-bridge-painters-dangerous-job-top-worlds/story?id=17771877 |work=] |access-date=January 16, 2022 }}</ref> The ], spanning ] between Brooklyn and Staten Island, is the longest ] in the Americas and one of the world's longest.<ref name="infoplease.com">{{cite web |title=The Top Ten: Longest Suspension Bridges in the World |url=http://www.infoplease.com/toptens/worldsuspbridges.html |website=Infoplease |access-date=September 7, 2012 |publisher=Pearson Education |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113220448/http://www.infoplease.com/toptens/worldsuspbridges.html |archive-date=November 13, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Verrazano-Narrows Bridge">{{cite web |title=Verrazano-Narrows Bridge |url=http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/verrazano-narrows/ |website=NYCRoads |access-date=September 7, 2012 |publisher=Eastern Roads }}</ref> The ], with its stone neo-Gothic suspension towers, is an icon of the city; opened in 1883, it was the first steel-wire suspension bridge and was the longest suspension bridge in the world until 1903.<ref>"", ]. Accessed July 30, 2023. "The Brooklyn Bridge, Roebling's last and greatest achievement, spans New York's East River to connect Manhattan with Brooklyn. When completed in 1883, the bridge, with its massive stone towers and a main span of 1,595.5 feet between them, was by far the longest suspension bridge in the world."</ref><ref>"", ]. Accessed July 30, 2023. "When opened in 1903, the 1,600 foot long main span of the Williamsburg Bridge was the world's longest suspension span, surpassing the nearby Brooklyn Bridge by only 4.5 feet."</ref> The ] "was the longest ] in North America" from 1909 to 1917.<ref>"", ]. Accessed July 30, 2023. "The Queensboro Bridge was the longest cantilever span in North America (1,182 feet) from 1909 until the Quebec Bridge opened in 1917 and the longest in the United States until 1930."</ref> The ], opened in 1909, "is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges", and its design "served as the model for the major long-span suspension bridges" of the early 20th century.<ref>"", ] Metropolitan Section. Accessed July 30, 2023. "As the first suspension bridge to use the deflection theory, it is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges and served as the model for the major long-span suspension bridges built in the first half of the twentieth century."</ref> The ] and ] connect Queens and the Bronx, while the ] connects Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx.

]]]
The ], which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lincoln Tunnel Historic Overview |url=http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/lincoln/ |website=NYCRoads |access-date=August 13, 2014 |publisher=Eastern Roads }}</ref> The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and ]s that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The ], connecting Lower Manhattan to ], was the first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927.<ref>"". Nycroads.com. Retrieved April 12, 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Holland Tunnel |url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2176&ResourceType=Structure |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629011542/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2176&ResourceType=Structure |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |access-date=August 13, 2014 |work=National Historic Landmark Quicklinks |publisher=] }}</ref> The ], built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940.<ref>{{cite web |title=Queens-Midtown Tunnel Historic Overview |url=http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/queens-midtown/ |access-date=August 13, 2014 |publisher=Eastern Roads }}</ref> The ] (officially the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel) is the longest continuous underwater vehicular tunnel in North America and runs underneath ], connecting the ], to ].<ref>, ], updated July 10, 2023. Accessed January 16, 2024. "When the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel (formerly Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel) opened in 1950, it was the longest continuous underwater vehicular tunnel in North America. It still is.... On the Brooklyn side is the community of South Brooklyn, comprising the Red Hook, Columbia Terrace, Carroll Gardens, Cobble Hill, and Boerum Hill districts.... The Manhattan end of the tunnel leads to the Wall Street area, the South Street Seaport, City Hall/Civic Center, Battery Park City, the World Trade Center site, and the World Financial Center."</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Government of New York City|Politics of New York City|Elections in New York City}}

=== Government ===
]]]
] houses the ] and other governmental offices]]

New York City is a ] with a ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Forms of Municipal Government |url=http://www.nlc.org/build-skills-networks/resources/cities-101/forms-of-municipal-government |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118035924/http://www.nlc.org/build-skills-networks/resources/cities-101/forms-of-municipal-government |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |access-date=February 10, 2012 |publisher=] }}</ref> The city government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services.

The ] is a ] body of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Council |url=http://www.nyccouncil.info/html/actioncenter/moved.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208230244/http://www.nyccouncil.info/html/actioncenter/moved.cfm |archive-date=December 8, 2007 |access-date=June 6, 2007 |publisher=] }}</ref> Each term for the ] and council members lasts four years and has a two ],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chan |first1=Sewell |last2=Hicks |first2=Jonathan P. |date=October 23, 2008 |title=Council Votes, 29 to 22, to Extend Term Limits |newspaper=] |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/23/council-to-debate-term-limits-change/ |access-date=February 13, 2012 }}</ref> (reset after a four-year break). The '']'', the '']'', and '']'' are the code of local laws, compilation of regulations, and official journal, respectively.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibson |first1=Ellen M. |url=https://www.wshein.com/media/samples/5268.pdf |title=Gibson's New York Legal Research Guide |last2=Manz |first2=William H. |publisher=Wm. S. Hein Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-57588-728-9 |edition=3rd |pages=450, 458, 473 |lccn=2004042477 |oclc=54455036 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Durkin |first=Erin |date=May 26, 2014 |title=Councilman Ben Kallos wants city to publish government notices on its website |newspaper=] |location=New York |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/post-city-notices-website-councilman-article-1.1806264 |url-status=live |access-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011010531/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/post-city-notices-website-councilman-article-1.1806264 |archive-date=October 11, 2017 }}</ref>

Each borough is coextensive with a ] of the state ], of which the ] and the ] are the local courts, while the ] conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the ], while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are several extrajudicial ]s, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System.

New York City is divided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different ]: the ], whose main courthouse is on ] in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx;<ref>, ]. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York encompasses the counties of New York, Bronx, Westchester, Rockland, Putnam, Orange, Dutchess, and Sullivan and draws jurors from those counties."</ref> and the ], whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island.<ref>, ]. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The district comprises the counties of Kings, Nassau, Queens, Richmond, and Suffolk and concurrently with the Southern District, the waters within the counties of Bronx and New York."</ref> The ] and ] are also based on Foley Square.<ref>, ]. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The Second Circuit Court of Appeals sits in New York City at the Thurgood Marshall U.S. Courthouse in lower Manhattan."</ref><ref>, ]. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref>

=== Politics ===
], the current ]]]

The city's mayor is ], who was ].<ref>, ]. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref> The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of November 2023, 67% of active registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10.2% are ].<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116035832/https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/enrollment/county/county_Nov23.xlsx |date=January 16, 2024 }}, ], November 1, 2023. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref> New York City has not been carried by a Republican presidential candidate since ], and no Republican candidate for statewide office has won all five boroughs since the city was incorporated in 1898. In redistricting following the 2020 census, 14 of ] include portions of New York City.<ref>Boschma, Janie; Rigdon, Renée; Manley, Byron; and Cohen, Ethan. , ], November 8, 2022. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref>

New York City is a significant source of ].<ref>Lincoln, Taylor. , ], January 18, 2022. Accessed January 13, 2024. "Eight of the 10 zip codes giving the most in maxed-out contributions are located in New York City and, specifically, in Manhattan."</ref> The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in ] (or annually sends $11.4&nbsp;billion more than it receives back). City residents and businesses also sent an additional $4.1&nbsp;billion in the 2009–2010 ] to the state than the city received in return.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2011 |title=Downstate Pays More, Upstate Gets More: Does It Matter? |url=https://rockinst.org/blog/downstate-pays-upstate-gets-matter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501015209/http://www.rockinst.org/observations/wardr/2011-12-giving_getting.aspx |archive-date=May 1, 2016 |access-date=January 22, 2019 |publisher=The Nelson A. ]—The Public Policy Research Arm of the State University of New York }}</ref>

=== International relations ===
{{Main|List of sister cities of New York City}}
In 2006, the ] program<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/rwg/mcp/html/scp/scptokyohistory.html |access-date=March 22, 2022 |website=nyc.gov |archive-date=February 27, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030227225602/http://www.nyc.gov/html/rwg/mcp/html/scp/scptokyohistory.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> was restructured as ''New York City Global Partners''. New York's ''historic sister cities'' are denoted below by the year they joined New York City's partnership network.<ref name="GlobalOutreach">{{cite web |title=NYC's Partner Cities |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814165415/http://www.nyc.gov/html/ia/gp/html/partner/partner.shtml |archive-date=August 14, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2015 |publisher=The City of New York }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" width="100%"
!New York City Global Partners network
|- |-
|'''Africa'''{{div col|small=yes|rules=yes|colwidth=20em}}
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | {{flag|Dominican Republic}}
* ], Ghana
| bgcolor=#FFFFCF | ''']'''
* ], Ethiopia
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | '']''
* ], Egypt (1982)
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | 1983
* ], South Africa
|-
* ], Nigeria
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | {{flag|Hungary}}
* ], Gabon
| bgcolor=#FFFFCF | ''']'''
* ], South Africa (2003)
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | '']''
* ], Kenya
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | 1992
{{div col end}}'''Asia'''
|-

| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | {{flag|Italy}}
'''(''East'')'''{{div col|small=yes|rules=yes|colwidth=20em}}
| bgcolor=#FFFFCF | ''']'''
* ], China (1980)
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | '']''
* ], South Korea
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | 1992
* ], China<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open.nysenate.gov/legislation/bill/K1084-2011 |title=K1084-2011: Recognizing Yunnan Province and Chongqing Municipality of the People's Republic of China as a "Sister City" with New York City |publisher=] |access-date=December 16, 2012 }}</ref>
|-
* ], China
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | {{flag|Israel}}
* ], China
| bgcolor=#FFFFCF | ''']'''
* ], South Korea
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | '']''
* ], China
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | 1993
* ], China
|-
* ], Taiwan
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | {{flag|United Kingdom}}
* ], Japan (1960)
| bgcolor=#FFFFCF | ''']'''
{{div col end}}'''(''South'')'''{{div col|small=yes|rules=yes|colwidth=20em}}
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | ''England''
* ], India
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | 2001
* ], India
|-
* ], Bangladesh
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | {{flag|South Africa}}
* ], Pakistan
| bgcolor=#FFFFCF | ''']'''
* ], India
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | '']''
{{div col end}}'''(''Southeast'')'''{{div col|small=yes|rules=yes|colwidth=20em}}
| bgcolor=#FFFFEF | 2003
* ], Thailand
* ], Vietnam
* ], Vietnam
* ], Indonesia
* ], Malaysia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://poskod.my/features/kls-sister-cities/ |title=KL's Sister Cities |publisher=poskod.my |access-date=August 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830201710/http://poskod.my/features/kls-sister-cities/ |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |url-status=dead |date=October 21, 2010 }}</ref>
* ], Philippines
* ]
{{div col end}}'''(''West'')'''{{div col|small=yes|rules=yes|colwidth=20em}}
* ], United Arab Emirates
* ], Turkey (])
* ], Israel (1993)
* ], Israel<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Cityhall/Pages/Partnerships.aspx?tm=&sm=&side=515 |title=(Israel) Sister Cities |publisher=Tel Aviv |access-date=May 4, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001194353/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Cityhall/Pages/Partnerships.aspx?tm=&sm=&side=515 |archive-date=October 1, 2013 }}</ref>
{{div col end}}'''Australia'''{{div col|small=yes|rules=yes|colwidth=20em}}
* ], Australia
* ], Australia
{{div col end}}'''Europe'''

'''(''Central'')'''{{div col|small=yes|rules=yes|colwidth=20em}}
* ], Germany
* ], Hungary (1992)
* ], Germany
* ], Switzerland
* ], Germany
* ], Germany
* ], Germany
* ], Czech Republic
* ], Austria
* ], Poland
{{div col end}}'''(''East'')'''{{div col|small=yes|rules=yes|colwidth=20em}}
* ], Ukraine
* ], Russia
* ], Russia
{{div col end}}'''(''North'')'''{{div col|small=yes|rules=yes|colwidth=20em}}
* ], Denmark
* ], Finland
* ], Norway
* ], Sweden
{{div col end}}'''(''South'')'''{{div col|small=yes|rules=yes|colwidth=20em}}
* ], Spain
* ], Romania
* ], Turkey (])
* ], Portugal
* ], Spain (1982)
* ], Italy
* ], Kosovo
* ], Italy (1992)
{{div col end}}'''(''West'')'''{{div col|small=yes|rules=yes|colwidth=20em}}
* ], Netherlands
* ], Belgium
* ], United Kingdom
* ], Belgium
* ], Ireland
* ], United Kingdom
* ], United Kingdom
* ], United Kingdom (2001)
* ], Luxembourg
* ], France
* ], France
* ], Netherlands
* ], Netherlands
{{div col end}}'''North America'''

'''(''Canada'')'''{{div col|small=yes|rules=yes|colwidth=20em}}
* ], Alberta, Canada
* ], Alberta, Canada
* ], Quebec, Canada
* ], Ontario, Canada
* ], Quebec, Canada
* ], Ontario, Canada
* ], British Columbia, Canada
* ], British Columbia, Canada
* ], Manitoba, Canada
{{div col end}}'''(''Mexico, Central America, and Caribbean'')'''{{div col|small=yes|rules=yes|colwidth=20em}}
* ], Morales, Mexico
* ], Mexico
* ], Nuevo León, Mexico
* ], Panama
* ], Dominican Republic (1983)
{{div col end}}'''(''United States'')'''{{div col|small=yes|rules=yes|colwidth=20em}}
* ], Maryland, United States
* ], Massachusetts, United States
* ], Illinois, United States
* ], California, United States
* ], Pennsylvania, United States
{{div col end}}'''South America'''{{div col|small=yes|rules=yes|colwidth=20em}}
* ], Colombia
* ], Brazil (2004)
* ], Argentina
* ], Venezuela
* ], Argentina
* ], Brazil
* ], Peru
* ], Colombia
* ], Brazil
* ], Chile
* ], Brazil
{{div col end}}
|} |}

== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of people from New York City}}

==See also==
* ]
* ]

==Notes==

{{notelist}}


==References== ==References==

{{Reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
* ] and ] (1998), '']'', Oxford University Press.
* ] (1976). '']'', Little, Brown & Co.
* ] (1939). ''The WPA Guide to New York City'', The New Press (1995 reissue).
* ] (ed.) (1995). '']'', Yale University Press.
* Kenneth T. Jackson and David S. Dunbar (eds.) (2005), ''Empire City: New York Through the Centuries'', Columbia University Press.
* {{cite book |title=American Metropolis: A History of New York City |author=Lankevich, George L. |publisher=NYU Press |year=1998 |isbn=0814751865}}
* ] (1949). ''Here is New York'', Little Bookroom (2000 reissue).
* ] (2003). ''The Colossus of New York: A City in 13 Parts'', Doubleday.
* E. Porter Belden (1849). , New York, G.P. Putnam. from ].


* {{cite book |last=Belden |first=E. Porter |year=1849 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Jv-nXd8W8b0C |title=New York, Past, Present, and Future: Comprising a History of the City of New York, a Description of Its Present Condition, and an Estimate of Its Future Increase |publisher=G. P. Putnam |ref=none}}
==External links==
* {{cite book |author-link=Anthony Burgess |last=Burgess |first=Anthony |year=1976 |title=New York |publisher=Little, Brown & Co. |isbn=978-90-6182-266-0 |title-link=New York (Anthony Burgess book) |ref=none}}
{{portal|New York City|Flag of New York City.svg}}
* {{cite gotham}}
{{commons|New York City}}
* {{cite book |author=Federal Writers' Project |author-link=Federal Writers' Project |year=1939 |title=The WPA Guide to New York City |publisher=The New Press |edition=1995 reissue |isbn=978-1-56584-321-9 |ref=none}}
{{wiktionary|New York City}}
* Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. ''Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820–1980'' (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. ; see index at p.&nbsp;410 for list.
* – Official website of New York City
* {{cite enc-nyc}}
* – Official tourism website of New York City
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Kenneth T. |editor2-last=Dunbar |editor2-first=David S. |year=2005 |title=Empire City: New York Through the Centuries |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-231-10909-3 |ref=none}}
* {{wikitravel}}
* {{cite book |title=American Metropolis: A History of New York City |url=https://archive.org/details/americanmetropol00lank |url-access=registration |last=Lankevich |first=George L. |publisher=] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8147-5186-2 |ref=none}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/New_York/Localities/N/New_York_City|New York City}}
* {{cite book |author-link=E. B. White |last=White |first=E. B. |year=1949 |title=Here is New York |publisher=Little Bookroom |edition=2000 reissue |ref=none}}
{{Geolinks-cityscale|40.71|-74.00|region:US-NY_type:city(8,143,000)_scale:300000}}
* {{cite AIA4}}
* – Interactive Map of New York City – includes subway stations and entrances
* {{cite book |author-link=Mike Wallace (historian) |last1=Wallace |first1=Mike |title=Greater Gotham: A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919 |year=2017 |publisher=] |isbn=9780195116359|ref=none}}
* A of many of the events mentioned in this article
* {{cite book |author-link=Colson Whitehead |last=Whitehead |first=Colson |year=2003 |title=The Colossus of New York: A City in 13 Parts |publisher=Doubleday |isbn=978-0-385-50794-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/colossusofnewyor00whit |ref=none}}


== External links ==
{{Geographic Location (8-way)

| Centre = New York City
* {{Official website}}
| North = ], ]<br>]
* – official tourism website
| Northeast = '']''
* {{osmrelation-inline|175905}}
| East = ], ]
* – 145,000 NYC photographs at the ]
| Southeast = '']''
* {{cite web |title=The New New York Skyline (interactive) |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/new-york-city-skyline-tallest-midtown-manhattan/ |date=November 2015 |work=]}}
| South = '']''

| Southwest = ], ]
{{s-start}}
| West = ], ]<br>]
| Northwest = ], ] {{s-bef|before=]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Capital of the United States<br />of America|years=1785–1791}}
| image = Compass_rose_pale.svg
{{s-aft|after=], Pennsylvania}}
}}
{{s-end}}
{{New York City}} {{New York City}}
{{New York City Historic Sites}}
{{New York metropolitan area}}
{{Financial District, Manhattan}}
{{Long Island region}}
{{New York}} {{New York}}
{{Regions of New York navbox}}
{{USLargestCities}}
{{Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities}}
{{USLargestMetros}}
{{World's most populated urban areas}}
{{Location of US capital}} {{Location of US capital}}
{{Northeast Megalopolis}}
{{Hudson River}}
{{Megacities}}
{{Northeast US}}
{{USPopulousCities}}
{{Subject bar |book=New York City | commons=yes |n=yes |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes }}{{Portal bar|United States|New York|New York City|Geography|Cities}}{{authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 15:54, 8 January 2025

Most populous city in the United States "NYC" and "New York, New York" redirect here. For other uses, see New York City (disambiguation); NYC (disambiguation); and New York, New York (disambiguation).

City in the United States
New York
City
Midtown ManhattanMidtown Manhattan with the Empire State Building (center) and Lower Manhattan with One WTC (background)United Nations headquarters buildingUN headquartersStatue of LibertyStatue of LibertyBright lights of Times SquareTimes SquareThe Unisphere, a large metal globe sculptureUnisphereCentral Park sceneryCentral ParkBrooklyn BridgeBrooklyn BridgeA bridge over a riverVerrazzano-Narrows BridgeEntrance to the Bronx ZooBronx Zoo
Flag of New YorkFlagOfficial seal of New YorkSealOfficial logo of New YorkWordmark
Nicknames: The Big Apple, The City That Never Sleeps, Gotham, and others
Interactive map outlining New York City
New York City is located in New YorkNew York CityNew York CityLocation within the state of New YorkShow map of New YorkNew York City is located in the United StatesNew York CityNew York CityLocation within the United StatesShow map of the United States
Coordinates: 40°42′46″N 74°0′22″W / 40.71278°N 74.00611°W / 40.71278; -74.00611
Country United States
State New York
Constituent counties (boroughs)
Settled1624 (401 years ago) (1624)
Consolidated1898 (127 years ago) (1898)
Named forJames, Duke of York
Government
 • TypeStrong mayor–council
 • BodyNew York City Council
 • MayorEric Adams (D)
Area
 • Total472.43 sq mi (1,223.59 km)
 • Land300.46 sq mi (778.18 km)
 • Water171.97 sq mi (445.41 km)
Highest elevation401 ft (122 m)
Lowest elevation0 ft (0 m)
Population
 • Total8,804,190
 • Estimate 8,258,035
 • Rank1st in the United States
 • Density29,302.7/sq mi (11,313.8/km)
 • Urban19,426,449
 • Urban density5,980.8/sq mi (2,309.2/km)
 • Metro20,140,470
DemonymNew Yorker
GDP
 • Total$1.286 trillion (2023)
 • Metro$2.299 trillion (2023) (1st)
Time zoneUTC−05:00 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (EDT)
ZIP Codes100xx–104xx, 11004–05, 111xx–114xx, 116xx
Area codes212/646/332, 718/347/929, 917
FIPS code36-51000
GNIS feature ID975772
Websitewww.nyc.gov Edit this at Wikidata
Part of a series on
Regions of New York
Downstate New York
Upstate New York
Administrative divisions
Timelines of town creation

New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive with a respective county. The city is the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the United States by both population and urban area. New York is a global center of finance and commerce, culture, technology, entertainment and media, academics and scientific output, the arts and fashion, and, as home to the headquarters of the United Nations, international diplomacy.

With an estimated population in 2023 of 8,258,035 distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km), the city is the most densely populated major city in the United States. New York City has more than double the population of Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city. With more than 20.1 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and 23.5 million in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York City is one of the world's most populous megacities. The city and its metropolitan area are the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York City, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. In 2021, the city was home to nearly 3.1 million residents born outside the United States, the largest foreign-born population of any city in the world.

New York City traces its origins to Fort Amsterdam and a trading post founded on Manhattan Island by Dutch colonists around 1624. The settlement was named New Amsterdam in 1626 and was chartered as a city in 1653. The city came under English control in 1664 and was temporarily renamed New York after King Charles II granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York, before being permanently renamed New York in November 1674. New York City was the national capital from 1785 until 1790. The modern city was formed by the 1898 consolidation of its five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, and Staten Island.

Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District, Manhattan, New York City has been called both the world's premier financial and fintech center and the most economically powerful city in the world. As of 2022, the New York metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan economy in the world, with a gross metropolitan product of over US$2.16 trillion. The New York metropolitan area's economy is larger than all but nine countries in the world. Despite having a 24/7 rapid transit system, New York also leads the world in urban automobile traffic congestion. The city is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by market capitalization of their listed companies: the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq. New York City is an established safe haven for global investors. As of 2023, New York City is the most expensive city in the world for expatriates and has by a wide margin the highest residential rents of any city in the nation; and Fifth Avenue is the most expensive shopping street in the world. New York City is home by a significant margin to the highest number of billionaires, individuals of ultra-high net worth (greater than US$30 million), and millionaires of any city in the world.

Etymology

See also: Nicknames of New York City

In 1664, New York was named in honor of the Duke of York (later King James II of England). James's elder brother, King Charles II, appointed him proprietor of the former territory of New Netherland, including the city of New Amsterdam, when the Kingdom of England seized it from Dutch control.

History

Main articles: History of New York City and Timeline of New York City Further information: History of Manhattan, Timeline of Brooklyn, Timeline of Queens, Timeline of the Bronx, and Timeline of Staten Island

Early history

Main article: History of New York City (prehistory–1664)

In the pre-Columbian era, the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by Algonquians, including the Lenape. Their homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included the present-day areas of Staten Island, Manhattan, the Bronx, the western portion of Long Island (including Brooklyn and Queens), and the Lower Hudson Valley.

The first documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano. He claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême (New Angoulême). A Spanish expedition, led by the Portuguese captain Estêvão Gomes sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named Río de San Antonio ('Saint Anthony's River').

In 1609, the English explorer Henry Hudson rediscovered New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for the Dutch East India Company. He sailed up what the Dutch called North River (now the Hudson River), named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange.

Hudson claimed the region for the Dutch East India Company. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay was claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland ('New Netherland'). The first non–Native American inhabitant of what became New York City was Juan Rodriguez, a merchant from Santo Domingo who arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–14, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch.

Dutch rule

Main articles: New Amsterdam, Fort Amsterdam, and New Netherland The Castello Plan, a 1660 map of New Amsterdam in Lower ManhattanNew Amsterdam, centered in what eventually became Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year England took control and renamed it New York

A permanent European presence near New York Harbor was established in 1624, making New York the 12th-oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States, with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam, later called Nieuw Amsterdam (New Amsterdam), on present-day Manhattan Island.

The colony of New Amsterdam extended from the southern tip of Manhattan to modern-day Wall Street, where a 12-foot (3.7 m) wooden stockade was built in 1653 to protect against Native American and English raids. In 1626, the Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit, as charged by the Dutch West India Company, purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small Lenape band, for "the value of 60 guilders" (about $900 in 2018). A frequently told but disproved legend claims that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.

Following the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly. To attract settlers, the Dutch instituted the patroon system in 1628, whereby wealthy Dutchmen (patroons, or patrons) who brought 50 colonists to New Netherland would be awarded land, local political autonomy, and rights to participate in the lucrative fur trade. This program had little success.

Since 1621, the Dutch West India Company had operated as a monopoly in New Netherland, on authority granted by the Dutch States General. In 1639–1640, in an effort to bolster economic growth, the Dutch West India Company relinquished its monopoly over the fur trade, leading to growth in the production and trade of food, timber, tobacco, and slaves (particularly with the Dutch West Indies).

In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant began his tenure as the last Director-General of New Netherland. During his tenure, the population of New Netherland grew from 2,000 to 8,000. Stuyvesant has been credited with improving law and order; however, he earned a reputation as a despotic leader. He instituted regulations on liquor sales, attempted to assert control over the Dutch Reformed Church, and blocked other religious groups from establishing houses of worship.

English rule

Main articles: Province of New York and History of New York City (1665–1783) The Fall of New Amsterdam, painting by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris, depicting the Conquest of New NetherlandFort George and New York with British warships, c. 1731

In 1664, unable to summon any significant resistance, Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel Richard Nicolls, without bloodshed. The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom.

In 1667, during negotiations leading to the Treaty of Breda after the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the victorious Dutch decided to keep the nascent plantation colony of what is now Suriname, which they had gained from the English, and in return the English kept New Amsterdam. The settlement was promptly renamed "New York" after the Duke of York (the future King James II and VII). The duke gave part of the colony to proprietors George Carteret and John Berkeley.

On August 24, 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, Anthony Colve of the Dutch navy seized New York at the behest of Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and rechristened it "New Orange" after William III, the Prince of Orange. The Dutch soon returned the island to England under the Treaty of Westminster of November 1674.

Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between 1660 and 1670. By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200. New York experienced several yellow fever epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its population in 1702 alone.

In the early 18th century, New York grew in importance as a trading port while as a part of the colony of New York. It became a center of slavery, with 42% of households enslaving Africans by 1730. Most were domestic slaves; others were hired out as labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banking and shipping industries trading with the American South. During construction in Foley Square in the 1990s, the African Burying Ground was discovered; the cemetery included 10,000 to 20,000 graves of colonial-era Africans, some enslaved and some free.

The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger, who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby, helped to establish freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded.

American Revolution

Further information: American Revolution
The Battle of Long Island, one of the largest battles of the American Revolutionary War, which took place in Brooklyn on August 27, 1776

The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of Liberty organization emerged in the city and skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there. The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 within modern-day Brooklyn. A British rout of the Continental Army at the Battle of Fort Washington in November 1776 eliminated the last American stronghold in Manhattan, causing George Washington and his forces to retreat across the Hudson River to New Jersey, pursued by British forces.

After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made the city their military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom promised by the Crown, with as many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation, the largest such community on the continent. When the British forces evacuated New York at the close of the war in 1783, they transported thousands of freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia, England, and the Caribbean.

The attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York destroyed nearly 500 buildings, about a quarter of the structures in the city, including Trinity Church.

Post-revolutionary period and early 19th century

Main article: History of New York City (1784–1854)
A portrait of the first inauguration of George Washington in 1789

In January 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital. New York was the last capital of the United States under the Articles of Confederation and the first under the Constitution. As the capital, New York City hosted the inauguration of the first President, George Washington, and the first Congress, at Federal Hall on Wall Street. Congress drafted the Bill of Rights there. The Supreme Court held its first organizational sessions in New York in 1790.

In 1790, for the first time, New York City surpassed Philadelphia as the nation's largest city. At the end of 1790, the national capital was moved to Philadelphia.

During the 19th century, New York City's population grew from 60,000 to 3.43 million. Under New York State's gradual emancipation act of 1799, children of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-Black population gradually developed in Manhattan. The New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate Black children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state. Free Blacks struggled with discrimination and interracial abolitionist activism continued. New York City's population jumped from 123,706 in 1820 (10,886 of whom were Black and of which 518 were enslaved) to 312,710 by 1840 (16,358 of whom were Black).

A painting of a snowy city street with horse-drawn sleds and a 19th-century fire truck under blue sky
Broadway, which follows the Native American Wecquaesgeek Trail through Manhattan, 1840

Also in the 19th century, the city was transformed by both commercial and residential development relating to its status as a national and international trading center, as well as by European immigration, respectively. The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass almost all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes. Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants. In 1831, New York University was founded.

Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Members of the business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city.

The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of whom more than 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, representing over a quarter of the city's population. Extensive immigration from the German provinces meant that Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860.

American Civil War

Main articles: New York City in the American Civil War and History of New York City (1855–1897)
Departure of the 7th New York Militia Regiment for the defense of Washington, D.C., April 19, 1861

Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on. Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861–1865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to hire a substitute, led to the Draft Riots of 1863, whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class.

The draft riots deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on Black New Yorkers after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and Black people for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground. At least 120 people were killed. Eleven Black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of Blacks to flee. The Black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865. The White working class had established dominance. It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.

Late 19th and early 20th century

Main articles: History of New York City (1898–1945) and History of New York City (1946–1977)
Manhattan's Little Italy in the Lower East Side, c. 1900

In 1886, the Statue of Liberty, a gift from France, was dedicated in New York Harbor. The statue welcomed 14 million immigrants as they arrived via Ellis Island by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is a symbol of the United States and American ideals of liberty and peace.

In 1898, the City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the New York City Subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication.

In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, killed 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards.

A man working on a steel girder high about a city skyline.
A construction worker atop the Empire State Building during its construction in 1930. The Chrysler Building is visible to the right.

New York's non-White population was 36,620 in 1890. New York City was a prime destination in the early 20th century for Blacks during the Great Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York City had the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition. The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height.

New York City became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed 10 million in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity. The Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.

Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.

Late 20th and early 21st centuries

Main articles: History of New York City (1978–present) and September 11 attacks
A two-story building with brick on the first floor, with two arched doorways, and gray stucco on the second floor off of which hang numerous rainbow flags.
Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village, the site of the June 1969 Stonewall riots and the cradle of the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement

In 1969, the Stonewall riots were a series of violent protests by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village. They are widely considered to be the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights. Wayne R. Dynes, author of the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, wrote that drag queens were the only "transgender folks around" during the Stonewall riots. The transgender community in New York City played a significant role in fighting for LGBT equality.

October 1975 New York Daily News front page on President Ford's refusal to help the city avert bankruptcy

In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates. Growing fiscal deficits in 1975 led the city to appeal to the federal government for financial aid; President Gerald Ford gave a speech denying the request, which was paraphrased on the front page of the New York Daily News as "FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD." The Municipal Assistance Corporation was formed and granted oversight authority over the city's finances. While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.

By the mid-1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. New York City's population exceeded 8 million for the first time in the 2000 census; further records were set in the 2010 and 2020 censuses. Important new economic sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged.

The World Trade Center, in Lower Manhattan, during the September 11 attacks in 2001

The year 2000 was celebrated with fanfare in Times Square. New York City suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks. Two of the four hijacked airliners were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, resulting in the collapse of both buildings and the deaths of 2,753 people, including 343 first responders from the New York City Fire Department and 71 law enforcement officers.

The area was rebuilt with a new World Trade Center, the National September 11 Memorial and Museum, and other new buildings and infrastructure, including the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, the city's third-largest hub. The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere and the world's seventh-tallest building by pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet (541.3 m), a reference to the year of American independence.

The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and popularizing the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide.

New York City was heavily impacted by Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, including flooding that led to the days-long shutdown of the subway system, and flooding of all East River subway tunnels and of all road tunnels entering Manhattan except the Lincoln Tunnel. The New York Stock Exchange closed for two days due to weather for the first time since the Great Blizzard of 1888. At least 43 people died in New York City as a result of Sandy, and the economic losses in New York City were estimated to be roughly $19 billion. The disaster spawned long-term efforts towards infrastructural projects to counter climate change and rising seas, with $15 billion in federal funding received through 2022 towards those resiliency efforts.

In March 2020, the first case of COVID-19 in the city was confirmed. With its population density and extensive exposure to global travelers, the city rapidly replaced Wuhan, China as the global epicenter of the pandemic during the early phase, straining the city's healthcare infrastructure. Through March 2023, New York City recorded more than 80,000 deaths from COVID-19-related complications.

Geography

Main articles: Geography of New York City and Geography of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary
Aerial view of the New York City metropolitan area with Manhattan at its center

New York City lies in the northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston. Its location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city become a significant trading port. Most of the city is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island.

During the Wisconsin glaciation, 75,000 to 11,000 years ago, the New York City area was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet. The erosive forward movement of the ice (and its subsequent retreat) contributed to the separation of what is now Long Island and Staten Island. That action left bedrock at a relatively shallow depth, providing a solid foundation for most of Manhattan's skyscrapers.

The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The Hudson River separates the city from New Jersey. The East River—a tidal strait—flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely freshwater river in the city.

The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s. Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out, especially in Manhattan.

The city's total area is 468.484 square miles (1,213.37 km). 302.643 sq mi (783.84 km) of the city is land and 165.841 sq mi (429.53 km) of it is water. The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which, at 409.8 feet (124.9 m) above sea level, is the highest point on the eastern seaboard south of Maine. The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt.

Boroughs

Main articles: Boroughs of New York City and Neighborhoods in New York City
A map showing five boroughs in different colors.
  1. Manhattan  2. Brooklyn  3. Queens  4. The Bronx  5. Staten Island

New York City is sometimes referred to collectively as the Five Boroughs. Each borough is coextensive with a respective county of New York State, making New York City one of the U.S. municipalities in multiple counties.

Manhattan (New York County) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough. It is home to Central Park and most of the city's skyscrapers, and is sometimes locally known as The City. Manhattan's population density of 70,450.8 inhabitants per square mile (27,201.2/km) in 2022 makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city. Manhattan is the cultural, administrative, and financial center of New York City and contains the headquarters of many major multinational corporations, the United Nations headquarters, Wall Street, and a number of important universities. The borough is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world.

Brooklyn (Kings County), on the western tip of Long Island, is the city's most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods, and a distinctive architectural heritage. Downtown Brooklyn is the largest central core neighborhood in the Outer Boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the United States Marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms, and of postmodern art and design. Brooklyn is also home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military's only active duty installation within New York City, aside from Coast Guard operations. The facility was established in 1825 on the site of a battery used during the American Revolution, and it is one of America's longest-serving military forts.

Queens (Queens County), on Long Island north and east of Brooklyn, is geographically the largest borough, the most ethnically diverse county in the United States, and the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world. Queens is the site of the Citi Field, home of the New York Mets, and hosts the annual US Open tennis tournament at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, with plans to build Etihad Park, a soccer-specific stadium for New York City FC. Additionally, two of the three busiest airports serving the New York metropolitan area, John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, are in Queens.

The Bronx (Bronx County) is both New York City's northernmost borough and the only one that is mostly on the U.S. mainland. It is the location of Yankee Stadium, the baseball park of the New York Yankees, and home to the largest cooperatively-owned housing complex in the United States, Co-op City. It is home to the Bronx Zoo, the world's largest metropolitan zoo, which spans 265 acres (1.07 km) and houses more than 6,000 animals. The Bronx is the birthplace of hip hop music and its associated culture. Pelham Bay Park is the largest park in New York City, at 2,772 acres (1,122 ha).

Staten Island (Richmond County) is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. It is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, and to Manhattan by way of the free Staten Island Ferry. In central Staten Island, the Staten Island Greenbelt spans approximately 2,500 acres (10 km), including 28 miles (45 km) of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city. Designated in 1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks.

Climate

Main article: Climate of New York City
New York
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
    3.6     40 28     3.2     42 30     4.3     50 36     4.1     62 46     4     71 55     4.5     80 64     4.6     85 70     4.6     83 69     4.3     76 62     4.4     65 51     3.6     54 42     4.4     44 34
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Source: "New York City Weatherbox NOAA"
Metric conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
    92     4 −2     81     6 −1     109     10 2     104     17 8     101     22 13     115     27 18     117     29 21     116     29 21     109     25 17     111     18 11     91     12 6     111     7 1
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm

Under the Köppen climate classification, New York City has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), and is the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west are in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and humid continental climates (Dfa). The city receives an average of 49.5 inches (1,260 mm) of precipitation annually, which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year. New York averages over 2,500 hours of sunshine annually.

Winters are chilly and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow sea breezes offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachian Mountains keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes. The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 33.3 °F (0.7 °C). Temperatures usually drop to 10 °F (−12 °C) several times per winter, yet can also reach 60 °F (16 °C) for several days even in the coldest winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from cool to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically hot and humid, with a daily mean temperature of 77.5 °F (25.3 °C) in July.

Nighttime temperatures are 9.5 °F (5.3 °C) degrees higher for the average city resident due to the urban heat island effect, caused by paved streets and tall buildings. Daytime temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 °F (38 °C), although this is a rare occurrence, last noted on July 18, 2012. Similarly, readings of 0 °F (−18 °C) are extremely rare, last occurring on February 14, 2016. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 106 °F (41 °C), recorded on July 9, 1936, down to −15 °F (−26 °C) on February 9, 1934; the coldest recorded wind chill was −37 °F (−38 °C) on the same day as the all-time record low. Average winter snowfall between 1991 and 2020 was 29.8 inches (76 cm); this varies considerably between years. The record cold daily maximum was 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum was 87 °F (31 °C), on July 2, 1903. The average water temperature of the nearby Atlantic Ocean ranges from 39.7 °F (4.3 °C) in February to 74.1 °F (23.4 °C) in August.

Hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the New York area. Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs. The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.

Climate data for New York (Belvedere Castle, Central Park), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1869–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 72
(22) 		78
(26) 		86
(30) 		96
(36) 		99
(37) 		101
(38) 		106
(41) 		104
(40) 		102
(39) 		94
(34) 		84
(29) 		75
(24) 		106
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 60.4
(15.8) 		60.7
(15.9) 		70.3
(21.3) 		82.9
(28.3) 		88.5
(31.4) 		92.1
(33.4) 		95.7
(35.4) 		93.4
(34.1) 		89.0
(31.7) 		79.7
(26.5) 		70.7
(21.5) 		62.9
(17.2) 		97.0
(36.1)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 39.5
(4.2) 		42.2
(5.7) 		49.9
(9.9) 		61.8
(16.6) 		71.4
(21.9) 		79.7
(26.5) 		84.9
(29.4) 		83.3
(28.5) 		76.2
(24.6) 		64.5
(18.1) 		54.0
(12.2) 		44.3
(6.8) 		62.6
(17.0)
Daily mean °F (°C) 33.7
(0.9) 		35.9
(2.2) 		42.8
(6.0) 		53.7
(12.1) 		63.2
(17.3) 		72.0
(22.2) 		77.5
(25.3) 		76.1
(24.5) 		69.2
(20.7) 		57.9
(14.4) 		48.0
(8.9) 		39.1
(3.9) 		55.8
(13.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 27.9
(−2.3) 		29.5
(−1.4) 		35.8
(2.1) 		45.5
(7.5) 		55.0
(12.8) 		64.4
(18.0) 		70.1
(21.2) 		68.9
(20.5) 		62.3
(16.8) 		51.4
(10.8) 		42.0
(5.6) 		33.8
(1.0) 		48.9
(9.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 9.8
(−12.3) 		12.7
(−10.7) 		19.7
(−6.8) 		32.8
(0.4) 		43.9
(6.6) 		52.7
(11.5) 		61.8
(16.6) 		60.3
(15.7) 		50.2
(10.1) 		38.4
(3.6) 		27.7
(−2.4) 		18.0
(−7.8) 		7.7
(−13.5)
Record low °F (°C) −6
(−21) 		−15
(−26) 		3
(−16) 		12
(−11) 		32
(0) 		44
(7) 		52
(11) 		50
(10) 		39
(4) 		28
(−2) 		5
(−15) 		−13
(−25) 		−15
(−26)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.64
(92) 		3.19
(81) 		4.29
(109) 		4.09
(104) 		3.96
(101) 		4.54
(115) 		4.60
(117) 		4.56
(116) 		4.31
(109) 		4.38
(111) 		3.58
(91) 		4.38
(111) 		49.52
(1,258)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.8
(22) 		10.1
(26) 		5.0
(13) 		0.4
(1.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.5
(1.3) 		4.9
(12) 		29.8
(76)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.8 10.0 11.1 11.4 11.5 11.2 10.5 10.0 8.8 9.5 9.2 11.4 125.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 3.7 3.2 2.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.1 11.4
Average relative humidity (%) 61.5 60.2 58.5 55.3 62.7 65.2 64.2 66.0 67.8 65.6 64.6 64.1 63.0
Average dew point °F (°C) 18.0
(−7.8) 		19.0
(−7.2) 		25.9
(−3.4) 		34.0
(1.1) 		47.3
(8.5) 		57.4
(14.1) 		61.9
(16.6) 		62.1
(16.7) 		55.6
(13.1) 		44.1
(6.7) 		34.0
(1.1) 		24.6
(−4.1) 		40.3
(4.6)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 162.7 163.1 212.5 225.6 256.6 257.3 268.2 268.2 219.3 211.2 151.0 139.0 2,534.7
Percent possible sunshine 54 55 57 57 57 57 59 63 59 61 51 48 57
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 4 6 7 8 8 8 6 4 2 1 5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990; dew point 1965–1984)
Source 2: Weather Atlas

See Climate of New York City for additional climate information from the outer boroughs.

Parks

Main articles: New York City Department of Parks and Recreation and List of New York City parks
The Statue of Liberty on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, a global symbol of the United States and its ideals of liberty, freedom, and opportunity
The Pond and Midtown Manhattan as seen from Gapstow Bridge in Central Park

The city of New York has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. In its 2023 ParkScore ranking, the Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the tenth-best park system among the most populous U.S. cities, citing the city's park acreage, investment in parks and that 99% of residents are within 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) of a park.

Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres (110 km), most of it in New York City. In Brooklyn and Queens, the park contains over 9,000 acres (36 km) of salt marsh, wetlands, islands, and water, including most of Jamaica Bay and the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge. Also in Queens, the park includes a significant portion of the western Rockaway Peninsula, most notably Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden. In Staten Island, it includes Fort Wadsworth, with historic pre-Civil War era Battery Weed and Fort Tompkins, and Great Kills Park.

The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Stonewall National Monument; Castle Clinton National Monument; Federal Hall National Memorial; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site; General Grant National Memorial (Grant's Tomb); African Burial Ground National Monument; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial. Hundreds of properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark.

There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City. They include: the Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve, a natural area that includes extensive riding trails; the Riverbank State Park, a 28-acre (11 ha) facility; and the Marsha P. Johnson State Park, a state park in Brooklyn and Manhattan that borders the East River renamed in honor of Marsha P. Johnson.

New York City has over 28,000 acres (110 km) of municipal parkland and 14 miles (23 km) of public beaches. The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with 2,772 acres (1,122 ha), and the most visited urban park is the Central Park, and one of the most filmed and visited locations in the world, with 42 million visitors in 2023.

Environment

Main article: Environmental issues in New York City
The Sunset Park Material Recovery Facility is the largest commingled recycling facility in the United States.

Environmental issues in New York City are affected by the city's size, density, abundant public transportation infrastructure, and its location at the mouth of the Hudson River. For example, it is one of the country's biggest sources of pollution and has the lowest per-capita greenhouse gas emissions rate and electricity usage. Governors Island is planned to host a US$1 billion research and education center to make New York City the global leader in addressing the climate crisis.

As an oceanic port city, New York City is vulnerable to long-term manifestations of global warming like sea level rise exacerbated by land subsidence. Climate change has spawned the development of a significant climate resiliency and environmental sustainability economy in the city. New York City has focused on reducing its environmental impact and carbon footprint. Mass transit use is the highest in the country.

New York's high rate of public transit use, more than 610,000 daily cycling trips as of 2022, and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States. Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally, the rate for metro regions is about 8%. In both 2011 and 2015, Walk Score named New York City the most walkable large city in the United States, and in 2018, Stacker ranked New York the most walkable American city. Citibank sponsored public bicycles for the city's bike-share project, which became known as Citi Bike, in 2013. New York City's numerical "in-season cycling indicator" of bicycling in the city had hit an all-time high of 437 when measured in 2014.

The New York City drinking water supply is extracted from the protected Catskill Mountains watershed. As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require water treatment. The city's municipal water system is the nation's largest, moving more than 1 billion U.S. gallons (3.8 billion liters) of water daily from a watershed covering 1,900 square miles (4,900 km)

According to the 2016 World Health Organization Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database, the annual average concentration in New York City's air of particulate matter measuring 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) was 7.0 micrograms per cubic meter, or 3.0 micrograms within the recommended limit of the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for the annual mean PM2.5. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, in partnership with Queens College, conducts the New York Community Air Survey to measure pollutants at about 150 locations.

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of New York City and Demographic history of New York City
Historical population
YearPop.±%
16984,937—    
17125,840+18.3%
17237,248+24.1%
173710,664+47.1%
174611,717+9.9%
175613,046+11.3%
177121,863+67.6%
179033,131+51.5%
180060,515+82.7%
181096,373+59.3%
1820123,706+28.4%
1830202,589+63.8%
1840312,710+54.4%
1850515,547+64.9%
1860813,669+57.8%
1870942,292+15.8%
18801,206,299+28.0%
18901,515,301+25.6%
19003,437,202+126.8%
19104,766,883+38.7%
19205,620,048+17.9%
19306,930,446+23.3%
19407,454,995+7.6%
19507,891,957+5.9%
19607,781,984−1.4%
19707,894,862+1.5%
19807,071,639−10.4%
19907,322,564+3.5%
20008,008,288+9.4%
20108,175,133+2.1%
20208,804,190+7.7%
2023 est.8,258,035−6.2%

New York City is the most populous city in the United States, with 8,804,190 residents as of the 2020 census, its highest decennial count ever, incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 census. More than twice as many people live in New York City as in Los Angeles, the second-most populous American city. The city's population in 2020 was 31.2% White (non-Hispanic), 29.0% Hispanic or Latino, 23.1% Black or African American (non-Hispanic), 14.5% Asian, and 0.6% Native American (non-Hispanic), with 8.9% listing two or more races. A total of 3.4% of the non-Hispanic population identified with more than one race.

Between 2010 and 2020, New York City gained 629,000 residents, more than the total gains over the same decade of the next four largest American cities (Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Phoenix) combined. The city's population density of 27,744.1 inhabitants per square mile (10,712.1/km) makes it the densest of any American municipality with a population above 100,000. Manhattan's population density is 70,450.8 inhabitants per square mile (27,201.2/km), the highest of any county in the United States.

Based on data from the 2020 census, New York City comprises about 43.6% of the state's population of 20,202,320, and about 39% of the population of the New York metropolitan area. The majority of New York City residents in 2020 (5,141,539 or 58.4%) were living in Brooklyn or Queens, the two boroughs on Long Island. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, and the New York City metropolitan statistical area has the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States, substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles and Miami. Nearly seven times as many young professionals applied for jobs in New York City in 2023 as compared to 2019, making New York the most popular destination for recent college graduates.

Ethnicity and nationality

Main articles: Race and ethnicity in New York City and New York City ethnic enclaves
Historical demographics 2020 2010 1990 1970 1940
White (non-Hispanic) 30.9% 33.3% 43.4% 64.0% 92.1%
Hispanic or Latino 28.3% 28.6% 23.7% 15.2% 1.6%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 20.2% 22.8% 28.8% 21.1% 6.1%
Asian and Pacific Islander (non-Hispanic) 15.6% 12.6% 7.0% 1.2% 0.2%
Native American (non-Hispanic) 0.2% 0.2% 0.4% 0.1% N/A
Two or more races (non-Hispanic) 3.4% 1.8% N/A N/A N/A

According to 2022 estimates from the American Community Survey, the largest self-reported ancestries in New York City were Dominican (8.7%), Chinese (7.5%), Puerto Rican (6.9%), Italian (5.5%), Mexican (4.4%), Irish (4.4%), Asian Indian (3.1%), German (2.9%), Jamaican (2.4%), Ecuadorian (2.3%), English (2.1%), Polish (1.9%), Russian (1.7%), Arab (1.4%), Haitian (1.4%), Guyanese (1.3%), Filipino (1.1%), and Korean (1.1%).

Based on data from 2018 to 2022, approximately 36.3% of the city's population is foreign born (compared to 13.7% nationwide), and 40% of all children are born to mothers who are immigrants. Throughout its history, New York has been a major port of entry for immigrants. No single country or region of origin dominates. Queens has the largest Asian American and Andean populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically and linguistically diverse urban area in the world.

New York City ethnic enclavesLittle Fuzhou, ManhattanLittle Italy, ManhattanLittle Russia, BrooklynLittle India, Queens

The metropolitan area has the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Russian American, Italian American, and African American populations; the largest Dominican American, Puerto Rican American, and South American and second-largest overall Hispanic population in the United States, numbering 4.8 million. Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil, are the top source countries from South America for immigrants to the New York City region; the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean; Nigeria, Egypt, Ghana, Tanzania, Kenya, and South Africa from Africa; and El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala in Central America.

New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper. Asian Americans in New York City, according to the 2010 census, number more than 1.2 million, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles. New York has the largest Chinese population of any city outside Asia, Manhattan's Chinatown is the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, and Queens is home to the largest Tibetan population outside Asia. Arab Americans number over 160,000 in New York City, with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. New York City has the highest Palestinian population in the United States. Central Asians, primarily Uzbek Americans, are a rapidly growing segment of the city's non-Hispanic White population. The metropolitan area is home to 20% of the nation's Indian Americans and at least twenty Little India enclaves, and 15% of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns.

New York City has the largest European and non-Hispanic white population of any American city, numbering 2.7 million in 2012. The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse and many European ethnic groups have formed enclaves. With 960,000 Jewish inhabitants as of 2023, New York City is home to the highest Jewish population of any city in the world, and its metropolitan area concentrated over 2 million Jews as of 2021, the second largest Jewish population worldwide after the Tel Aviv metropolitan area in Israel. In the borough of Brooklyn, an estimated one in four residents was Jewish as of 2018.

Sexual orientation and gender identity

Main articles: LGBT culture in New York City, Same-sex marriage in New York, and NYC Pride March Further information: New York City Drag March, Queens Pride Parade, List of LGBT people from New York City, and List of largest LGBT events

New York City has been described as the gay capital of the world and the central node of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) sociopolitical ecosystem, and is home to one of the world's largest LGBT populations and the most prominent. The New York metropolitan area is home to about 570,000 self-identifying gay and bisexual people, the largest in the country. Same-sex sexual activity between consenting adults has been legal in New York since 1980's New York v. Onofre case, which invalidated the state's sodomy law. Same-sex marriage in New York was legalized on June 24, 2011, and were authorized to take place on July 23, 2011.

The NYC Pride March is the largest pride parade in the world.

The annual NYC Pride March proceeds southward down Fifth Avenue and ends at Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan; the parade is the largest pride parade in the world, attracting tens of thousands of participants and millions of sidewalk spectators each June. The annual Queens Pride Parade is held in Jackson Heights and is accompanied by the ensuing Multicultural Parade.

Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019 was the largest international Pride celebration in history, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising, with 150,000 participants and five million spectators attending in Manhattan alone. New York City is home to the largest transgender population in the world, estimated at more than 50,000 in 2018, concentrated in Manhattan and Queens; however, until the June 1969 Stonewall riots, this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community. Brooklyn Liberation March, the largest transgender-rights demonstration in LGBT history, took place on June 14, 2020, stretching from Grand Army Plaza to Fort Greene, Brooklyn, focused on supporting Black transgender lives, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants.

Religion

Further information: St. Patrick's Cathedral (Midtown Manhattan), Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree, Christmas in New York, Judaism in New York City, History of the Jews in New York, Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam, Islam in New York City, Hindu Temple Society of North America, Mahayana Buddhism North America, and Falun Gong

Christianity is the largest religion (59% adherent) in New York City, which is home to the highest number of churches of any city in the world. Catholicism is the largest Christian denomination (33%), followed by Protestantism (23%), and other Christian denominations (3%). The Latin Catholic population is primarily served by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Diocese of Brooklyn, while Eastern Catholics are divided into numerous jurisdictions throughout the city. Evangelical Protestantism is the largest branch of Protestantism in the city (9%), followed by Mainline Protestantism (8%), while the converse is usually true for other cities and metropolitan areas.

With 960,000 Jewish inhabitants as of 2023, Judaism is the second-largest religion practiced in New York City. Nearly half of the city's Jews live in Brooklyn.

Islam ranks as the third-largest religion in New York City, following Christianity and Judaism, with estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers of Islam, including 10% of the city's public school children. 22.3% of American Muslims live in New York City, with 1.5 million Muslims in the greater New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan Muslim population in the Western Hemisphere—and the most ethnically diverse Muslim population of any city in the world. Powers Street Mosque in Brooklyn is one of the oldest continuously operating mosques in the United States, and represents the first Islamic organization in both the city and the state.

Following these three largest religious groups in New York City are Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, and others. As of 2023, 24% of Greater New Yorkers identified with no organized religious affiliation, and 4% were self-identified atheists.

Economy

Main article: Economy of New York City
Midtown Manhattan is the world's largest central business district.
Lower Manhattan, including Wall Street, the world's principal financial center, and One World Trade Center, the tallest skyscraper in the United States

New York City is a global hub of business and commerce, sometimes called the "Capital of the World". Greater New York is the world's largest metropolitan economy, with a gross metropolitan product estimated at US$2.16 trillion in 2022. New York is a center for worldwide banking and finance, health care, and life sciences, medical technology and research, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, new media, traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, and the arts in the United States; while Silicon Alley, metonymous for New York's high technology sphere, continues to expand. The Port of New York and New Jersey is a major economic engine, benefitting post-Panamax from the expansion of the Panama Canal.

Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York City, as are a large number of multinational corporations. New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists. New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry is metonymously reflected as Madison Avenue. The city's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages.

Significant other economic sectors include universities and non-profit institutions. Manufacturing declined over the 20th century but still accounts for significant employment. The city's apparel and garment industry, historically centered on the Garment District in Manhattan, peaked in 1950, when more than 323,000 workers were employed in the industry in New York. In 2015, fewer than 23,000 New York City residents were employed in the industry, although revival efforts were underway, and the American fashion industry continues to be metonymized as Seventh Avenue. In 2017, the city had 205,592 employer firms, of which 22.0% were owned by women, 31.3% were minority-owned and 2.7% were owned by veterans.

In 2022, the gross domestic product of New York City was US$1.053 trillion, of which $781 billion (74%) was produced by Manhattan. Like other large cities, New York City has a degree of income disparity, as indicated by its Gini coefficient of 0.55 as of 2022. In November 2023, the city had total employment of over 4.75 million of which more than a quarter were in education and health services. Manhattan, which accounted for more than half of the city's jobs, had an average weekly wage of $2,590 in the second quarter of 2023, ranking fourth-highest among the nation's 360 largest counties. New York City is one of the relatively few American cities levying an income tax (about 3%) on its residents; despite this tax levy, New York City in 2024 was home by a significant margin to the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, with a total of 110.

Wall Street

Main articles: Wall Street and Financial District, Manhattan
A large flag is stretched over Roman style columns on the front of a large building.
The New York Stock Exchange is the world's largest stock exchange per total market capitalization of its listed companies.

New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as a comprehensive financial center, metonymously known as Wall Street. Lower Manhattan is home to the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013. In fiscal year 2013–14, Wall Street's securities industry generated 19% of New York State's tax revenue.

New York City remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets. New York also leads in hedge fund management; private equity; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions. Several investment banks and investment managers headquartered in Manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers. New York is the principal commercial banking center of the United States.

Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m) of office space in 2018, making New York City the largest office market in the world, while Midtown Manhattan, with 400 million square feet (37.2 million m) in 2018, is the largest central business district in the world.

Tech and biotech

Further information: Tech:NYC, Tech companies in New York City, Biotech companies in New York City, and Silicon Alley
The Flatiron District is the cradle of Silicon Alley, initially metonymous for the New York metropolitan region's high tech sector
Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island

New York is a top-tier global technology hub. Silicon Alley, once a metonym for the sphere encompassing the metropolitan region's high technology industries, is no longer a relevant moniker as the city's tech environment has expanded dramatically both in location and in scope since at least 2003, when tech business appeared in more places in Manhattan and in other boroughs, and not much silicon was involved. New York City's current tech sphere encompasses the array of applications involving universal applications of artificial intelligence (AI), broadband internet, new media, financial technology (fintech) and cryptocurrency, biotechnology, game design, and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments. Technology-driven startup companies and entrepreneurial employment are growing in New York City and the region. The technology sector has been claiming a greater share of New York City's economy since 2010. Tech:NYC, founded in 2016, is a non-profit organization which represents New York City's technology industry with government, civic institutions, in business, and in the media, and whose primary goals are to further augment New York's substantial tech talent base and to advocate for policies that will nurture tech companies to grow in the city.

New York City's AI sector raised US$483.6 million in venture capital investment in 2022. In 2023, New York unveiled the first comprehensive initiative to create both a framework of rules and a chatbot to regulate the use of AI within the sphere of city government.

The biotechnology sector is growing in New York City, based on the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a $2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital.

Real estate

Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan is the most expensive shopping street in the world.

New York City real estate is a safe haven for global investors. The total value of all New York City property was assessed at US$1.479 trillion for the 2017 fiscal year, an increase of 6.1% from the previous year. Of the total market value, single family homes accounted for $765 billion (51.7%); condominiums, co-ops, and apartment buildings totaled $351 billion (23.7%); and commercial properties were valued at $317 billion (21.4%). Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commands the highest retail rents in the world, at $2,000 per square foot ($22,000/m) in 2023.

New York City has one of the highest costs of living in the world, which is exacerbated by the city's housing shortage. In 2023, one-bedroom apartments in Manhattan rented at a median monthly price of US$4,443. The median house price city-wide is over $1 million as of 2023. With 33,000 units available in 2023 among the city's 2.3 million rentable apartments, the vacancy rate was 1.4%, the lowest level since 1968 and a rate that is indicative of a shortage of available units, especially among those with rents below a monthly rental of $1,650, where less than 1% of units were available. Perennially high demand from younger adults has pushed median monthly one-bedroom apartment rents in New York City over US$4,000 and two-bedroom rents over $5,000, by a significant margin the highest in the United States.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in New York City
Times Square is one of the world's leading tourist attractions with 50 million tourists annually.

Tourism is a vital industry for New York City, and NYC Tourism + Conventions represents the city's official bureau of tourism. New York has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists, with as many as 66.6 million visitors to the city per year, including as many as 13.5 million international visitors, with the highest numbers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and China. Multiple sources have called New York the most photographed city in the world. I Love New York (stylized I ❤ NY) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City, and later to promote New York State as well. The trademarked logo is owned by New York State Empire State Development.

Many districts and monuments in New York City are major landmarks, including three of the world's ten-most-visited tourist attractions in 2023. A record 66.6 million tourists visited New York City in 2019, bringing in $47.4 billion in tourism revenue. Visitor numbers dropped by two-thirds in 2020 during the pandemic, rebounding to 63.3 million in 2023. Major landmarks in New York City include the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Statue of Liberty, the Empire State Building, and Central Park. Times Square is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District, and a major center of the world's entertainment industry, attracting 50 million visitors annually to one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections. According to The Broadway League, shows on Broadway sold approximately US$1.54 billion worth of tickets in both the 2022–2023 and the 2023–2024 seasons. Both seasons featured theater attendance of approximately 12.3 million each.

Media and entertainment

Main article: Media in New York City Further information: New Yorkers in journalism
Rockefeller Center, one of Manhattan's leading media and entertainment hubs
The headquarters of the New York Times Company, publisher of The New York Times

New York City has been described as the entertainment and digital media capital of the world. It is a center for the advertising, music, newspaper, digital media, and publishing industries and is the largest media market in North America. Many of the world's largest media conglomerates are based in the city, including Warner Bros. Discovery, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the Associated Press, Bloomberg L.P., the News Corp, The New York Times Company, NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, AOL, Fox Corporation, and Paramount Global. Seven of the world's top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York.

More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing industry employs about 11,500 people, with an economic impact of $9.2 billion. The two national daily newspapers with the largest daily circulations in the United States are published in New York: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times broadsheets. With 132 awards through 2022, The Times has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism and is considered the U.S. media's newspaper of record. Tabloid newspapers in the city include the New York Daily News, which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson, and the New York Post, founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton.

As of 2019, New York City was the second-largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually. The industry employed more than 100,000 people in 2019, generating $12.2 billion in wages and a total economic impact of $64.1 billion. By volume, New York is the world leader in independent film production—one-third of all American independent films are produced there.

New York is a major center for non-commercial educational media. NYC Media is the official public radio, television, and online media network and broadcasting service of New York City, and has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971. WNET is the city's major public television station and produces a third of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States.

Culture

Main article: Culture of New York City
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum seen from Fifth Avenue

New York City is frequently the setting for novels, movies, and television programs and has been described as the cultural capital of the world. The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract expressionism (known as the New York School) in painting; and hip-hop, punk, hardcore, salsa, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley, certain forms of jazz, and (along with Philadelphia) disco in music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world.

One of the most common traits attributed to New York City is its fast pace, which spawned the term New York minute. New York City's residents are prominently known for their resilience historically, and more recently related to their management of the impacts of the September 11 terrorist attacks and the COVID-19 pandemic. New York was voted the world's most resilient city in 2021 and 2022, per Time Out's global poll of urban residents.

Theater

Further information: Broadway theatre and Theater District, Manhattan
The Golden; Jacobs; Schoenfeld; and Booth theatres in Theater District

The central hub of the American theater scene is Manhattan, with its divisions of Broadway, off-Broadway, and off-off-Broadway. Many movie and television stars have gotten their big break working in New York productions.

Broadway theatre is one of the premier forms of English-language theatre in the world, named after Broadway, the major thoroughfare that crosses Times Square, sometimes referred to as "The Great White Way".

Forty-one venues mostly in Midtown Manhattan's Theatre District, each with at least 500 seats, are classified as Broadway theatres. The 2018–19 Broadway theatre season set records with total attendance of 14.8 million and gross revenue of $1.83 billion Recovering from closures forced by the COVID-19 pandemic, 2022–23 revenues rebounded to $1.58 billion with total attendance of 12.3 million. The Tony Awards recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre and are presented at an annual ceremony in Manhattan.

Accent and dialect

Main articles: New York City English and New York accent

The New York area is home to a distinctive regional accent and speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. It has been considered one of the most recognizable accents within American English. The traditional New York area speech pattern is known for its rapid delivery, and its accent is characterized as non-rhotic so that the sound does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant, therefore the pronunciation of the city name as "New Yawk". The classic version of the New York City dialect is centered on middle- and working-class New Yorkers. The influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect, and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent.

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of New York City Further information: List of buildings, sites, and monuments in New York City and List of tallest buildings in New York City
Row houses in Crown Heights North Historic District, Brooklyn

New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the Dutch Colonial Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost.

Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, has been recognized as an iconic symbol of the city, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. As of 2019, New York City had 6,455 high-rise buildings, the third most in the world after Hong Kong and Seoul.

The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835.

In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian.

Nine-mile (14 km) high-resolution panorama of Manhattan's West Side, from 115th Street to The Battery, taken from Weehawken, New Jersey, on March 26, 2020. The Chrysler Building is blocked by One Vanderbilt.

Arts

Further information: List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City and Music of New York City
The Lincoln Center: David H. Koch Theater (left), home of the NY City Ballet; Metropolitan Opera House (center), home of the Metropolitan Opera; and David Geffen Hall (right), home of the NY Philharmonic
Metropolitan Museum of Art, the largest art museum in the Americas

Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to numerous influential arts organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet, as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School, Jazz at Lincoln Center, and Alice Tully Hall. The Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute is in Union Square, and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University, while Central Park SummerStage presents free concerts in Central Park.

New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries. The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts. The city is also home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites. Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, in the upper portion of Carnegie Hill.

Nine museums occupy this section of Fifth Avenue, making it one of the densest displays of high culture in the world. Its art museums include the Guggenheim, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Neue Galerie New York, and The Africa Center. In addition to other programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each year in June, to promote the museums and increase visitation. Many of the world's most lucrative art auctions are held in New York City.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art is the largest art museum in the Americas. In 2022, it welcomed 3.2 million visitors, ranking it the third-most visited museum in the country, and eighth-most visited art museum in the world. Its permanent collection contains more than two million works across 17 curatorial departments, and includes works of art from classical antiquity and ancient Egypt; paintings and sculptures from nearly all the European masters; and an extensive collection of American and modern art. The Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, and Islamic art.

Cuisine

Main articles: Cuisine of New York City, List of restaurants in New York City, and List of Michelin starred restaurants in New York City
New York-style bagel with lox

New York City's food culture includes an array of international cuisines influenced by the city's long immigrant history. Central and Eastern European immigrants, especially Jewish immigrants from those regions, brought New York-style bagels, cheesecake, hot dogs, knishes, and delicatessens (delis) to the city. Italian immigrants brought New York-style pizza and Italian cuisine into the city, while Jewish immigrants and Irish immigrants brought pastrami and corned beef, respectively. Chinese and other Asian restaurants, sandwich joints, trattorias, diners, and coffeehouses are ubiquitous throughout the city. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs examples of modern New York street food. The city is home to "nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world", according to Michelin. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to the city's restaurants based on inspection results. As of 2019, there were 27,043 restaurants in the city, up from 24,865 in 2017. The Queens Night Market in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park attracts more than ten thousand people nightly to sample food from more than 85 countries.

Fashion

Further information: New York Fashion Week and Met Gala
Haute couture fashion models walk the runway during NYFW

New York City is a global fashion capital, and the fashion industry employs 4.6% of the city's private workforce. New York Fashion Week (NYFW) is a high-profile semiannual event featuring models displaying the latest wardrobes created by fashion designers worldwide in advance of these fashions proceeding to the marketplace.

NYFW sets the tone for the global fashion industry. New York's fashion district encompasses roughly 30 city blocks in Midtown Manhattan, clustered around a stretch of Seventh Avenue nicknamed Fashion Avenue. New York's fashion calendar also includes Couture Fashion Week to showcase haute couture styles. The Met Gala is often described as "Fashion's biggest night".

Parades

Further information: List of parades in New York City
The annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, the world's largest parade

New York City is well known for its street parades, the majority in Manhattan. The primary orientation of the annual street parades is typically from north to south, marching along major avenues. The annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is the world's largest parade, beginning alongside Central Park and proceeding southward to the flagship Macy's Herald Square store; the parade is viewed on telecasts worldwide and draws millions of spectators in person. Other notable parades including the annual New York City St. Patrick's Day Parade in March, the NYC LGBT Pride March in June, the LGBT-inspired Greenwich Village Halloween Parade in October, and numerous parades commemorating the independence days of many nations. Ticker-tape parades celebrating championships won by sports teams as well as other accomplishments march northward along the Canyon of Heroes on Broadway from Bowling Green to City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan.

Sports

Main articles: Sports in the New York metropolitan area and Traditional games of New York City The US Open Tennis Championships in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in QueensCiti Field, also in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, has been home to the New York Mets since 2009.Yankee Stadium in The Bronx is home to the New York Yankees and New York City FC.Barclays Center, home to the Brooklyn Nets of the NBA and the New York Liberty of the WNBAMadison Square Garden, home to the New York Knicks of the NBA and New York Rangers of the NHL

New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer.

New York City hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics and the 1998 Goodwill Games. New York City's bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics was one of five finalists, but lost out to London.

The city has played host to more than 40 major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are in the New York metropolitan area.

The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014.

The city's two Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets, who play at 41,800-seat Citi Field in Queens and the New York Yankees, who play at 47,400-seat Yankee Stadium in the Bronx. The two rivals compete in four games of interleague play every regular season, called the Subway Series. The Yankees have won an MLB-record 27 championships, while the Mets have won the World Series twice. The city was once home to the Brooklyn Dodgers (now the Los Angeles Dodgers), who won the World Series once, and the New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants), who won the World Series five times. Both teams moved to California in 1958. There is one Minor League Baseball team in the city, the Mets-affiliated Brooklyn Cyclones, and the city gained a club in the independent Atlantic League when the Staten Island FerryHawks began play in 2022.

The city's National Basketball Association teams are the New York Knicks, who play at Madison Square Garden, and the Brooklyn Nets, who play at the Barclays Center. The New York Liberty is the city's Women's National Basketball Association team. The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.

The metropolitan area is home to three National Hockey League teams. The New York Rangers, one of the league's Original Six, play at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan. The New York Islanders, traditionally representing Long Island, play in UBS Arena in Elmont, New York, but played in Brooklyn's Barclays Center from 2015 to 2020. The New Jersey Devils play at Prudential Center in nearby Newark, New Jersey.

New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium and the New York Red Bulls, who play their home games at Sports Illustrated Stadium in nearby Harrison, New Jersey. NJ/NY Gotham FC in the National Women's Soccer League plays their home games in Sports Illustrated Stadium. Brooklyn FC is a professional soccer club based in that borough, fielding a women's team in the first-division USL Super League starting in 2024 and a men's team in the second-division USL Championship in 2025. New York was a host city for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, with matches being played at Giants Stadium in neighboring East Rutherford, New Jersey. New York City will be one of eleven host cities for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, with the final set to be played at MetLife Stadium.

The annual US Open is one of four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park. The New York City Marathon, which courses through all five boroughs, is the world's largest running marathon, with 51,402 finishers in 2023, who came from all 50 states and 148 nations. The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet held at the Fort Washington Avenue Armory, whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the New York Golden Gloves held at Madison Square Garden each year.

Human resources

Education

Main article: Education in New York City
The Low Memorial Library at Columbia University

New York City has the largest educational system of any city. The city's educational infrastructure spans primary education, secondary education, higher education, and research. The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the United States, serving about 1.1 million students in approximately 1,800 separate primary and secondary schools, including charter schools, as of 2017–2018. There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools.

The Stephen A. Schwarzman Headquarters Building of the New York Public Library

The New York Public Library (NYPL) has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library (QPL), the nation's second-largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) serves Brooklyn.

More than a million students, the highest number of any city in the United States, are enrolled in New York City's more than 120 higher education institutions, with more than half a million in the City University of New York (CUNY) system alone as of 2020. According to Academic Ranking of World Universities, New York City has, on average, the best higher education institutions of any global city.

The public CUNY system comprises 25 institutions across all five boroughs. The public State University of New York (SUNY) system's campuses in New York City include SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Fashion Institute of Technology, SUNY Maritime College, and SUNY College of Optometry. New York City is home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, New York University, New York Institute of Technology, Rockefeller University, Mercy University, Cornell Tech and Yeshiva University; several of these are ranked among the top universities in the world, while some of the world's most prestigious institutions like Princeton University and Yale University remain in the New York metropolitan area.

Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. In 2019, the New York metropolitan area ranked first by share of published articles in life sciences. New York City has the most postgraduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, and in 2012, 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City. There are 127 Nobel laureates with roots in local institutions as of 2004.

Health

Main articles: Healthcare in New York City, NYC Health + Hospitals, and New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
New York-Presbyterian Hospital, affiliated with Columbia University and Cornell University, is the largest hospital and largest private employer in New York City and one of the world's busiest hospitals.

New York City is a center for healthcare and medical training, with employment of over 750,000 in the city's health care sector. Private hospitals in New York City include the Hospital for Special Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Mount Sinai Hospital, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, and NYU Langone Health. Medical schools include SUNY Downstate College of Medicine in Brooklyn, Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx, and CUNY School of Medicine, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Weill Cornell Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and New York University School of Medicine in Manhattan.

NYC Health + Hospitals (HHC) is a public-benefit corporation established in 1969 which operates the city's public hospitals and a network of outpatient clinics. As of 2021, HHC is the largest American municipal healthcare system with $10.9 billion in annual revenues. HHC serves 1.4 million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents. HHC operates eleven acute-care hospitals, four skilled nursing facilities, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the city's poor and working-class residents. HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of New York City's largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance, enrolling 670,000 city residents as of June 2022.

HHC's facilities annually provides service to millions of New Yorkers, interpreted in more than 190 languages. The best-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest public hospital in the United States, established in 1736. Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the president and other world leaders should they require care while in New York City.

The city banned smoking in most parts of restaurants in 1995 and prohibited smoking in bars, restaurants and places of public employment in 2003. Pharmacies are banned from selling smoked and vaped products in New York State.

New York City enforces a right-to-shelter law guaranteeing shelter to anyone who needs it, regardless of their immigration, socioeconomic, or housing status, which entails providing adequate shelter and food. As a result, while New York has the highest total homeless population of American cities, only 5% were unsheltered by the city, representing a significantly lower percentage of outdoor homelessness than in other cities. As of 2023, there were 92,824 homeless people sleeping nightly in the shelter system.

Public safety

Main articles: New York City Police Department, New York City Fire Department, Crime in New York City, and Law enforcement in New York City
New York Police Department (NYPD) police officers in Brooklyn
The Fire Department of New York (FDNY), the largest municipal fire department in the United States

The New York Police Department (NYPD) is the largest police force in the United States, with more than 36,000 sworn officers. Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname, New York's Finest.

The city saw a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s. Crime overall has trended downward in New York City since the 1990s; violent crime decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005, and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases. The NYPD's stop-and-frisk program was declared unconstitutional in 2013 as a "policy of indirect racial profiling" of Black and Hispanic residents, although claims of disparate impact continued in subsequent years. The stop-and-frisk program had been widely credited as being behind the decline in crime, though rates continued dropping in the years after the program ended.

The city set a record high of 2,245 murders in 1990 and hit a near-70-year record low of 289 in 2018. The number of murders and the rate of 3.3 per 100,000 residents in 2017 was the lowest since 1951. New York City recorded 386 murders in 2023, a decline of 12% from the previous year. New York City had one of the lowest homicide rates among the ten largest U.S. cities at 5.5 per 100,000 residents in 2021.

New York City has stricter gun laws than most other cities in the United States—a license to own any firearm is required, and the NY SAFE Act of 2013 banned assault weapons. New York State had the fifth-lowest gun death rate of the states in 2020.

Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points neighborhood in the 1820s, followed by the Tongs in the same neighborhood, which ultimately evolved into Chinatown, Manhattan. The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia, dominated by the Five Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades. The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century.

The Fire Department of New York (FDNY) provides fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services. FDNY faces multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition to responding to building types that range from wood-frame single family homes to high-rise structures, the FDNY responds to fires that occur in the New York City Subway. Secluded bridges and tunnels, as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires, also present challenges. The FDNY is headquartered at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn, and the FDNY Fire Academy is on Randalls Island.

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in New York City

Rapid transit

Port Authority Bus Terminal, the world's busiest bus station, at Eighth Avenue and 42nd Street

Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the country, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City metropolitan area.

Buses

New York City's public bus fleet runs 24/7 and is the largest in North America. The New York City bus system serves the most passengers of any city in the nation: In 2022, MTA New York City Transit's buses served 483.5 million trips, while MTA Regional Bus Operations handled 100.3 million trips.

The Port Authority Bus Terminal is the city's main intercity bus terminal and the world's busiest bus station, serving 250,000 passengers on 7,000 buses each workday in a building opened in 1950 that was designed to accommodate 60,000 daily passengers. A 2021 plan announced by the Port Authority would spend $10 billion to expand capacity and modernize the facility. In 2024, the Port Authority announced plans for a new terminal that would feature a glass atrium at a new main entrance on 41st Street.

Rail

Main article: New York City Subway
A row of yellow taxis in front of a multi-story ornate stone building with three huge arched windows.
New York City is home to the two busiest train stations in the United States, Grand Central Terminal (pictured) and Penn Station.
The front end of a subway train, with a red E on a LED display on the top. To the right of the train is a platform with a group of people waiting for their train.
The New York City Subway, the world's largest rapid transit system by number of stations

The New York City Subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with 472, and by length of routes. Nearly all of New York's subway system is open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to most subway systems. The New York City Subway is the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere, with 1.70 billion passenger rides in 2019.

Public transport is widely used in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit. This is in contrast to the rest of the country, where 91% of commuters travel in automobiles to their workplace. According to the New York City Comptroller, workers in the New York City area spend an average of 6 hours and 18 minutes getting to work each week, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities. New York is the only American city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car. Due to their high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans.

New York City's commuter rail network is the largest in North America. The rail network, connecting New York City to its suburbs, consists of the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, and New Jersey Transit. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and New York Penn Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines. The elevated AirTrain JFK in Queens connects JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road. For inter-city rail, New York City is served by Amtrak, whose busiest station by a significant margin is Penn Station on the West Side of Manhattan, from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along the Northeast Corridor, and long-distance train service to other North American cities.

The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island, operating 24 hours a day, with access to Manhattan from the St. George Terminal via the Staten Island Ferry. The PATH train links Midtown and Lower Manhattan with Hoboken Terminal and Newark Penn Station in New Jersey, and then those stations with the World Trade Center Oculus across the Hudson River. Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day, meaning three of the five American rapid transit systems which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York. Grand Central Terminal is the world's largest train station by number of rail platforms and acres occupied.

Multibillion-dollar heavy rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway.

Air

Main article: Aviation in the New York metropolitan area
John F. Kennedy Airport in Queens

New York's airspace is the busiest in the United States and one of the world's busiest air corridors. The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area are John F. Kennedy International Airport (with 55.3 million passengers), Newark Liberty International Airport (43.6 million) and LaGuardia Airport (29.0 million); 127.9 million travelers used these three airports in 2022. JFK and Newark Liberty were the busiest and fourth-busiest U.S. gateways for international air passengers, respectively, in 2023. As of 2011, JFK was the busiest airport for international passengers in North America.

Described in 2014 by then-Vice President Joe Biden as the kind of airport travelers would see in "some third world country", LaGuardia Airport has undergone an $8 billion project with federal and state support that has replaced its aging facilities with modern terminals and roadways. Plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport, near Newburgh, New York, by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Other commercial airports in or serving the New York metropolitan area include Long Island MacArthur Airport, Trenton–Mercer Airport and Westchester County Airport. The primary general aviation airport serving the area is Teterboro Airport.

Ferries, taxis and trams

Main articles: Staten Island Ferry, NYC Ferry, Taxis of New York City, and Roosevelt Island Tramway
The Staten Island Ferry shuttles commuters between Manhattan and Staten Island

The Staten Island Ferry is the world's busiest ferry, carrying more than 23 million passengers from July 2015 through June 2016 on a 5.2-mile (8.4 km) route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24/7. Other ferry systems shuttle commuters between Manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area. NYC Ferry, a NYCEDC initiative with routes planned to travel to all five boroughs, was launched in 2017.

Identified by their color and taxi medallion, the city's 13,587 yellow taxicabs are the only vehicles allowed to pick up riders making street hails throughout the city. Apple green-colored boro taxis can pick up street hails in Upper Manhattan and the four outer boroughs. Long dominated by yellow taxis, high-volume for-hire vehicles from Uber and Lyft have provided the most trips in the city since December 2016, when the for-hire vehicles and cabs each had about 10.5 million trips. By October 2023, the 78,000 vehicles-for-hire combined for 20.3 million trips, while 3.5 million trips were in yellow taxis.

The Roosevelt Island Tramway, an aerial tramway that began operation in 1976, transports 2 million passengers per year the 3,140 feet (960 m) between Roosevelt Island and 59th Street and Second Avenue on Manhattan Island.

Cycling network

Main article: Cycling in New York City
Citi Bike bike share service, which started in May 2013

New York City has mixed cycling conditions which include urban density, relatively flat terrain, congested roadways with stop-and-go traffic, and many pedestrians. The city's large cycling population includes utility cyclists, such as delivery and messenger services; recreational cycling clubs; and an increasing number of commuters. Cycling is increasingly popular in New York City; in 2022 there were approximately 61,200 people who commuted daily using a bicycle and 610,000 daily bike trips, both nearly doubling over the previous decade. As of 2022, New York City had 1,525 miles (2,454 km) of bike lanes, including 644 miles (1,036 km) of segregated or "protected" bike lanes citywide.

Streets and highways

Tourists observing Manhattanhenge on 42nd Street on July 12, 2016

Streets are also a defining feature of the city. New York has been found to lead the world in urban automobile traffic congestion. The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 greatly influenced its physical development. New York City has an extensive web of freeways and parkways, which link the city's boroughs to each other and to North Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut through bridges and tunnels. Because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who commute into Manhattan, it is common for motorists to be stranded for hours in dense traffic congestion that is a daily occurrence, particularly during rush hour. Congestion pricing in New York City was activated in January 2025, applying to most motor vehicular traffic using the area of Manhattan south of 60th Street, in an effort to encourage commuters to use rapid transit instead. Unlike the rest of the country, New York State prohibits turns on red lights in cities with a population greater than one million, to reduce collisions and increase pedestrian safety. In New York City, therefore, all turns on red lights are illegal unless a sign permitting such maneuvers is present.

Bridges and tunnels

Further information: List of bridges and tunnels in New York City and Commissioners' Plan of 1811
The Manhattan Bridge and Brooklyn Bridge on the East River

The boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are located on islands with the same names, while Queens and Brooklyn are at the west end of the larger Long Island, and the Bronx is on New York State's mainland. Manhattan Island is linked to the outer boroughs and to New Jersey by an extensive network of bridges and tunnels. The 14-lane George Washington Bridge, connecting Manhattan to New Jersey across the Hudson River, is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge. The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, spanning the Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten Island, is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest. The Brooklyn Bridge, with its stone neo-Gothic suspension towers, is an icon of the city; opened in 1883, it was the first steel-wire suspension bridge and was the longest suspension bridge in the world until 1903. The Queensboro Bridge "was the longest cantilever span in North America" from 1909 to 1917. The Manhattan Bridge, opened in 1909, "is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges", and its design "served as the model for the major long-span suspension bridges" of the early 20th century. The Throgs Neck Bridge and Whitestone Bridge connect Queens and the Bronx, while the Triborough Bridge connects Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx.

Lincoln Tunnel

The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world. The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927. The Queens–Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940. The Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel (officially the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel) is the longest continuous underwater vehicular tunnel in North America and runs underneath Battery Park, connecting the Financial District, Manhattan, to Red Hook, Brooklyn.

Government and politics

Main articles: Government of New York City, Politics of New York City, and Elections in New York City

Government

New York City Hall
New York County Courthouse houses the New York Supreme Court and other governmental offices

New York City is a metropolitan municipality with a strong mayor–council form of government. The city government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services.

The City Council is a unicameral body of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries. Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a two consecutive-term limit, (reset after a four-year break). The New York City Administrative Code, the New York City Rules, and The City Record are the code of local laws, compilation of regulations, and official journal, respectively.

Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division, while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System.

New York City is divided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different U.S. district courts: the District Court for the Southern District of New York, whose main courthouse is on Foley Square in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx; and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York, whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and U.S. Court of International Trade are also based on Foley Square.

Politics

Eric Adams, the current Mayor of New York City

The city's mayor is Eric Adams, who was elected in 2021. The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of November 2023, 67% of active registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10.2% are Republicans. New York City has not been carried by a Republican presidential candidate since 1924, and no Republican candidate for statewide office has won all five boroughs since the city was incorporated in 1898. In redistricting following the 2020 census, 14 of New York's 26 congressional districts include portions of New York City.

New York City is a significant source of political fundraising. The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). City residents and businesses also sent an additional $4.1 billion in the 2009–2010 fiscal year to the state than the city received in return.

International relations

Main article: List of sister cities of New York City

In 2006, the sister city program was restructured as New York City Global Partners. New York's historic sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined New York City's partnership network.

New York City Global Partners network
Africa Asia (East) (South) (Southeast) (West) Australia Europe (Central) (East) (North) (South) (West) North America (Canada) (Mexico, Central America, and Caribbean) (United States) South America

Notable people

Main article: List of people from New York City

See also

Notes

  1. The highest point in New York City is Todt Hill.
  2. To distinguish it from the state of New York
  3. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020
  4. Official weather observations for Central Park were conducted at the Arsenal at Fifth Avenue and 64th Street from 1869 to 1919, and at Belvedere Castle since 1919.
  5. 1880 & 1890 figures include part of the Bronx. Beginning with 1900, figures are for consolidated city of five boroughs. Sources: 1698–1771, 1790–1990, 2000 and 2010 Censuses, 2020 Census, and 2023 estimate

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  610. "(Israel) Sister Cities". Tel Aviv. Archived from the original on October 1, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2013.

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