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Ana Betancourt
Born	Ana Betancourt 14 December 1832 Camagüey, Cuba
Died	2 July 1901(1901-07-02) (aged 68) Madrid, Spain
Known for	Support of Cuban independence from Spain and her support of women's emancipation as part of the struggle

Ana Betancourt (14 December 1832 – 7 February 1901) was a Cuban woman who took a leading role in the war of independence from Spain. She is a national heroine in Cuba.

Life

Ana Betancourt was born on 14 December 1832  in Camagüey, Cuba to a wealthy land owning family. When she was 22, she was exposed to revolutionary ideas from her marriage to Ignacio Mora y de la Pera. He was extremely educated and strongly believed in independence.  During the first stage of revolutionary conflict in 1868 known as the Ten Years War, Betancourt turned her home into a command center, supplying rebels with supplies and helping spread propaganda. Weapons were hidden in the house and varying proclamations were written there. Eventually, Spanish officers found Betancourt and she was forced to flee into the jungle. It was at this time she gave her famous speech at the Constitutional Assembly of Cuban patriots at Guáimaro in which she advocated for women having more freedoms in the new government. Betancourt was becoming a well known Mambisa. It was at this time, she, along with her husband contributed to the newspaper, "The Mambí" which highlighted on the contributions of the Mambises in rural areas.

On 9 July 1871, she and her husband were taken by surprise by the Spanish forces. Utilizing quick thinking, Betancourt was able to save her husband  but arthritis in her legs made it impossible to escape. She was kept outdoors under a tree for three months until she escaped captivity in 1871. She hid in Havana but was then exiled to Mexico. Betancourt then spent time in New York where she visited Ulysses Grant, to ask the US to pardon imprisoned Cuban medical students. She then lived in Jamaica, where in 1875 she heard that her husband had been executed. Following her escape she never saw la Pera again. She was to return to Cuba following his death. She eventually left Cuba again, visiting New York and then settling in Spain. She transcribed her husband's war time journal and kept active correspondence with Cuban patriots up until her death. At the age of 69 she was about to return to her native country but contracted fulminating bronchopneumonia and died before she could begin her journey. She died in 1901. Cuba was occupied by the US at time and her remains were unable to be sent to Cuba until 1978. She was then buried in the pantheon of the Revolutionary Armed Forces, in the Cemetery Colón in Havana. After this honor, a mausoleum was erected for her in Guáimaro, the site of her famous speech. She remains there to this day.

Mambisas

The first Cuban war of independence from Spain began in 1868. Women, known as Mambisas, played a significant role in the war in a variety of different ways. These women played active roles in the conflict as insurgents, nurses, and even officers in certain cases. The mambisas supported the cause in more subtle ways as well. They fundraised for the Mambi and organized pro-independence groups while also acting as reporters and journalists. They advocated for both independence as well as increased rights for women. Betancourt is one of the most famous of the Mambisas. Other famous ones include, Melba Hernández, Haydeé Santamaria, Celia Sanchez Manduley, and many more. All of these women helped move the revolution forward.

Speech at the Constituent Assembly of Guáimaro

The Speech at the Constituent Assembly of Guáimaro is one of the first pieces from Cuban feminists during the Cuban revolution. Betancourt gave the speech to the leaders of the Cuban revolutionary when they were taking refuge in the jungles of Guáimaro from the Spanish military. In it, Betancourt looked at the issues of colonialism and slavery and linked them to the struggles of Cuban women. She argued that Cuba had freed enslaved people and should now work to emancipate the woman, and lawmakers should make it a central focus when they create policies following the revolution. Betancourt advocated for women's rights well up until her death.

Commemorations

She is commemorated in the modern Cuba by the Order of Ana Betancourt medal, awarded to Cuban women who "demonstrate revolutionary and internationalist merit and anti-imperialist fidelity and/or great merit in a field of work that contributes to the national interest." Originally this was the highest award of the Federation of Cuban Women, and the order was officially sanctioned in 1979 as a state award. Notable recipients include the Palestinian poet May Sayegh.

In honor of all the work Ana Betancourt did for women, a series of schools have been created in her honor across Cuba. The Ana Betancourt schools were established originally in the 1960s. The school's purpose was to get rural girls up to a sixth grade education and had two coinciding goals. They wanted to both instill revolutionary ideals along with vocational skills, and provide opportunities for prostitutes and those employed in domestic service to join the work force. In the beginning year alone over 6,000 rural girls were brought in for six month programs. Looking towards post-revolutionary years, a number of Ana Betancourt Schools still exist in Cuba today and continue to serve communities of women in both urban and rural parts of Cuba.

References

Citations

1. K. Lynn Stoner; Luiś Hipólito Serrano Pérez, eds. (2000). Cuban and Cuban American women : an annotated bibliography (1st ed.). Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources. p. 9. ISBN 0842026436.
2. ^ "Ana Betancourt: An imperishable Cuban woman". Workers World. 25 February 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
3. Volo, Lorraine Bayard de (1 February 2018). Women and the Cuban Insurrection: How Gender Shaped Castro's Victory. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-83609-5.
4. Stoner, K. Lynn (1991). From the house to the streets : the Cuban woman's movement for legal reform, 1898-1940. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 22–23. ISBN 0822311496.
5. ^ Ferrer, Ada (2008). "Review of Mambisas: Rebel Women in Nineteenth-Century Cuba". NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 82 (3/4): 293–295. ISSN 1382-2373. JSTOR 43390746.
6. ^ Shaffer, Alysia (2017). What Women Want: Emancipation, Cuban Women, and the New Man Ideology (MA thesis). University of Toledo. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
7. ^ Boelts, Sarah (June 2021). "(Em)bodied Exiles in Contemporary Cuban Literature: Zoé Valdés and Mayra Montero" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
8. Janda, Margaret Randall with photographs by Judy (1981). Women in Cuba : twenty years later. New York: Smyrna Press. p. 56. ISBN 0918266149.
9. Maloof, Judy (1999). Voices of resistance : testimonies of Cuban and Chilean women. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. p. 30. ISBN 0813120799.
10. ^ Voices of Resistance: Testimonies of Cuban and Chilean Women (1 ed.). University Press of Kentucky. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8131-2079-9. JSTOR j.ctt130hvk0.
11. Chase, Michelle (1 January 2011). "The Country and the City in the Cuban Revolution" (PDF). Colombia Internacional. 73 (73): 121–142. doi:10.7440/colombiaint73.2011.06.

Sources

• Mariano Jimenez II and Mariano G. Jiménez (September 2005). "Ana Betancourt en Patriotas Cubanas" (in Spanish). Guije.com. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
• "Ana Betancourt Order". Orders and Medals Society of America. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
• Lázaro David Najarro Pujo. "Ana Betancourt de Mora: A history, a woman, a city". Radio Cadena Agramonte. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
• Stoner, K. Lynn (2000). Cuban and Cuban-American Women: An Annotated Bibliography. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8420-2643-6.
• Smith, Lois M.; Padula, Alfred (1996). Sex and Revolution: Women in Socialist Cuba. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509491-3.
• Maloof, Judy, ed. "Women and the Cuban Revolution." In Voices of Resistance: Testimonies of Cuban and Chilean Women, 1st ed., 21–40. University Press of Kentucky, 1999
• Boelts, Sarah. "(Em)bodied Exiles in Contemporary Cuban Literature: Zoé Valdés and Mayra Montero". University of Minnesota, 2010.
• Chase, Michelle. "The Country and the City in the Cuban Revolution." Colombia Internacional 73, (2011): 121–142.
• Enríquez, Rosa María Olivia; Ildefonso Gustavo Díaz Sandoval (23 February 2020). "Ana Betancourt: An Imperishable Cuban Woman". Workers World. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
• Shaffer, Alysia. "What Women Want: Emancipation, Cuban Women, and the New Man Ideology," 2017.
• Brenner, Philip, and Peter Eisner. "Struggle for Independence, 1868-1898." Essay. In Cuba Libre: A 500-Year Quest for Independence. Lanham, Mar.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2018.
• Volo, Lorraine Bayard de. "A Movement Is Born: Military Defeat and Political Victory at Moncada." Essay. In Women and the Cuban Insurrection How Gender Shaped Castro's Victory. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
• Ferrer, Ada. "Mambisa's: Rebel Women in 19th Century Cuba"by Teresa Pradostorreira. New West Indian Guide 82, (2008): 293–95.

External links

Media related to Ana Betancourt at Wikimedia Commons

• 1832 births
• 1901 deaths
• Cuban feminists
• Cuban rebels
• 19th-century Cuban women
• 19th-century Cuban people
• Cuban women activists
• Cuban women's rights activists
• People of the Ten Years' War
• Women in 19th-century warfare
• Women in war in Spain
• Women in war in the Caribbean
• Female revolutionaries