| Revision as of 00:44, 17 November 2008 edit97.106.33.214 (talk)No edit summary← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 11:49, 16 August 2015 edit undoJenks24 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users77,470 edits add short explanation following style used at Talk:Jelly/Old history | ||
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| This is the old page history that used to be at the title ]. Its accompanying talk page is still located at ] and a fuller explanation of how this came to be can be found there. The history here has been preserved for ], do not delete it. ] (]) 11:48, 16 August 2015 (UTC) | |||
| {{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}} | |||
| {{redirect|WTC|the Internet Slang meaning What the Crap|Internet slang}} | |||
| {{otheruses}} | |||
| {{Infobox Skyscraper | |||
| |building_name=World Trade Center | |||
| |image=] | |||
| |caption= The World Trade Center's Twin Towers | |||
| |previous_building=] | |||
| |year_built= 1972 | |||
| |surpassed_by_building=] | |||
| |year_highest=1972 | |||
| |year_end=1973 | |||
| |location=], ], U.S. | |||
| |height_meters=417 | |||
| |height_feet=1,368 | |||
| |height_stories=110 | |||
| |construction_period=1966-1973 | |||
| |status= ] on ] | |||
| |re-construction_period=2006-Present | |||
| |completed=1973 | |||
| |emporis_id=131020 | |||
| |antenna_spire=1,727 ft (526.3 m) <ref>, source:Federal Communications Commission</ref> | |||
| |roof=1,368 ft (417.0 m) | |||
| |top_floor=1,355 ft (413.0 m) | |||
| |floor_area=8.6 million sq ft<br/>800,000 m² (1 & 2) | |||
| |elevator_count=198 (1 & 2) | |||
| |architect=], ] | |||
| |engineer= ], Leslie E. Robertson Associates | |||
| |contractor= ] | |||
| |developer= | |||
| |owner= ] | |||
| }} | |||
| The '''World Trade Center''' in ], United States (sometimes informally the '''WTC''' or '''Twin Towers''') was a complex of seven buildings in ] that were attacked by ] on September 11, 2001. It was mostly designed by ]-based architect ] and engineer ] and developed by the ]. It was initiated in 1960 by a Lower Manhattan Association created and chaired by ], who had the original idea of building the center, with strong backing from the then-], his brother ].<ref>, '']'' September 8, 2002.</ref> The World Trade Center, New York, like most World Trade Centers located around the globe, belonged to the family of ]. Prior to its destruction, ] held the most recent lease to the complex, the Port Authority having leased it to him in July 2001.<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=]|date=July 21, 2001 | url=http://www.panynj.gov/pr/pressrelease.php3?id=80 | title=Governor Pataki, Acting Governor DiFrancesco Laud Historic Port Authority Agreement To Privatize World Trade Center}}</ref> The complex, located in the heart of New York City's downtown financial district, contained 13.4 million square feet (1.24 million m²) of office space, almost four percent of Manhattan's entire office inventory at that time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buildings.com/Articles/detail.asp?ArticleID=341 |author=Buildings.com |title= Four Percent of Manhattan's Total Office Space Was Destroyed in the World Trade Center Attack}}</ref> | |||
| Best known for its iconic 110-story twin towers (101 usable floors, eight engineering-only "service" floors on top of a lobby which was six stories high and 80') the World Trade Center was beset by a fire on February 13, 1975 and ] on February 26, 1993. | |||
| All seven original buildings in the complex were destroyed during the ]. Three of the buildings collapsed: ] (1 WTC, the '''North Tower'''), ] (2 WTC, the '''South Tower'''), and ] (7 WTC). The ] (3 WTC) was crushed by the collapses of 1 WTC and 2 WTC. ] (4 WTC), ] (5 WTC), and ] (6 WTC) were damaged beyond repair and later demolished. Three buildings not part of the complex were also destroyed: ] was destroyed by the collapse of 2 WTC. The ] was damaged beyond repair by the explosions and collapse of 1 and 2 WTC; and ]'s ] was damaged beyond repair by the collapse of 7 WTC; these are currently being ]. | |||
| ==Planning and construction== | |||
| {{main|Construction of the World Trade Center}} | |||
| The idea of establishing a "]" in New York City was first proposed in 1946, with a bill passed by the ] that allowed New York Governor ] to begin developing plans for the project.<ref name="nyt-07061946">{{cite news |title=Dewey Picks Board for Trade Center |publisher=The New York Times |date=July 6, 1946}}</ref> In 1949, plans for a "world trade center" were put on hold.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lets Port Group Disband, State Senate for Dissolution of World Trade Corporation |publisher=The New York Times |date=March 11, 1949}}</ref> In the late 1940s and 1950s, economic growth in New York City was concentrated in ], with Lower Manhattan left out. To help stimulate ], ] suggested that the Port Authority should build a "world trade center" in ].<ref name="gillespie-ch1">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |date=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |chapter=Chapter 1 |publisher=Rutgers University Press}}</ref> | |||
| Initial plans, made public in 1961, identified a site along the ] for the World Trade Center.<ref name="gillespie-ch1"/> The Port Authority, as a bi-state agency, required approval from both the governors of New York and New Jersey in order to undertake new proects. New Jersey Governor ] objected to the plan, resenting that New York would be getting this $335 million project.<ref name="gillespie-ch1"/> Toward the end of 1961, negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner regarding the World Trade Center project reached a stalemate.<ref name="nyt-1961dec29"/> | |||
| Meanwhile, ridership on New Jersey's ] (H&M) had declined substantially from a high of 113 million riders in 1927 to 26 million in 1958, after new automobile tunnels and bridges opened across the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Rails Under the Mighty Hudson |author=Cudahy, Brian J. |publisher=Fordham University Press |year=2002 |pages=p. 56}}</ref> In a December 1961 meeting between Tobin and newly elected New Jersey Governor ], the Port Authority offered to take over the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad, which was renamed the ] (PATH). The Port Authority also decided to move the World Trade Center project to the ] building site, on the west side of Lower Manhattan, which was a more convenient location for New Jersey commuters, who could get to the World Trade Center via PATH.<ref name="nyt-1961dec29">{{cite news |title=Port Unit Backs Linking of H&M and Other Lines |author=Grutzner, Charles |publisher=The New York Times |date=December 29, 1961}}</ref> The new location, along with Port Authority acquisition of the H&M Railroad, brought New Jersey to agreement on January 22, 1962, in support of the World Trade Center project.<ref>{{cite news |title=2 States Agree on Hudson Tubes and Trade Center |author=Wright, George Cable |date=January 23, 1962 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> | |||
| Approval was also needed from New York City Mayor ] and the ], with disagreements centering on tax issues. A final agreement was made on August 3, 1966, that the Port Authority would make annual payments to the City, in lieu of taxes, for the portion of the World Trade Center leased to private tenants.<ref>{{cite news |title=City Ends Fight with Port Body on Trade Center |author=Smith, Terence |date=August 4, 1966 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> In subsequent years, the payments would rise as the ] rate increased.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mayor Signs Pact on Trade Center |author=Smith, Terence |publisher=The New York Times |date=January 26, 1967}}</ref> | |||
| ===Architectural design=== | |||
| On September 20, 1962, the Port Authority announced the selection of ] as lead architect, and ] as associate architects.<ref>{{cite news |title=Architect Named for Trade Center |author=Esterow, Milton |date=September 21, 1962 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> Yamasaki devised the plan to incorporate twin towers, though Yamasaki's original plan called for the towers to be only 80 stories tall.<ref name="nyt-1964jan19a">{{cite news |title=A New Era Heralded |author=Huxtable, Ada Louise |publisher=The New York Times |date=January 19, 1964}}</ref> In order to meet the Port Authority's requirement to build 10 million ] (930,000 m²) of office space, the buildings would each need to be 110 stories tall.<ref name="huxtable">{{cite news |title=Biggest Buildings Herald New Era |author=Huxtable, Ada Louise |date=January 26, 1964 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| A major limiting factor in building heights is elevators; the taller the building, the more ]s are needed to service the building, requiring more space-consuming elevator banks.<ref name="huxtable"/> Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system with sky lobbies, which are floors where people can switch from a large-capacity express elevator, which goes only to the sky lobbies, to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section (the local elevators can be stacked within the same elevator shaft). Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower, the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently, while also increasing the amount of usable space on each floor from 62 to 75 percent by reducing the number of required elevator shafts.<ref>{{cite book |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |pages=p. 9 |author=Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino |date=September 2005}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gillespie |first=Angus K. |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |year=1999 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |chapter=Chapter 2}}</ref> Altogether, the World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators.<ref name="ruchelman-p11">{{cite book |title=The World Trade Center: Politics and Policies of Skyscraper Development. |author=Ruchelman, Leonard I. |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1977 |pages=p. 11}}</ref> This system was inspired by the ] system, whose lines include local stations where local trains stop and express stations where all trains stop.<ref name="gillespie-p76">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=Rutgers University Press |pages=p. 76}}</ref> | |||
| Yamasaki's design for the World Trade Center, which was unveiled to the public on January 18, 1964, called for a square plan, approximately 207 feet (63 m) in dimension on each side.<ref name="nyt-1964jan19a"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |pages=p. 7 |author=Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino |date=September 2005}}</ref> The buildings were designed with narrow office windows, only 18 ]es (45 ]) wide, which reflected on Yamasaki's ] and desire to make building occupants feel secure.<ref name="pekala">{{cite news |title=Profile of a lost landmark; World Trade Center |publisher=Journal of Property Management |date=2001-11-01 |author=Pekala, Nancy}}</ref> Yamasaki's design included building facades sheathed in aluminum-alloy.<ref name="nyt-1966may29">{{cite news |title=Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Buildings |author=Huxtable, Ada Louise |date=May 29, 1966 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> The World Trade Center was one of the most striking American implementations of the architectural ethic of ], as well as the seminal expression of Yamasaki's gothic modernist tendencies. In addition to the twin towers, the plan for the World Trade Center complex included four other low-rise buildings; Altogether, the World Trade Center complex occupied a {{convert|16|acre|m2}} ]. | |||
| ===Structural design=== | |||
| The structural engineering firm Worthington, Skilling, Helle & Jackson worked to implement Yamasaki's design, developing the tube-frame structural system used in the buildings. The Port Authority's Engineering Department served as ], Joseph R. Loring & Associates as ], and Jaros, Baum & Bolles as ]. ] was the ] on the World Trade Center project. Guy F. Tozzoli, director of the World Trade Department at the Port Authority, and the Port Authority's Chief Engineer, Rino M. Monti, oversaw the project.<ref>{{cite book |author=National Construction Safety Team |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf |format =PDF | title=Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers |publisher=NIST |chapter=Chapter 1 |date=September 2005 |pages=p. 1}}</ref> As an interstate agency, the Port Authority was not subject to local laws and regulations of the City of New York, including ]s. Nonetheless, the structural engineers of the World Trade Center ended up following draft versions of the new 1968 building codes.<ref>{{cite book |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |pages=p. xxxviii |author=Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino |date=September 2005}}</ref> | |||
| The tube-frame design of the World Trade Center towers was a new approach, which allowed open floor plans, rather than ]s distributed throughout the interior to support building loads as had traditionally been done. The World Trade Center towers utilized high-strength, load-bearing perimeter ] columns called ] that were spaced closely together to form a strong, rigid wall structure, which supported virtually all lateral loads, such as wind loads, and shared the gravity loads with the core columns. The perimeter structure, which contained 59 perimeter columns, narrowly spaced, on each side of the buildings, was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces, which consisted of three columns, three stories tall, connected by ] plates.<ref name="NIST-chapter1">{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf |title=Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center (chapter 1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) |month=September | year=2005|format=PDF}}</ref> The spandrel plates were welded to the columns to create the modular pieces off-site at the fabrication shop.<ref>{{cite book |author=National Construction Safety Team |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf |format =PDF |title=Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers |publisher=NIST |date=September 2005 |pages=p. 8}}</ref> Adjacent modules were bolted together, with the splices occurring at mid-span of the columns and spandrels. The spandrel plates were located at each floor, transmitting ] between columns, allowing them to work together in resisting lateral loads. The joints between modules were staggered vertically, so the column splices between adjacent modules were not at the same floor.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> | |||
| The building's core housed the elevator and utility shafts, restrooms, three stairwells, and other support spaces. The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet (27 by 41 m), and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> The large, column-free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses. The floors supported their own weight, as well as ], provided lateral stability to the exterior walls, and distributed wind loads among the exterior walls. The floors consisted of 4 inch (10 cm) thick lightweight ] slabs laid on a fluted steel deck. A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the floors.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns, and were on 6 foot 8 inch (2.03 m) centers. The top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the core columns on the interior side. The floors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with ] dampers, which helped reduce the amount of sway felt by building occupants. The trusses supported a {{convert|4|in|mm|sing=on}} thick (10 cm) lightweight concrete floor slab, with shear connections for composite action.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> | |||
| Hat ]es (or "outrigger truss") located from the 107th floor to the top of the buildings were designed to support a tall communication ] on top of each building.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> Only 1 WTC (north tower) actually had an antenna fitted, which was added in 1978.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/sfeature/sf_building.html |title=New York: A Documentary Film - The Center of the World (Construction Footage) |publisher = Port Authority / PBS |accessdate=2007-05-16}}</ref> The truss system consisted of six trusses along the long axis of the core and four along the short axis. This truss system allowed some load redistribution between the perimeter and core columns and supported the transmission tower.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> | |||
| The tube frame design using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed-on fire resistant material created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind, compared to traditional structures such as the ] that have thick, heavy ] for ] of steel structural elements.<ref>{{cite book |title=City in the Sky |author=Glanz, James and Eric Lipton |pages=p. 138 |publisher=Times Books |year=2003}}</ref> During the design process, ] tests were done to establish design wind pressures that the World Trade Center towers could be subjected to and structural response to those forces.<ref>{{cite book |title=Design and Construction of Structural Systems (NCSTAR 1-1A) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |pages=p. 65 |author=Fanella, David A., Arnaldo T. Derecho, S.K. Ghosh |date=September 2005}}</ref> Experiments also were done to evaluate how much sway occupants could comfortably tolerate, however many subjects experienced ] and other ill effects.<ref>{{cite book |title=City in the Sky |author=Glanz, James and Eric Lipton |pages=p. 139-144 |publisher=Times Books |year=2003}}</ref> One of the chief engineers ] worked with Canadian engineer Alan G. Davenport to develop viscoelastic ] to absorb some of the sway. These viscoelastic dampers, used throughout the structures at the joints between floor trusses and perimeter columns, along with some other structural modifications reduced the building sway to an acceptable level.<ref>{{cite book |title=City in the Sky |author=Glanz, James and Eric Lipton |pages=p. 160-167 |publisher=Times Books |year=2003}}</ref> | |||
| ===Construction=== | |||
| ] and ] seen in Midtown, 1970]] | |||
| In March 1965, the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site.<ref>{{cite news |title=Port Agency Buys Downtown Tract |author=Ingraham, Joseph C. |date=March 29, 1965 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> Demolition work began on March 21, 1966 to clear thirteen square blocks of low rise buildings in ] for construction of the World Trade Center.<ref name="gillespie-p61">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=Rutgers University Press |pages=p. 61}}</ref> Groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center took place on August 5, 1966.<ref>{{cite book |author=Federal Emergency Management Agency |month=May | year=2002 |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study |chapter=Chapter 1 |url=http://www.fema.gov/rebuild/mat/mat_fema403.shtm}}</ref> | |||
| The site of the World Trade Center was located on landfill, with the bedrock located {{convert|65|ft|m}} below.<ref name="iglauer">{{cite news |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/content/articles/010924fr_archive02 |title=The Biggest Foundation |author=Iglauer, Edith |date=November 4, 1972 |publisher=The New Yorker}}</ref> In order to construct the World Trade Center, it was necessary to build the "]", with a ] along the ] side of the site, which serves the purpose of keeping water from the Hudson River out.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tall Towers will Sit on Deep Foundations |last=Kapp |first=Martin S |publisher=Engineering News Record |date=July 9, 1964}}</ref> The slurry method, devised by Port Authority’s chief engineer, John M. Kyle, Jr., involved digging a ], and as ] proceeded, filling the space with a "slurry" mixture, composed of ], which plugged holes and kept water out. When the trench was dug out, a steel cage was inserted, with concrete poured in, forcing the "slurry" out.<ref name="gillespie-p68">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=Rutgers University Press |pages=p. 68}}</ref> It took fourteen months for the slurry wall to be completed, which was necessary before excavation of material from the interior of the site could begin.<ref name="gillespie-p68"/> The 1.2 million ]s (917,000 ]) of material excavated were used to expand the ] shoreline across West Street, creating ].<ref name="gillespie-p71">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=Rutgers University Press |pages=p. 71}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New York Gets $90 Million Worth of Land for Nothing |publisher=Engineering News Record |date=April 18, 1968}}</ref> | |||
| In January 1967, the Port Authority awarded $74 million in contracts to various steel suppliers, and ] was hired to erect the steel.<ref name="nyt-1967jan24">{{cite news |title=Contracts Totaling $74,079,000 Awarded for the Trade Center |publisher=The New York Times |date=January 24, 1967}}</ref> ] was hired in February 1967 to oversee construction of the project.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trade Center Job To Go To Tishman |author=Kihss, Peter |publisher=The New York Times |date=February 27, 1967}}</ref> Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968, while construction South Tower was underway in January 1969.<ref name="pbstimeline">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/timeline/index.html |title=Timeline: World Trade Center chronology |publisher=PBS - American Experience |accessdate=2007-05-15}}</ref> The original ], which carried PATH trains into Hudson Terminal, remained in service as elevated tunnels during the construction process until 1971, when a new ] opened.<ref>{{cite news |author=Carroll, Maurice |title=A Section of the Hudson Tubes is Turned into Elevated Tunnel |date=December 30, 1968 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> Nearby ] tubes also needed protection during construction, so that service was not interrupted.{{fact|date=October 2008}} | |||
| The ] ceremony of 1 WTC (North Tower) took place on December 23, 1970, while 2 WTC's ceremony (South Tower) occurred later on July 19, 1971.<ref name="pbstimeline"/> The first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970, and into the South Tower in January 1972.<ref>{{cite book |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |pages=p. xxxvi |author=Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino |date=September 2005}}</ref> When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed, the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $900 million.<ref name="Cudahy">{{cite book |author=Cudahy, Brian J. |year=2002 |title=Rails Under the Mighty Hudson: The Story of the Hudson Tubes, the Pennsy Tunnels, and Manhattan Transfer |chapter=Chapter 3 |publisher=Fordham University Press}}</ref> The ribbon cutting ceremony was on April 4, 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/World_Trade_Center.html |publisher=Greatbuildings.com |title=World Trade Center - Minoru Yamasaki |accessdate=2006-04-06}}</ref> | |||
| ===Criticism=== | |||
| Plans to build the World Trade Center were not without controversy. The site for the World Trade Center was the location of ], which was home to hundreds of commercial and industrial tenants, property owners, small businesses, and approximately 100 residents, many of whom fiercely resisted forced relocation.<ref name="gillespie-ch1"/> A group of small businesses affected filed ], challenging the Port Authority's power of ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Injunction Asked on Trade Center |date=June 27, 1962 |publisher=The New York Times |author=Clark, Alfred E.}}</ref> The case made its way through the court system, reaching the ], which refused to accept the case.<ref name="nyt-1963nov13">{{cite news |title=High Court Plea is Lost by Foes of Trade Center |author=Arnold, Martin |publisher=The New York Times |date=November 13, 1963}}</ref><ref> - ''Courtesy Sandwich Shop, Inc., et al. v. Port of New York Authority''</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| Private ] developers and members of the Real Estate Board of New York, led by ] owner Lawrence A. Wien, also expressed concerns about this much "subsidized" office space going on the open market, competing with the private sector when there was already a glut of vacancies.<ref name="gillespie-ch1"/><ref>{{cite news |title=New Fight Begun on Trade Center |author=Knowles, Clayton |date=February 14, 1964 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> Others questioned whether the Port Authority really ought to take on the project, which was described by some as a "mistaken social priority."<ref>{{cite news |title=Kheel Urges Port Authority to Sell Trade Center |date=November 12, 1969 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> Initially conceived (as the name suggests) as a complex dedicated to companies and organizations directly taking part in "world trade," they at first failed to attract the expected clientèle. During the early years, various governmental organizations became key tenants of the World Trade Center, including the ]. It was not until the 1980s that the city's perilous financial state eased, after which an increasing number of private companies — mostly financial firms tied to ] — became tenants. | |||
| The World Trade Center design brought criticism of its aesthetics from the ] and other groups.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marring City's Skyline |author=Steese, Edward |date=March 10, 1964 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1966may29"/> ], author of '']'' and other works on ], criticized the project and described it and other new skyscrapers as "just glass-and-metal filing cabinets."<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumford Finds City Strangled By Excess of Cars and People |author=Whitman, Alden |publisher=The New York Times |date=March 22, 1967}}</ref> The twin towers' narrow office windows, only {{convert|18|in|mm}} wide, were also disliked by many for impairing the view from the buildings.<ref name="pekala">{{cite news |title=Profile of a lost landmark; World Trade Center |publisher=Journal of Property Management |date=November 1, 2001 |author=Pekala, Nancy}}</ref> | |||
| The trade center's "]", which replaced a more traditional, dense neighborhood, was regarded by some critics as an inhospitable environment that disrupted the complicated traffic network typical of Manhattan. For example, in his book ''The Pentagon of Power'', the technical historian ] denounced the center as an "example of the purposeless ] and technological exhibitionism that are now eviscerating the living tissue of every great city." On the other hand, Mr. Yamasaki saw the expanse as a focal point of serenity amidst the chaos of the city. | |||
| For many years, the immense Austin J. Tobin Plaza was unwelcoming, and often beset by brisk winds at the ground level.<ref>{{cite news |title=At New Trade Center, Seeking Lively (but Secure) Streets |publisher=''The New York Times'' |date=December 7, 2006 |author=Dunlap, David W}}</ref> In 1999, the outdoor plaza reopened after undergoing $12 million renovations, which involved replacing ] pavers with gray and pink ] stones, adding new benches, planters, new restaurants and food kiosks, and outdoor dining areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panynj.gov/pr/71-99.html |title=World Trade Center Plaza Reopens with Summer-long Performing Arts Festival |publisher=PANYNJ |date=June 9, 1999}}</ref> In later years, the plaza became a center for outdoor concerts and other activities. | |||
| ==The complex== | |||
| ===The Twin Towers=== | |||
| ] | |||
| With construction of ] in the 1980s, the World Trade Center had a total of seven buildings, but the most notable were the main twin towers which were each 110 stories tall. 1 WTC (the North Tower, which featured a {{convert|360|ft|m|sing=on}} high TV and radio antenna added in 1978, stood 1,368 ] (417 ]) high, and 2 WTC (the South Tower, which contained the observation deck, was 1,362 feet (415 m) high.<ref name="height">{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/cx/?id=100329 |publisher=Emporis |title=World Trade Center, New York City |accessdate=2006-04-13}}</ref> The length and breadth of the towers were 208 feet (63.4 m) x 208 feet (63.4 m). Although only Tower 1 featured an antenna, both buildings were designed to carry a broadcast mast. The basement concourse of the World Trade Center included ], along with a ]. | |||
| When completed in 1972, 1 WTC became the tallest building on Earth, unseating the Empire State Building after a 40-year reign. 2 WTC became the second tallest building in the world when completed in 1973. 2 WTC did not need these facilities, so it remained {{convert|1362|ft|m}}. Regardless, the WTC towers held the height record only briefly. As the building neared completion in 1973, work had already begun on ]'s ], which ultimately reached 1,450 feet (442 m).<ref>{{cite web | title = Sears Tower Building Information | url = http://www.thesearstower.com/buildinginfo.axis?type=n&name=Property%20Profile | accessdate = 2006-09-11 }}</ref> During a press conference in 1973, ] was asked, "Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one 220-story building?" His response was: "I didn't want to lose the human scale".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.enr.com/new/A0816.asp |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20020611065443/http://www.enr.com/new/A0816.asp |archivedate=2002-06-11 |title=1973: World Trade Center Is Dynamic Duo of Height |publisher=Engineering News-Record |date=1999-08-16}}</ref> With the World Trade Center's destruction, the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York, after spending almost 30 years as the third-tallest in the city. | |||
| Of the 110 stories, eight were set aside for technical services (]s) Level B6/B5, Floors 7/8, 41/42, 75/76 and 108/109, in four two-floor areas evenly spread up the building. All the remaining floors were free for open-plan offices. Each floor of the towers had {{convert|40000|sqft|m2}} of space for ].<ref name="ruchelman-p11"/> Each tower had 3.8 million ] (350,000 ]) of office space. Altogether the entire complex of seven buildings had 11.2 million square feet (1.04 km²) of space. | |||
| ] | |||
| During the 1990s, approximately 500 companies had offices in the complex, including many financial companies such as ], ], ], as well as the Port Authority itself. Electrical service to the towers was supplied by Consolidated Edison (ConEd) at 13,800 volts. This service passed through the World Trade Center Primary Distribution Center (PDC) and sent up through the core of the building to electrical substations located on the mechanical floors. The substations "stepped" the 13,800 primary voltage down to 480/277 volt secondary power and further to 120/208 volt general power and lighting service. The complex also was served by emergency generators located in the sublevels of the towers and on the roof of 5 WTC.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=]|url=http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch2.pdf|accessdate=2007-03-08|title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study|quote=Six 1,200-kilowatt(kW) emergency power generators located in the sixth basement (B-6) level provided a secondary power supply.|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|quote=E-J Electric set four generators on the roof of Tower 5, which was nine stories, as opposed to the 110-story Towers 1 and 2. E-J then ran high-voltage feeder cable to Towers 1, 2, 4 and 5, installed three substations and distributed power to the tenants.|publisher=CEE News|date=January 1, 2001|accessdate=2007-03-08|url=http://september11.ceenews.com/ar/electric_towering_security_2/index.htm|author=Amy Florence Fischbach|title=Towering security}}</ref> | |||
| The 110th Floor of 1 WTC (North Tower) housed commercial and public service radio & television transmission equipment. The roof of 1 WTC contained a vast array of transmission antennas, including the 360 ft (approx 110m) center antenna mast, which was rebuilt in 1999 by Dielectric Inc. to accommodate ]. The center mast contained the television signals for almost all NYC television broadcasters: ] 2, ] 4, ] 5, ] 7, ] 9 ], ] 11, ] 13 ], ] 31, and ] 47. It also had four NYC FM broadcasters on it as well: ] 93.1, ] 93.9, ] 89.9, and ] 103.5.<ref></ref> Access to the roof was controlled from the WTC Operations Control Center (OCC) located in the B1 level of 2 WTC. | |||
| ===Observation deck and Windows on the World=== | |||
| ] from the observation deck of the south tower which received an estimated 80,000 visitors a day, during the late 1990s.]] | |||
| Although most of the space in the WTC complex was off-limits to the public, 2 WTC (South Tower) featured a public observation area named "Top Of The World." When visiting the observation deck, visitors would first pass through security checks added after the 1993 ]. Next, visitors were whisked to the 107th floor indoor ] at a height of 1,310 feet (399 m) and greeted with a 360-degree view of the New York City skyline, and exhibitions including a three-dimensional scale model of Manhattan, and a simulated helicopter ride around the city. Weather permitting, visitors could take two short escalator rides up from the 107th floor and visit what was the world's highest outdoor viewing platform. At a height of 1,377 feet (420 m), visitors were able to take in a view of the North Tower and ] unlike any other. On a clear day, visitors could see up to 49 ]s (78 ]) in any given direction. An anti-] fence was placed on the roof itself, with the viewing platform set back and elevated above it, requiring only an ordinary railing and leaving the view unobstructed, unlike the observation deck of the ]. | |||
| The North Tower (1 WTC) had a restaurant on the 107th floor called ], which was an elegant restaurant known as a place for big celebrations, such as weddings. Windows on the World, which was developed by ] at a cost of more than $17 million, opened in April 1976.<ref name="zraly">{{cite book |title=Windows on the World Complete Wine Course |author=Zraly, Kevin |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company |date=2006 |pages=p. 260}}</ref> Aside from the main restaurant, two offshoots were also originally located at the top of the North Tower: "Hors d'Oeuvrerie" (offered a ] during the day and sushi in the evening) and "Cellar in the Sky" (a small wine bar).<ref name="grimes">{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E0D9153BF93AA2575AC0A9679C8B63&sec=travel&spon=&pagewanted=all |title=Windows That Rose So Close To the Sun |date=2001-09-19 |publisher=The New York Times |author=Grimes, William}}</ref> Windows on the World also had a wine school program, run by ]. Windows on the World was closed for a period of time following the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, reopening in 1996.<ref name="zraly"/> Hors d'Oeuvrerie and Cellar in the Sky were replaced with the "Greatest Bar on Earth" and "Wild Blue".<ref name="grimes"/> In its last full year of operation, 2000, Windows on the World reported revenues of $37 million, making it the highest-grossing restaurant in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DA103AF937A35755C0A9649C8B63 |title=Windows on the World Workers Say Their Boss Didn't Do Enough |author=Greenhouse, Steven |date=2002-06-04 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> | |||
| ===The other buildings=== | |||
| ], May 2001.]] | |||
| Five smaller buildings stood around the 16-] (65,000 m²) block. One was the 22-floor hotel which opened in 1981 as the Vista Hotel and in 1995 became the ] (3 WTC) at the southwest corner of the site. Three low-rise buildings (4 WTC, 5 WTC, and 6 WTC) in the same hollow tube design as the towers also stood around the plaza. ], at the northwest corner, housed the ] and the ]. ] was located at the northeast corner, above the ], and ] was at the southeast corner. In 1987, a 47-floor office building called ] was built north of the block. Beneath the World Trade Center complex was an ], which in turn had connections to various mass transit facilities, including the ] system and the Port Authority's own ] trains connecting Manhattan to ], Hoboken, and Newark. | |||
| One of the world's largest ] depositories was stored underneath the World Trade Center, owned by a group of commercial banks. The 1993 bomb detonated close to the vault, but it withstood the explosion, as did the towers. Seven weeks after the September 11 attacks, $230 million in precious metals were removed from basement vaults of 4 WTC, which included 3,800 100-Troy-ounce registered gold bars and 30,000 1,000-ounce ] bars.<ref> – Buried WTC gold returns to futures trade</ref> | |||
| ==Life and events== | |||
| On a typical weekday 50,000 people worked in the towers,<ref name="ruchelman-p11"/> with another 200,000 passing through as visitors. The complex was so large that it had its own ], ]. The towers offered spectacular views from the observation deck (located on top of the South Tower) and the ] restaurant (located on top of the North Tower). The Twin Towers became known worldwide, appearing in movies, TV shows, postcards, merchandise, magazines and much more, and became a New York icon, in the same league as the ] and ]. French high wire acrobatic performer ] walked between the towers on a tightrope in 1974, Brooklyn toymaker ] scaled the south tower in 1977, and high-rise firefighting/rescue advocate ] climbed the North Tower in 1983. | |||
| The ], between ] and ], was played on the 107th floor of the South Tower.<ref>, September 17 2001</ref> In January 1998, ] collected three men, Melvin, Richie, and Mike Reed to steal up towards 2.8 Million dollars from One World Brink bank on the eleventh floor of the World Trade Center. The heist was completed, however only 1.6 Million was stolen, mostly in Italian ], ]s, and ]. Subsequently all four were arrested; Ralph became an ] for the ] against the ] which operated out of ]. | |||
| ===February 13, 1975 fire=== | |||
| On February 13, 1975, a three-alarm fire broke out on the 11th floor of the North Tower, with fire spreading through the core from the 9th to 14th floors where electrical wiring was damaged. The fire ignited the insulation of telephone cables in a utility shaft that ran vertically between floors. The fire spread to other floors through openings in the floor slabs that were used to carry phone wires. The fires on other floors were extinguished almost immediately, and the main fire was put out in a few hours. Most of the damage was concentrated on the 11th floor, with the fire fueled by cabinets filled with paper, alcohol-based fluid for office machines, and other office equipment. ] protected the steel from melting and there was no structural damage to the tower. Other than the damage caused by the fire, a few floors below suffered water damage from the extinguishing of the fires above. At that time, the World Trade Center was not equipped with ] systems.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/14/nyregion/14WTC.html |title=Trade Center Hit by 6-Floor Fire |publisher=''The New York Times'' |date=1975-02-14 |accessdate=2008-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1-8.pdf |title=The Emergency Response Operations |work=Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster |publisher=NIST |month=October | year=2005 |accessdate=2008-09-11|format=PDF}}</ref> | |||
| ===Bombing of February 26, 1993=== | |||
| {{main|World Trade Center bombing}} | |||
| On February 26, 1993 at 12:17 PM, a ] truck filled with 1,500 ] (680 kg) of explosives was planted by ] and detonated in the underground garage of the North Tower, opening a 100 foot (30 m) hole through 5 sublevels of ] leaving six people dead and 50,000 other workers and visitors gasping for ] in the shafts of the 110 story towers. | |||
| ] | |||
| Many people inside the North Tower were forced to walk down darkened stairwells that contained no emergency lighting, some taking two hours or more to reach safety. As the Port Authority was a bistate agency, the towers were exempt from New York City ]s. Subsequent to the bombing The Port Authority installed emergency lighting in the stairwells. It is believed that this lighting saved many lives during the events of ]. | |||
| In 1997 and 1998, six ] extremists were convicted and sentenced to life in prison for their roles in the bombing. According to a presiding judge, the conspirators' chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the north tower and send it crashing into the south tower, toppling both landmarks. | |||
| As a memorial to the victims of the bombing of the tower, a ] was installed with the names of those who had been killed in the blast. Following the ], relief workers found a single fractured piece of the fountain etched with the word "John"; to date it is the only remaining part of the 1993 memorial that survived the collapse of the towers. | |||
| The World Trade Center complex was protected by an extensive fire detection and voice evacuation paging system upgraded after the 1993 bombing. Fire Command Stations, staffed by Fire Safety Directors were located in the lobbies of each building and the Operations Control Center (OCC) monitored these systems. An extensive study of the performance of World Trade Center Fire Protection Systems was conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) following ].<ref></ref> | |||
| ===Lease=== | |||
| In 1998, plans were approved by the Port Authority to privatize the World Trade Center.<ref>{{cite news |title=PA to ease WTC tax load, rent would be cut to offset hike by city |publisher=New York Daily News |date=February 6, 2001 |author=Herman, Eric}}</ref> In 2001, the Port Authority sought to lease the World Trade Center to a private entity. Bids for the lease came from ], a joint bid between ] Corporation and ],<ref>{{cite news |title=Bidding for Twin Towers |publisher=''The New York Times''|date=January 31, 2001 |author=Bagli, Charles V.}}</ref> and a joint bid by ] and ].<ref name="cuozzo">{{cite news |title=Larry Lusts for Twin Towers; Silverstein has an Eye on WTC's; Untapped Retail Potential |publisher=New York Post |date=January 30, 2001 |author=Cuozzo, Steve}}</ref> By privatizing the World Trade Center, it would be added to the city's tax rolls.<ref name="cuozzo"/> The lease was also intended to raise funds for other Port Authority projects.<ref>{{cite news |title=Port Authority Gets Final Bids on WTC |publisher=New York Daily News |date=January 31, 2001 |author=Herman, Eric}}</ref> On February 15, 2001, the Port Authority announced that Vornado Trust Realty had won the lease for the World Trade Center, paying $3.25 billion for the 99-year lease.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brookfield Loses Lease Bid |publisher=Toronto Star |date=February 23, 2001}}</ref> ] outbid Silverstein by $600 million, though Silverstein upped his offer to $3.22 billion. However, Vornado insisted on last minute changes to the deal, including a shorter 39-year lease, which the Port Authority considered nonnegotiable.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03E5DB113DF933A15750C0A9679C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=1a |title=As Trade Center Talks Stumble, No. 2 Bidder Gets Another Chance |author=Bagli, Charles V. |publisher=''The New York Times'' |date=March 20, 2001}}</ref> Vornado later withdrew and Silverstein's bid for the lease to the World Trade Center was accepted on April 26, 2001,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E3DA1339F934A15757C0A9679C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=1 |title=Deal Is Signed To Take Over Trade Center |author=Bagli, Charles V. |publisher=''The New York Times'' |date=April 27, 2001}}</ref> and closed on July 24, 2001.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06E0D91F3AF936A15754C0A9679C8B63&sec=&spon= |title=Leasing of Trade Center May Help Transit Projects, Pataki Says |publisher=''The New York Times'' |date=July 25, 2001 |author=Smothers, Ronald}}</ref> | |||
| ==September 11, 2001== | |||
| {{main|September 11, 2001 attacks|Collapse of the World Trade Center}} | |||
| ] | |||
| On September 11, 2001 at 8:46 a.m. ], ] suicide hijackers crashed ] into the northern facade of the North Tower. Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03 a.m., a second team of hijackers crashed ] into the South Tower, which subsequently collapsed at 9:59 a.m.<ref name="911commisssion">{{cite web|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/index.htm |title=9/11 Commission Report |publisher=The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States}}</ref> The damage caused to the North Tower by Flight 11 destroyed any means of escape from above the impact zone, trapping 1,344 people.<ref name="102Mins">{{Cite news |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5bTftBx4s |archivedate=2008-10-10 |last=Dwyer |first=Jim |coauthors= Lipton, Eric et al |title=102 Minutes: Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E6DC153BF935A15756C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=4 |date=2002-05-26 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref> The North Tower ] at 10:28, after burning for approximately 102 minutes.<ref name="nist-ncstar1-8-p37">{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1-8.pdf |title=NIST NCSTAR 1-8 - The Emergency Response |author=Lawson, J. Randall, Robert L. Vettori |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |month=September | year=2005 |pages=p. 37|format=PDF}}</ref> | |||
| At 5:20 p.m. on September 11, 2001, ] collapsed due to uncontrolled fires causing structural failure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/media/NIST_NCSTAR_1A_for_public_comment.pdf |title=Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 - Draft for Public Comment |publisher=NIST |pages=xxxii |month=August | year=2008 |format=PDF}}</ref> ], a Mariott hotel, was destroyed during the collapse of the two towers. The three remaining buildings in the WTC plaza sustained heavy damage from debris, and were ultimately demolished. <ref name="wtcstudy">{{cite web |url=http://www.fema.gov/rebuild/mat/wtcstudy.shtm |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study |month=May | year=2002 |publisher=FEMA |accessdate=2007-07-12}}</ref> The ] across ] from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned due to the uninhabitable, toxic conditions inside the office tower, and is undergoing deconstruction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch6.pdf |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study - Bankers Trust Building |month=May | year=2002 |publisher=FEMA |accessdate=2007-07-12|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=The Deutsche Bank Building at 130 Liberty Street | publisher=Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center| url=http://www.renewnyc.com/plan_des_dev/130Liberty/default.asp | accessdate=2007-07-12}}</ref> The ]'s Fiterman Hall at 30 ] was also condemned due to extensive damage in the attacks, and is slated for ].<ref>{{cite web| title = Lower Manhattan - Fiterman Hall| publisher = LowerManhattan.info| date= 2007-7| url = http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/fiterman_hall_39764.aspx | accessdate = 2007-07-10 }}</ref> | |||
| At the time of the incident, media reports suggested that tens of thousands might have been killed in the attacks, as on any given day upwards of 50,000 people could be inside the towers. Ultimately, 2,749 death certificates were filed relating to the 9/11 attacks.<ref>{{cite web |title=NYC links first death to 9/11 toxic dust | publisher=] |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18831750/ | date=May 23, 2007 |accessdate= May 24 |accessyear=2007 }}</ref> Of these, 1,614 (59%) were identified from recovered physical remains. ], an investment bank on the 101st–105th floors of One World Trade Center, lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5282060.stm?lsf |title=Cantor rebuilds after 9/11 losses |publisher=BBC |date=2006-09-04 |accessdate=2008-05-20}}</ref> ], located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93–101 (the location of ] impact), lost 295 employees, and 175 employees of ] were killed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.investmentnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070911/REG/70911011 |title=Industry honors fallen on 9/11 anniversary |publisher=InvestmentNews |author= Siegel, Aaron |date=2007-09-11 |accessdate=2008-05-20}}</ref> As well, 343 deaths were ], 84 were Port Authority employees, of whom 37 were members of the ], and another 23 were ] officers. Of all the people who were still in the towers when they collapsed only 20 of these people were pulled out alive. | |||
| ==Rebuilding == | |||
| {{Future building|World Trade Center}} | |||
| {{main|Freedom Tower|World Trade Center site|World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition}} | |||
| ], as of April 2008, with concrete foundation work]] | |||
| {{New World Trade Center}} | |||
| The process of cleanup and recovery, which continued 24 hours a day and, at the ] took eight months. Debris was transported from the World Trade Center site to ] on ], where it was further sifted. On May 30, 2002, a ceremony was held to officially mark the end of the cleanup efforts.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/05/30/rec.wtc.cleanup/ |title=Ceremony closes 'Ground Zero' cleanup |date=2002-05-30 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2008-09-11}}</ref> In 2002, ground was broken on construction of a new ] building, located just to the north of the main World Trade Center site. Since it was not part of the site master plan, Larry Silverstein was able to proceed without delay on rebuilding of 7 World Trade Center. On May 23, 2006, 7 World Trade Center officially opened. | |||
| With the main World Trade Center site, numerous stakeholders were involved, including Silverstein, as well as the Port Authority which in turn meant that the Governor of ], ], also had some authority. As well, the victims' families, people in the surrounding neighborhoods, Mayor ] and others wanted input. The ] was established to coordinate the reconstruction of the World Trade Center site. The LMDC held a competition to solicit possible designs for the site. ] by ] was selected as the master plan for the World Trade Center site.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.renewnyc.com/plan_des_dev/wtc_site/new_design_plans/selected_design.asp |author=Lower Manhattan Development Corp. |title=Selected Design for the WTC Site as of February 2003}}</ref> The plan included the 1,776-foot (541 m) ], as well as a memorial and a number of other office towers. Out of the ], a design by ] and Peter Walker, entitled ''Reflecting Absence'', was selected in January 2004 for the ]. | |||
| On March 13, 2006, workers arrived at the World Trade Center site to remove remaining debris and start surveying work. This marks the official start of construction of the WTC Memorial and Museum.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nysun.com/article/29032| last=Westfeldt| first=Amy| publisher=New York Sun| title=Construction Begins On World Trade Center Memorial| date=March 13, 2006}}</ref> In April 2006, the owner of the site, The Port Authority, and private developer Larry Silverstein reached a tentative agreement. The main elements of that agreement are that Silverstein ceded rights to develop the Freedom Tower and Tower Five in exchange for financing with ] for Tower Two, Three, and Four, which are considered the most marketable properties of the site. On April 27, 2006, a ground-breaking ceremony was held for the Freedom Tower.<ref></ref> | |||
| In May 2006, architects ] and ] were announced as the architects for Towers Three and Four, respectively. The final designs for Towers Two, Three and Four were unveiled on September 7, 2006. Tower Two, or ], will have a roof height of 1,254 feet (382 m) and a 96-foot (29 m) tripod spire for a total of 1,350 feet (411 m). Tower Three, or ] will have a roof height of 1,155 feet (352 m) and an antennae height of 1,255 feet (383 m). Tower Four, or ], will have an overall height of 946 feet (288 m).<ref></ref> On June 22, 2007 the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey announced that ] will build ], a 42-story building on Site 5 currently occupied by the Deutsche Bank Building.<ref></ref> ] was officially chosen as the architect for the building on July 17, 2007.<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Film and media== | |||
| {{main|World Trade Center in popular culture}} | |||
| The World Trade Center was an iconic structure and has been featured in numerous ], as well as appearing in many television shows, cartoons, comic books, computer/video games and music videos. The events surrounding September 11 are portrayed in several documentaries and movies, including two major motion pictures made in 2006, ]'s '']'' and ]' '']''. Several movies released shortly after ] digitally erased the Twin Towers from skyline shots, such as '']''. {{As of|2007}}, most reruns of popular television shows have chosen to leave the Twin Towers in airings of the show such as cut scenes in '']'' and episodes of '']''. An exception to this is the opening intro to ]'s '']'', which removed shots of the Towers as a mark of respect for the victims. | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{commonscat|World Trade Center (New York)}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 11:49, 16 August 2015
This is the old page history that used to be at the title World Trade Center. Its accompanying talk page is still located at Talk:World Trade Center and a fuller explanation of how this came to be can be found there. The history here has been preserved for attribution purposes, do not delete it. Jenks24 (talk) 11:48, 16 August 2015 (UTC)