Misplaced Pages

Latest revision as of 14:51, 18 December 2024

Prostitution in South Korea is illegal, but according to The Korea Women's Development Institute, the sex trade in Korea was estimated to amount to 14 trillion South Korean won ($13 billion) in 2007, roughly 1.6% of the nation's GDP. According to a survey conducted by the Department of Urology at the Korea University College of Medicine in 2015, 23.1% of males and 2.6% of females, aged 18–69, had sexual experience with a prostitute.

The sex trade involved some 94 million transactions in 2007, down from 170 million in 2002. The number of prostitutes dropped by 18% to 269,000 during the same period. The amount of money traded for prostitution was over 14 trillion won, much less than 24 trillion won in 2002. Despite legal sanctions and police crackdowns, prostitution continues to flourish in South Korea, while sex workers continue to actively resist the state's activities.

History

Premodern era

Before the modernization of Korea, there were no brothels, but a caste of the women for the elite landholding classes performed sexual labor. Modernization eliminated the Korean caste system. The first brothels in Korea began to spread after the country first opened its port in 1876 through a diplomatic pact, causing ethnic quarters for Japanese migrants to sprout up in Busan, Wonsan and Incheon.

1960s: US military

From the 1960s until today US camp town prostitution has existed outside US military bases (for example outside Camp Casey and Camp Stanley). This was the result of negotiation between the Korean government and the US military, involving prostitution for United States soldiers in camp towns surrounding the US military bases. The government registered the prostitutes, who were called Western princesses, and required them to carry medical certification.

The US military police provided for the security in these US camp town prostitution sites, and detained the prostitutes who were thought to be ill, to prevent epidemics of sexually transmitted diseases. This government involvement was in the past motivated in part by fears that the American military, which protected South Korea from North Korea, would leave. Though US officials publicly condemn prostitution, they are perceived as taking little action to prevent it, and some locals suggest that US Army authorities prefer having commercial sex services available to soldiers.

Prostitutions are visited by American soldiers, Korean soldiers and Korean civilians. In the beginning most prostitutes were South Korean with minority of other women from Europe and Asia. Since the early 2000's most prostitutes were Filipina and Russian.

The number of South Korean prostitutes who worked as sex providers for American soldiers and Korean soldiers was between 26,000 and 39,000. This number is according to the research on the number of checkup for Venereal diseases from 1953 to 1969 by professor Lee Young-hoon an economic professor at Seoul National University. Surveys carried out the 1950s and 1960s suggest 60% of these prostitutes worked near U.S. military camps.

Korean government(보건사회복지부) figures give 10,000-30,000 prostitutes servicing the U.N/U.S. military in the South Korea in 1954, about 20,000 prostitutes in 1966, reducing to 13,000-14,000 in 1969. reducing to 9,935 in 1977.

Since 2004, the majority of prostitutes have been Philippine or Russian women. South Korean sex workers have become less numerous as Filipino and Russian women were a cheaper labor alternative. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, thousands of Russian migrated to Korea to work as sex entertainers in Korean red light districts while thousand others forced were into prostitution for both American soldiers and Korean civilian men and soldiers. Since the mid-1990s, foreigners make up 80–85% of the women working at clubs near military bases. Human traffickers not only brought Russian prostitutes for American and Korean soldiers but also brought in many Russian women through sham marriages with South Korean men. In 2005, Filipina and Russian women became common in many Korean red district and even accounted for 90 percent of all the prostitutes in U.S. military camp towns.

2000s

In 2003, the Korean Ministry of Gender Equality announced that 260,000 women—1 of 25 of young Korean women—may be engaged in the sex industry. The Korea Women's Development Institute suggested that from 514,000 to 1.2 million Korean women participate in the prostitution industry. A similar report by the Korean Institute of Criminology noted that 20% of men in their 20s pay for sex at least four times a month, with 358,000 visiting prostitutes daily.

In 2004, the South Korean government passed an anti-prostitution law (Special Law on Sex Trade 2004) prohibiting the buying and selling of sex and shutting down brothels. Soon afterward, over 2,500 sex workers demonstrated in the streets to demand the repeal of the law, as they believed it threatened their livelihood. In 2006, the Ministry for Gender Equality, in an attempt to address the issue of demand for prostitutes, offered cash to companies whose male employees pledged not to pay for sex after office parties. The people responsible for this policy claimed that they want to put an end to a culture in which men get drunk at parties and go on to buy sex.

In 2007 the government announced that sex tourism by Koreans would be made illegal, as well as Korean women going abroad to sell sex. The courts prosecuted 35,000 clients, 2.5 times higher than the number of those who were caught buying sex in 2003. Meanwhile, enforcement is weak and corruption problematic; there is little evidence that new legislation has made much difference, the trade simply finding other ways to carry on its business. However more men are being sent to "John School" for purchasing sex, while a 2010 investigation suggested that 20% of seniors seek out sex workers.

Range of services

Following the enactment of the Special Law in 2004, there was a crackdown on red-light districts; while many of the brothels in those areas were forced to close, the crackdown went as quickly as it came, with the result that prostitution was driven more underground but also became a more competitive business with lower prices and more services.

Red light districts in South Korea can compare to those of Amsterdam and Germany. The four main red light districts in South Korea prior to the Special Law are Cheongnyangni 588, Yongsan Station, and Mia-ri in Seoul and Jagalmadang in Daegu. While not all of them are operating to full capacity, some still exist while being tolerated not only due to the vast amount of money that is involved in the business, but also in an attempt to control the sex industry.

Other sexual services include 가택 마사지 (gataek massaji), an "in-call" massage where the customer would travel or meet at the masseuse's home or quarters; 키스방 (kiss bang), rooms where customers pay to french kiss and fondle women; and 출장 마사지 (chuljang massaji) or an "out-call" massage where the masseuse travels to the customer's place, love motel, hotel, or other agreed location.

Teen prostitution

According to a 2012 study by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, 3% of runaway youths have been exposed to prostitution, either as a buyer or a prostitute. There have been reported cases of runaway girls who sell sex over internet chat, and live with "families" in jjimjilbang, or bathhouses, with fellow runaway girls. According to United Voice for Eradication of Prostitution, these teen prostitutes are exposed to such crimes as rape and diseases as syphilis. Recidivism is common, with over half of the girls counseled by the Voice returning to the sex trade, often because of blackmail from former pimps and social ostracism from future husbands and families.

Bacchus Ladies

In contrast to teen prostitution, women in their 50s, 60s, even their 70s called Bacchus Ladies are engaged in prostitution in a park near the Jongno-3 subway station in the heart of Seoul.

Sex trafficking

Though as recently as 2004 the government received low marks on the issue, in recent years the government has made significant strides in its enforcement efforts. Human trafficking was outlawed and penalties for prostitution increased; the 2004 Act on the Prevention of the Sex Trade and Protection of its Victims was passed, toughening penalties for traffickers, ending deportation of victims, and establishing a number of shelters for victims. As of 2005 there were 144 people serving jail time for human trafficking.

A US Immigration official conceded in 2006 that "There's a highly organized logistical network between Korea and the United States with recruiters, brokers, intermediaries.

A Los Angeles police spokesman said that about 90% of the department's 70–80 monthly arrests for prostitution involve Korean women and Los Angeles police estimates that there are 8,000 Korean prostitutes working in that city and its suburbs. According to Timothy Lim, the customers of Korean prostitutes in foreign countries are overwhelmingly non-Korean men in massage parlours, while their customers through out-call services, room salons and hostess bars are often 90-100% Korean. This makes clear that demand for Korean women is driven not only by American men "thirsting" for exotic women, but also by Korean men, especially first generation immigrant men or non-immigrant businessmen.

A US State Department report titled, "Trafficking in person's report: June 2008", states that in "March 2008, a joint operation between the AFP and DIAC broke up a syndicate in Sydney that allegedly trafficked South Korean women to a legal brothel and was earning more than $2.3 million a year. Police allege the syndicate recruited Korean women through deception about the conditions under which they would be employed, organized their entry into Australia under false pretenses, confiscated their travel documents, and forced them to work up to 20 hours a day in a legal Sydney brothel owned by the syndicate."

The US State Department report also states that the South Korean government "fully complies with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking". In 2012, the government continued law enforcement efforts against sex trafficking, and signed MOUs for the Employment Placement System (EPS) with five additional countries and conducted numerous anti-trafficking awareness campaigns. The Korean National Police Agency also cooperated with foreign law enforcement agencies to crack down on human smuggling networks.

The United States Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons ranks South Korea as a 'Tier 1' country.

Foreign prostitutes in South Korea

South Korea is both a source and destination country for human trafficking. The agencies use high salaries to lure young girls to go to Korea and once they arrive they are forced to work as sex slaves.

China

Trafficking in Persons Report of the U.S. State Department has mentioned in many occasions that Chinese women are engaged in prostitution in South Korea. The report describes that they are issued a formal visa and are engaged in sexual services and sometimes they are sold as international marriage bribes and are now sexual workers. According to MINISTRY OF JUSTICE REPUBLIC OF KOREA as of 2016,There are 212,115 Chinese women (Han Chinese) staying in Korea. According to “Survey for the migrant women employed in the entertainment business in Korea” presented by Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, it is reported that the largest number of women engaged in commercial sex for South Korean men can be found in Han Chinese women.

According to MBC, the public broadcasting company of Korea, 80% of massage businesses in South Korea correspond to commercial sex establishments where Chinese women work. In 2012, 240 Chinese women were arrested for having prostituted in the massage parlors in Korea. The South Korean newspaper “The Dong-a Ilbo” reveals that sex workers in the so-called “휴게텔” are all composed of Chinese women (Han Chinese and Ethnic Korean Chinese) except “Gangnam” area. As of 2018, female students from China staying in South Korea reach 41,957 and many of them are caught by the press and reported as sexual workers.

Chinese women are engaged in prostitution through the country of South Korea such as Seoul, Incheon, Suwon, Pyeongtaek, Yongin, Siheung, Bucheon, Paju, Uijeongbu, Ansan, Anyang, Cheongju, Dangjin, Cheonan, Daejeon, Asan, Daegu, Busan, Gyeongju, Ulsan, Gwangyang, Changwon, Gangwon Province, Jeolla Province and Jeju Island. Chinese women engaged in prostitution practice their commercial sex not only in the cities but also in the rural areas of which the administrative unit corresponds to town and township.

Thai

According to the Justice Ministry, increasing numbers of Thai women are drawn to illegal "massage work" in the ROK. It estimates that the number of illegal Thai residents soared from 68,449 in 2017 to 122,192 in August 2018. Of the 60,000 who are women, some 50,000 are believed to be working in massage parlors, some of them fronts for prostitution. The owner of one Thai massage parlor in Gangnam said, "Even if I try to run a legitimate business, I have no idea what happens in the room between a client and a masseuse who wants to make more money." Massage parlors are illegal in Korea unless operated by blind people, but around 50,000 offer foot massage, sports massage, and acupressure. They employ some 300,000 workers.

Ukrainian

A report dated 2002 and released in 2003 asserted that Ukrainian sex-workers were the second largest group of foreign women involved into prostitution outside the US military bases in Republic of Korea.

Russian

Between January 2000 and March 2001, approximately 6,000 Russian women entered Korea through Busan port and Gimpo. In 2000, 3,064 Russians entered South Korea on E-6 visas, 2,927 of them women (Jhoty, 2001)

South Korean sex tourists in foreign countries

China

During the Autumn symposium held at Sinyang Humanities Hall of Seoul National University organized by Korean Association of Women's Studies, Jung Jae-won, a senior researcher of Institute for Gender Research of Seoul National University presented the survey results regarding current state of purchase of sexual services practiced by Korean men abroad. According to the survey presentation regarding “international expansion of Korean-type sex industry and commercial sex culture,” Korean men buy sex with Chinese prostitutes all over China.

It is estimated that there are more than 100 brothels (KTV) exclusively for South Korean men in Qingdao of China, which is the example of this city only. The survey shows that some brothel(KTV) for Korean men has each 150-300 Chinese women engaged in commercial sex. It is reported that a brothel(KTV) of Shanghai where South Korean men are regular customers has more than 500 Chinese prostitutes.

In 2007 it was reported that there were 33 online web sites linking Korean men to Chinese prostitutes. Many Korean men have used sex tour in groups with friends and co-workers. In 2013, the Korea Tourism Association filed a complaint with the police against some Internet site for arranging sex service by Chinese prostitutes for Korean men in China.

According to the 'Center for Women's Human Rights' , Korean high school students have bought Chinese prostitutes for sex while on a school field trip to China.

South Korean men continue to be a major source of demand for child sex tourism in China.

Southeast Asia

South Korean men continue to be a major source of demand for child sex tourism in both Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. Child prostitutes in Southeast Asian countries were reportedly patronized mainly by South Korean men, who outstrip Japanese and Chinese as the most numerous sex tourists in the region, with the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand mainly seeing South Korean men using child prostitutes.

Korean prostitutes in foreign countries

The South Korean government has expressed concern over its citizens engaging in prostitution in foreign countries like Australia and the United States.

Australia

Many South Korean women are trafficked to Australia to work as prostitutes with more than a thousand Korean women in the Australian sex industry.

United States

Thousands of South Korean women are trafficked to the United States to work as prostitutes in massage parlors. American authorities arrested hundreds of Korean women for prostitution in the five years leading up to 2011, with the 2008 Korea-US Visa Waiver Program leading to an additional increase in the number of Korean prostitutes in America. The number of people who operate with trafficking rackets to ship Korean women into the sex trade in America reaches into the thousands.

China and Taiwan

Korean prostitutes worked in Taiwan during the Japanese colonial period.

A ring of South Korean prostitutes, composed of 21 Korean women ranging in age from 24 to 37, serving Chinese men was busted in Macau in 2015.

Some Korean women wear kimonos while working as prostitutes in Macau.

Japan

In 2013, police broke up a racket trafficking women to Japan from Korea. In 2014, it was reported that websites promoting South Korean prostitutes in Japan have been blocked within South Korea by the government.

See also

• Kisaeng
• Prostitutes in South Korea for the U.S. military

References

1. "US State Department Human Rights Report 2009: Republic of Korea". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on March 13, 2010.
2. ^ Sex trade accounts for 1.6% of GDP Archived February 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. KWDI: Korea Women's Development Institute
3. Tom Henheffer (February 18, 2010). "South Korea takes on prostitution: The country's sex workers generate 1.6% of total GDP". McLean's. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
4. "[단독] 첫 성경험 연령 22.8세…남성 15%만 성매매 경험". 네이트뉴스 (in Korean). Retrieved February 8, 2019.
5. "S Korean sex workers rally against police crackdown". Asian Correspondent. AP News. May 17, 2011.
6. ^ Cho, Grace (2008). Haunting the Korean Diaspora: Shame, Secrecy, and the Forgotten War. University of Minnesota Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0816652754.
7. "[BOOKS IN BRIEF]The history of prostitution". joinsmsn.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012.
8. ^ Sang-Hun, Choe (January 7, 2009). "Ex-Prostitutes Say South Korea and U.S. Enabled Sex Trade Near Bases". The New York Times. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
9. ^ Moon, Katharine H. S. (1997). Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.-Korea Relations. New York: Columbia University Press.
10. ^ Shaffer, Robert (1999). "Book Review: Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.-Korea Relations". Journal of World History. 10 (2): 499–502. doi:10.1353/jwh.1999.0026. S2CID 143870604.
11. "Prostitution Thrives with U.S. Military Presence". Inter Press Service. July 7, 2009. Archived from the original on August 8, 2009.
12. "[이승만TV 위안부의 진실③] "한국군‧미군 위안부에는 왜 분노하지 않는가"". May 15, 2019. 1966년 보건사회통계연보 172P. 성병 검진 대상 여성이 39만1713명이었다는 사실을 확인 할 수 있다. 이는 당시 성매매산업 종사자 여성의 수를 파악하는 척도이기도 하다. 출처는 국가기록원. (1966 Health and Social Statistical Yearbook 172P. It can be confirmed that there were 391713 women who were tested for sexually transmitted diseases. This is also a measure of the number of women employed in the prostitution industry at that time. Source: National Archives.
13. Cho 2008, p. 104.
14. Cho 2007, p. 163. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCho2007 (help)
15. Kim 2016, p. 46. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKim2016 (help)
16. Lie 1995, p. 316. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLie1995 (help)
17. Woo 2019, p. 145. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWoo2019 (help)
18. "甲午記者手帖(갑오기자수첩)에서 (3) 失職洋公主(실직양공주)". The Dong-a Ilbo(Dong-A Ilbo). 네이버뉴스라이브러리. December 22, 1954.
19. "달러市場(시장) 生態(생태) (5) 洋公主(양공주)가버는 外貨(외화)만年間(연간)2百(백)40萬弗(만불)". No. Maeil Business Newspaper. 매일경제. 네이버뉴스라이브러리. July 23, 1966.
20. "美減軍(미감군)의 안팎을 진단하는 特輯(특집)시리즈 (5) 不況(불황)이깔리는 基地村(기지촌)". No. The Kyunghyang Shinmun. Kyunghyang Shinmun. 네이버뉴스라이브러리. July 29, 1970.
21. "박정희 전 대통령 '기지촌 여성 관리' 문건에 친필사인 결재". No. 2013–11–06. 폴리뉴스.
22. "[뉴스테이션/탐사리포트]또 다른 양공주의 비극" [Another tragedy]. The Dong-a Ilbo. April 27, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
23. "6·25의 사생아 '양공주' 통곡 50년 전쟁 그리고 약소국의 아픈 상처 '양공주'. 6·25가 끝난 지 50년이나 흘렀지만, 분단과 전쟁의 희생양인 양공주는 아직도 민족사 한가운데에서 총성 없는 전쟁을 치르고 있다" [Major conglomerates, new recruits increase by 10% than originally planned ... 14.5% increase next year]. 시사저널. July 29, 2003. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
24. Soh 2008. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSoh2008 (help)
25. ^ "[Editorial] Human trafficking in S. Korea". The Hankyoreh. February 28, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
26. Lee 2010, p. 126. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLee2010 (help)
27. "Korea's sex industry is major money earner". JoongAng Ilbo English. February 6, 2003. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
28. David Scofield (September 25, 2004). "Korea's 'crackdown culture' - now it's brothels". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on September 26, 2004.
29. "Changing attitude toward sex threatens South Korea / Growing promiscuity, lack of education may lead to increase in AIDS, experts say". San Francisco Chronicle. March 14, 2003.
30. ^ "South Korea gets tough on sex tourism". The Sydney Morning Herald. September 20, 2007.
31. Joo-Hyun, C. (2005). "Intersectionality revealed: Sexual politics in post-IMF Korea". Korea Journal. 45 (3): 105.
32. "S Koreans offered cash for no sex". BBC News. December 26, 2006. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
33. "Sex trade still problem despite tough law". The Korea Herald. October 1, 2010.
34. "Number of 'john school attendees' increasing". The Korea Herald. October 18, 2010.
35. Song Sang-ho (March 30, 2010). "How seniors meet sexual needs". The Korea Herald.
36. "Seoul's "Kiss Bang" Tongue Kissing Rooms". rockitreports.com.
37. "청소년 자료실(간행물발간자료실) _ 여성가족부". Archived from the original on April 8, 2014.
38. Chang, Jennifer. "SKorea's secret: Runaway teen prostitution". Seoul: Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012.
39. Williamson, Lucy (June 10, 2014). "The Korean grandmothers who sell sex". BBC News.
40. ^ David Scofield (September 25, 2004). "Korea's 'crackdown culture' - now it's brothels". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on September 26, 2004.
41. ^ "Korea, Republic of 2018 Trafficking in Persons Report". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
42. May, Meredith (October 19, 2006). "Sex Trafficking". San Francisco Chronicle.
43. Deanne Fitzmaurice; Dan Jung. "Sex Trafficking". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original (Video) on August 11, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
44. "Seoul worries about prostitutes' exodus to the U.S." JoongAng Ilbo English. June 20, 2006. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
45. Lim, Timothy (2014). "Migrant Korean Women in the US Commercial Sex Industry: An Examination of the Causes and Dynamics of Cross-Border Sexual Exploitation". Journal of Research in Gender Studies. 4 (1): 18. "My survey results bear this out: while clients of massage parlors tend to be overwhelming non-Korean, clients for outcall services, room salons, and hostess bars – a large part of the prostitution industry – are often 90 to 100 percent Korean. While this observation is not necessarily surprising, it makes it clear that demand for Korean women is not driven by white (Black or Latino) men in US “thirsting for an exotic Asian women,” but also by Korean men, especially first generation immigrants or non-immigrant businessmen. Indeed, my research indicates that the most important source of demand, at least since the late 1990s, is the Korean/Korean-American community in the United States"."
46. ^ "Trafficking in Person's report: June 2008" (PDF). US State Department.
47. "Korean team in US for consultations on human trafficking concerns". The Korea Times. July 4, 2012.
48. Donald Macintyre/Tongduchon (August 5, 2002). "Base Instincts". Time. Archived from the original on January 13, 2004. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
49. Lee Hyang Won. "Reality of Women Migrant Workers in South Korea". Peacemaking. Archived from the original on October 18, 2010.
50. "Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery - ROK (South Korea)". gvnet.com.
51. "2019 Trafficking in Persons Report: Republic of Korea". June 20, 2019.
52. "2016 출입국외국인정책통계연보". 법무부 출입국 외국인정책본부. MINISTRY OF JUSTICE. REPUBLIC OF KOREA.
53. "외국인 여성 성매매 실태 및 제도 개선방안 연구".
54. "[현장M출동] '정통마사지'라더니‥퇴폐·불법 성매매 영업". Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation. November 29, 2012.
55. "월 1000만 원 거뜬 고학력 콜걸들 경찰 비호 속 007式 성매매". The Dong-a Ilbo. October 18, 2010.
56. "KOSIS 유학생관련현황". 통계청.
57. "Chinese students caught for prostitution". The Korea Times. October 18, 2011.
58. "국내 유명 대학 中 유학생들, 유흥업소로 몰려". KBS NEWS. November 3, 2012.
59. "Man Arrested for Pimping Foreign Prostitutes at Hotel". The Korea Times.
60. "외국인 여성 고용 다방 성매매 기승 연수에만 10여곳". 경인일보.
61. "위장결혼 중국인 여성 등 성매매로 돈벌이". Newsis. Naver new.
62. ""여기 커피 한 잔?"…티켓다방의 진실". CBS NEWS. Naver news.
63. "중국인 고용 티켓다방 성매매 업주 등 6명 검거". 중부일보.
64. "학교 주변 유해업소 단속…165명 입건". KBS NEWS. Naver news.
65. "부천원미署, 마사지업소 차려 성매매 알선한 40대男 구속". 뉴스1코리아. Naver news.
66. "파주署, 위장결혼 브로커 등 검거". 현대일보.
67. "의정부, 중국인여성 불법성매매 확산". 중부일보. June 9, 2008.
68. "[취재파일] "5분 만에 '2차' 얘기…" 낯뜨거운 다문화거리". SBS NEWS.
69. "외국인 고용해 벽으로 위장한 밀실서 성매매". Yonhap News Agency.
70. "중국인 여성고용 휴게텔 업주 영장". Newsis. Naver new.
71. "당진署, 중국인 여성고용 성매매한 업주 검거". 뉴스1코리아.
72. "유사 성행위 알선 업주·중국인종업원 검거". Newsis. Naver news.
73. ""성매매 거부하면 굶겨" 한국·태국·중국 여성들 감금 못된짓". 국민일보. Naver news.
74. "아산署, 불법체류 외국인 고용 성매매알선 업주 검거". Asia new agency. January 13, 2016.
75. "대구서 中여성 100여명 불법취업시킨 업자 적발". 국민일보. November 5, 2007.
76. "성매매 포기한 중국여성 감금,야산에 유기". 국민일보. Daum news.
77. "중국 여성 위장결혼 알선 후 임금 빼앗아". 매일신문.
78. "중국여성 고용해 성매매 알선한 중국인 업주 검거". 뉴스1코리아. Naver news.
79. "광양경찰, 불법 성매매 영업하던 마사지 업주 검거". NSP통신.
80. "외국인여성 고용 성매매 알선 협의 6명 검거". Gyeongnam Ilbo.
81. "강원경찰, 성매매 사범 103명 적발". Yonhap News Agency.
82. "이주여성에 성매매 알선한 마사지업소 적발". Newsis. Naver news.
83. "[제주]단란주점 불법취업 중국인.업주 붙잡아". 제주투데이.
84. "[기획취재] 작은 시골 마을에 둥지 튼 中 성매매조직". Segye Ilbo. August 17, 2016.
85. "More than 10,000 Thais deported from South Korea for overstaying their visa". The Nation. November 2, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
86. Seung-jae, Kim (November 5, 2018). "Thousands of Illegal Thai Workers Flood Korea". The Chosunilbo. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
87. Hughes, Donna M.; Denisova, Tatyana (2002). "Trafficking in Women From Ukraine" (PDF). ojp.gov. p. 11.
88. Territo, Leonard; Kirkham, George (2009), International Sex Trafficking of Women & Children: Understanding the Global Epidemic, Looseleaf Law Publications, p. 206, ISBN 978-1-932777-86-4
89. "[한국인 해외 성매매 실태 보고서]". 정재원. The Kyunghyang Shinmun(경향신문). November 21, 2011.
90. "한국 남성 해외 성구매 심각…법조치 필요". 정재원. KBS NEWS. November 19, 2011.
91. "Overseas sex trade spreads online". The Korea Herald. Naver news. April 4, 2007.
92. "한국 남성의 해외 성매매 관광과 법적 대응방안 모색". Korea University Legal Research Institute. 박혜진. 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
93. "불편한 진실 성매매 시장과 수요" (PDF). Kyung Hee University,WOMEN'S HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTE OF KOREA. Center for Women`s Human Rights. Retrieved December 1, 2007.
94. "MBC PD수첩 "중국 수학여행 성매매 더 있었다"". Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation. The Kyunghyang Shinmun(경향신문). October 1, 2007.
95. "2019 Trafficking in Persons Report: Republic of Korea". June 20, 2019.
96. "Sexual Exploitation". The Korea Times. June 14, 2007.
97. Trafficking in Persons Report 2017 By Office of the Undersecretary for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Ri
98. "Koreans 'Biggest Clients of Prostitutes in Southeast Asia'". The Chosun Ilbo (English Edition).
99. "Korea's sex call - dob in our prostitutes". News.Com.Au. February 6, 2012.
100. Lee Hyo-sik (November 14, 2011). "Over 1,000 Korean women are prostitutes in Australia". The Korea Times.
101. Totiyapungprasert, Priscilla. "How The Massage Parlor Industry Is Sex Trafficking Thousands Of Immigrant Women". Bustle. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
102. Noyeol Kim (September 27, 2011). "Korean prostitution in the US is out of control". Voices of NY. translated by Heesook Choi from "빗장 풀린 원정 성매매". The Korea Times. September 20, 2011.
103. Sharon Cohen (September 23, 1986). "Authorities trying to crack Korean prostitution network". Lawrence Journal-World. Associated Press. p. 6.
104. Jungwon JIN (June 2014). "Reconsidering Prostitution under the Japanese Occupation". The Review of Korean Studies. 17 (1): 115–157.
105. Jungwon JIN (September 2010). "Standing in the Gap of Society: Korean Prostitutes in Colonial Taiwan". Taiwan Historical Research. 17 (3): 107–149. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
106. Chung, Hyun-chae (January 18, 2015). "Korean prostitution gang working in Macau nabbed". The Korea Times. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
107. "Police bust large Korean prostitution ring" (PDF). Macau Daily Times. April 21, 2015. p. 3. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
108. "Police bust large Korean prostitution ring". Macau Daily Times. April 21, 2015.
109. Yang Pa (June 15, 2015). "South Korean prostitution ring busted in Macau". ROKIT.
110. "中부호 상대 원정 성매매 적발…"日여성 인기에 기모노 차림"" [Middle Code Officer Exploits Prostitution ... "Kimono dressed in a popular female day"]. Naver (in Korean). August 23, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2018.

External links

• Lankov, Andrei (June 26, 2008). "The Dawn of Modern Korea: Buying and Selling of Sex". The Korea Times. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
• "Thousands of Women Forced Into Sexual Slavery For US Servicemen in South Korea". Feminist Daily News Wire. September 9, 2002. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
• William H. McMichael (August 12, 2002). "Sex slaves". Navy Times. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
• Sex Work in South Korea Asia Monitor Resource Center 1999
• Sealing Chen. On the move for love. University of Pennsylvania Press 2010
• Timothy C. Lim and Karam Yoo (2006). "The Dynamics of Trafficking, Smuggling and Prostitution: An Analysis of Korean Women in the U.S. Commercial Sex Industry
• Cheng S. "Commentary on Hughes, Chon, and Ellerman" (Modern-Day Comfort Women: The U.S. Military, Transnational Crime, and the Trafficking of Women) Violence Against Women 14(3) 2008 359-63]
• David Scofield (May 26, 2004). "Sex and denial in South Korea". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on June 4, 2004. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
• Sealing Cheng (December 22, 2004). "Korean sex trade 'victims' strike for rights". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on December 25, 2004. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
• Donald MacIntyre (August 5, 2002). "Base Instincts". Time. Archived from the original on January 13, 2004. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
• Cheng S. "Changing Lives, Changing Selves: 'Trafficked' Filipina Entertainers in Korea", Anthropology in Action 2002. Vol 9 (1): 13–20.
• Casey Lartigue Jr. (June 30, 2011). "Yes: Prohibition is worse than the 'crime'". Center for Free Enterprise. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011.

• Prostitution in South Korea
• Sexuality in South Korea