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{{short description|Persian theologian, literary and philosopher (1322-1390)}}
{{Infobox Scientist
{{Infobox religious biography
|box_width = 310px
|name = Al-Taftazani | name = Al-Taftazani
|birth_date = 1322 | birth_date = 1322
|birth_place = ], ] | birth_place = ] ], ]<ref name="Al-Taftazani 1950 p. XX"/>
|residence = Serahs | death_date = 1390
|citizenship = ] | death_place = ]
⚫ | main_interests = ], ], ], ], ]
|nationality = ]
|ethnicity = ] | religion = ]
| creed = ]<ref name="ashari">{{cite journal |last= Kaukua|first=Jari|editor= Sgarbi M.|date=31 October 2015|title=Al-Taftazānī |url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-02848-4_10-1|language=English |journal=Encyclopaedia of Renaissanace Philosophy|pages=1–2|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-02848-4|isbn=978-3-319-02848-4 |access-date=21 June 2020|quote=A famous fourteenth-century theologian and jurisprudent, al-Taftāzānī is one of the last representatives of the high tide of Ash‘arite philosophical theology.|hdl=10278/3726814|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="reconciled">{{cite journal|last1=Aydin|first1=Omer|editor1-last=Gunduz|editor1-first=Sinasi|editor2-last=Yaran|editor2-first=Cafer|year=2005 |title=Change and Essence: Dialectical Relations Between Change and Continuity in the Turkish Intellectual Tradition<!-- Retained for Editor's convenience: |chapter=Kalam between Tradition and Change: The Emphasis on Understanding Classical Islamic Theology in Relation to Western Intellectual Effects -->|journal=Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change|series=IIA|volume=18|publisher=CRVP|page=105 |isbn=1-56518-222-7|quote=In my opinion, al-Taftazani and al-Jurjani reconciled the Asharite.}}</ref>
|death_date = 1390
|death_place = ] | denomination = ]
| jurisprudence = ]<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
⚫ |fields = ], ], ], ], ]
|religion = ]; ], ], ] | region = ]
| notable_works = ]<br/>]
| influences = ]<ref name="ashari"/><br/>]<ref name="reconciled"/><br/>]<ref>Khadduri, Majid. "Elder (tr.): A Commentary on the Creed of Islam (Book Review)." Middle East Journal 4 (1950): 262.</ref><br/>]
}} }}


'''Sa'ad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah al-Taftazani''' ({{langx|fa|سعدالدین مسعودبن عمربن عبداللّه هروی خراسانی تفتازانی}}) also known as '''Al-Taftazani''' and '''Taftazani''' (1322&ndash;1390) was a ] ] ].<ref>Al-Taftazani, Sad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah (1950). A Commentary on the Creed of Islam: Sad al-Din al-Taftazani on the Creed of Najm al-Din al-Nasafi (Earl Edgar Elder Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. XX.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">"Al-Taftazanni Sa'd al-Din Masud b. Umar b. Abdullah", in Encyclopedia Islam by W. Madelung, Brill. 2007</ref><ref>], History of Ottoman Poetry, Volume 1, London, 1900. excerpt from pg 202: "..the next work in Turkish poetry is versified translation of Sa'adi's Bustan or 'Orchard' made in 755 by the great and famous Persian schoolmen Sa'd-ud-Din Me'sud-i-Teftazani."</ref><ref>Gerhard Endress, An Introduction to Islam, translated by Carole Hillenbrand, Columbia University Press, 1998. excerpt from pg 192: "Death of Sa'ad al-Din al-Taftazani, Persian historian and philosopher at the court of Timur"</ref><ref>Allen J. Frank, Islamic Historiography and "Bulghar" Identity Among the Tatars and Bashkirs of Russia, Brill, 1998. excerpt from pg 83:One of the most curious aspects of the Tawarikh i-Baghdadiya are the repeated references to the great Persian theologian Sa'd al-Din Taftazani (1322-1389), who did in fact associate with Timur.</ref><ref>Knysh, A. D. (1999). ''Ibn ʻArabi in the Later Islamic Tradition: The Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam''. New York. State University of New York Press. p. 144.</ref>
'''Sad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah al-Taftazani''' also known as '''Al-Taftazani''' and '''Taftazani''' (1322<ref>Taşköprüzade A. (1896). ''Mevzuatü'l-Ulum''. (Kemaleddin, Taşköprüzade Mehmed, Trans.). İstanbul:İkdam. (Original work published 1870) </ref> - 1390<ref>Bağdatlı İ. (1955).''Hadiyyat Al-Arifin, Asma'al-mu'allifin ve Asar Al-Musannifin''. İstanbul:Milli Eğitim</ref>) was a ]<ref>Bilmen, Ö. N. (1985). ''Teftazani''. In Yeni Türk Ansiklopedisi. (Vol. 10, p. 4010). İstanbul:Ötüken.</ref><ref>DeWeese, D. (2004). Central Asian Culture and Islam. In Martin, R. C. et al. (Eds.), ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' (pp. 138-141). Vol. 1 (A-L). New York: Macmillan Reference USA</ref> ]<ref>Knysh, A. D. (1999). ''Ibn ʻArabi in the Later Islamic Tradition: The Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam''. New York. State University of New York Press. p. 144.</ref>. He has made remarkable contributions to the theories of multiple fields and contributed to ] scientific literature by translating many papers from ] to ]<ref>Storey, C. A. (1993). ''Taftazani''. In İslam Ansiklopedisi (Vol. 22, pp. 118-121). İstanbul:MEB.</ref>. He also translated some ] prose to Turkish, too <ref>Bilmen, Ö. N. (1985). ''Teftazani''. In Yeni Türk Ansiklopedisi. (Vol. 10, p. 4015). İstanbul:Ötüken.</ref>.


==Early Life and Education== ==Early life and education==


Al-Taftazani was born in 1322 in ], ] in ], then in the ] state.<ref name="Al-Taftazani 1950 p. XX">Al-Taftazani, Sad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah (1950). ''A Commentary on the Creed of Islam: Sad al-Din al-Taftazani on the Creed of Najm al-Din al-Nasafi'' (Earl Edgar Elder Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. XX.</ref><ref name="Halil Inalcik 2000. pg 175">Halil Inalcik, "The Ottoman Empire", Published by Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2000. except from pg 175:"The Ottoman ulema equally respected Sa'ad al-Din al-Taftazani from Iran and Sayyid Sharif al-Jurjani from Turkestan, both of whom followed the tradition of al-Razi and whose work formed the basis of Ottoman Medrese education"</ref> He completed his education in various educational institutions in the cities of ], Ghijduvan, Feryumed, Gulistan, ], ] and ]. His most prominent teacher was ].<ref>{{cite book|author=Alexander D. Knysh|title=Ibn ʻArabi in the Later Islamic Tradition The Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam|date=1999|publisher=]|isbn=9780791439678|page=148}}</ref> He mainly resided in ]. He was active during the reign of ], who noticed him as a promising scientist and supported his scholarship, and was part of his court. ] famously remarked about him that "science ended with him in the East" and "no one could ever replace him".<ref>Al-Asqalani, Ibn Hajar. ''al-Durar al-Kamina''.</ref> He died in ] in 1390 and was buried in ].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/teftazani | title=Teftâzânî }}</ref>
He was born in 1322 in ], then in the ], and now in ]<ref>Taşköprüzade A. (1896). ''Mevzuatü'l-Ulum''. (Kemaleddin, Taşköprüzade Mehmed, Trans.). İstanbul:İkdam. (Original work published 1870) </ref>. He completed his education in various educational institutions in the cities of Herat, Gucdüvan,
Feryumed, Gülistan, Harizm, Semerkand and Serahs. He mainly resided in ]. While he was still a student ] noticed him as a promising scientist and supported his scholarship. He is famous of being reported as "science ended with him in the east" and "noone could ever replace him" by ] due to ] and, thus, ending of ]<ref>Al-Asqalani, Ibn Hajar. ''al-Durar al-Kamina''.</ref>. He died in ] in 1390 and was buried in ]. He sincerely practiced Islam. He practiced and preached in ] and ] schools of Islam. He was in ] school concerning ] (]) issues and he was in ] school concerning ] (]) issues<ref>Salamé, C. (1974). ''Introduction''. In Al-Taftazani, Sad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah, Sharh al-Aqaid en-Nasafiyyah fi Usül al-Din wa Ilm al-Kalam. Damascus: Wazarat al-Thaqafah wa al-Irshad
al-Qawmi.</ref>.


==Career== ==Career==


During his lifetime, he specialized in logic, linguistics, interpretation, theology, philosophy and Islamic jurisprudence. His works were used as textbooks for centuries in Ottoman madrasahs<ref>Kumbasar, H. M. (2006). ''Taftazani (H.722-792/M.1322-1390)’nin Eserleri''. Atatürk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. vol(25), pp. 149-164.</ref>. He completed "Sherh uz Zencanî" which was his first and one of his most famous works at the age of 16<ref>Ibn ul Imad, Imad. (1989). ''Sezerat uz-Zeheb''. Beyrut.</ref>. He also translated ] and other ] and ] works to ]<ref>Bilmen, Ö. N. (1985). ''Teftazani''. In Yeni Türk Ansiklopedisi. (Vol. 10, p. 4016). İstanbul:Ötüken.</ref> During his lifetime, he wrote treaties on grammar, rhetoric, theology, logic, law and ] exegesis.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> His works were used as textbooks for centuries in Ottoman madrasahs<ref name="Halil Inalcik 2000. pg 175"/> and are used in ] madrasahs to this day.<ref>], ''The Mantle of the Prophet''; Momen, ''Introduction to Shi'i Islam''.</ref> He completed "Sharh-i az-Zanjani" which was his first and one of his most famous works at the age of 16.<ref>Ibn ul Imad, Imad. (1989). ''Sezherat uz-Zeheb''. Beyrut.</ref> He also wrote a commentary of the Qur'an in ] and translated a volume of ]'s poetry from Persian into Turkish.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} But it was in Arabic that he composed the bulk of his writing.


His treatises, even the commentaries, are "standard books" for students of Islamic theology and his papers have been called a "compendium of the various views regarding the great doctrines of Islam".<ref name="Al-Taftazani 1950 p. XX"/>
==Contributions==

Al-Taftazani made enormous contributions to ], ], ] including ], ], and ]<ref>Kumbasar, H. M. (2006). ''Taftazani (H.722-792/M.1322-1390)’nin Eserleri''. Atatürk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. vol(25), pp. 149.</ref>. His treatises even the ones as commentaries are "standard books" for students of Islamic theology and his papers are "compendium of the various views regarding the great doctrines of Islam"<ref>Al-Taftazani, Sad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah (1950). ''A Commentary on the Creed of Islam: Sad al-Din al-Taftazani on the Creed of Najm al-Din al-Nasafi'' (Earl Edgar Elder Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. XX.</ref>.


==Legacy== ==Legacy==


] who is considered to be the "father" of these ]<ref>Smith, J. R.; Smith, J.; Smith, L. B. (1980). ''Essentials of World History''. Barron's Educational Series, p. 20,</ref> for anticipating many elements of these disciplines centuries before they were founded in the West told about him as<ref>Ibn Khaldun (1969). ''The Muqaddimah, an Introduction to History'' (Rosenthal, F. Trans., Dawood, N. J. Ed.). Bollingen series, 160. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 92.</ref>: ] said of him: <ref>Smith, J. R.; Smith, J.; Smith, L. B. (1980). ''Essentials of World History''. Barron's Educational Series, p. 20,</ref><ref name="Ibn Khaldun 1969 p. 92">Ibn Khaldun (1969). ''The Muqaddimah, an Introduction to History'' (Rosenthal, F. Trans., Dawood, N. J. Ed.). Bollingen series, 160. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 92.</ref>


<blockquote> <blockquote>
I found in Egypt numerous works on the intellectual sciences composed by the well-known person Sa'd al-Dln al-Taftazam, a native of Harat, one of the villages of Khurasan. Some of them are on falam and the foundations of fiqh and rhetoric, which show that he had a profound knowledge of these sciences. Their contents demonstrate that he was well versed in the philosophical sciences and far advanced in the rest of the sciences which deal with Reason. I found in ] numerous works on the intellectual sciences composed by the well-known person Sa'd al-Din al-Taftazani, a native of ], one of the villages of ]. Some of them are on ] (speculative theology) and the ] and rhetoric, which show that he had a profound knowledge of these sciences. Their contents demonstrate that he was well versed in the philosophical sciences and far advanced in the rest of the sciences which deal with Reason.
</blockquote> </blockquote>



==Writings by Al-Taftazani== ==Writings by Al-Taftazani==
{{Ash'arism}}

===Linguistics=== ===Linguistics===


* Sherh uz Zencanî (aka. Serh ul Izzi fi't-Tasrîf, aka. Sa'diyye). (738). His first work. * Sharh az Zanjani (aka. Serh ul Izzi fi't-Tasrîf, a.k.a. Sa'diyye). (738 ]). His first work.
* Al-Irsad (aka. Irsad ul Hadi). (778). * Al-Irsad (a.k.a. Irsad ul Hadi). (778 A.H.).
* En-Ni Amu's Sevabigh Fi Sherh in Nevabigh. * al-Ni'am al-Sawabigh fi Sharh al-Nawabigh.


===Rhetoric=== ===Rhetoric===


* Al-Mutavvel (aka. Sher ul Mutavvel). (747). * Al-Mutawwal (747 A.H.).
* Al-Muhtasar (aka. Muhtasar ul Ma'ani). (756). * Al-Mukhtasar (a.k.a. Muhtasar ul Ma'ani). (756 A.H.).
* Sherh'u Miftah il Ulum (aka. Mirtah il Ulum). (787). * Sharh'u Miftah il Ulum (a.k.a. Mirtah il Ulum). (787 A.H.).


===Logic=== ===Logic===


* Sherh ur Risalet ish Shemsiyye (aka. Sherh us Shemsiyye). (752). * Sherh ur Risalet ash Shamsiyye (a.k.a. Sharh ush Shamsiyya). (752 A.H.).
* Makasıd ut Talibin fi Ilmi Usul id-Din (aka. Al-Makasid). (784). * Maqasıd ut Talibin fi Ilmi Usul id-Din (a.k.a. Al-Maqasid). (784 A.H.).
* Tezhib ul Mantik ve al Kalam.(739). * Tezhib ul Mantiq Wa al Kalam. (739 A.H.).
* ] (767 A.H.; commentary on ]'s creed).
* Sherh ul Akaid in Nesefiyye. (767).


===Legal Sciences=== ===Legal Sciences===


* Et-Telvih fi Keshfi Hakaik it Tenkih (aka. Et-Telvih). (758). * at-Talwih fi Kashfi Haqaiq at Tanqih (758 A.H.).
* Hashiye tu Muhtasar il Munteha. (770). * Hashiye tu Muhtasar il Munteha. (770 A.H.).
* Miftah ul Fikh (aka. Al-Miftah). (782). * Miftah ul Fiqh (a.k.a. Al-Miftah). (782 A.H.).
* Ihtisaru Sherhi Telhis il Cami il Kebir. (785). * Ihtisaru Sharhi Talhis il jami il Kabir. (785 A.H.).
* Al-Feteva al Hanefiye. (759). A detailed compilation of gis juristical decisions during his juristicaal career. * Al-Fatawa al Hanaffiya. (759 A.H.). A detailed compilation of his juristical decisions during his juristicaal career.
* Sherh ul Feraid is Siraciyye. * Sharh ul Faraid is Sirajiyya.


===Theology=== ===Theology===


* ]: This is a commentary on ]'s treatise on the creed of Islam. Taftazani's commentary on this work soon became the most acclaimed commentary. By 17th century, there were more than fifty further commentaries that were written on Taftazani's "Sharh 'Aqaid al-Nasafi". He wrote this explanation according to the methodology of the maturidis.
⚫ * Hashiyye Alel Keshshaf. (789). This is an unfinished work of his.
* Sharh al Maqasid. The most advanced comprehensive Ash'ari theology book written until today alongside Sharh al Mawaqif of ].
* Keshf ul Esrar ve Uddet ul Ebraar. That is uncertain of being one of his works.
⚫ * Hashiyye Ala al-Kashshaf. (789 A.H.). This is an unfinished work of his.
* Al Arbain. * Al Arbain.
* Sherh ul Hadis ul Erbain en Neveviyye. * Sharh ul Hadis ul Erbain en Neveviyye.
* Hashiyat al kashaf (extremely rare work by Taftazani) never finished by the scholar or unknown compiled during his lifetime. There are 3 manuscripts that have shed light on the subject and are known to the public in museums and private collections. One is dated 1147AH (private Saudi collection and is the oldest dated copy of his work some 357 years after his death), one dated 1209 AH, and one dated 1237AH.


== References == ==See also==
* ]
⚫ * ]
* ]

==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}


==External Links== ==External links==
⚫ * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810053011/https://kutuphane.tbmm.gov.tr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?op=do_search&kohafield=author&field_value=Sadeddin%20Taftazani,&serverid=-1 |date=2020-08-10 }}
* is an Arabic work, dating from 1805, which compares Taftazani's work to the work of ]


⚫


{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Shafi'i scholars}}
{{Ash'ari}}
{{Islamic theology|state=collapsed}}
{{People of Khorasan}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Al-Taftazani, Sad Al-Din}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Taftazani, Sad Al-Din}}


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Latest revision as of 21:49, 20 November 2024

Persian theologian, literary and philosopher (1322-1390)
Al-Taftazani
Personal life
Born1322
Taftazan Khorasan, Iran
Died1390
Samarkand
RegionSarakhs
Main interest(s)Linguistics, Theology, Islamic jurisprudence, Rhetoric, Logic
Notable work(s)Sharh al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya
Sharh al-Maqasid
Religious life
ReligionIslam
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceHanafi
CreedAshari
Muslim leader
Influenced by

Sa'ad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah al-Taftazani (Persian: سعدالدین مسعودبن عمربن عبداللّه هروی خراسانی تفتازانی) also known as Al-Taftazani and Taftazani (1322–1390) was a Muslim Persian polymath.

Early life and education

Al-Taftazani was born in 1322 in Taftazan, Khorasan in Iran, then in the Sarbedaran state. He completed his education in various educational institutions in the cities of Herat, Ghijduvan, Feryumed, Gulistan, Khwarizm, Samarkand and Sarakhs. His most prominent teacher was Adud al-Din al-Iji. He mainly resided in Sarakhs. He was active during the reign of Timur, who noticed him as a promising scientist and supported his scholarship, and was part of his court. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani famously remarked about him that "science ended with him in the East" and "no one could ever replace him". He died in Samarkand in 1390 and was buried in Sarakhs.

Career

During his lifetime, he wrote treaties on grammar, rhetoric, theology, logic, law and Quran exegesis. His works were used as textbooks for centuries in Ottoman madrasahs and are used in Shia madrasahs to this day. He completed "Sharh-i az-Zanjani" which was his first and one of his most famous works at the age of 16. He also wrote a commentary of the Qur'an in Persian and translated a volume of Sa'adi's poetry from Persian into Turkish. But it was in Arabic that he composed the bulk of his writing.

His treatises, even the commentaries, are "standard books" for students of Islamic theology and his papers have been called a "compendium of the various views regarding the great doctrines of Islam".

Legacy

Ibn Khaldun said of him:

I found in Egypt numerous works on the intellectual sciences composed by the well-known person Sa'd al-Din al-Taftazani, a native of Herat, one of the villages of Khurasan. Some of them are on kalam (speculative theology) and the foundations of fiqh and rhetoric, which show that he had a profound knowledge of these sciences. Their contents demonstrate that he was well versed in the philosophical sciences and far advanced in the rest of the sciences which deal with Reason.

Writings by Al-Taftazani

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Linguistics

  • Sharh az Zanjani (aka. Serh ul Izzi fi't-Tasrîf, a.k.a. Sa'diyye). (738 A.H.). His first work.
  • Al-Irsad (a.k.a. Irsad ul Hadi). (778 A.H.).
  • al-Ni'am al-Sawabigh fi Sharh al-Nawabigh.

Rhetoric

  • Al-Mutawwal (747 A.H.).
  • Al-Mukhtasar (a.k.a. Muhtasar ul Ma'ani). (756 A.H.).
  • Sharh'u Miftah il Ulum (a.k.a. Mirtah il Ulum). (787 A.H.).

Logic

  • Sherh ur Risalet ash Shamsiyye (a.k.a. Sharh ush Shamsiyya). (752 A.H.).
  • Maqasıd ut Talibin fi Ilmi Usul id-Din (a.k.a. Al-Maqasid). (784 A.H.).
  • Tezhib ul Mantiq Wa al Kalam. (739 A.H.).
  • Sharh al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya (767 A.H.; commentary on Abu Hafs Omar al-Nasafi's creed).

Legal Sciences

  • at-Talwih fi Kashfi Haqaiq at Tanqih (758 A.H.).
  • Hashiye tu Muhtasar il Munteha. (770 A.H.).
  • Miftah ul Fiqh (a.k.a. Al-Miftah). (782 A.H.).
  • Ihtisaru Sharhi Talhis il jami il Kabir. (785 A.H.).
  • Al-Fatawa al Hanaffiya. (759 A.H.). A detailed compilation of his juristical decisions during his juristicaal career.
  • Sharh ul Faraid is Sirajiyya.

Theology

  • Sharh al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya: This is a commentary on Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi's treatise on the creed of Islam. Taftazani's commentary on this work soon became the most acclaimed commentary. By 17th century, there were more than fifty further commentaries that were written on Taftazani's "Sharh 'Aqaid al-Nasafi". He wrote this explanation according to the methodology of the maturidis.
  • Sharh al Maqasid. The most advanced comprehensive Ash'ari theology book written until today alongside Sharh al Mawaqif of Al-Sharif al-Jurjani.
  • Hashiyye Ala al-Kashshaf. (789 A.H.). This is an unfinished work of his.
  • Al Arbain.
  • Sharh ul Hadis ul Erbain en Neveviyye.
  • Hashiyat al kashaf (extremely rare work by Taftazani) never finished by the scholar or unknown compiled during his lifetime. There are 3 manuscripts that have shed light on the subject and are known to the public in museums and private collections. One is dated 1147AH (private Saudi collection and is the oldest dated copy of his work some 357 years after his death), one dated 1209 AH, and one dated 1237AH.

See also

References

  1. ^ Al-Taftazani, Sad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah (1950). A Commentary on the Creed of Islam: Sad al-Din al-Taftazani on the Creed of Najm al-Din al-Nasafi (Earl Edgar Elder Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. XX.
  2. ^ "Al-Taftazanni Sa'd al-Din Masud b. Umar b. Abdullah", in Encyclopedia Islam by W. Madelung, Brill. 2007
  3. ^ Kaukua, Jari (31 October 2015). Sgarbi M. (ed.). "Al-Taftazānī". Encyclopaedia of Renaissanace Philosophy: 1–2. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02848-4. hdl:10278/3726814. ISBN 978-3-319-02848-4. Retrieved 21 June 2020. A famous fourteenth-century theologian and jurisprudent, al-Taftāzānī is one of the last representatives of the high tide of Ash'arite philosophical theology.
  4. ^ Aydin, Omer (2005). Gunduz, Sinasi; Yaran, Cafer (eds.). "Change and Essence: Dialectical Relations Between Change and Continuity in the Turkish Intellectual Tradition". Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. IIA. 18. CRVP: 105. ISBN 1-56518-222-7. In my opinion, al-Taftazani and al-Jurjani reconciled the Asharite.
  5. Khadduri, Majid. "Elder (tr.): A Commentary on the Creed of Islam (Book Review)." Middle East Journal 4 (1950): 262.
  6. Al-Taftazani, Sad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah (1950). A Commentary on the Creed of Islam: Sad al-Din al-Taftazani on the Creed of Najm al-Din al-Nasafi (Earl Edgar Elder Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. XX.
  7. Elias John Wilkinson Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, Volume 1, London, 1900. excerpt from pg 202: "..the next work in Turkish poetry is versified translation of Sa'adi's Bustan or 'Orchard' made in 755 by the great and famous Persian schoolmen Sa'd-ud-Din Me'sud-i-Teftazani."
  8. Gerhard Endress, An Introduction to Islam, translated by Carole Hillenbrand, Columbia University Press, 1998. excerpt from pg 192: "Death of Sa'ad al-Din al-Taftazani, Persian historian and philosopher at the court of Timur"
  9. Allen J. Frank, Islamic Historiography and "Bulghar" Identity Among the Tatars and Bashkirs of Russia, Brill, 1998. excerpt from pg 83:One of the most curious aspects of the Tawarikh i-Baghdadiya are the repeated references to the great Persian theologian Sa'd al-Din Taftazani (1322-1389), who did in fact associate with Timur.
  10. Knysh, A. D. (1999). Ibn ʻArabi in the Later Islamic Tradition: The Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam. New York. State University of New York Press. p. 144.
  11. ^ Halil Inalcik, "The Ottoman Empire", Published by Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2000. except from pg 175:"The Ottoman ulema equally respected Sa'ad al-Din al-Taftazani from Iran and Sayyid Sharif al-Jurjani from Turkestan, both of whom followed the tradition of al-Razi and whose work formed the basis of Ottoman Medrese education"
  12. Alexander D. Knysh (1999). Ibn ʻArabi in the Later Islamic Tradition The Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam. State University of New York Press. p. 148. ISBN 9780791439678.
  13. Al-Asqalani, Ibn Hajar. al-Durar al-Kamina.
  14. "Teftâzânî".
  15. Roy Mottahedeh, The Mantle of the Prophet; Momen, Introduction to Shi'i Islam.
  16. Ibn ul Imad, Imad. (1989). Sezherat uz-Zeheb. Beyrut.
  17. Smith, J. R.; Smith, J.; Smith, L. B. (1980). Essentials of World History. Barron's Educational Series, p. 20,
  18. Ibn Khaldun (1969). The Muqaddimah, an Introduction to History (Rosenthal, F. Trans., Dawood, N. J. Ed.). Bollingen series, 160. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 92.

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