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{{Short description|Ukrainian writer (1769–1838)}}
{{Infobox_Biography |
{{Infobox person
subject_name = Ivan Kotlyarevsky|
| name = Ivan Kotliarevsky
image_name = Ivan_Kotlyarevsky.jpg|
| image = Іван Котляревський.jpg
image_caption = |
| caption =
date_of_birth = ] ] ] (] ] ])|
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1769|8|29|df=y}} ]<br /> (9 September 1769 ])
place_of_birth = ]|
| birth_place = ], ] (now Ukraine)
date_of_death = ] ] ] (] ] ]|
| death_date = {{death date and age|1838|10|29|1769|8|29|df=y}} ]<br /> (10 November 1838 ])
place_of_death = ]
| death_place = Poltava, Russian Empire (now Ukraine)
}} }}
'''Ivan Petrovych Kotliarevsky''' ({{langx|uk|Іван Петрович Котляревський}}; {{OldStyleDate|9 September|1769|29 August}} – {{OldStyleDate|10 November|1838|29 October}}) was a ] writer, poet, playwright, and ], regarded as the pioneer of modern ]. His main work is the ] poem '']''.


== Biography ==
'''Ivan Petrovych Kotlyarevsky''' ({{lang-uk|Іван Петрович Котляревський}}) (b. {{OldStyleDate|9 September|1769|29 August}}, ], ] - d. {{OldStyleDate|10 November|1838|29 October}}, Poltava), was a ] writer, poet and a playwright widely regarded to have started the modern ]. His ] poem Eneyida (Енеїда) (]), is considered to be the first literary work published in the modern ]. His two plays, also living classics, ''Natalka-Poltavka'' (Natalka from ]) and ''Moskal'-Charivnyk'' (The 'Moscal'-Sorcerer) have started the modern development of Ukrainian theater and opera.
Kotliarevsky was born on {{OldStyleDate|9 September|1769|29 August}} in the Ukrainian city of ] in the family of clerk Petro Kotliarevsky.<ref> / упоряд. Г. М. Сивокінь. – К. : Дніпро, 1988. – 270 с. – 1,30.</ref> The Kotliarevskys belonged to the Ukrainian nobility but were not wealthy. They owned a small estate in Poltava and a plot of land nearby.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sreznevsky |first=V. |title=Russkiĭ biograficheskiĭ slovarʹ |title-link=Russian Biographical Dictionary |publisher=Tipografiia Glavnogo Upravleniia Udelov |year=1903 |volume=9 |location=Saint Petersburg |pages=331 |language=ru |script-title=ru:Русский биографический словарь |trans-title=Russian Biographical Dictionary |chapter=Kotliarevsky, Ivan Petrovich |script-chapter=ru:Котляревский, Иван Петрович |chapter-url=https://ru.wikisource.org/%D0%A0%D0%91%D0%A1/%D0%92%D0%A2/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87}}</ref> After studying at the Poltava Theological Seminary (1780–1789), he worked as a tutor for the ] at rural estates, where he became familiar with Ukrainian folk life and the peasant ]. He served in the ] between 1796 and 1808 in the Siversky Karabiner Regiment. Kotliarevsky participated in the ] as a staff-captain, during which the Russian troops laid the siege to the city of ]. In 1808 he retired from the Army. In 1810 he became the ] of an institution for the education of children of impoverished nobles. In 1812, during the ] he organized the ] in the town of Horoshyn (Khorol uyezd, ]) under the condition that it will be left after the war as a permanent military formation. For that he received a rank of ].<ref name="utoronto"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309154858/http://www.utoronto.ca/elul/English/218/Eneida.pdf |date=2012-03-09 }} Published for the Ukrainian Canadian Committee by the University of Toronto Press in Toronto, 1963.</ref>


He helped stage theatrical productions at the Poltava governor-general's residence and was the artistic director of the Poltava Free Theater between 1812 and 1821. In 1818 together with {{Ill|Vasyl Lukashevych|uk|Лукашевич Васил}} , V. Taranovsky, and others he became a member of the ] {{lang|uk-Latn|Liubov do istyny}} (Love of truth).<ref>Sliusarenko, A. H., ] ''Istoriia Ukrainskoi Konstytutsii,'' "Znannia", (Ukraine 1993), {{ISBN|5-7770-0600-0}}, pg.&nbsp;38 {{in lang|uk}}</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408141704/http://www.ukrmason.org/ukr/history9.php |date=2011-04-08 }} {{in lang|uk}}</ref> Kotliarevsky participated in the buyout of actor ] out of the serfdom. From 1827 to 1835 he directed several ] agencies.<ref name="utoronto" /> He died on {{OldStyleDate|10 November|1838|29 October}}. Shortly before his death, he released his serfs and distributed his property to relatives and acquaintances. He was buried in Poltava.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kotliarevsky, Ivan Petrovych |script-title=uk:Котляревський, Іван Петрович |url=https://vue.gov.ua/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128091454/https://vue.gov.ua/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 |archive-date=28 November 2024 |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=] |language=uk}}</ref>
The ] in the 18th century was used mostly by peasants and petty bourgeois and though it was in no danger of extinction, to become a language of belle-lettres, philosophy and science, it had to be hoisted from the level of the everyday to the level of the sublime. There was also an increasing pressure on the part of the Russian Imperial authorities to do away with the ] altogether. Naturally enough, for quite a while there was no one who would risk to use the language of the lower classes for expressing refined feelings of polite literature (scholarly works were written either in ] or ]. It was only at the end of the 18th century that a breakthrough came. Ivan Kotlyarevsky who for his own diversion, wrote an epic poem, a burlesque in Ukrainian, based on Vergil’s ], was prevailed upon by his friends to whom he read his poem, to publish it. He was reluctant to do it but when finally its shortened version was released in print in 1794, it was an immediate success. The book, Eneyida, turned out to be the first literary work published in the vernacular Ukrainian, becoming an undying classic of Ukrainian literature.


== The first modern Ukrainian writer ==
The first edition of Kotlyarevsky’s Eneyida: ]
]'', 1798.]]
Kotliarevsky wrote his first poems while a student at the Poltava Theological Seminary and published them in the satirical almanac {{Lang|uk|Poltavska mukha}} (Poltava fly).<ref name=":1" /> He began work on his best-known literary work, the ] poem '']'' ({{langx|uk|Енеїда}}), in 1794.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Petrenko |first=Pavlo |title=Kotliarevsky, Ivan |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CO%5CKotliarevskyIvan.htm |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}</ref> The first three parts were published in Saint Petersburg (without the author's permission) in 1798.<ref name=":1" /> Its publication is usually regarded as the starting point of modern ], as it marked the beginning of the use of vernacular Ukrainian as a literary language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Čyževsʹkyj |first=Dmytro |author-link=Dmytro Chyzhevsky |title=A History of Ukrainian Literature: From the 11th to the End of the 19th Century |date=1997 |publisher=Ukrainian Academic Press |others=Translated by Dolly Ferguson, Doreen Gorlsine, and Ulana Petyk |isbn=978-1-56308-522-2 |editor-last=Luckyj |editor-first=George S. N. |editor-link=George S. N. Luckyj |location=New York |pages=366 |orig-date=Orig. published in Ukrainian in 1956}}</ref> The fourth part was published in 1809, and the fifth and sixth parts were completed around 1820, although the first complete edition of the work was published only in 1842, after the author's death.<ref name=":2" />


Kotliarevsky's ''Eneida'' built upon a tradition of parodies of ] '']'' in European literature. In particular, its main model was the earlier poem {{Lang|ru-Latn|Virgilieva Eneida, vyvorochennaya naiznaku}} (Virgil's ''Aeneid'' turned inside out) published in 1791 by the Russian poet ] (completed by Alexander Kotelnitsky), but Kotliarevsky's work is absolutely different.<ref name=":2" /> In ''Eneida'', the Trojan heroes of the ''Aeneid'' are transformed into ] while the Olympian gods become merciless landlords.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andruyshen |first=C. H. |url=https://archive.org/details/ukrainianpoets110000chan |title=The Ukrainian Poets: 1189-1962 |last2=Kirkconnell |first2=Watson |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1963 |pages=36 |url-access=registration}}</ref> It reflects the memory of the recently destroyed ]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zyla |first=Wolodymyr T. |date=1972 |title=A Ukrainian Version of the 'Aeneid': Ivan Kotljarevs'kyj's 'Enejida' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296592 |journal=The Classical Journal |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=193–197 |issn=0009-8353}}</ref> and ] and the current high point of Russian-imposed ] in Ukraine. It satirizes the social classes of the past and present eras.<ref name=":2" /> The work became very popular in its time and inspired a number of imitations.<ref name=":2" /> With ''Eneida'', Kotliarevsky also introduced into Ukrainian poetry ], which replaced the earlier ] deemed less suitable for the randomly stressed Ukrainian language.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Husar Struk |first=Danylo |title=Literature |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CI%5CLiterature.htm |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}</ref> He used ] in ten-line ] with regular rhymes.<ref name=":2" />
Ivan P. Kotlyarevsky was born into the family of a small landowner of noble extraction, in the town of Poltava, in 1769. His primary education was provided by a local sexton and psalm-reader. Later he studied at the Poltava seminary. Upon graduation, he had a succession of jobs which included teaching, and later he went into military service. In 1806, he even took part in a military expedition against Turkey, and two years later he retired from the army in the rank of staff-captain. His retirement from the army did not mean his retirement from a civilian career. He was a warden and administrator of an establishment for educating children of impoverished noblemen, of a charity hospital, a member of Societies of lovers and promoters of belles-lettres. He was known to have joined a Freemasons’ lodge. And he never stopped writing. His plays, among them Natalka-Poltavka, another classic of Ukrainian literature, were at the start of the Ukrainian national theatre.


Kotliarevsky's two plays, the comedy '']'' (Natalka from Poltava) and the ] '']'' (The soldier-sorcerer),<ref name=":3" /> played a major role the development of Ukrainian national theater.<ref name=":2" />
Kotlyarevsky died in ] in 1838. The full version of Eneyida was published posthumously, in 1842.


== Views ==
Kotlyarevsky’s Eneyida has been called “an encyclopaedia of Ukrainian life” of the 18th century by recent historians of Ukrainian literature. Basically, it is a satirical work which through the adventures of Enei (Aeneas) who is portrayed as a daring and venturesome Cossack, and of his Cossack comrades, presents a wide panorama of everyday life, aspirations, beliefs of the 18th century. As Vergil’s Aeneas was the prototype of the Roman life, Kotlyarevsky’s Enei was the prototype of the Ukrainian life of the 18th century. The Ukrainian upper classes were well-versed in classical Roman and Greek literature and their education allowed them to read the classics in the original Latin and Greek. The story of Aeneas as told by Vergil was well known and the images of gods and goddesses, kings and queens, Trojans and inhabitants of Latium were skilfully used by Kotlyarevsky to satirically depict various walks of Ukrainian society. Kotlyarevsky’s language is very rich and juicy, full of Ukrainian idioms, expressions and words which have been preserved thanks to their having been used in the poem. The publishers of the first edition of the poem supplemented it with a short glossary of words and expressions and the third edition of 1842 already had a glossary which had been compiled by Kotlyarevsky himself and included more than fifteen hundred words and expressions. Sparkling humour of the poem has its roots in the folk humour of the times when it was written but it has hardly lost any of its witty potential to make people laugh two centuries later. Kotlyarevsky’s Eneyida is not a dead classic on a dusty shelf but a piece of writing which is very much alive and enjoyed.
Pavlo Petrenko writes that Kotliarevsky's worldview was "guided by moral rather than by sociopolitical criteria, and his sympathy for the socially and nationally oppressed Ukrainian peasantry was subordinated to his loyalty to tsarist autocracy."<ref name=":2" />


== Legacy ==
Photographs show scenes from Eneyida, staged at the Franko National Drama Theater. ] ]
According to Pavlo Petrenko, "Kotliarevsky's influence is evident not only in the works of his immediate successors (], ], Yakiv Kukharenko, K. Topolia, Stepan Pysarevsky, and others), but also in the ethnographic plays of the second half of the 19th century and in Russian (the works of the ethnic Ukrainians ] and Vasilii Narezhny) and Belarusian (the anonymous ''Eneida navyvarat'' ) literature."<ref name=":2" />


Kotliarevsky's complete works were published in Kyiv 1952–3 and 1969. In 1952, the Kotliarevsky Museum was opened in Poltava.<ref name=":2" /> The ], in ], Ukraine, is named after him. Monuments to Kotlyarevsky were erected in ] (sculptor G. Kalchenko, architect A. Ignashchenko) and in Poltava (sculptor L. Pozen, architect A. Shirshov). Numerous boulevards and streets in Ukrainian cities are named after the poet, the largest ones being in Kyiv, Poltava, ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
Article written by Vira Sulyma, head of a department of Ukraine’s Literature Museum +


== English translations ==
Photos by Yuri Buslenko
The first few stanzas of Kotliarevsky's ''Eneida'' were translated into English by {{Ill|Wolodymyr Semenyna|uk|Семенина Володимир}} and published in the Ukrainian-American newspaper '']'' on 20 October 1933.<ref> {{in lang|en}}</ref> However, the first complete English translation of the work was published only in 2004 by Ukrainian-Canadian {{Ill|Bohdan Melnyk (translator)|lt=Bohdan Melnyk|uk|Мельник Богдан Осипович}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wawryshyn |first=Olena |date=2005 |title=Melnyk's Monumental Task |url=http://www.infoukes.com/newpathway/37-2005_Page_06.htm |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=30 May 2020 |website=InfoUkes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Savchuk |first=Vasyl |date=24 January 2014 |title= |script-title=uk:Штрихи до портрета перекладача Богдана Мельника |trans-title=Touches to the portrait of translator Bohdan Melnyk |url=http://svitlytsia.crimea.ua/?section=article&artID=12820 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=30 May 2020 |website=Krymska Svitlytsia |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Eneïda|oclc=62253208}}</ref>


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}}
* in ]
⚫ * in ''Welcome to Ukraine'', 1999, 1
⚫ * in ''Encyclopedia of Ukraine''


==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{wikisource|uk:Енеїда (Іван Котляревський)}}
*{{Britannica URL|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-Petrovich-Kotlyarevsky|title=Ivan Kotlyarevsky}}
⚫ * at the ''Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine''
*
⚫ * in ''Welcome to Ukraine'', 1999, 1
* (translated into English)
* {{in lang|uk}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Ukraine-bio-stub}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kotlyarevsky, Ivan Petrovych}}
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Latest revision as of 00:26, 6 December 2024

Ukrainian writer (1769–1838)
Ivan Kotliarevsky
Born(1769-08-29)29 August 1769 O.S.
(9 September 1769 N.S.)
Poltava, Russian Empire (now Ukraine)
Died29 October 1838(1838-10-29) (aged 69) O.S.
(10 November 1838 N.S.)
Poltava, Russian Empire (now Ukraine)

Ivan Petrovych Kotliarevsky (Ukrainian: Іван Петрович Котляревський; 9 September [O.S. 29 August] 1769 – 10 November [O.S. 29 October] 1838) was a Ukrainian writer, poet, playwright, and social activist, regarded as the pioneer of modern Ukrainian literature. His main work is the mock-heroic poem Eneida.

Biography

Kotliarevsky was born on 9 September [O.S. 29 August] 1769 in the Ukrainian city of Poltava in the family of clerk Petro Kotliarevsky. The Kotliarevskys belonged to the Ukrainian nobility but were not wealthy. They owned a small estate in Poltava and a plot of land nearby. After studying at the Poltava Theological Seminary (1780–1789), he worked as a tutor for the gentry at rural estates, where he became familiar with Ukrainian folk life and the peasant vernacular. He served in the Imperial Russian Army between 1796 and 1808 in the Siversky Karabiner Regiment. Kotliarevsky participated in the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) as a staff-captain, during which the Russian troops laid the siege to the city of Izmail. In 1808 he retired from the Army. In 1810 he became the trustee of an institution for the education of children of impoverished nobles. In 1812, during the French invasion of Russia he organized the 5th Ukrainian Cossack Regiment in the town of Horoshyn (Khorol uyezd, Poltava Governorate) under the condition that it will be left after the war as a permanent military formation. For that he received a rank of major.

He helped stage theatrical productions at the Poltava governor-general's residence and was the artistic director of the Poltava Free Theater between 1812 and 1821. In 1818 together with Vasyl Lukashevych [uk] , V. Taranovsky, and others he became a member of the Poltava Freemasonry Lodge Liubov do istyny (Love of truth). Kotliarevsky participated in the buyout of actor Mikhail Shchepkin out of the serfdom. From 1827 to 1835 he directed several philanthropic agencies. He died on 10 November [O.S. 29 October] 1838. Shortly before his death, he released his serfs and distributed his property to relatives and acquaintances. He was buried in Poltava.

The first modern Ukrainian writer

The first edition of Kotliarevsky's Eneida, 1798.

Kotliarevsky wrote his first poems while a student at the Poltava Theological Seminary and published them in the satirical almanac Poltavska mukha (Poltava fly). He began work on his best-known literary work, the mock-heroic poem Eneida (Ukrainian: Енеїда), in 1794. The first three parts were published in Saint Petersburg (without the author's permission) in 1798. Its publication is usually regarded as the starting point of modern Ukrainian literature, as it marked the beginning of the use of vernacular Ukrainian as a literary language. The fourth part was published in 1809, and the fifth and sixth parts were completed around 1820, although the first complete edition of the work was published only in 1842, after the author's death.

Kotliarevsky's Eneida built upon a tradition of parodies of Virgil's Aeneid in European literature. In particular, its main model was the earlier poem Virgilieva Eneida, vyvorochennaya naiznaku (Virgil's Aeneid turned inside out) published in 1791 by the Russian poet Nikolay Osipov (completed by Alexander Kotelnitsky), but Kotliarevsky's work is absolutely different. In Eneida, the Trojan heroes of the Aeneid are transformed into Zaporozhian Cossacks while the Olympian gods become merciless landlords. It reflects the memory of the recently destroyed Zaporozhian Sich and Cossack Hetmanate and the current high point of Russian-imposed serfdom in Ukraine. It satirizes the social classes of the past and present eras. The work became very popular in its time and inspired a number of imitations. With Eneida, Kotliarevsky also introduced into Ukrainian poetry accentual-syllabic verse, which replaced the earlier syllabic versification deemed less suitable for the randomly stressed Ukrainian language. He used iambic tetrameter in ten-line strophes with regular rhymes.

Kotliarevsky's two plays, the comedy Natalka Poltavka (Natalka from Poltava) and the vaudeville Moskal-Charivnyk (The soldier-sorcerer), played a major role the development of Ukrainian national theater.

Views

Pavlo Petrenko writes that Kotliarevsky's worldview was "guided by moral rather than by sociopolitical criteria, and his sympathy for the socially and nationally oppressed Ukrainian peasantry was subordinated to his loyalty to tsarist autocracy."

Legacy

According to Pavlo Petrenko, "Kotliarevsky's influence is evident not only in the works of his immediate successors (Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko, Taras Shevchenko, Yakiv Kukharenko, K. Topolia, Stepan Pysarevsky, and others), but also in the ethnographic plays of the second half of the 19th century and in Russian (the works of the ethnic Ukrainians Nikolai Gogol and Vasilii Narezhny) and Belarusian (the anonymous Eneida navyvarat ) literature."

Kotliarevsky's complete works were published in Kyiv 1952–3 and 1969. In 1952, the Kotliarevsky Museum was opened in Poltava. The Kharkiv I. P. Kotlyarevsky National University of Arts, in Kharkiv, Ukraine, is named after him. Monuments to Kotlyarevsky were erected in Kyiv (sculptor G. Kalchenko, architect A. Ignashchenko) and in Poltava (sculptor L. Pozen, architect A. Shirshov). Numerous boulevards and streets in Ukrainian cities are named after the poet, the largest ones being in Kyiv, Poltava, Chernihiv, Vinnytsia, Khmelnytskyi, Chernivtsi, Pryluky, Lubny and Berdychiv.

English translations

The first few stanzas of Kotliarevsky's Eneida were translated into English by Wolodymyr Semenyna [uk] and published in the Ukrainian-American newspaper Ukrainian Weekly on 20 October 1933. However, the first complete English translation of the work was published only in 2004 by Ukrainian-Canadian Bohdan Melnyk [uk].

References

  1. Літературна панорама. 1988 Текст : збірник. Вип. 3 / упоряд. Г. М. Сивокінь. – К. : Дніпро, 1988. – 270 с. – 1,30.
  2. Sreznevsky, V. (1903). "Kotliarevsky, Ivan Petrovich" Котляревский, Иван Петрович. Russkiĭ biograficheskiĭ slovarʹ Русский биографический словарь [Russian Biographical Dictionary] (in Russian). Vol. 9. Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia Glavnogo Upravleniia Udelov. p. 331.
  3. ^ Ivan Kotliarevsky. Eneida: Excerpts. Translated by Andrusyshen C. H & Kirkconnell W. in the anthology The Ukrainian Poets 1189–1962. Archived 2012-03-09 at the Wayback Machine Published for the Ukrainian Canadian Committee by the University of Toronto Press in Toronto, 1963.
  4. Sliusarenko, A. H., Tomenko, M. V. Istoriia Ukrainskoi Konstytutsii, "Znannia", (Ukraine 1993), ISBN 5-7770-0600-0, pg. 38 (in Ukrainian)
  5. List of freemasonry lodges in Ukraine Archived 2011-04-08 at the Wayback Machine (in Ukrainian)
  6. ^ "Kotliarevsky, Ivan Petrovych" Котляревський, Іван Петрович. Great Ukrainian Encyclopedia (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  7. ^ Petrenko, Pavlo. "Kotliarevsky, Ivan". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  8. Čyževsʹkyj, Dmytro (1997) . Luckyj, George S. N. (ed.). A History of Ukrainian Literature: From the 11th to the End of the 19th Century. Translated by Dolly Ferguson, Doreen Gorlsine, and Ulana Petyk. New York: Ukrainian Academic Press. p. 366. ISBN 978-1-56308-522-2.
  9. Andruyshen, C. H.; Kirkconnell, Watson (1963). The Ukrainian Poets: 1189-1962. University of Toronto Press. p. 36.
  10. Zyla, Wolodymyr T. (1972). "A Ukrainian Version of the 'Aeneid': Ivan Kotljarevs'kyj's 'Enejida'". The Classical Journal. 67 (3): 193–197. ISSN 0009-8353.
  11. ^ Husar Struk, Danylo. "Literature". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  12. "1933" The Ukrainian Weekly 1933-03.pdf (in English)
  13. Wawryshyn, Olena (2005). "Melnyk's Monumental Task". InfoUkes.com. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  14. Savchuk, Vasyl (24 January 2014). Штрихи до портрета перекладача Богдана Мельника [Touches to the portrait of translator Bohdan Melnyk]. Krymska Svitlytsia (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  15. Eneïda. OCLC 62253208.

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