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	{{~~Infobox~~ Shinto shrine		{{Short description\|Shinto shrine in Usa, Ōita, Japan}}
			{{Infobox religious building
	\| name = Usa Shrine<br>石清水八幡宮
	\| ~~image~~ = 宇佐神宮~~西大門.jpg.~~		\| name = Usa Jingū<br>宇佐神宮
	\| ~~caption~~ = ~~The central gate of~~ Usa~~-jingu~~ Shrine ~~in Kyushu~~.		\| image = Usa Shrine (Nanchūrōmon).jpg
			\| caption = The southern '']'' of Usa Jingū
	\| type = ]
			\| map_type = Japan
	\| dedication = ]
	\| ~~founded~~ = ~~725~~		\| map_alt =
			\| coordinates = {{coord\|33\|31\|34\|N\|131\|22\|29\|E\|region:JP-44_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki\|display=title,inline}}
	\| closed =
	\| ~~founder~~ =		\| map_relief =
	\| ~~priest~~ =		\| map_size =
			\| map_caption =
	\| address = 2859, Ooaza Minamiusa, Usa-shi 〒872-0102<ref name="mlit1">] (]): </ref>
			\| religious_affiliation = ]
	\| phone = 0978-32-1111<ref name="mlit1"/>
			\| type = ]<br />]
	\| website =
			\| deity = ]
			\| founded_by =
			\| established = 8th century<ref name="jnto1"/>
			\| date_destroyed =
			\| location = 2859, Ōaza Minamiusa, Usa-shi, Ōita-ken<ref name="mlit1"/>
			\| website = {{URL\|http://www.usajinguu.com/}}
			\| architecture_style =
			\| festival =
			\| leadership =
	}}		}}
	~~The~~ {{Nihongo\|'''Usa ~~Shrine~~'''\|宇佐神宮}} is a ] in the city of ] in ] on the island of ] in ]. ], who was deified as Hachiman-jin (the god of ~~military power~~), is said to be enshrined in all the sites dedicated to him; and the first and earliest of these was at Usa in the early 8th century.<ref name="jnto1">] (]): </ref> The Usa ~~Shrine~~ has long been the recipient of Imperial patronage; and its prestige is considered second only to ~~the~~ ].<ref name="hardacre12">~~Hardacre,~~ Helen. ~~(1989). </ref>~~		{{Nihongo\|'''Usa Jingū'''\|宇佐神宮\|}}, also known as {{Nihongo\|'''Usa Hachimangū'''\|宇佐八幡宮\|}}, is a ] in the city of ] in ] in ]. ], who was deified as ]-jin (the tutelary god of warriors), is said to be enshrined in all the sites dedicated to him; and the first and earliest of these was at Usa in the early 8th century.<ref name="jnto1">] (]): </ref> The Usa Jingū has long been the recipient of Imperial patronage; and its prestige is considered second only to that of ].<ref name="hardacre12">]. (1989). </ref>
			]'' and ] at Usa Jingū]]

	==History==		==History==
			The shrine was founded in Kyushu during the ]. Ancient records place the foundation of Usa Jingū in the ] (708–714).<ref name="pf195">Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1962). ''Studies in Shinto and Shrines,'' p. 195.</ref> A temple called Miroku-ji (弥勒寺) was built next to it in 779, making it what is believed to be the first shrine-temple ('']'') ever.<ref name=cambridge>{{cite book\|title=Cambridge History of Japan Vol. 2\|year=1993\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-22352-2\|pages=524–530}}</ref> The resulting mixed complex, called {{nihongo\|Usa Hachimangu-ji\|宇佐八幡宮寺\|Usa Hachiman Shrine Temple}}, lasted over a millennium until 1868, when the Buddhist part was removed to comply with the ]. Part of the remains of
	The shrine was founded in 725 during the ]; and it is today the center from which over 40,000 branch shrines have grown.<ref name="mlit1"/>
			Miroku-ji can still be found within the grounds of Usa Jingū.<ref name="shinbutsu" />

			In connection with Miroku-ji, many ] temples were established across the ] forming '']'' (六郷満山). The resulting culture is said to be the first to have practiced '']'' (神仏習合), or the ] of ] and ]. For this reason, Usa Jingū and the ''Rokugō Manzan'' temples are considered to be the birthplace of ''shinbutsu-shūgō''.<ref name="shinbutsu">{{cite web \|title=神仏習合発祥六郷満山 \|url=http://www.usajinguu.com/news/402/ \|website=Usa Jingu Official Website \|access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>
	In 859, a branch offshoot was established to spread Hachiman's protective influence over ];<ref name="hardacre12"/> and this ] still draws worshipers and tourists today.

			Usa Jingū is today the center from which over 40,000 branch ]s have grown.<ref name="mlit1">] (]): {{Dead link\|date=July 2018 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Usa's Hachiman shrine first appears in the chronicles of Imperial history during the reign of ]. The empress allegedly had an affair with a ] named ]. An oracle was said to have proclaimed that the monk should be made emperor; and the '']'' ] at Usa was consulted for verification. The empress died before anything further could develop.<ref>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). -81; Brown, Delmer ''etal.'' (1993). </ref>
	In 923, the ] was established at ] as a branch of the Usa Shrine.<ref>Fukuoka/Hakata Tourist Information website: </ref>
			In the 16th century, the temple was razed to the ground and repeatedly attacked by the ]-sympathizing lord of ] ]. The wife of Yoshishige, ] was the High Priestess alongside Nara Clan and resisted against her former husband's attacks.<ref name=wara>{{harvp\|Ward\|2009\|p=}}.</ref>

			Usa Jingū was designated as the chief Shinto shrine ('']'') for the former ].<ref>; retrieved 2011-08-09</ref>
	In 1063, ] established ] to spread Hachiman's protective influence over ];<ref name="hardacre12"/> and today this shrine attracts more visitors than any other shrine in Japan.

	==Mikoshi==
	The ] is a kind of ornate palanquin with long poles for carrying. O-mikoshi, is written with the honorific prefix indicating the sacred nature of this portable shrine. The word mikoshi is written with the characters for kami (deity) and kago, or koshi (palanquin).<ref>]: </ref>

			From 1871 through 1946, Usa was officially designated one of the {{nihongo\|'']''\|官幣大社\|}}, meaning that it stood in the first rank of government-supported shrines. Other similarly honored Hachiman shrines were ] of ] in ] and ] of ] in ].<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan,'' pp. 124-126.</ref>
	The earliest recorded use of a mikoshi was in the 8th century. In 749, the Usa-jinju's mikoshi was used to carry the spirit of Hachiman from Kyushu to ], where the deity was to guard construction of the great ] at ]. By the 10th century, carrying o-mikoshi into the community during (Shinto) shrine festivals had become a conventional practice.

			===Mikoshi===
			Usa Jingū is considered to be the birthplace of ''].''<ref> Retrieved 6 June 2024</ref> The earliest recorded use of a ''mikoshi'' was in the 8th century during the ]. In 749, the shrine's ''mikoshi'' was used to carry the spirit of Hachiman from Kyushu to ], where the deity was to guard construction of the great ] at ]. By the 10th century, carrying ''mikoshi'' into the community during shrine festivals had become a conventional practice.<ref name="tsubaki1">]: {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213155947/http://enma.org/2008/pa/omikoshi.htm \|date=2009-02-13 }}</ref>

			===Branch shrines===
			Over the course of centuries, a vast number of ]s have extended the reach of the ''kami'' at Usa:

			In 859, a branch offshoot was established to spread Hachiman's protective influence over ];<ref name="hardacre12"/> and this ] still draws worshipers and tourists today.

			In 923, the ] was established at ] as a branch of the Usa Shrine.<ref>Fukuoka/Hakata Tourist Information website: </ref>

			In 1063, ] was established by ] to extend Hachiman's protective influence over ];<ref name="hardacre12"/> and today this branch shrine attracts more visitors than any other shrine in Japan.

			== Festivals and events ==
			=== Hōjō-e festival ===
			Because of its ], one of the important festivals at the shrine is the ] (]), originally a Buddhist ceremony in which captive birds and fish are released.<ref name=bocking>{{cite book\|last=Bocking\|first=Brian\|title=A Popular Dictionary of Shinto - 'Iwashimizu Hachimangū' \|year=1997\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-0-7007-1051-5}}</ref> The ceremony, held every autumn, is accompanied by sacred '']'' dances meant to commemorate the souls of fish killed by fishermen during the previous year. ''Hōjō-e'', which contains both elements of Buddhism and Shinto and is now performed in many shrines throughout country, first took place at Usa Jingū.<ref>{{EOS\|Shinto and Buddhism\|826\|Satō, Makoto\|August 14, 2011}}</ref>

			The event begins with the eight kilometer carrying of a '']'' from Usa Jingū to the banks of the Yorimo River (]). Upon arrival, the ''mikoshi'' is greeted by Buddhist monks from the '']'' temples who chant ] to "welcome the deity."<ref name="autumn" /> This is a clear display of Usa Jingū's historical connection to '']''. The following day, ] are released into the river.<ref name="autumn">{{cite web \|title=Chushusai (Mid-Autumn Festival) \|url=https://www.city.usa.oita.jp/tourist/selectlanguage/English/touristspotenglish/shinbutsushugosyncreticworship/RitualsandFestivalsatUsaJinguShrine/16652.html \|website=Usa City Official Website}}</ref>

			=== Hatsumōde ===
			The shrine attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors on and surrounding ] for '']'' (初詣), or the first shrine visit of the new year.<ref>{{cite web \|title=宇佐市の宇佐神宮　初詣の参拝客でにぎわう \|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/lnews/oita/20240102/5070017546.html \|website=NHK News \|access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref> Many events including '']'' performances are held on these days.<ref>{{cite web \|title=令和6年正月催し物 \|url=http://www.usajinguu.com/news/4610/ \|website=Usa Jingu Official Website \|access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref>
			=== Goshinkosai ===
			] (御神幸祭), or "Great Summer Festival", is a ] at Usa Jingū which includes a '']'' (流鏑馬) ritual, which involves ], a ] display, and the carrying of three '']'' (], ], and ]) in their respective '']''.<ref>{{cite web \|title=宇佐夏越祭り \|url=https://twinpia-usa.or.jp/pages/23/ \|access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=御神幸祭 \|url=https://www.city.usa.oita.jp/sougo/soshiki/14/toshikeikaku/keikan/matidukuri/usachiku/sinbutusyugou/11736.html \|website=Usa City Official Website \|access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref>

	==Architecture==		==Architecture==
	The main hall and the ''Kujaku Monkei'' are designated amongst Japan's National Treasures.<ref name="mlit1"/>		The main hall and the Kujaku Monkei are designated amongst ].<ref name="mlit1"/>

	The structures which comprise the current shrine complex were ~~was~~ built in the middle of the 19th century. ~~This~~ characteristic configuration ~~of the~~ ''Hachiman-zukuri'' consists of two ~~main~~ ~~buildings~~ ~~which~~ ~~are~~ ~~situated~~ ~~one~~ in ~~front~~ of the ~~other~~. The structure in front is called the ''Ge-in,'' which is where the deity is said to reside during the daytime. The structure in the rear is called the ''~~Nai~~-in,'' which serves as the deity's sleeping chamber during the night. <ref name="jnto1"/>		The structures which comprise the current shrine complex were built in the middle of the 19th century. Their characteristic configuration, called '']'', consists of two parallel structures with gabled roofs interconnected on the non-gabled side to form what internally is a single building. Seen from the outside, however, the complex still gives the impression of being two separate buildings.<ref name="jaha">JAANUS, accessed on December 1, 2009</ref> The structure in front is called the ''ge-in,'' which is where the deity is said to reside during the daytime. The structure in the rear is called the ''nai-in,'' which serves as the deity's sleeping chamber during the night.<ref name="jnto1"/>

			The ]-painted Kurehashi Bridge (]) at the shrine's west approach is designated as an ] by Ōita Prefecture.<ref name=kurehashi> Usa City. Retrieved 6 June 2024</ref> When the original bridge was built is not known, but it already existed in the ]. The current bridge was built in 1622 by ], then the lord of the ].<ref name="kurehashi" />]
	==Notes==
	{{reflist\|2}}

	==~~References~~==		==Worship style==
			The worship style at Usa Jingū differs from that of other shrines. After putting a coin in the '']'' box (賽銭箱, ''saisen-bako''), it is correct etiquette to bow twice, ] four times (rather than the usual two ]), then bow once.<ref> retrieved 6 June 2024. </ref>
	* Hardacre, Helen. (1989). Princeton: ]. 10-ISBN 0691020523; 13-ISBN 9780691020525;

	==~~External links~~==		==Access==
			The Daiko Hokubu Bus (大交北部バス) from ] (] ]) bound for Yokkaichi or ] stops at Usa Hachiman bus stop in front of Usa Jingū.
	*
	*

			There are four round-trip buses per day from ] to Usa Jingū.<ref> Japan Guide. Retrieved June 6 2024</ref>

			In 2013, a ] was installed to assist elderly and wheelchair-bound visitors in reaching the Upper Shrine.

			The former Usa Sangū Line (]) once connected ] to the former Usa Hachiman Railway Station (]) at Usa Jingū. This train line was closed in 1965 at which point the station at Usa Jingū was demolished and turned into a parking lot. The ] Krauss No. 26, which once ran on the Usa Sangū Line, has been preserved and can be seen near the parking lot and main approach of Usa Jingū. <ref> Retrieved 6 June 2024</ref>

			]

			==See also==
			*]
			*]
			*]
			*]

			==References==
			===Citations===
			{{Reflist}}

			=== Sources ===
			{{Refbegin}}
			* Bender, Ross. "The Hachiman Cult and the Dōkyō Incident," ''Monumenta Nipponica.'' 24 (Summer 1979): 124.
			* ]. (1989). Princeton: ]. {{ISBN\|978-0-691-02052-5}};
			* ]. (1962). Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.
			* ] (1834). ('']''). Paris: ]. {{in lang\|fr}}
			* {{citation \|last=Ward \|first=Haruko Nawata \|title = Women Religious Leaders in Japan's Christian Century, 1549–1650 \|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=saX0gHc91fkC \|publisher=Ashgate \|series = Women and Gender in the Early Modern World \|editor1-last = Poska \|editor1-first = Allyson \|editor2-last = Zanger \|editor2-first = Abby \|year =2009 \|location = Farnham \|contribution = Ōtomo-Nata Jezebel:... Priestess of Hachiman \|pages = 111–126 \|isbn=9780754664789 }}.
			{{Refend}}

			== External links ==
	]
			{{Commons category\|Usa Shrine}}
	]
			* JAPAN : the Official Guide
			*

			{{Clear}}
	{{japan-struct-stub}}
			{{Shinto shrine}}
	{{reli-struct-stub}}
			{{Authority control}}
	{{Shinto-stub}}

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Usa Jingu}}
			]

			]
	]
			]
			]
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			{{Hachiman Faith}}

Latest revision as of 12:34, 23 November 2024

Shinto shrine in Usa, Ōita, Japan

Usa Jingū 宇佐神宮
The southern rōmon of Usa Jingū
Religion
Affiliation	Shinto
Deity	Hachiman
Type	Hachiman Shrine Chokusaisha
Location
Location	2859, Ōaza Minamiusa, Usa-shi, Ōita-ken
Shown within Japan
Geographic coordinates	33°31′34″N 131°22′29″E / 33.52611°N 131.37472°E / 33.52611; 131.37472
Architecture
Date established	8th century
Website
www.usajinguu.com
Glossary of Shinto

Usa Jingū (宇佐神宮), also known as Usa Hachimangū (宇佐八幡宮), is a Shinto shrine in the city of Usa in Ōita Prefecture in Japan. Emperor Ojin, who was deified as Hachiman-jin (the tutelary god of warriors), is said to be enshrined in all the sites dedicated to him; and the first and earliest of these was at Usa in the early 8th century. The Usa Jingū has long been the recipient of Imperial patronage; and its prestige is considered second only to that of Ise.

History

The shrine was founded in Kyushu during the Nara period. Ancient records place the foundation of Usa Jingū in the Wadō era (708–714). A temple called Miroku-ji (弥勒寺) was built next to it in 779, making it what is believed to be the first shrine-temple (jingū-ji) ever. The resulting mixed complex, called Usa Hachimangu-ji (宇佐八幡宮寺, Usa Hachiman Shrine Temple), lasted over a millennium until 1868, when the Buddhist part was removed to comply with the Kami and Buddhas Separation Act. Part of the remains of Miroku-ji can still be found within the grounds of Usa Jingū.

In connection with Miroku-ji, many Tendai temples were established across the Kunisaki Peninsula forming Rokugō Manzan (六郷満山). The resulting culture is said to be the first to have practiced shinbutsu-shūgō (神仏習合), or the syncretism of Buddhism and Shinto. For this reason, Usa Jingū and the Rokugō Manzan temples are considered to be the birthplace of shinbutsu-shūgō.

Usa Jingū is today the center from which over 40,000 branch Hachiman shrines have grown. Usa's Hachiman shrine first appears in the chronicles of Imperial history during the reign of Empress Shōtoku. The empress allegedly had an affair with a Buddhist monk named Dōkyō. An oracle was said to have proclaimed that the monk should be made emperor; and the kami Hachiman at Usa was consulted for verification. The empress died before anything further could develop. In the 16th century, the temple was razed to the ground and repeatedly attacked by the Christian-sympathizing lord of Funai Ōtomo Yoshishige. The wife of Yoshishige, Ōtomo-Nata Jezebel was the High Priestess alongside Nara Clan and resisted against her former husband's attacks.

Usa Jingū was designated as the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) for the former Buzen province.

From 1871 through 1946, Usa was officially designated one of the Kanpei-taisha (官幣大社), meaning that it stood in the first rank of government-supported shrines. Other similarly honored Hachiman shrines were Iwashimizu Hachimangū of Yawata in Kyoto Prefecture and Hakozaki-gū of Fukuoka in Fukuoka Prefecture.

Mikoshi

Usa Jingū is considered to be the birthplace of mikoshi. The earliest recorded use of a mikoshi was in the 8th century during the Nara period. In 749, the shrine's mikoshi was used to carry the spirit of Hachiman from Kyushu to Nara, where the deity was to guard construction of the great Daibutsu at Tōdai-ji. By the 10th century, carrying mikoshi into the community during shrine festivals had become a conventional practice.

Branch shrines

Over the course of centuries, a vast number of Hachiman shrines have extended the reach of the kami at Usa:

In 859, a branch offshoot was established to spread Hachiman's protective influence over Kyoto; and this Iwashimizu Hachimangū still draws worshipers and tourists today.

In 923, the Hakozaki-gū was established at Fukuoka as a branch of the Usa Shrine.

In 1063, Tsurugaoka Hachimangū was established by Minamoto no Yoriyoshi to extend Hachiman's protective influence over Kamakura; and today this branch shrine attracts more visitors than any other shrine in Japan.

Festivals and events

Hōjō-e festival

Because of its mixed religious ancestry, one of the important festivals at the shrine is the Hōjō-e (放生会), originally a Buddhist ceremony in which captive birds and fish are released. The ceremony, held every autumn, is accompanied by sacred kagura dances meant to commemorate the souls of fish killed by fishermen during the previous year. Hōjō-e, which contains both elements of Buddhism and Shinto and is now performed in many shrines throughout country, first took place at Usa Jingū.

The event begins with the eight kilometer carrying of a mikoshi from Usa Jingū to the banks of the Yorimo River (寄藻川). Upon arrival, the mikoshi is greeted by Buddhist monks from the Rokugō Manzan temples who chant sutras to "welcome the deity." This is a clear display of Usa Jingū's historical connection to shinbutsu-shūgō. The following day, mollusks are released into the river.

Hatsumōde

The shrine attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors on and surrounding New Year's Day for Hatsumōde (初詣), or the first shrine visit of the new year. Many events including kagura performances are held on these days.

Goshinkosai

Goshinkosai (御神幸祭), or "Great Summer Festival", is a festival at Usa Jingū which includes a yabusame (流鏑馬) ritual, which involves mounted archery, a fireworks display, and the carrying of three kami (Hachiman-no-Okami, Hime-no-Okami, and Empress Jingū) in their respective mikoshi.

Architecture

The main hall and the Kujaku Monkei are designated amongst Japan's National Treasures.

The structures which comprise the current shrine complex were built in the middle of the 19th century. Their characteristic configuration, called Hachiman-zukuri, consists of two parallel structures with gabled roofs interconnected on the non-gabled side to form what internally is a single building. Seen from the outside, however, the complex still gives the impression of being two separate buildings. The structure in front is called the ge-in, which is where the deity is said to reside during the daytime. The structure in the rear is called the nai-in, which serves as the deity's sleeping chamber during the night.

The vermillion-painted Kurehashi Bridge (呉橋) at the shrine's west approach is designated as an Important Tangible Cultural Property by Ōita Prefecture. When the original bridge was built is not known, but it already existed in the Kamakura period. The current bridge was built in 1622 by Hosokawa Tadatoshi, then the lord of the Kokura Domain.

Worship style

The worship style at Usa Jingū differs from that of other shrines. After putting a coin in the saisen box (賽銭箱, saisen-bako), it is correct etiquette to bow twice, clap four times (rather than the usual two claps), then bow once.

Access

The Daiko Hokubu Bus (大交北部バス) from Usa Station (JR Kyushu Nippō Main Line) bound for Yokkaichi or Nakatsu stops at Usa Hachiman bus stop in front of Usa Jingū.

There are four round-trip buses per day from Oita Airport to Usa Jingū.

In 2013, a slope car was installed to assist elderly and wheelchair-bound visitors in reaching the Upper Shrine.

The former Usa Sangū Line (大分交通宇佐参宮線) once connected Bungotakada to the former Usa Hachiman Railway Station (宇佐八幡駅) at Usa Jingū. This train line was closed in 1965 at which point the station at Usa Jingū was demolished and turned into a parking lot. The Steam Locomotive Krauss No. 26, which once ran on the Usa Sangū Line, has been preserved and can be seen near the parking lot and main approach of Usa Jingū.

References

Citations

^ Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT): Usa Jinju Shrine
^ Japan National Tourist Organization (JNTO): Usa-jingū shrine
^ Hardacre, Helen. (1989). Shinto and the State, 1868-1988, p. 12.
Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1962). Studies in Shinto and Shrines, p. 195.
Cambridge History of Japan Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. 1993. pp. 524–530. ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2.
^ "神仏習合発祥六郷満山". Usa Jingu Official Website. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 78-81; Brown, Delmer etal. (1993). The Cambridge History of Japan, p. 411 n144 citing Ross Bender, "The Hachiman Cult and the Dōkyō Incident" in Monumenta Nipponica. 24 (Summer 1979): 124.
Ward (2009), p. 124.
"Nationwide List of Ichinomiya," p. 3.; retrieved 2011-08-09
Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 124-126.
"Usa City Tourist Navigation" Retrieved 6 June 2024
Tsubaki Grand Shrine of America: Omikoshi procession Archived 2009-02-13 at the Wayback Machine
Fukuoka/Hakata Tourist Information website: Hakozaki Shrine
Bocking, Brian (1997). A Popular Dictionary of Shinto - 'Iwashimizu Hachimangū'. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1051-5.
Satō, Makoto: "Shinto and Buddhism". Encyclopedia of Shinto, Kokugakuin University, retrieved on August 14, 2011
^ "Chushusai (Mid-Autumn Festival)". Usa City Official Website.
"宇佐市の宇佐神宮　初詣の参拝客でにぎわう". NHK News. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
"令和6年正月催し物". Usa Jingu Official Website. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
"宇佐夏越祭り". Retrieved 18 June 2024.
"御神幸祭". Usa City Official Website. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
JAANUS, Hachiman-zukuri accessed on December 1, 2009
^ "Kurehashi Bridge" Usa City. Retrieved 6 June 2024
"Usa Jingu - About Worship" retrieved 6 June 2024.
"Usa Shrine" Japan Guide. Retrieved June 6 2024
"Usa Hachiman Railway Station" Retrieved 6 June 2024

Sources

Bender, Ross. "The Hachiman Cult and the Dōkyō Incident," Monumenta Nipponica. 24 (Summer 1979): 124.
Hardacre, Helen. (1989). Shinto and the State, 1868-1988. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02052-5; OCLC 19067219
Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1962). Studies in Shinto and Shrines. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 3994492
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon (Nipon o daï itsi ran). Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. (in French)
Ward, Haruko Nawata (2009), "Ōtomo-Nata Jezebel:... Priestess of Hachiman", in Poska, Allyson; Zanger, Abby (eds.), Women Religious Leaders in Japan's Christian Century, 1549–1650, Women and Gender in the Early Modern World, Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 111–126, ISBN 9780754664789.

External links

Usa Shrine JAPAN : the Official Guide
Shrine image, 180° panorama

Shinto shrines

Shinto architecture

Buildings	chōzu or temizu Haiden Heiden hokora honden / shinden / shōden kagura-den setsumatsusha
Architectonic elements	Chinjusha chigi hidden roof kaerumata: see nakazonae kairō karahafu karamon katōmado katsuogi kitsune (fox) komainu mon nakazonae shinboku shōrō sōrin tamagaki tokyō torii tōrō
Styles	hirairi-zukuri tsumairi-zukuri hachiman-zukuri hiyoshi-zukuri irimoya-zukuri ishi-no-ma-zukuri kasuga-zukuri kibitsu-zukuri misedana-zukuri nagare-zukuri ōtori-zukuri owari-zukuri ryōnagare-zukuri shinmei-zukuri sumiyoshi-zukuri taisha-zukuri
Decorations	Sandō Saisen Tomoe Shimenawa

Others

Implements	An Chōzubachi Chōzuya Hakama Himorogi Jōe Kagura suzu O-miki Ō-nusa Gohei Sanbo Shide Shinsen Suzu Tamagushi Masakaki Washi
Head shrines	Fushimi Inari Taisha Inari Ōkami Inari shrine Usa Hachiman-gū Hachiman Hachiman Shrine Ise Grand Shrine Amaterasu Jingūkyō Jingu Taima Shinmei shrines Dazaifu Tenman-gū Tenjin Tenmangū Munakata Taisha daughters of Amaterasu Suwa Taisha Takeminakata Yasakatome Kotoshironushi Hiyoshi Taisha Ōkuninushi Oyamakui no Kami Sannō torii Sannō Ichijitsu Shintō Kumano Nachi Taisha Kumano Kodō Kumano Sanzan Tsushima Shrine Gion cult Yasaka Shrine Gion cult
Tutelary deities	Ujigami Chinjugami Garanshin Dōsojin Jinushigami Yama-no-Kami Oyagami Sorei Ubusunagami Kunitama
Yorishiro and Shintai	Mirrors Shinboku (trees) Chinju no Mori (forests) Iwakura (rocks) Meoto Iwa Kannabi (locations) Katashiro (dolls) Kadomatsu Bunrei and Kanjō (propagation) Ofuda Jingu Taima Omamori Senjafuda Arahitogami Mikoshi Matsuri float Shinko-shiki
Staff	Kannushi Miko
Miscellaneous	A-un Kanjo Nawa Junrei Misaki Miyamairi Shinshi
Classification	Twenty-Two Shrines Gokoku Shrines Beppyo Shrines Shinkai (divine rank) Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines Engishiki Jinmyocho Chinjusha Setsumatsusha Hokora Buddhist elements jingū-ji miyadera Whale mounds Kamidana Mitamaya Sōja shrine
History	Shrine Parishioner Registration Secular Shrine Theory Shrine Consolidation Policy Shrine Shinto
Misc practices for visitors	Ō-mikuji Shuin Ema
Institutions	Jinja Honchō
Rites	Futomani Harae Kagura Misogi Hakushu Two bows, two claps, one bow Jichinsai
(in order of the size of the shrine network they head)

Hachiman shrines

Gods

Main deities	Hachiman Emperor Ōjin
Minor gods	Emperor Chūai Empress Jingū Takenouchi no Sukune Nakatsuhime Minamoto no Yoshiie

Places

Three Major Hachiman Shrines of Japan (三大八幡宮) ‡not always included	Usa Jingū Iwashimizu Hachimangū Hakozaki Shrine‡ Tsurugaoka Hachimangū‡
Other shrines	Fukuyama Hachimangū Hakodate Hachiman Shrine Hatogamine Hachiman Shrine Iino Hachimangū Kameyama Hachimangū Kotohiki Hachimangū Miyake Hachimangū Morioka Hachimangū Ōsaki Hachimangū Shiraoi Hachiman Shrine Shiroyama Hachimangū Suda Hachiman Shrine Tomioka Hachiman Shrine Tamukeyama Hachiman Shrine Tsuboi Hachimangū Umi Hachiman-gū Ōmiya Hachimangū (Tokyo) Ōmiya Hachiman Shrine (Hyōgo) Ōshio Hachiman Shrine Sapporo Hachimangū Shikaumi Shrine Saipan Hachiman Shrine Kōzu-gū Ikime Shrine
Miscellaneous	Kōra taisha Mount Hachimantai Jōten-ji Kaijin Shrine

Shrines dedicated to empress Jingū

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