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			{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language native to Sindh}}
	{{Infobox Language
			{{pp|small=yes}}
	|name=Sindhi
			{{Not to be confused with|Hindi}}
	|nativename = سنڌي , सिन्धी ,''Sindhī''
			{{Infobox language
	|states= ], ]. Also ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]
			| name = Sindhi
	|region=]
			| nativename = {{flatlist|
	|speakers=54.3 million
			*{{transl|sd|Sindhī|i=no}}
	|rank=23
			*{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|سِنڌِي}}}}
	|familycolor=Indo-European
			*{{lang|sd-Deva|सिन्धी}}}}
	|fam2=]
			| pronunciation = {{IPA|sd|sɪndʱiː|IPA}}
	|fam3=]
			| states = {{unbulleted list|
	|fam4=Northwestern Zone
			*]
	|script=], ]
			*]}}
	|nation= {{flagicon|Pakistan}} ] <br> {{flagicon|India}} ]
			| region = ] and near the border in neighbouring regions such as ] and ]
	|agency= ] (Pakistan)
			| ethnicity = ]
	|iso1=sd|iso2=snd|iso3=snd
			| speakers = {{c.|32 million}}
	|notice=Indic}}
			| date = 2011–2017
	'''Sindhi''' (]: سنڌي, ]: सिन्धी, ''Sindhī'') is the language of the ] region of ]. It is spoken by approximately 41 million people in ], and is also spoken by a minority 12 million in ]; it is the third most spoken language of Pakistan, and the official language of Sindh in Pakistan. It has also been made an official language of India. The ] issues National Identity Cards to its citizens only in two languages, i.e. Sindhi and ]. Genealogically it is an ], though it also shows signs of heavy ] influence. Most Sindhi speakers in ] are concentrated in the ] province. The remaining speakers are found in India and amongst the Sindhi diaspora community which are scattered throughout the world. The Sindhi language has spread as the Hindu Sindhis left ] to migrate to the Hindu-majority India, during the ] in 1947. The language is written in ] script by Sindhi Hindus; however, with the conversion of most Sindhis to ], a modified ] script was produced.<ref>http://yangtze.cs.uiuc.edu/~jamali/sindh/sammelan/04.html</ref> After the independence of both Pakistan and India from ], the Government of India introduced ], alongside the official ] script, for writing Sindhi.
			| ref =
			| familycolor = Indo-European
			| fam2 = ]
			| fam3 = ]
			| fam4 = ]
			| fam5 = ]
			| script = ], ] and others<ref name="in">{{cite journal|url =https://brill.com/view/journals/joss/1/1/article-p1_3.xml?language=en |title =Like Community, Like Language: Seventy-Five Years of Sindhi in Post-Partition India |year = 2021|journal =Journal of Sindhi Studies |doi =10.1163/26670925-bja10002 |access-date = 12 November 2021 |last1 =Iyengar |first1 =Arvind |last2 =Parchani |first2 =Sundri |volume =1 |pages =1–32 |s2cid =246551773 |doi-access =free | issn=2667-0925 }}</ref>
			| nation = *]
			**] (provincial official)<ref name="auto2">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language |title=Sindhi Language |encyclopedia=] |access-date=December 29, 2013}}</ref>
			*] (scheduled language)<ref name="in"/>
			| agency = {{plainlist|
			*] (Pakistan)
			*National Council for Promotion of Sindhi Language (India)}}
			| iso1 = sd
			| iso2 = snd
			| iso3 = snd
			| lingua = 59-AAF-f
			| image = {{Photomontage|position=center
			| photo1b = Sindhi language.svg
			| photo1a = Sindhi.svg
			| spacing = 15
			| color =
			| border = 0
			| foot_montage = }}
			| imagecaption = Sindhi written in Perso-Arabic script and Devanagari
			| notice = IPA
			| glotto = sind1272
			| glottoname = Sindhi
			| map = Sindhi-speakers by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg
			| mapcaption = The proportion of people with Sindhi as their ] in each Pakistani ] as of the ]
			| map2 = Lang Status 99-NE.svg
			| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Sindhi is not endangered according to the classification system of the ] '']''}}}}
			}}
			{{Contains special characters|Sindhi}}
			'''Sindhi''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|d|i}} {{respell|SIN|dee}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> {{Langx|sd|{{Naskh|سِنڌِي}}|link=no}} {{small|(])}} or {{lang|sd-Deva|सिन्धी}} {{small|(])}}, {{IPA|sd|sɪndʱiː|pron}}){{efn|In less commonly used scripts: {{lang|sd-Guru|ਸਿੰਧੀ}} (]), {{lang|sd-Khoj|𑈩𑈭𑈴𑈝𑈮}} (]), {{lang|sd-Sind|𑋝𑋡𑋟𑋐𑋢}} (]).}} is an ] spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of ], where it has official status. It is also spoken by a further 1.7 million people in India, where it is a ], without any state-level official status. The main writing system is the ] script, which accounts for the majority of the Sindhi literature and is the only one currently used in Pakistan. In India, both the Perso-Arabic script and ] are used.
	==Geographical distribution==
	'''Sindhi''' is taught as a first language in the schools of Sindh and second language in ] in Pakistan.
	In India, especially in the states of ] & ], many educational institutions managed by Sindhi community and in the schools of such society Sindhi is taught either as the medium of instruction or as a subject.<ref></ref> Sindhi has a vast vocabulary; this has made it a favourite of many writers and consequently much literature and poetry have been written in Sindhi. Dialects of Sindhi are spoken in southern ], ], Northwest province of Pakistan (NWFP), and also ], as well as in India (in the ] state).
			Sindhi is first mentioned in historical records within the '']'', a text thought to have been composed between 200 BC and 200 AD. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 AD.<ref name="ELL" /> Sindhi was one of the first Indo-Aryan languages to encounter influence from ] and ] following the ] in 712 AD. A substantial body of Sindhi literature developed during the Medieval period, the most famous of which is the religious and mystic poetry of ] from the 18th century. Modern Sindhi was promoted under British rule beginning in 1843, which led to the current status of the language in independent Pakistan after 1947.
	{{see also|States of India by Sindhi speakers}}
	==History==		==History==
			] written in ''Hatvanki Sindhi'' or ].]]{{Sindhis}}
	The immediate predecessor of Sindhi was an ] ] named Vrachada. Arab and Persian travellers, specifically Abu-Rayhan ] in his book ']', had declared that even before the advent of Islam in Sindh (711 A.D.), the language was prevalent in the region. It was not only widely spoken but written in three different scripts -- Ardhanagari, Saindhu and Malwari, all variations of ]. ] has described many Sindhi words leading to the conclusion that the Sindhi language was widely spoken and rich in vocabulary in his time.
			===Origins===
			The name "Sindhi" is derived from the ] ''síndhu'', the original name of the ], along whose delta Sindhi is spoken.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Sindhi.html |title=Sindhi |work= The Languages Gulper|access-date=January 29, 2013}}</ref>
			Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan (]) via Middle Indo-Aryan (], secondary Prakrits, and ]). 20th century Western scholars such as ] believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by ] as being spoken in ''Sindhu-deśa'', corresponding to modern Sindh) but later work has shown this to be unlikely.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wadhwani |first1=Y. K. |title=The Origin of the Sindhi Language |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |date=1981 |volume=40 |pages=192–201 |jstor=42931119 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/42931119.pdf |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>
	Sindhi was a very popular literary language between the 14th and 18th centuries. This is when ]s such as ], ],] (as well as numerous others) narrated their ] poetry depicting the relationship between humans and God.
			===Early Sindhi (2nd–16th centuries)===
	During the British period, traders and common people -- including ]s and ]s -- were using Devanagari, Modi or ]s, without any vowels for writing Sindhi, while government employees used some kind of Arabic script.
			Literary attestation of early Sindhi is sparse. Sindhi is first mentioned in historical records within the Nātyaśāstra, a text on dramaturgy thought to have been composed between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D.<ref name="ELL">{{cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=J. |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |title=Sindhi |journal=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition) |date=2006 |pages=384–387 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02241-0 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542022410 |publisher=Elsevier}}</ref> Historically, ] religious literature and poetry in India, as old as the 11th century CE, used a language that was closely related to Sindhi and ]. Much of this work is in the form of ] (a kind of devotional hymn).<ref name="shackle">{{Britannica|1550738|Sindhi literature|Christopher Shackle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sacred Literature-Ginans |url=http://heritage.ismaili.net/ginan_view |website=Ismaili.NET |publisher=Heritage Society |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>
			Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to be in close contact with ] and ] following the ] in 712 CE.
	In 1849 the first English-Sindhi dictionary was written in the Devanagari script.
			===Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)===
			Medieval Sindhi literature is of a primarily religious genre, comprising a syncretic ] and ] poetry, the latter in the devotional ] tradition. The earliest known Sindhi poet of the Sufi tradition is ] (1493–1551). Other early poets were ] ({{circa}} 1613–1701) and ] (1538–1623). These poets had a mystical bent that profoundly influenced Sindhi poetry for much of this period.<ref name="shackle"/>
			Another famous part of Medieval Sindhi literature is a wealth of folktales, adapted and readapted into verse by many bards at various times and possibly much older than their earliest literary attestations. These include romantic epics such as ], ], ], ], ], and others.<ref name="mahfil">{{cite journal |last1=Schimmel |first1=Annemarie |title=Sindhi Literature |journal=Mahfil |date=1971 |volume=7 |issue=1/2 |pages=71–80 |jstor=40874414 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40874414}}</ref>
	== Arabic Influence ==
			The greatest poet of Sindhi was ] (1689/1690–1752), whose verses were compiled into the ] by his followers. While primarily Sufi, his verses also recount traditional Sindhi folktales and aspects of the cultural history of Sindh.<ref name="shackle"/>
	Saddee for a hundred years is from ]. ] is about 60 to 100 years
	from ] word for horn of an animal and its various-- like one life-time.
	Dahar is about forty years. Asar is time, a definite time of the afternoon.
	For one thousand years, on the other hand, in the Indian Sub-continent, as
	in the ], people usually use the word Alif. Alif is the same that
	we in ] have the first letter, Alif for Akh (eye) or Alif (anb)
	depending on who your teacher was. In Abjad Alif stands for one as well as
	thousand, but Quran uses the word for one thousand-- as one hundred thousand
	(in Sindhi one Lakh) is alif mia't, (referring to the population of
	Nineveh). And He says,"Those who associate desire, each one of them, that he
	had a thousand years' life ." This expression of ]
	recurs at a number of places.
			The first attested Sindhi translation of the Quran was done by ] (1747–1824) and published in ] in 1870. The first to appear in print was by Muhammad Siddiq in 1867.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1391|title=The Holy Qur'an and its Translators – Imam Reza (A.S.) Network|website=Imamreza.net|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115045637/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1391|archive-date=15 January 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
	According to ] of ] the first translation was made by in 270/883 by an Arab scholar. The first extant Sindhi translation was done by '''Akhund 'Azaz Allah Mutta'lawi'''(1160-124011747-1824) and first published in ] in 1870. The first to appear in print was by Muhammad Siddlq (Lahore 1867).
			===Modern Sindhi (1843–present)===
	==Basic Phrases==
	* ''Keeyen aahyo''?- "how are you?" (general greeting)
	* ''Aaon/Maa theek aahiyan'' - "Very well".
	* ''Tawhanjo naalo cha aahaye'' - "What is your name?"
	* ''Munhenjo naalo ______ aahaye.'' - "My name is _____."
	* ''Tawhan ker aahayo'' - "Who are you?"
			In 1843, the ] led the region to become part of the ]. Soon after, in 1848, Governor George Clerk established Sindhi as the official language in the province, removing the literary dominance of ]. Sir Bartle Frere, the then commissioner of Sindh, issued orders on August 29, 1857, advising civil servants in Sindh to pass an examination in Sindhi. He also ordered the use of Sindhi in official documents.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://tns.thenews.com.pk/declaring-major-languages-as-national-languages/#.U0oQ-VWSygQ |title= The language link |first= Naseer |last= Memon |date= April 13, 2014 |work= ] |access-date= April 13, 2014 |archive-date= April 13, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143150/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/declaring-major-languages-as-national-languages/#.U0oQ-VWSygQ |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 1868, the ] assigned ''Narayan Jagannath Vaidya'' to replace the ] used in Sindhi with the '']''. The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the ] majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve ]s were imposed by the British authorities. The granting of official status of Sindhi along with script reforms ushered in the development of modern Sindhi literature.
	* ''Meherbani'' - "Thank you"
	* ''Meherbani karay'' - "Please"
	* ''Ha'' - "Yes"
	* ''Na'' - "No"
	* ''Keeyen ahyo/Kehra haal aahin'' - "How are you?"
	* ''Aaon/Maa teekh ahyaan'' - "I'm fine"
	* ''Allah wahi'' - "Goodbye" (used to end a conversation by Muslim Sindhis)
	* ''Theekh aahe''- "Okay" (used to end a conversation by Hindu Sindhis)
	* ''Hik'' - "One"
	* ''Ba'' - "Two"
	* ''Tey'' - "Three"
	* ''Aaon/Maa Sindh jo aahya/ Aaon/Maa Sindh man ahyaa'' - "I am from Sindh"
	* ''Aaon/Maa musulman aahyan'' / ''hindhu aahyan'' - "I am Muslim / Hindu"
	* ''Aaon/Maa Sindhi aahya'' / ''Assin Sindhi aahyon'' - "I am Sindhi" / "We are Sindhis"
	* ''Allah Hafiz'' - "God bless you"
	* ''Ma thoke hik vado chamaat deendhus!'' - "I will give you a big slap"
	* ''Jeay Sindh''- "Long Live Sindh"
			The first printed works in Sindhi were produced at the Muhammadi Press in ] beginning in 1867. These included Islamic stories set in verse by ], one of the renowned religious scholars of Sindh.<ref name="mahfil"/>
	==Sounds==
	Sindhi has a large sound inventory. It has 46 distinctive ] ]s (more than all the phonemes of ] combined) and a further 16 ]s. All ]s, ]s, ], the ] and the ] /l/ have ] or ]d counterparts. The language also features four separate ]s.
			The ] in 1947 resulted in most Sindhi speakers ending up in the new state of ], commencing a push to establish a strong sub-national linguistic identity for Sindhi. This manifested in resistance to the imposition of ] and eventually ] in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levesque |first1=Julien |title=Beyond Success or Failure: Sindhi Nationalism and the Social Construction of the "Idea of Sindh" |journal=Journal of Sindhi Studies |date=2021 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1163/26670925-bja10001 |s2cid=246560343 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/joss/1/1/article-p1_1.xml?language=en |access-date=2 August 2022|doi-access=free }}</ref>
	===Consonants===
	{| class="IPA wikitable"
			The language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably diverging by the late 20th century; authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from Urdu, while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web |title=Sindhi language {{!}} Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language |access-date=6 October 2022 |website=]}}</ref>
	!
	! colspan="2" | ]
			==Geographic distribution==
	! colspan="2" | ]
			In Pakistan, Sindhi is the first language of 30.26 million people, or {{sigfig|14.57|3}}% of the country's population as of the 2017 census. 29.5 million of these are found in ], where they account for {{sigfig|61.6|2}}% of the total population of the province. There are 0.56 million speakers in the province of ],<ref>{{Cite news| title = CCI defers approval of census results until elections | url = https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447|date = 28 May 2018| website = Dawn| access-date = 29 October 2022}} The numbers have been calculate based on the percentages and the population totals. For example, the figure of 30.26 million is calculated from the reported 14.57% for the speakers of Sindhi and the 207.685 million total population of Pakistan.</ref> especially in the ] that encompasses the districts of ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].
	! colspan="2" | ]
	! colspan="2" | ]<br />/ ]
			In India, Sindhi mother tongue speakers were distributed in the following states:
	! colspan="2" | ]
			{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
	! colspan="2" | ]
			|+2011 Census Statistics
	|- class="IPA" align=center
			(India Total: 2,772,264)<ref>{{cite web|title = C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011| author = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191| access-date = 29 October 2022}}</ref>{{efn|This is the number of people who identified their mother-tongue as "Sindhi"; it does not include speakers of related languages, like ].}}
	! ]
			!State
	| colspan="2" | m<br />mʱ
			!Population
	| colspan="2" | n<br />nʱ
			|-
	| colspan="2" | ɳ<br />ɳʱ
			|]
	| colspan="2" | ɲ
			|1,184,024
	| colspan="2" | ŋ
			|-
	| colspan="2" |
			|]
	|- class="IPA" align=center
			|723,748
	! ] and<br/>]
			|-
	| p<br />pʰ
			|]
	| b<br />bʱ
			|386,569
	| t̪<br />t̪ʰ
			|-
	| d̪<br />d̪ʱ
			|]
	| ʈ<br />ʈʰ
			|245,161
	| ɖ<br />ɖʱ
			|-
	| t̠ɕ<br />t̠ɕʰ
			|]
	| d̠ʑ<br />d̠ʑʱ
			|93,424
	| k<br />kʰ
			|-
	| g<br />gʱ
			|]
	| colspan="2" |
			|31,177
	|- class="IPA" align=center
			|-
	! ]
			|]
			|28,952
			|-
			|]
			|19,646
			|-
			|]
			|16,954
			|-
			|]
			|11,299
			|-
			|]
			|8,448
			|-
			|]
			|7,828
			|-
			|]
			|2,863
			|-
			|]
			|2,338
			|-
			|]
			|2,227
			|-
			|]
			|1,701
			|-
			|]
			|1,658
			|-
			|]
			|1,251
			|-
			|]
			|754
			|-
			|]
			|656
			|-
			|] and ]
			and
			] and ]
			|894
			|-
			|]
			|236
			|-
			|]
			|134
			|-
			|]
			|94
			|-
			|]
			|82
			|-
			|]
			|62
			|-
			|]
			|30
			|-
			|]
			|19
			|-
			|]
			|14
			|-
			|]
			|12
			|-
			|]
			|7
			|-
			|]
			|2
			|}
			==Official status==
			Sindhi is the official language of the Pakistani province of ]<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url= http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/Currentissue-pdf/Gulshan3.pdf|title=Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan|first=Gulshan |last=Majeed |work=Journal of Political Studies|access-date=December 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/> and one of the scheduled languages of India, where it does not have any state-level status.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajbhasha.nic.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constution |title=Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constution |publisher=Department of Official Language, ] |access-date=2018-04-09}}</ref>
			Prior to the inception of Pakistan, Sindhi was the national language of Sindh.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Language and Politics in Pakistan|title=The Sindhi Language Movement |url=https://www.academia.edu/7588035|website=academia.edu|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Imposition Of Urdu|url=http://nation.com.pk/editorials/10-Sep-2015/the-imposition-of-urdu|access-date=12 September 2015|publisher=NAWAIWAQT GROUP OF NEWSPAPERS|date=September 10, 2015|archive-date=11 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911082914/http://nation.com.pk/editorials/10-Sep-2015/the-imposition-of-urdu|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apnaorg.com/research-papers-pdf/rahman-3.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Teaching of Sindhi & Sindhi ethnicity.doc|website=Apnaorg.com |access-date=2018-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sindhi Language Movement |url=http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/scholorly_articles/sindhi_lang_mov.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905005418/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/scholorly_articles/sindhi_lang_mov.pdf |archive-date=2014-09-05 |access-date=2015-09-12}}</ref>
			The Pakistan Sindh Assembly has ordered compulsory teaching of the Sindhi language in all private schools in Sindh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samar |first=Azeem |date=13 March 2019 |title=PA resolution calls for teaching Sindhi as compulsory subject in private schools |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/443160-pa-resolution-calls-for-teaching-sindhi-as-compulsory-subject-in-private-schools |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=] |language=en}}</ref> According to the Sindh Private Educational Institutions Form B (Regulations and Control) 2005 Rules, "All educational institutions are required to teach children the Sindhi language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PakistanToday |date=25 September 2018 |title=Sindhi to be made compulsory in all private schools across province {{!}} Pakistan Today |url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/09/25/sindhi-to-be-made-compulsory-in-all-private-schools-across-province/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Sindh Education and Literacy Minister, ], and Secretary of School Education, Qazi Shahid Pervaiz, have ordered the employment of Sindhi teachers in all private schools in Sindh so that this language can be easily and widely taught.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-09-25 |title=Private schools directed to make Sindhi compulsory subject |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1434751 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=] |language=en}}</ref> Sindhi is taught in all provincial private schools that follow the Matric system and not the ones that follow the Cambridge system.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-09-24 |title=Sindh private schools told to teach Sindhi as compulsory subject |url=http://www.samaaenglish.tv/news/1556672 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
			At the ] of ]' in 2023, the ] under Culture minister ], passed a ] ] to extend the use of ] to ] level<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=Call for using local languages at primary level |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2402116/call-for-using-local-languages-at-primary-level |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> and increase the ] of Sindhi as a ]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=Members decry delay in declaring Sindhi a national language |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2402560/members-decry-delay-in-declaring-sindhi-a-national-language |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Tahir |date=2023-02-22 |title=Govt, opposition demand national language status for Sindhi |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1738443 |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: Members of Sindh Assembly demand national language status for Sindhi |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/pakistan-members-of-sindh-assembly-demand-national-language-status-for-sindhi20230223134703/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> of ].
			The Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as a scheduled language in ], making it an option for education. Despite lacking any state-level status, Sindhi is still a prominent minority language in the Indian state of ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |title=National Committee for Linguistic Minorities |access-date=2018-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
			There are many Sindhi language television channels broadcasting in Pakistan such as Time News, KTN, ], ], Mehran TV, and ].
			==Dialects==
			]
			Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a ] at some places with neighboring languages such as ] and ]. Some of the documented dialects of Sindhi are:<ref>{{e19|Sindhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC|title=One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost|last1=Austin|first1=Peter|last2=Austin|first2=Marit Rausing Chair in Field Linguistics Peter K.|date=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520255609|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Paniker|first=K. Ayyappa|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126003655|language=en}}</ref><ref name="lsi">{{Linguistic Survey of India|8|3|chapter=Sindhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xC7mfihnTcAC&q=sindhi+tribe |title=Gazetteer of the Province of Sind |date=1907 |publisher=Government at the "Mercantile" Steam Press |pages=188–519 |language=en}}</ref>
			* '''Vicholi''': The prestige dialect spoken around ] and central Sindh (the ''Vicholo'' region). The literary standard of Sindhi is based on this dialect.
			* '''Uttaradi:''' The dialect of northern Sindh (''Uttaru'', meaning "north"), with minor differences in ], ] and in parts of ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1919 |title=Uttaradi |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-1&pages=600#page/1/mode/1up}}</ref>
			* ''']''': The dialect of southern Sindh (''Lāṛu'') spoken around areas like ], ], ], ] and ] districts.
			* ] or '''Ubheji''': The dialect of northernmost Sindh (''Siro'', meaning "head").{{sfnp|Shackle|2007|p=114}} Spoken in smaller number all over Sindh but mainly in ] and ] districts, it has little similarity with the ] of South Punjab<ref>{{Cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23420-7 |series=Cambridge language surveys |page=443}}</ref> and has variously been treated either as a dialect of Saraiki or as a dialect of Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Tariq |date=1995 |title=The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan |journal=Language Problems & Language Planning |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=3 |doi=10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah}}</ref>
			* ''']''': The dialect of ], ] and ] districts in Balochistan, closely related to Lari and Vicholi, and in contact with ].
			* '''Firaqi Sindhi:''' The dialect of the ] the north eastern districts of Balochistan, where it is referred to as Firaqi Sindhi or commonly just Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fraki Sindhi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360206034 |quote=Sindhi spoken at Sibi is known as Fraki.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-30 |title=Firaqi Sindhi |url=https://iaoj.wordpress.com/2016/11/30/dialects-of-sindhi-language/comment-page-1/ |website=Indus Asia Online Journal}}</ref>
			* ''']:''' also called Tharechi dialect, spoken in north eastern ] Desert of Sindh, called Nara desert (Achhro thar), but mainly spoken in the western part of ] district of ], India by many Sindhi Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linguistic Survey of India |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=9-2&pages=494#page/122/mode/1up |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/onethousandlangu0000unse |title=One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost |date=2008 |location=Berkeley |publisher= University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25560-9}}</ref>
			* ''']:''' It is a dialect spoken in Sindh by the Sindhi ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi bhil language |url=https://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1706816.html?page=3 |website=LotsOfEssays.com}}</ref> Sindhi Bhil is known to have many old Sindhi words, which were lost after Arabic, Persian, and Chaghatai influence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi Bhil |url=https://globalrecordings.net/en/language/16734 |website=Global Recordings Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi bhil |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sbn/ |website=Ethnologue}}</ref>
			The variety of Sindhi spoken by Sindhi Hindus who emigrated to India is known as Dukslinu Sindhi. Furthermore, ] and ] are sometimes classified as dialects of Sindhi rather than independent languages.
			{| class="wikitable sortable"
			|+Sindhi dialects Comparison<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linguistic Survey of India |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-1&pages=600#page/229/mode/1up |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |page=214}}</ref>
			!English
			!Vicholi
			!Lari
			!Uttaradi
			!Lasi
			!Kutchi<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=The Sweet Language of Kutch |url=https://www.memeraki.com/blogs/news/the-language-of-kutch |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Memeraki Retail and Tech Pvt Ltd. |language=en}}</ref>
			!Dhatki
			|-
			|I
			|Aao(n)
			|Aao(n)
			|Mā(n)
			|Ã
			|Aau(n)
			|Hu(n)
			|-
			|My
			|Muhnjo
			|Mujo
			|Mānjo/Māhjo
			|Mojo/Mājo
			|Mujo
			|Mānjo/Māhyo
			|-
			|You "Sin, plu" (formal)
			|Awha(n)/Awhee(n)
			Tawha(n)/Tawhee(n)
			|Aa(n)/Aei(n)
			|Taha(n)/Taa(n)/
			Tahee(n)/Taee(n)
			|Awa(n)/Ai(n)
			|Aa(n)/Ai(n)
			|Awha/Ahee(n)/ Aween
			|-
			|To me
			|Mukhe
			|Muke
			|Mānkhe
			|Mukh
			|Muke
			|Mina
			|-
			|We
			|Asee(n)
			|Asee(n), Pān
			|Asā(n)
			|Asee(n)
			|Asee(n), Pān
			|Asee(n), Asā(n)
			|-
			|What
			|Chha/Kahirō
			|Kujjāro/Kujja
			|Chha/Shha
			|Chho
			|Kuro
			|Kee
			|-
			|Why
			|Chho
			|Ko
			|Chho/Shho
			|Chhela
			|Kolāi/Kurelāe
			|Kayla
			|-
			|How
			|Kiya(n)
			|Kei(n)
			|Kiya(n)
	|		|
			|Kee(n)
	| ɓ
			|Kiya(n)
			|-
			|No
			|Na, Kōna, Kōn
			|Nā(n), Kīna
			|Na, Kōna, Kāna, Kon, Kān
			|Nā(n), Ma
			|Nā
			|Nā, Ni, Ko, Kon, Ma
			|-
			|Legs (plural, fem)
			|Tangu(n), Jjanghu(n)
			|Tangu(n), Jjangu(n)
			|Tangā(n), Jjanghā(n)
	|		|
	| ɗ
	| colspan="2" |
	| &nbsp;&nbsp;
	| ʄ ~ jˀ
	|		|
	| ɠ
	| colspan="2" |
	|- class="IPA" align=center
	! ]
	| f
	| &nbsp;
	| s
	| z
	| ʂ
	|		|
			|-
			|Foot
			|Pair
			|Pair/Pagg/Pagulo
			|Pair
			|Pair
			|Pag
			|Pagg, Pair
			|-
			|Far
			|Pare
			|Ddoor
			|Pare/Parte
			|Ddor
			|Chhete
			|Ddor
			|-
			|Near
			|Vejhō
			|Vejo/Ōdō/Ōdirō/Ore
			|Vejhō/Vejhe/Orte
			|Ōddō
			|Wat, bājūme
			|Nerro
			|-
			|Good/Excellent
			|Sutho, Chaṅō
			|Khāso/Sutho/Thhāuko
			|Sutho, Bhalo, Chango
			|Khāsho
			|Khāso, Laat
			|Sutho, Phutro, Thhāuko
			|-
			|High
			|Utāho
			|Ucho
			|Mathe
			|Ucho
			|Ucho
			|Uncho
			|-
			|Silver
			|Rupo
			|Chādi/Rupo
			|Chāndi
			|Rupo
			|Rupo
			|
			|-
			|Father
			|Piu
			|Pay/Abo/Aba/Ada
			|Pee/Babo/Pirhe(n)
			|Pe
			|Pe, Bapa, Ada
			|
			|-
			|Wife
			|Joe/Gharwāri
			|Joe/Wani/Kuwār
			|Zaal/Gharwāri
			|Zaal
			|Vahu/Vau
			|Ddosi, Luggai
			|-
			|Man
			|Mardu
			|Māņu/Mārū/Mard
			/Murs/Musālu
			|Mānhu/Musālo/Bhāi
			/Kāko/Hamra
			|Mānhu
			|Māḍū/Mārū
			|Mārū
			|-
			|Woman
			|Aurat
			|Zāla/ōrat/ōlath
			|Māi/Ran
			|Zāla
			|Bāeḍi/Bāyaḍī
			|
			|-
			|Child/Baby
			|Bbār/Ningar/Bbālak
			|Bbār/Ningar/Gabhur/
			Bacho/Kako
			|Bbār/Bacho/Adro/
			Phar (animal)
			|Gabhar
			|Bār/Gabhar
			|
			|-
			|Daughter
			|Dhiu/Niyāni
			|Dia/Niyāni/Kañā
			|Dhee/Adri
			|Dhia
			|Dhi
			|Dikri
			|-
			|Sun
			|Siju
			|Sij, Sūrij
			|Sijhu
			|Siju
			|Sūraj
			|Sūraj
			|-
			|Sunlight
			|
			|Kārro
			|Oosa
			|
			|Tarko
			|
			|-
			|Cat
			|Billi
			|Bili/Pusani
			|Billi
			|Phushini
			|Minni
			|
			|-
			|Rain
			|Barsāt/Mee(n)h
			/Bārish
			|Varsāt/Mee(n)/Mai(n)
			|Barsāt/Mee(n)hu
			|
			|Varsāt
			|Meh, Maiwla
			|-
			|And
			|Aēi(n)
			|Ãū(n)/Ãē(n)/Nē
			|Aēi(n)/Aū(n)/Aen
			|Ãē/Or
			|Nē/Anē
			|A'e(n)/Ān
			|-
			|Also
			|Pin/Bhi
			|Pin, Bee
			|Bu/Pun
			|
			|Pin/Pan
			|
			|-
			|Is
			|Āhe
			|Āye
			|Aa/Āhe/Hai
			|Āhe/Āye
			|Āye
			|Āhe/Āh/Āye/Hai
			|-
			|Fire
			|Bāhe
			|Bāē/āgg/jjērō
			|Bāhe/Bāh
			|Jjērō
			|Jirō/lagāņō/āg
			|
			|-
			|Water
			|Pāņī
			|Pāņī/Jal
			|Pāņī
			|Pāņī
			|Pāņī/Jal
			|Pāņī
			|-
			|Where
			|Kithē
			|Kithē
			|Kithē, Kāthe, Kehda, Kāday, Kādah, Kidah, Kithrē
			|Kith
			|Kithē
			|Kith
			|-
			|Sleep
			|Nindr(a)
			|Nind(a)
			|Nindr(a)
			|Nind
			|Ninder
			|Oongh
			|-
			|Slap
			|Thaparr/Chammāt
			|Tārr
			|Chamātu/Chapātu/
			Lapātu/Thapu
			|
			|
			|
			|-
			|To Wash
			|Dhoain(u)
			|Dhun(u)
			|Dhoain(u)/Dhuan(u)/
			Dhowan(u)
			|
			|
			|Dhuwan(u)/
			Dhoon(u)
			|-
			|Will write (Masc)
			|Likhandum, Likhandus
			|Likhados
			|Likhdum, Likhdus
			|Likhdosī
			|
			|Likhsā(n)
			|-
			|I Went
			|Aao(n) Vius
			|Aao(n) Vēs
			|Ma(n) Vayus (m)/ Vayas (f)
			|Ã viosī
			|
			|Hu Gios
			|}
			== Phonology ==
			Sindhi has a relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other Indo-Aryan languages.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/sindhi/ | title=Sindhi Language - Structure, Writing & Alphabet - MustGo }}</ref> Sindhi has 46 ] ]s and 10 ]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Raza |first1=Sarfraz |last2=Zahid |first2=Agha Furrukh |last3=Raza |first3=Usman |title=Phonemic Inventory of Sindhi and Acoustic Analysis of Voiced Implosives |url=https://uogenglish.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/sindhi-phonemic-inventory.pdf |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=uogenglish.files.wordpress.com}}</ref> The consonant to vowel ratio is around average for the world's languages at 2.8.<ref>Nihalani, Paroo. (1999). ''Handbook of the International Phonetic Association'' (Sindhi). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> All ]s, ]s, ], the ], and the ] /l/ have ] or ]d counterparts. The language also features four ]s.
			=== Consonants ===
			{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
			|- style="font-size: 90%;"
			|+Sindhi consonants<ref>{{cite journal |title= Illustration of the IPA – Sindhi |issue= 2 |pages= 95–98 |first= Paroo |last= Nihalani |date=December 1, 1995 |journal= Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume= 25 |doi= 10.1017/S0025100300005235 |s2cid= 249410954 }}</ref>
			! colspan="2" |
			!colspan=2| ]
			!colspan=2| ]/<br />]
			!colspan=2| ]
			!colspan=2| ]
			!colspan=2| ]
			!colspan=2| ]
			|-
			! rowspan="2" | <small> ]</small>
			!<small>plain</small>
			| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|m}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|م}}}}}}
			| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|n}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ن}}}}}}
			| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɳ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڻ}}}}}}
			| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɲ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڃ}}}}}}
			| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ŋ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڱ}}}}}}
	| colspan="2" |		| colspan="2" |
	| x		|-
			!<small>]</small>
	| ɣ
			| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA|mʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|مهہ}}}}}}
	| h{{Fact|date=October 2008}}
			| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA|nʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|نهہ}}}}}}
	| &nbsp;
			| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA|ɳʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڻهہ}}}}}}
	|- class="IPA" align=center
	! ]
	| colspan="2" |		| colspan="2" |
	| colspan="2" | r
	| colspan="2" | ɽ<br />ɽʱ
	| colspan="2" |		| colspan="2" |
	| colspan="2" |		| colspan="2" |
			|-
			! rowspan="2" | <small>]/<br />]</small>
			!<small>plain</small>
			| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|p}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|پ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|b}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ب}}}}}}
			| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|t̪|t̪}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ت}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|d̪|d̪}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|د}}}}}}
			| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʈ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٽ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɖ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڊ}}}}}}
			| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|tɕ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|چ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|dʑ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ج}}}}}}
			| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|k}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڪ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɡ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|گ}}}}}}
	| colspan="2" |		| colspan="2" |
			|-
	|- class="IPA" align=center
			!<small>]</small>
	! ]
			| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|pʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڦ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|bʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڀ}}}}}}
	| colspan="2" | ʋ
			| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|t̪ʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٿ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|d̪ʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڌ}}}}}}
	| colspan="2" | l̪<br />l̪ʱ
			| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|ʈʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٺ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|ɖʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڍ}}}}}}
			| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|tɕʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڇ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|dʑʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|جهہ}}}}}}
			| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|kʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ک}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|ɡʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|گهہ}}}}}}
			| colspan="2" |
			|-
			! colspan="2" | <small>]</small>
			| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɓ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٻ}}}}}}
			| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɗ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڏ}}}}}}
			| colspan="2" |
			| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʄ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڄ}}}}}}
			| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɠ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڳ}}}}}}
			| colspan="2" |
			|-
			! colspan="2" | <small>]</small>
			| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|f}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ف}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |
			| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|s}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|س}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|z}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ز}}}}}}
			| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʂ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ش}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |
			| colspan="2" |
			| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|x}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|خ}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɣ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|غ}}}}}}
			| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|h}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ھ ه}}}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |
			|-
			! rowspan="2" | <small>]</small>
			!<small>plain</small>
			| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʋ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|و}}}}}}
			| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|l̪|l}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ل}}}}}}
			| colspan="2" |
			| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|j}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ي}}}}}}
			| colspan="2" |
			| colspan="2" |
			|-
			!<small>]</small>
			| colspan="2" |
			| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|lʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|لهہ}}}}}}
			| colspan="2" |
			| colspan="2" |
			| colspan="2" |
			| colspan="2" |
			|-
			! rowspan="2" | <small>]</small>
			!<small>plain</small>
			| colspan="2" |
			| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|r}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ر}}}}}}
			| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɽ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڙ}}}}}}
			| colspan="2" |
			| colspan="2" |
			| colspan="2" |
			|-
			!<small>]</small>
			| colspan="2" |
			| colspan="2" |
			| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA|ɽʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڙهہ}}}}}}
	| colspan="2" |		| colspan="2" |
	| colspan="2" | j
	| colspan="2" |		| colspan="2" |
	| colspan="2" |		| colspan="2" |
	|}		|}
			The retroflex consonants are ] ] and do not involve curling back of the tip of the tongue,{{sfnp|Nihalani|1974|p=207}} so they could be transcribed {{IPA|}} in phonetic transcription. The affricates {{IPA|/tɕ, tɕʰ, dʑ, dʑʱ/}} are laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release. It is not clear if {{IPA|/ɲ/}} is similar, or truly palatal.<ref>The IPA ''Handbook'' uses the symbols {{IPA|c, cʰ, ɟ, ɟʱ}}, but makes it clear this is simply tradition and that these are neither palatal nor stops, but "laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release". ] confirm a transcription of {{IPA|}} and further remarks that "{{IPA|/ʄ/}} is often a slightly creaky voiced palatal approximant" (caption of table 3.19).</ref> {{IPA|/ʋ/}} is realized as labiovelar {{IPA|}} or labiodental {{IPA|}} in free variation, but is not common, except before a stop.]]]
			=== Vowels ===
	The retroflex consonants are apical postalveolar, as they are throughout northern India, and so could be transcribed {{IPA|/t̠, t̠ʰ, d̠, d̠ʱ n̠ n̠ʱ s̠ ɾ̠ ɾ̠ʱ/}}. The affricates {{IPA|/t̠ɕ, t̠ɕʰ, d̠ʑ, d̠ʑʱ/}} are laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release. It is not clear if {{IPA|/ɲ/}} is similar, or truly palatal.<ref>The IPA ''Handbook uses the symbols {{IPA|c, cʰ, ɟ, ɟʱ}}, but makes it clear this is simply tradition and that these are neither palatal nor stops, but "laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release". Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:83) confirm a transcription of {{IPA|}} and further remarks that "{{IPA|/ʄ/}} is often a slightly creaky voiced palatal approximant" (caption of table 3.19).</ref> {{IPA|/ʋ/}} is realized as labiovelar {{IPA|}} or labiodental {{IPA|}} in ]. {{IPA|/n/}} occurs, but is not common, except before a stop ({{IPA|/nd/}} etc).
			{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
			!
			!]
			!]
			!]
			|-
			!]
			|{{IPA link|i}}
			|
			|{{IPA link|u}}
			|-
			!]
			|{{IPA link|ɪ}}
			|
			|{{IPA link|ʊ}}
			|-
			!]
			|{{IPA link|e}}
			|
			|{{IPA link|o}}
			|-
			!]
			|
			|{{IPA link|ə}}
			|
			|-
			!]
			| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|æ}}
			|
			|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
			|-
			!]
			|
			|{{IPA link|ɑ}}
			|}The vowels are modal length {{IPA|/i e æ ɑ ɔ o u/}} and short {{IPA|/ɪ ʊ ə/}}. Consonants following short vowels are lengthened: {{IPA|/pət̪o/ }} 'leaf' vs. {{IPA|/pɑt̪o/ }} 'worn'.
	===Vowels===		== Grammar ==
	]
			===Nouns===
	The vowels are modal length {{IPA|/i e æ ɑ ɔ o u/}} and short {{IPA|/ɪ̆ ʊ̆ ɐ̆/}}. (Note {{IPA|/æ ɑ ɐ̆/}} are imprecisely transcribed as {{IPA|/ɛ a ə/}} in the chart.) Consonants following short vowels are lengthened: {{IPA|}} 'leaf' vs. {{IPA|}} 'worn'.
			Sindhi nouns distinguish two ] (masculine and feminine), two ] (singular and plural), and five ] (nominative, vocative, oblique, ablative, and locative). This is a similar paradigm to ]. Almost all Sindhi noun stems end in a vowel, except for some recent loanwords. The declension of a noun in Sindhi is largely determined from its grammatical gender and the final vowel (or if there is no final vowel). Generally, ''-o'' stems are masculine and ''-a'' stems are feminine, but the other final vowels can belong to either gender.
			The different paradigms are listed below with examples.<ref name="jetley">{{cite thesis |last1=Jetley |first1=Murlidhar Kishinchand |title=Morphology of Sindhi: A descriptive analysis of Vicholi, the standard Sindhi dialect |date=1964 |publisher=Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute Pune |hdl=10603/145755 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/145755}}</ref> The ablative and locative cases are used with only some lexemes in the singular number and hence not listed, but predictably take the suffixes ''-ā̃'' / ''-aū̃'' / ''-ū̃'' ({{gcl|ABL}}) and ''-i'' ({{gcl|LOC}}).
	==Writing system==
	===Arabic Script===
	In ], Sindhi is written in a variant of the ], which was adopted under the encouragement of the British when Sindh fell to them in the 19th century. It has a total of 52 letters, augmenting the Persian with ]s and eighteen new letters, <big>ڄ</big> ,<big>ٺ</big> ,<big>ٽ</big> ,<big>ٿ</big> ,<big>ڀ</big> ,<big>ٻ</big> ,<big>ڙ</big> ,<big>ڍ</big> ,<big>ڊ</big> ,<big>ڏ</big> ,<big>ڌ</big> ,<big>ڇ</big> ,<big>ڃ</big> ,<big>ڦ</big> ,<big>ڻ</big> ,<big>ڱ</big> ,<big>ڳ</big> ,<big>ڪ</big> for sounds particular to Sindhi and other Indo-Aryan languages. Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic or Persian are homophones in Sindhi.
	{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"		{| class="wikitable"
			! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
	! جھ
			! colspan=3 | {{gcl|SG}}
	! ڄ
			! colspan=3 | {{gcl|PL}}
	! ج
			! rowspan=2 | Gloss
	! پ
	! ث
	! ٺ
	! ٽ
	! ٿ
	! ت
	! ڀ
	! ٻ
	! ب
	! ا
	|-		|-
			! {{gcl|NOM}} !! {{gcl|VOC}} !! {{gcl|OBL}}
	| {{IPA|ɟʱ}}
			! {{gcl|NOM}} !! {{gcl|VOC}} !! {{gcl|OBL}}
	| {{IPA|ʄ}}
	| {{IPA|ɟ}}
	| {{IPA|p}}
	| {{IPA|s}}
	| {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
	| {{IPA|ʈ}}
	| {{IPA|tʰ}}
	| {{IPA|t}}
	| {{IPA|bʱ}}
	| {{IPA|ɓ}}
	| {{IPA|b}}
	| *
	|-		|-
			! rowspan=6 | {{gcl|M}}
	! ڙ
	! ر		! ''I''
			| {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرو}}<br>''chokiro''
	! ذ
			| {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرا}}<br>''chokirā''
	! ڍ
			| {{Naskh|ڇوڪِري}}<br>''chokire''
	! ڊ
			| {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرا}}<br>''chokirā''
	! ڏ
			| {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرا / ڇوڪِرَ}}<br>''chokirā'' / ''chokira''
	! ڌ
			| {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرَنِ}}<br>''chokirani''
	! د
			| boy
	! خ
	! ح
	! ڇ
	! چ
	! ڃ
	|-		|-
			! ''II''
	| {{IPA|ɽ}}
	| {{IPA|r}}		| {{Naskh|ٻارُ}}<br>''ɓāru''
			| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|ٻارَ}}<br>''ɓāra''
	| {{IPA|z}}
			| {{Naskh|ٻارو / ٻارَ}}<br>''ɓāra'' / ''ɓāro''
	| {{IPA|ɖʱ}}
			| {{Naskh|ٻارَنِ}}<br>''ɓārani''
	| {{IPA|ɖ}}
			| child
	| {{IPA|ɗ}}
	| {{IPA|dʱ}}
	| {{IPA|d}}
	| {{IPA|x}}
	| {{IPA|h}}
	| {{IPA|cʰ}}
	| {{IPA|c}}
	| {{IPA|ɲ}}
	|-		|-
			! rowspan=2 | ''III''
	! ق
			| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|ساٿِي}}<br>''sāthī''
	! ڦ
			| {{Naskh|ساٿِيءَ}}<br>''sāthīa''
	! ف
			| {{Naskh|ساٿِي}}<br>''sāthī''
	! غ
			| {{Naskh|ساٿيئَرو}}<br>''sāthīaro''
	! ع
			| {{Naskh|ساٿيَنِ}}<br>''sāthyani''
	! ظ
			| companion
	! ط
	! ض
	! ص
	! ش
	! س
	! ز
	! ڙھ
	|-		|-
			| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|رَھاڪُو}}<br>''rahākū''
	| {{IPA|k}}
			| {{Naskh|رَھاڪُوءَ}}<br>''rahākūa''
	| {{IPA|pʰ}}
			| {{Naskh|رَھاڪُو}}<br>''rahākū''
	| {{IPA|f}}
			| {{Naskh|رَھاڪُئو}}<br>''rahākuo''
	| {{IPA|ɣ}}
			| {{Naskh|رَھاڪُنِ}}<br>''rahākuni''
	| {{IPA|∅}}
			| inhabitant
	| {{IPA|z}}
	| {{IPA|t}}
	| {{IPA|z}}
	| {{IPA|s}}
	| {{IPA|ʃ}}
	| {{IPA|s}}
	| {{IPA|z}}
	| {{IPA|ɽʱ}}
	|-		|-
			! rowspan=2 | ''IV''
	! ي
			| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|راجا}}<br>''rājā''
	! ه
			| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|راجا / راجائتو }}<br>''rājā'' / ''rājāito''
	! و
			| {{Naskh|راجائُنِ }}<br>''rājāuni''
	! ڻ
			| king
	! ن
	! م
	! ل
	! ڱ
	! گھ
	! ڳ
	! گ
	! ک
	! ڪ
	|-		|-
			| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|سيٺُ}}<br>''seṭhu''
	| *
			| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|سيٺَ }}<br>''seṭha''
	| {{IPA|h}}
			| {{Naskh|سيٺَنِ }}<br>''seṭhani''
	| *
			| merchant
	| {{IPA|ɳ}}
			|-
	| {{IPA|n}}
	| {{IPA|m}}		! rowspan=7 | {{gcl|F}}
			! rowspan=2 | ''I''
	| {{IPA|l}}
			| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|زالَ}}<br>''zāla''
	| {{IPA|ŋ}}
			| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|زالُون}}<br>''zālū̃''
	| {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
			| {{Naskh|زالُنِ}}<br>''zāluni''
	| {{IPA|ɠ}}
			| woman, wife
	| {{IPA|ɡ}}
			|-
	| {{IPA|kʰ}}
			| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|سَسُ}}<br>''sasu''
	| {{IPA|k}}
			| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|سَسُون}}<br>''sasū̃''
			| {{Naskh|سَسُنِ}}<br>''sasuni''
			| mother-in-law
			|-
			! rowspan=3 | ''II''
			| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|دَوا}}<br>''davā''
			| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|دَوائُون}}<br>''davāū̃''
			| {{Naskh|دَوائُنِ}}<br>''davāuni''
			| medicine
			|-
			| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|راتِ}}<br>''rāti''
			| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|راتيُون}}<br>''rātyū̃''
			| {{Naskh|راتيُنِ}}<br>''rātyuni''
			| night
			|-
			| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|هوٽَل}}<br>''hoṭal''
			| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|هوٽَلُون}}<br>''hoṭalū̃''
			| {{Naskh|هوٽَلُنِ}}<br>''hoṭaluni''
			| hotel
			|-
			! ''III''
			| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|ڳَئُون}}<br>''ɠaū̃''
			| {{Naskh|ڳَئُونَ}}<br>''ɠaū̃a''
			| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|ڳَئُون}}<br>''ɠaū̃''
			| {{Naskh|ڳَئُونِ}}<br>''ɠaūni''
			| cow
			|-
			! ''IV''
			| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|نَدِي}}<br>''nadī''
			| {{Naskh|نَدِيءَ}}<br>''nadīa''
			| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|نَديُون}}<br>''nadyū̃''
			| {{Naskh|نَديُنِ}}<br>''nadyuni''
			| river
	|}		|}
			A few nouns representing familial relations take irregular declensions with an extension in ''-r-'' in the plural. These are the masculine nouns {{Naskh|ڀاءُ}} ''bhāu'' "brother", {{Naskh|پِيءُ}} ''pīu'' "father", and the feminine nouns {{Naskh|ڌِيءَ}} ''dhīa'' "daughter", {{Naskh|نُونھَن}} ''nū̃hã'' "daughter-in-law", {{Naskh|ڀيڻَ}} ''bheṇa'' "sister", {{Naskh|ماءُ}} ''māu'' "mother", and {{Naskh|جوءِ}} ''joi'' "wife".<ref name="jetley"/>
	===Devanagari Script===
	In ], the ] script is used. It was re-introduced by the Government of India in 1948; however, it did not gain full acceptance, so both the Sindhi-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used . ]al bars below the letter are used to mark implosive consonants, and ] called '']'' are used to form other additional consonants.
			{| class="wikitable"
			! rowspan=2 |
			! colspan=3 | {{gcl|SG}}
			! colspan=3 | {{gcl|PL}}
			! rowspan=2 | Gloss
			|-
			! {{gcl|NOM}} !! {{gcl|VOC}} !! {{gcl|OBL}}
			! {{gcl|NOM}} !! {{gcl|VOC}} !! {{gcl|OBL}}
			|-
			! {{gcl|M}}
			| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|ڀاءُ}}<br>''bhāu''
			| {{Naskh|ڀائُرُ / ڀائُرَ}}<br>''bhāuru'' / ''bhāura''
			| {{Naskh|ڀائُرَ / ڀائُرو}}<br>''bhāura'' / ''bhāuro''
			| {{Naskh|ڀائُرَنِ / ڀائُنِ}}<br>''bhāurani'' / ''bhāuni''
			| brother
			|-
			! {{gcl|F}}
			| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|ڌِيءَ / ڌِيءُ}}<br>''dhīa'' / ''dhīu''
			| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|ڌِيئَرُ / ڌِيئَرُون / ڌِيئُون}}<br>''dhīaru'' / ''dhīarū̃'' / ''dhīū̃''
			| {{Naskh|ڌِيئَرُنِ / ڌِيئُنِ}}<br>''dhīaruni'' / ''dhīuni''
			| daughter
			|}
			===Pronouns===
			====Personal pronouns====
			Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi has first and second-person ]s as well as several types of third-person proximal and distal ]s. These decline in the nominative and oblique cases. The genitive is a special form for the first and second-person singular, but formed as usual with the oblique and case marker جو ''jo'' for the rest. The personal pronouns are listed below.{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003}}<ref name="sindhi1">{{cite web |date=April 21, 2024 |title=Structure of Sindhi Language |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Sindhi/sindhi_struct.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241028182548/http://lisindia.ciil.org/Sindhi/sindhi_struct.html |archive-date=28 October 2024 |website=Central Institute of Indian Languages |location=India Mysore}}</ref>
			{| class="wikitable"
			|+ Personal pronouns
			! rowspan=2 |
			! colspan=2 | {{gcl|SG}}
			! colspan=2 | {{gcl|PL}}
			|-
			! {{gcl|1}} !! {{gcl|2}}
			! {{gcl|1}} !! {{gcl|2}}
			|-
			! {{gcl|NOM}}
			| {{script/Arabic|مَان}} / {{script/Arabic|آئُون}}<br>''mā̃'' / ''āū̃''
			| {{script/Arabic|تُون}}<br>''tū̃''
			| {{script/Arabic|اَسِين}}<br>''asī̃''
			| {{script/Arabic|تَوِھِين}}<br>''tavhī̃''
			|-
			! {{gcl|OBL}}
			| {{script/Arabic|مُون}}<br>''mū̃''
			| {{script/Arabic|تو}}<br>''to''
			| {{script/Arabic|اَسَان}}<br>''asā̃''
			| {{script/Arabic|تَوِھَان}}<br>''tavhā̃''
			|-
			! {{gcl|GEN}}
			| {{script/Arabic|مُنھِنجو}}<br>''mũhinjo''
			| {{script/Arabic|تُنھِنجو}}<br>''tũhinjo''
			| colspan=4 {{n/a}}
			|}
			The third-person pronouns are listed below. Besides the unmarked demonstratives, there are also "specific" and "present" demonstratives. In the nominative singular, the demonstratives are marked for gender. Some other pronouns which decline identically to {{script/Arabic|ڪو}} ''ko'' "someone" are {{script/Arabic|ھَرڪو}} ''har-ko'' "everyone", {{script/Arabic|سَڀڪو}} ''sabh-ko'' "all of them", {{script/Arabic|جيڪو}} ''je-ko'' "whoever" (relative), and {{script/Arabic|تيڪو}} ''te-ko'' "that one" (correlative).{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003}}
			{| class="wikitable"
			|+ Third-person pronouns
			! colspan=3 rowspan=3 |
			! colspan=7 | ]
			! rowspan=3 | ]
			! rowspan=3 | ]
			! rowspan=3 | ]
			|-
			! colspan=2 | Unmarked
			! colspan=2 | Specific
			! colspan=2 | Present
			! rowspan=2 | Indefinite
			|-
			! {{gcl|PROX|proximal}} !! {{gcl|DIST}}
			! {{gcl|PROX|proximal}} !! {{gcl|DIST}}
			! {{gcl|PROX|proximal}} !! {{gcl|DIST}}
			|-
			! rowspan=3 | {{gcl|SG}}
			! rowspan=2 | {{gcl|NOM}}
			! {{gcl|M}}
			| {{script/Arabic|ھِي}}<br>''hī''
			| {{script/Arabic|ھُو}}<br>''hū''
			| {{script/Arabic|اِھو}}<br>''iho''
			| {{script/Arabic|اُھو}}<br>''uho''
			| {{script/Arabic|اِجهو}}<br>''ijho''
			| {{script/Arabic|اوجهو}}<br>''ojho''
			| {{script/Arabic|ڪو}}<br>''ko''
			| {{script/Arabic|ڪيرُ}}<br>''keru''
			| {{script/Arabic|جو}}<br>''jo''
			| {{script/Arabic|سو}}<br>''so''
			|-
			! {{gcl|F}}
			| {{script/Arabic|ھِيءَ}}<br>''hīa''
			| {{script/Arabic|ھُوءَ}}<br>''hūa''
			| {{script/Arabic|اِھَا}}<br>''ihā''
			| {{script/Arabic|اُھَا}}<br>''uhā''
			| {{script/Arabic|اِجَها}}<br>''ijhā''
			| {{script/Arabic|اوجَها}}<br>''ojhā''
			| {{script/Arabic|ڪَا}}<br>''kā''
			| {{script/Arabic|ڪيرَ}}<br>''kera''
			| {{script/Arabic|جَا}}<br>''jā''
			| {{script/Arabic|سَا}}<br>''sā''
			|-
			! colspan=2 | {{gcl|OBL}}
			| {{script/Arabic|ھِنَ}}<br>''hina''
			| {{script/Arabic|ھُنَ}}<br>''huna''
			| {{script/Arabic|اِنهين}}<br>''inhẽ''
			| {{script/Arabic|اُنهين}}<br>''unhẽ''
			| colspan=2 {{n/a}}
			| colspan=2 | {{script/Arabic|ڪَنْھِن}}<br>''kãhĩ''
			| {{script/Arabic|جَنْھِن}}<br>''jãhĩ''
			| {{script/Arabic|تَنْھِن}}<br>''tãhĩ''
			|-
			! rowspan=2 | {{gcl|PL}}
			! colspan=2 | {{gcl|NOM}}
			| {{script/Arabic|ھِي}}<br>''hī''
			| {{script/Arabic|ھُو}}<br>''hū''
			| {{script/Arabic|اِھي}}<br>''ihe''
			| {{script/Arabic|اُھي}}<br>''uhe''
			| {{script/Arabic|اِجهي}}<br>''ijhe''
			| {{script/Arabic|اوجهي}}<br>''ojhe''
			| {{script/Arabic|ڪي}}<br>''ke''
			| {{script/Arabic|ڪيرَ}}<br>''kera''
			| {{script/Arabic|جي}}<br>''je''
			| {{script/Arabic|سي}}<br>''se''
			|-
			! colspan=2 | {{gcl|OBL}}
			| {{script/Arabic|ھِنَنِ}}<br>''hinani''
			| {{script/Arabic|ھُنَنِ}}<br>''hunani''
			| {{script/Arabic|اِنَهنِ}}<br>''inhani''
			| {{script/Arabic|اُنَهنِ}}<br>''unhani''
			| colspan=2 {{n/a}}
			| colspan=2 | {{script/Arabic|ڪِنِ}}<br>''kini''
			| {{script/Arabic|جِنِ}}<br>''jini''
			| {{script/Arabic|تنِ}}<br>''tini''
			|}
			===Numerals===
			{|
			|
			{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
			! Num.
			! colspan=2 | Cardinal
			|-
			! 0
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ٻُڙِي}}}} || {{transl|sd|ɓuṛi}}
			|-
			! 1
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|هِڪُ}}}} || {{transl|sd|hiku}}
			|-
			! 2
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ٻَہ}}}} || {{transl|sd|ɓa}}
			|-
			! 3
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ٽِي}}}} || {{transl|sd|ṭī}}
			|-
			! 4
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|چَارِ}}}} || {{transl|sd|cāri}}
			|-
			! 5
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|پَنج}}}} || {{transl|sd|pañja}}
			|-
			! 6
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ڇَھَہ}}}} || {{transl|sd|chaha}}
			|-
			! 7
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|سَتَ}}}} || {{transl|sd|sata}}
			|-
			! 8
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|اَٺَ}}}} || {{transl|sd|aṭha}}
			|-
			! 9
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|نَوَ}}}} || {{transl|sd|nava}}
			|}
			|
			{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
			! Num.
			! colspan=2 | Cardinal
			|-
			! 10
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ڏَھَہ}}}} || {{transl|sd|ɗaha}}
			|-
			! 11
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|يَارَنھَن}}}} || {{transl|sd|yārãhã}}
			|-
			! 12
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ٻَارَھَن}}}} || {{transl|sd|ɓārahã}}
			|-
			! 13
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|تيرَھَن}}}} || {{transl|sd|terahã}}
			|-
			! 14
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|چوڏَھَن}}}} || {{transl|sd|coɗahã}}
			|-
			! 15
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|پَندرَھَن}}}} || {{transl|sd|pandrahã}}
			|-
			! 16
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|سورَھَن}}}} || {{transl|sd|sorahã}}
			|-
			! 17
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|سَترَھَن}}}} || {{transl|sd|satrahã}}
			|-
			! 18
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|اَرِڙَھَن / اَٺَارَھَن}}}} || {{transl|sd|ariṛahã / aṭhārahã}}
			|-
			! 19
			| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|اُڻوِيھَہ}}}} || {{transl|sd|uṇvīha}}
			|}
			|}
			===Postpositions===
			Most nominal relations (e.g. the ] of a nominal as an argument to a verb) are indicated using postpositions, which follow a noun in the oblique case. The subject of the verb takes the bare oblique case, while the object may be in nominative case or in oblique case and followed by the ] marker کي ''khe''.<ref name="trumpp">{{cite book |last1=Trumpp |first1=Ernest |title=Grammar of the Sindhi language |date=1872 |publisher=Trübner and Co. |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofsindhil00trum}}</ref>
			The postpositions are divided into '''case markers''', which directly follow the noun, and '''complex postpositions''', which combine with a case marker (usually the genitive جو ''jo'').
			====Case markers====
			The case markers are listed below.{{r|trumpp|p=399}}
			The postpositions with the suffix ''-o'' decline in gender and number to agree with their governor, e.g. {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِرو جو پِيءُ}} ''chokiro j-o pīu'' "the boy's father" but {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِر جِي مَاءُ}} ''chokiro j-ī māu'' "the boy's mother".
			{| class="wikitable"
			|+ Case markers
			! Case !! Marker !! Example !! English
			|-
			| ] || — || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِرو}}<br>''chokiro'' || the boy
			|-
			| ]<br>]
			| {{script/Arabic|کي}}<br>''khe''
			| {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري کي}}<br>''chokire khe''
			| the boy<br>to the boy
			|-
			| rowspan=2 | ]
			| {{script/Arabic|جو}}<br>''j-o'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري جو}}<br>''chokire jo''
			| rowspan=2 | of the boy
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|سَندو}}<br>''sand-o'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري سَندو}}<br>''chokire sando''
			|-
			| ] || {{script/Arabic|سُڌو}}<br>''sudh-o'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري سُڌو}}<br>''chokire sudho'' || along with the boy
			|-
			| rowspan=2 | ]<br>]
			| {{script/Arabic|سَان}}<br>''sā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري سَان}}<br>''chokire sā̃''
			| rowspan=2 | with the boy
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|سَاڻُ}}<br>''sāṇu'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري سَاڻُ}}<br>''chokire sāṇu''
			|-
			| rowspan=2 | ]
			| {{script/Arabic|۾}}<br>''mẽ'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري ۾}}<br>''chokire mẽ''
			| rowspan=2 | in the boy
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|مَنجِهہ}}<br>''manjhi'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري مَنجِهہ}}<br>''chokire manjhi''
			|-
			| rowspan=2 | ]
			| {{script/Arabic|تي}}<br>''te'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري تي}}<br>''chokire te'' || on the boy
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|وَٽِ}}<br>''vaṭi'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري وَٽِ}}<br>''chokire vaṭi'' || near the boy<br>the boy has...
			|-
			| ] || {{script/Arabic|ڏَانھَن}}<br>''ḍā̃hã'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري ڏَانھَن}}<br>''chokire ḍā̃hã'' || towards the boy
			|-
			| ] || {{script/Arabic|تَائيِن}}<br>''tāī̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري تَائيِن}}<br>''chokire tāī̃'' || up to the boy
			|-
			| ] || {{script/Arabic|ل}}اءِ<br>''lāi'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري لاءِ}}<br>''chokire lāi'' || for the boy
			|-
			| rowspan=2 | ]
			| {{script/Arabic|وَانگُرُ}}<br>''vānguru'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري وَانگُرُ}}<br>''chokire vānguru''
			| rowspan=2 | like the boy
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جَھْڙو}}<br>''jahṛ-o'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري جَھْڙو}}<br>''chokire jahṛo''
			|}
			There are several ] markers formed from the spatial postpositions and the ablative ending ''-ā̃''. These indicate complex motion such as "from inside of".{{r|trumpp|p=400}}
			{| class="wikitable"
			|+ Ablative case markers
			! Marker !! Example !! English
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|کَان}}<br>''khā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري کَان}}<br>''chokire khā̃'' || from the boy
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|مَان}}<br>''mā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري مَان}}<br>''chokire mā̃'' || from inside the boy
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|تَان}}<br>''tā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري تَان}}<br>''chokire tā̃'' || from upon the boy
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|ڏَانھَان}}<br>''ḍā̃hā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري ڏَانھَان}}<br>''chokire ḍā̃hā̃'' || from the direction of the boy
			|}
			Finally, some case markers are found in medieval Sindhi literature and/or modern poetic Sindhi, and otherwise not used in standard speech.
			{| class="wikitable"
			|+ Obsolete/rare case markers
			! Case !! Marker !! Example !! English
			|-
			| ]<br>] || {{script/Arabic|ڪَني}}<br>''kane'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري ڪَني}}<br>''chokire kane'' || to/near the boy
			|}
			====Complex postpositions====
			The complex postpositions are formed with a case marker, usually the genitive but sometimes the ablative. Many are listed below.{{r|trumpp|p=405}}
			{| class="wikitable"
			! Sindhi !! Transliteration !! Explanation
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي اَڳيَان}} || ''je aɠyā̃'' || "ahead of, before"; ]
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي اَندَرِ}} || ''je andari'' || "inside of"; ]
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي بَدِرَان}} || ''je badirā̃'' || "instead of, in place of"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي بَرَابَر}} || ''je barābar'' || "equal to"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي ٻَاھَرَان}} || ''je ɓāharā̃''
			| rowspan=2 | "outside of"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|کَان ٻَاھَرِ}} || ''khā̃ ɓāhari''
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي باري ۾}} || ''je bāre mẽ'' || "about, concerning"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي چَوڌَارِي}} || ''je caudhārī'' || "around"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي ھيٺَان}} || ''je heṭhā̃'' || "below, under"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي ڪَري}} || ''je kare'' || "for, on account of"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي لَاءِ}} || ''je lāi'' || "for"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي مَٿَان}} || ''je mathā̃'' || "above, on top of, upon"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|کَان پَري}} || ''khā̃ pare'' || "far from"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي پَارِ}} || ''je pāri'' || "across, on the other side of"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي پَاسي}} || ''je pāse'' || "on the side of, near"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|کَان پوءِ}} || ''khā̃ poi'' || "after"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي پُٺيَان}} || ''je puṭhyā̃'' || "behind"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي سَامهون}} || ''je sāmhõ'' || "in front of, facing"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|کَان سِوَاءِ}} || ''khā̃ sivāi'' || "besides, apart from"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي وَاسطي}} || ''je vāste'' || "for the sake of, on account of"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي ويجهو}} || ''je vejho'' || "near"; ]
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي وِچِ ۾}} || ''je vici mẽ'' || "between, among"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي خَاطِرِ}} || ''je xātiri'' || "for the sake of"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي خِلَافِ}} || ''je xilāfi'' || "against"
			|-
			| {{script/Arabic|جي ذَرِيعي}} || ''je zarī'e'' || "via, through"; ]
			|}
			=== Vocabulary ===
			According to historian ], most Sindhi vocabulary is from ancient ]. However, owing to the influence of the Persian language over the subcontinent, Sindhi has adapted many words from Persian and Arabic. It has also borrowed from English and ]. Today, Sindhi in Pakistan is slightly influenced by ]{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}, with more borrowed Perso-Arabic elements, while Sindhi in India is influenced by Hindi{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}, with more borrowed ] Sanskrit elements.{{sfnmp|Cole|2001|1pp=652–653|Khubchandani|2003|2pp=624–625}}
			==Writing systems==
			Sindhis in Pakistan use a version of the ] with new letters adapted to Sindhi phonology, while in India a greater variety of scripts are in use, including ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Manoj R. |date=2018-07-30 |title=The dispute over script still endures among Sindhis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/the-dispute-over-script-still-endures-among-sindhis/story-vCiMcJEBCrlgoKO1hLponN.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=] |language=en}}</ref> Perso-Arabic for Sindhi was also made digitally accessible relatively earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 7, 2020 |title=Sindhi becomes the first language from Pakistan to be selected for digitization. |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/322814-sindhi-becomes-first-language-from-pakistan-to-be-selected-for-digitisation |website=Geo News}}</ref>
			The earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of ] and ] scripts were used for trading. For literary and religious purposes, a ] developed by ] and ] (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, Khudabadi and Shikarpuri, were reforms of the Landa script.{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003|p=633}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-05-07 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307104920/http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> During British rule in the late 19th century, the Perso-Arabic script was decreed standard over Devanagari.{{sfnp|Cole|2001|p=648}}
			=== Perso-Arabic script ===
			{{Arabic-script sidebar|Sindhi}}
			During the ], a variant of the ] was adopted for Sindhi in the 19th century. The script is used in Pakistan and India today. It has a total of 52 letters, augmenting the Persian with ] and eighteen new letters (<big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڄ ٺ ٽ ٿ ڀ ٻ ڙ ڍ ڊ ڏ ڌ ڇ ڃ ڦ ڻ ڱ ڳ ڪ}}}}</big>) for sounds particular to Sindhi and other Indo-Aryan languages. Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic or Persian are homophones in Sindhi.
			Below table presents Sindhi Perso-Arabic alphabet. Letters shaded in yellow are solely used in writing of loanwords, and the phoneme they represent are also represented by other letters in the alphabet. Letters and digraphs shaded in green aren't usually considered as part of the base alphabet. They are either commonly used digraphs representing aspirated consonants, or are ] serving a grammatical function. These ligatures include the {{script/Arabic|۽}}, which is pronounced as and represents ''and'', and the {{script/Arabic|۾}}, which is pronounced as and it creates a locative relationship between words.
			{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
			|+ Sindhi alphabet
			|-
			! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ا}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|∅}}/{{IPAblink|ʔ}}/{{IPAblink|aː}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ب}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|b}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ٻ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɓ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڀ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|bʱ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ت}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|t}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ٿ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|tʰ}}
			|-
			! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ٽ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʈ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ٺ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʈʰ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ث}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|s}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|پ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|p}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ج}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|d͡ʑ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڄ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʄ}}
			|-
			! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|جهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|d͡ʑʰ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڃ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɲ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|چ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|t͡ɕ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڇ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|t͡ɕʰ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ح}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|h}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|خ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|x}}
			|-
			! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|د}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|d}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڌ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|dʱ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڏ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɗ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڊ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɖ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڍ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɖʱ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ذ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|z}}
			|-
			! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ر}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|r}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڙ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɽ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڙهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɽʰ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ز}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|z}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ژ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʒ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|س}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|s}}
			|-
			! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ش}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʂ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ص}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|s}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ض}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|z}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ط}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|t}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ظ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|z}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ع}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɑː}}/{{IPAblink|oː}}/{{IPAblink|eː}}/{{IPAblink|ʔ}}/{{IPAblink|∅}}
			|-
			! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|غ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɣ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ف}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|f}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڦ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|pʰ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ق}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|q}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڪ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|k}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ک}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|kʰ}}
			|-
			! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|گ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɡ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڳ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɠ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|گهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɡʱ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڱ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ŋ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ل}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|l}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|لهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|lʱ}}
			|-
			! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|م}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|m}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|مهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|mʰ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ن}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|n}}/{{IPAblink|◌̃}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|نهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|nʰ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڻ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɳ}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڻهہ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ɳʰ}}
			|-
			! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|و}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʋ}}/{{IPAblink|ʊ}}/{{IPAblink|oː}}/{{IPAblink|ɔː}}/{{IPAblink|uː}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ھ}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|h}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|هـ ه}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|h}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ـہ ہ}}</span><br>//
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ء}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|ʔ}}/{{IPAblink|∅}}
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ي}}</span><br>{{IPAblink|j}}/{{IPAblink|iː}}
			|-
			! Perso-Arabic<br><nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|۽}}</span><br>
			| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|۾}}</span><br>
			|}
			The orthography of the letter ''hāʾ'' in Sindhi, especially as it comes to typing as opposed to handwriting, has been a source of confusion for many. Especially because whereas in ] and ], there exists one single letter for ''hāʾ'', in ], the letter has diverged into two distinct variants: '']'' ("round he") and ''do-cašmi he'' ("two-eyed he"). The former is written is written round and zigzagged as "{{Nastaliq|ہـ ـہـ ـہ ہ}}", and can impart the "h" ({{IPA|/ɦ/}}) sound anywhere in a word, or the long "a" or the "e" vowels ({{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}}) at the end of a word. The latter is written in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop) ({{Nastaliq|ھ}}) , in order to be used in digraphs and to create the aspirate consonants.
			For most aspirated consonants, Sindhi relies on unique letters as opposed to the Urdu practice of digraphs. However, this doesn't apply to all aspirated consonants. Some are still written as digraphs. The letter ''hāʾ'' is also used in Sindhi to represent the sound in native Sindhi words, in Arabic and Persian loanwords, and to represent vowels ({{IPA|/ə/}} or {{IPA|/əʰ/}}) at the end of the word. The notations and conventions in Sindhi are different from either Persian or Arabic and from Urdu. Given the variety of the types of ''hāʾ'' across these languages for which ] characters have been designed, in order for the letters to be displayed correctly when typing, a correct and consistent convention needs to be followed. The following table will present these in detail.<ref>Kamal Mansour (2023), ''Handling of the Heh in Sindhi Text'', L2-23/17 ()</ref><ref>Lorna Priest Evans (2021), Regarding the Sindhi Heh, L2-22/052 ()</ref>
			{| class="wikitable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
			|- style="text-align:center;"
			!rowspan="2"|]
			!colspan="4"|Letter or Digraphs
			!rowspan="2"|]
			!rowspan="2"|Note
			!rowspan="2"|Examples
			|- class="static-row-header"
			! Final
			! Medial
			! Initial
			! Isolated
			|-
			| ]
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـھ}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـھـ}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ھـ}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ھ}}
			| {{IPAblink|h}}
			|
			| style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|دو{{red|ھَ}}⹁ {{red|ھُ}}و⹁ م{{red|ھ}}ينن⹁ وي{{red|ھُ}}}}
			|-
			| ]
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـه}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـهـ}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|هـ}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ه}}
			| {{IPAblink|h}}
			| Used for borrowed words
			| style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|وحد{{red|هُ}} لا⹁ والل{{red|ه}}}}
			|-
			| ] +<br>]
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـجهہ}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـجهـ}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|جهـ}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|جهہ}}
			| {{IPAblink|d͡ʑʰ}}
			| In ''isolated'' and ''final'' positions, an extra ''hāʾ'' {{script/Arabic|ـہ}} (]) is added
			| style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|ٻا{{red|جَهہ}}⹁ اُ{{red|جِه}}ي⹁ من{{red|جه}}ان⹁ ڪُ{{red|جهہ}}}}
			|-
			| ] +<br>]
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـگهہ}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـگهـ}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|گهـ}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|گهہ}}
			| {{IPAblink|ɡʱ}}
			| In ''isolated'' and ''final'' positions, an extra ''hāʾ'' {{script/Arabic|ـہ}} (]) is added
			| style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|{{red|گهہ}}⹁ {{red|گه}}وٽُ⹁ {{red|گه}}ڻ{{red|گُه}}رون⹁ س{{red|گهہ}}}}
			|-
			| ]
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـهہ}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـهـ}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | -
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | -
			| {{IPAblink|◌ʰ}}
			| Forming part of digraph for representation of other aspirated consonants (, , , , ). In ''isolated'' and ''final'' positions, an extra ''hāʾ'' {{script/Arabic|ـہ}} (]) is added
			| style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|ٻن{{red|ه}}ي⹁ ٿال{{red|هہ}}}}
			|-
			| ]
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـہ}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | -
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | -
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|ہ}}
			| / /
			|
			| style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|ن{{red|ہ}}}}
			|}
			The punctuation of Sindhi Perso-Arabic script differs slightly from that of ], ], and ]. Namely, instead of using the typical ''inverted comma'' ({{script/Arabic|،}} <nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki>) common in these mentioned alphabet, a ''reversed comma'' ({{script/Arabic|⹁}} <nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki>) is used. Although many documents do indeed incorrectly use Urdu punctuations.<ref></ref>
			{| class="wikitable plain-row-headers"
			|+ Comparison of Punctuations
			! !! Full Stop !! Comma !!‌ Semicolon
			|- class="letters-teal"
			! scope="row" | Sindhi
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|.}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|⹁}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|⁏}}
			|- class="letters-orange"
			! scope="row" | ]
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|۔}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|،}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|؛}}
			|- class="letters-red"
			! scope="row" | ]/]
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|.}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|،}}
			| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|؛}}
			|}
			]
			===Devanagari script ===
			In India, the Devanagari script is also used to write Sindhi.<ref name="auto3"/> A modern version was introduced by the government of India in 1948; however, it did not gain full acceptance, so both the Sindhi-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used. In India, a person may write a Sindhi language paper for a Civil Services Examination in either script.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=201 |title=UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile |access-date=2007-10-06 |archive-date=2014-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022024834/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=201 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Devanagari was seen as the most practical option for Sindhi language in India.<ref name="in"/> ]al bars below the letter are used to mark implosive consonants, and ] called '']'' are used to form other additional consonants.
	{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"		{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
	! अ		! {{lang|hi|अ}}
	! आ		! {{lang|hi|आ}}
	! इ		! {{lang|hi|इ}}
	! ई		! {{lang|hi|ई}}
	! उ		! {{lang|hi|उ}}
	! ऊ		! {{lang|hi|ऊ}}
	! ए		! {{lang|hi|ए}}
	! ऐ		! {{lang|hi|ऐ}}
	! ओ		! {{lang|hi|ओ}}
	! औ		! {{lang|hi|औ}}
	|-		|-
	| ə		| {{IPA|ə}}
	| a		| {{IPA|a}}
	| {{IPA|ɪ}}		| {{IPA|ɪ}}
	| i		| {{IPA|i}}
	| {{IPA|ʊ}}		| {{IPA|ʊ}}
	| uː		| {{IPA|uː}}
	| e		| {{IPA|e}}
	| {{IPA|ɛ}}		| {{IPA|ɛ}}
	| o		| {{IPA|o}}
	| {{IPA|ɔ}}		| {{IPA|ɔ}}
	|-		|-
	! क		! {{lang|hi|क}}
	! ख		! {{lang|hi|ख}}
	! ख़		! {{lang|hi|ख़}}
	! ग		! {{lang|hi|ग}}
			! {{lang|hi|ॻ}}
	! ग॒
	! ग़		! {{lang|hi|ग़}}
	!		!
	! घ		! {{lang|hi|घ}}
	!		!
	! ङ		! {{lang|hi|ङ}}
	|-		|-
	| {{IPA|k}}		| {{IPA|k}}
Line 324:		Line 1,377:
	| {{IPA|ŋ}}		| {{IPA|ŋ}}
	|-		|-
	! च		! {{lang|hi|च}}
	! छ		! {{lang|hi|छ}}
	!		!
	! ज		! {{lang|hi|ज}}
			! {{lang|hi|ॼ}}
	! ज॒
	! ज़		! {{lang|hi|ज़}}
	!		!
	! झ		! {{lang|hi|झ}}
	!		!
	! ञ		! {{lang|hi|ञ}}
	|-		|-
	| {{IPA|c}}		| {{IPA|t͡ɕ}}
	| {{IPA|cʰ}}		| {{IPA|t͡ɕʰ}}
	|		|
	| {{IPA|ɟ}}		| {{IPA|d͡ʑʰ}}
	| {{IPA|ʄ}}		| {{IPA|ʄ}}
	| {{IPA|z}}		| {{IPA|z}}
	|		|
	| {{IPA|ɟʱ}}		| {{IPA|d͡ʑ}}
	|		|
	| {{IPA|ɲ}}		| {{IPA|ɲ}}
	|-		|-
	! ट		! {{lang|hi|ट}}
	! ठ		! {{lang|hi|ठ}}
	!		!
	! ड		! {{lang|hi|ड}}
			! {{lang|hi|ॾ}}
	! ड॒
	! ड़		! {{lang|hi|ड़}}
	!		!
	! ढ		! {{lang|hi|ढ}}
	! ढ़		! {{lang|hi|ढ़}}
	! ण		! {{lang|hi|ण}}
	|-		|-
	| {{IPA|ʈ}}		| {{IPA|ʈ}}
Line 368:		Line 1,421:
	| {{IPA|ɳ}}		| {{IPA|ɳ}}
	|-		|-
	! त		! {{lang|hi|त}}
	! थ		! {{lang|hi|थ}}
	!		!
	! द		! {{lang|hi|द}}
	!colspan="3"|		!colspan="3"|
	! ध		! {{lang|hi|ध}}
	!		!
	! न		! {{lang|hi|न}}
	|-		|-
	| {{IPA|t}}		| {{IPA|t}}
Line 386:		Line 1,439:
	| {{IPA|n}}		| {{IPA|n}}
	|-		|-
	! प		! {{lang|hi|प}}
	! फ		! {{lang|hi|फ}}
	! फ़		! {{lang|hi|फ़}}
	! ब		! {{lang|hi|ब}}
			! {{lang|hi|ॿ}}
	! ब॒
	!colspan="2"|		!colspan="2"|
	! भ		! {{lang|hi|भ}}
	!		!
	! म		! {{lang|hi|म}}
	|-		|-
	| {{IPA|p}}		| {{IPA|p}}
Line 406:		Line 1,459:
	| {{IPA|m}}		| {{IPA|m}}
	|-		|-
	! य		! {{lang|hi|य}}
	! र		! {{lang|hi|र}}
	! ल		! {{lang|hi|ल}}
	! व		! {{lang|hi|व}}
	!colspan="6"|		!colspan="6"|
	|-		|-
Line 416:		Line 1,469:
	| {{IPA|l}}		| {{IPA|l}}
	| {{IPA|ʋ}}		| {{IPA|ʋ}}
			|colspan="6"|
	|-		|-
	! श		! {{lang|hi|श}}
	! ष		! {{lang|hi|ष}}
	! स		! {{lang|hi|स}}
	! ह		! {{lang|hi|ह}}
	!colspan="6"|		!colspan="6"|
	|-		|-
	| {{IPA|ʃ}}		| {{IPA|ʂ}}
	| {{IPA|ʂ}}		| {{IPA|ʂ}}
	| {{IPA|s}}		| {{IPA|s}}
Line 430:		Line 1,484:
	|}		|}
			===Laṇḍā scripts===
	== See also ==
			Laṇḍā-based scripts, such as ], ], and the Khudabadi script were used historically to write Sindhi.
	* ]
	* ]
			====Khudabadi====
	* ]
			{{Infobox writing system
			| name = Khudabadi<br />''or'' Sindhi
			| sample =
			| caption =
			| imagesize =
			| type =
			| languages =
			| unicode =
			| iso15924 = Sind
			| note = none
			}}
			The Khudabadi alphabet was invented in 1550 CE, and was used alongside other scripts by the Hindu community until the colonial era, where the sole usage of the Arabic script for official purposes was legislated.
			The script continued to be used on a smaller scale by the trader community until the ] in 1947.<ref name=sindhiscript>{{cite web |url = http://sindhilanguage.com/script.html |title = Sindhi Language: Script |website = Sindhilanguage.com |access-date = 15 May 2012 |archive-date = 19 April 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120419105333/http://www.sindhilanguage.com/script.html |url-status = dead }}</ref>
			{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
			|-
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
			|-
			| {{IPA|ə}}
			| {{IPA|a}}
			| {{IPA|ɪ}}
			| {{IPA|i}}
			| {{IPA|ʊ}}
			| {{IPA|uː}}
			| {{IPA|e}}
			| {{IPA|ɛ}}
			| {{IPA|o}}
			| {{IPA|ɔ}}
			|-
			! ]
			! ]
			!
			! ]
			! ]
			! colspan="2"|
			!]
			!
			! ]
			|-
			| {{IPA|k}}
			| {{IPA|kʰ}}
			|
			| {{IPA|ɡ}}
			| {{IPA|ɠ}}
			| colspan="2"|
			| {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
			|
			| {{IPA|ŋ}}
			|-
			! ]
			! ]
			!
			! ]
			! ]
			! colspan="2"|
			! ]
			!
			! ]
			|-
			| {{IPA|c}}
			| {{IPA|cʰ}}
			|
			| {{IPA|ɟ}}
			| {{IPA|ʄ}}
			| colspan="2"|
			| {{IPA|ɟʱ}}
			|
			| {{IPA|ɲ}}
			|-
			! ]
			! ]
			!
			! ]
			! ]
			! colspan="2"|
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
			|-
			| {{IPA|ʈ}}
			| {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
			|
			| {{IPA|ɖ}}
			| {{IPA|ɗ}}
			| colspan="2"|
			| {{IPA|ɽ}}
			| {{IPA|ṛ}}
			| {{IPA|ɳ}}
			|-
			! ]
			! ]
			!
			! ]
			! colspan="3"|
			! ]
			!
			! ]
			|-
			| {{IPA|t}}
			| {{IPA|tʰ}}
			|
			| {{IPA|d}}
			| colspan="3"|
			| {{IPA|dʱ}}
			|
			| {{IPA|n}}
			|-
			! ]
			! ]
			!
			! ]
			! ]
			! colspan="2"|
			! ]
			!
			! ]
			|-
			| {{IPA|p}}
			| {{IPA|pʰ}}
			| {{IPA|f}}
			| {{IPA|b}}
			| {{IPA|ɓ}}
			| colspan="2"|
			| {{IPA|bʱ}}
			|
			| {{IPA|m}}
			|-
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
			! ]
			! colspan="6"|
			|-
			| {{IPA|j}}
			| {{IPA|r}}
			| {{IPA|l}}
			| {{IPA|ʋ}}
			|colspan="6"|
			|-
			! ]
			!
			! ]
			! ]
			! colspan="6"|
			|-
			| {{IPA|ʂ}}
			|
			| {{IPA|s}}
			| {{IPA|h}}
			|colspan="6"|
			|}
			{{clear}}
			====Khojki====
			Khojki was employed primarily to record Muslim Shia Ismaili religious literature, as well as literature for a few secret Shia Muslim sects.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n3871.pdf|title=Proposal to Encode the Sindhi Script in ISO/IEC 10646 |publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 |date=2010-09-10 |access-date=2024-06-25}}</ref>
			<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n3978.pdf|title=Final Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646 |publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 |date=2011-01-28 |access-date=2024-06-25}}</ref>
			====Gurmukhi====
			The Gurmukhi script was also used to write Sindhi, mainly in India by Hindus.<ref name="sindhiscript"/><ref name="auto3"/>
			=== Roman Sindhi ===
			{{See also|Romanisation of Sindhi}}
			The Sindhi-Roman script or Roman-Sindhi script is the contemporary Sindhi script usually used by the Sindhis when texting messages on their mobile phones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.romanizedsindhi.org/|title=Romanized Sindhi is teaching reading speaking writing sindhi language globally under alliance of sindhi association of Americas Inc|website=Romanizedsindhi.org|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CHOICE OF SCRIPT FOR OUR SINDHI LANGUAGE|url=http://www.chandiramani.com/choiceofascript.html|website=Chandiramani.com|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>
			== Advocacy ==
			{{See also|1972 Sindhi Language Bill}}In 1972, an bill was passed by the provincial assembly of Sindh which saw Sindhi, given official status thus becoming the first ] in ] to have its own official status.
			* Sindhi language was made the official language of ] according to ].
			* All Educational institutes in Sindh are mandated to teach Sindhi as per the bill.
			=== Software ===
			By 2001, ]{{failed verification|date=December 2022}} had coordinated with Microsoft to develop Unicode-based Software in the form of the ] Sindhi script which afterwards became the basis for the communicated use by Sindhi speakers around the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ismaili |first=Imdad Ali |title=Design & Development of the Graphical User Interface for Sindhi Language |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257947564 |quotation=The idea is to provide a software platform to the people of Sindh as well as Sindhi diasporas living across the globe to make use of computing for basic tasks such as editing, composition, formatting, and printing of documents in Sindhi by using GUISL. The implementation of the GUISL has been done in the Java technology to make the system platform independent. |journal=Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology |year=2011 |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, Google introduced the first automated translator for Sindhi language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Translate now speaks Sindhi, Pashto |url=https://india.googleblog.com/2016/02/google-translate-now-speaks-sindhi.html |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=Official Google India Blog |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2016-02-18 |title=Google adds Sindhi to its translate language options |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/google-adds-sindhi-to-its-translate-language-options-116021800706_1.html |access-date=2023-03-19}}</ref> Later on in 2023 an offline support was introduced by ].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-16 |title=Google Translate brings offline support for Oriya, Sindhi and 31 other languages |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/google-translate-brings-offline-support-for-oriya-sindhi-and-31-other-languages/articleshow/97031560.cms |access-date=2023-03-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghazi |first=Zain |date=2023-01-18 |title=Google Translate Sindhi Offline |url=https://pakistanijournal.com/google-translate-rolls-out-support-for-33-new-offline-languages-including-sindhi/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Pakistani Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Which was followed by ] strengthening support in May of same year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stories |first=Microsoft |date=2023-05-19 |title=Microsoft Translator adds four new languages – Konkani, Maithili, Sindhi, and Sinhala |url=https://news.microsoft.com/en-in/microsoft-translator-adds-four-new-languages-konkani-maithili-sindhi-and-sinhala/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Microsoft Stories India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=C. R. N. |date=2023-05-18 |title=Microsoft Translator adds 4 new languages – Konkani, Maithili, Sindhi, and Sinhala |url=https://www.crn.in/news/microsoft-translator-adds-4-new-languages-konkani-maithili-sindhi-and-sinhala/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=CRN - India |language=en-US}}</ref>
			In June 2014, the ] of the Sindhi language was added to ], However as of now the script currently has no proper rendering support to view it in unsupported devices.
			==See also==
			{{Portal|Languages}}
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
	* ]		* ]
			* ]
			* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
			* ]
	* ]
	* ]
			==Notes==
	== External links ==
			{{notelist}}
	{{InterWiki|code=sd}}
	*
	* , Pakistan
	*
	*
	*
	*
	*
	* http://sindhipatrika.blogspot.com Complete Sindhi Tipno, Patrika, Almanac, listing festivities, rituals related to Hindu Sindhi Culture
	*
	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{Reflist}}
	==Sources==		==Sources==
			{{refbegin|30em}}
	* International Phonetic Association (1999) ''Handbook of the International Phonetic Association'' ISBN 0-521-63751-1
			* {{cite journal |last=Nihalani |first=Paroo |title=Lingual Articulation of Stops in Sindhi |journal=Phonetica |date=1974 |doi=10.1159/000259489 |pmid=4424983 |issn=1423-0321 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=197–212 |s2cid=3325314 }}
	*{{SOWL}}
			* {{cite book |last=Addleton and Brown |year=2010 |title=Sindhi: An Introductory Course for English Speakers |url=http://doorlightpubs.com/Doorlight/Sindhi.html |location=South Hadley |publisher=Doorlight Publications |access-date=2010-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828112103/http://doorlightpubs.com/Doorlight/Sindhi.html |archive-date=2010-08-28 |url-status=dead}}
	*
			* {{cite journal |last=Bughio |first=M. Qasim |date=January–June 2006 |title=The Diachronic Sociolinguistic Situation in Sindh |journal=Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony |url=http://www.webjournal.unior.it |editor1-last=Maniscalco |editor1-first=Fabio Maniscalco |volume=1}}
	* with Devanagari equivalents
			* {{cite book |last=Cole |first=Jennifer S |year=2001 |chapter=Sindhi |editor1-last=Garry |editor1-first=Jane |editor2-last=Rubino |editor2-first=Carl |title=Facts About the World's Languages |publisher=H W Wilson |isbn=0-8242-0970-2 |pages=647–653 }}
	*
			* {{cite book |year=1999 |title=International Phonetic Association |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-63751-1}}
	*
			* {{cite book |last=Khubchandani |first=Lachman M |year=2003 |chapter=Sindhi |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA581 |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-77294-5 |pages=622–658 }}
	* Trumpp P., Grammar of the Sindhi Language, Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, Reprinted in 1970 (original edition 1872)
			* {{SOWL}}
			* {{cite book |last=Shackle |first=Christopher |title=Language and national identity in Asia |chapter=Pakistan |editor-last=Simpson |editor-first=Andrew |series=Oxford linguistics Y |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-922648-1 |date=2007 }}
			* {{cite book |last=Trumpp |first=Ernest |year=1872 |title=Grammar of the Sindhi Language |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofsindhil00trum |location=London |publisher=Trübner and Co |isbn=81-206-0100-9 |language=en }}
			* {{cite book |last1=Chopra |first1=R. M |title=The rise, growth, and decline of Indo-Persian literature |year=2013 |publisher=Iran Culture House |location=New Delhi |edition=2nd |oclc=909254259 |chapter=Persian in Sindh |language=en}}
			{{refend}}
			==External links==
			{{InterWiki|code=sd}}
			{{Wikivoyage|Sindhi phrasebook}}
			{{commons category}}
			{{EB1911 poster|Sindhi and Lahnda|Sindhi language}}
			*
			*
			* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831155410/http://www.sindhilanguage.com/ |date=August 31, 2015 |title=All about Sindhi language and culture }}
			*
			{{Sindhi language}}
			{{Navboxes|list=
			{{Indo-Aryan languages}}
			{{Languages of Pakistan}}
	{{Languages of India}}		{{Languages of India}}
			{{Arabic script}}
	{{Indo-Iranian languages}}
			{{Sindh topics}}
			}}
			{{Authority control}}
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Latest revision as of 00:50, 31 December 2024

Indo-Aryan language native to Sindh

Not to be confused with Hindi.

Sindhi
Sindhī سِنڌِي‎ सिन्धी
Sindhi written in Perso-Arabic script and Devanagari
Pronunciation	IPA: [sɪndʱiː]
Native to	Pakistan India
Region	Sindh and near the border in neighbouring regions such as Kutch and Balochistan
Ethnicity	Sindhis
Native speakers	c. 32 million (2011–2017)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northwestern Sindhic Sindhi
Writing system	Naskh script, Devanagari and others
Official status
Official language in	Pakistan Sindh (provincial official) India (scheduled language)
Regulated by	Sindhi Language Authority (Pakistan) National Council for Promotion of Sindhi Language (India)
Language codes
ISO 639-1	sd
ISO 639-2	snd
ISO 639-3	snd
Glottolog	sind1272  Sindhi
Linguasphere	59-AAF-f
The proportion of people with Sindhi as their mother tongue in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
Sindhi is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

This article contains Sindhi text, written from right to left with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Sindhi script.

Sindhi (/ˈsɪndi/ SIN-dee; Sindhi: سِنڌِي‎ (Perso-Arabic) or सिन्धी (Devanagari), pronounced [sɪndʱiː]) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh, where it has official status. It is also spoken by a further 1.7 million people in India, where it is a scheduled language, without any state-level official status. The main writing system is the Perso-Arabic script, which accounts for the majority of the Sindhi literature and is the only one currently used in Pakistan. In India, both the Perso-Arabic script and Devanagari are used.

Sindhi is first mentioned in historical records within the Nātyaśāstra, a text thought to have been composed between 200 BC and 200 AD. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 AD. Sindhi was one of the first Indo-Aryan languages to encounter influence from Persian and Arabic following the Umayyad conquest in 712 AD. A substantial body of Sindhi literature developed during the Medieval period, the most famous of which is the religious and mystic poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai from the 18th century. Modern Sindhi was promoted under British rule beginning in 1843, which led to the current status of the language in independent Pakistan after 1947.

History

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Origins

The name "Sindhi" is derived from the Sanskrit síndhu, the original name of the Indus River, along whose delta Sindhi is spoken.

Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit) via Middle Indo-Aryan (Pali, secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha). 20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu-deśa, corresponding to modern Sindh) but later work has shown this to be unlikely.

Early Sindhi (2nd–16th centuries)

Literary attestation of early Sindhi is sparse. Sindhi is first mentioned in historical records within the Nātyaśāstra, a text on dramaturgy thought to have been composed between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D. Historically, Isma'ili religious literature and poetry in India, as old as the 11th century CE, used a language that was closely related to Sindhi and Gujarati. Much of this work is in the form of ginans (a kind of devotional hymn).

Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to be in close contact with Arabic and Persian following the Umayyad conquest of Sindh in 712 CE.

Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)

Medieval Sindhi literature is of a primarily religious genre, comprising a syncretic Sufi and Advaita Vedanta poetry, the latter in the devotional bhakti tradition. The earliest known Sindhi poet of the Sufi tradition is Qazi Qadan (1493–1551). Other early poets were Shah Inat Rizvi (c. 1613–1701) and Shah Abdul Karim Bulri (1538–1623). These poets had a mystical bent that profoundly influenced Sindhi poetry for much of this period.

Another famous part of Medieval Sindhi literature is a wealth of folktales, adapted and readapted into verse by many bards at various times and possibly much older than their earliest literary attestations. These include romantic epics such as Sassui Punnhun, Sohni Mahiwal, Momal Rano, Noori Jam Tamachi, Lilan Chanesar, and others.

The greatest poet of Sindhi was Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (1689/1690–1752), whose verses were compiled into the Shah Jo Risalo by his followers. While primarily Sufi, his verses also recount traditional Sindhi folktales and aspects of the cultural history of Sindh.

The first attested Sindhi translation of the Quran was done by Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi (1747–1824) and published in Gujarat in 1870. The first to appear in print was by Muhammad Siddiq in 1867.

Modern Sindhi (1843–present)

In 1843, the British conquest of Sindh led the region to become part of the Bombay Presidency. Soon after, in 1848, Governor George Clerk established Sindhi as the official language in the province, removing the literary dominance of Persian. Sir Bartle Frere, the then commissioner of Sindh, issued orders on August 29, 1857, advising civil servants in Sindh to pass an examination in Sindhi. He also ordered the use of Sindhi in official documents. In 1868, the Bombay Presidency assigned Narayan Jagannath Vaidya to replace the Abjad used in Sindhi with the Khudabadi script. The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the Muslim majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve Martial Laws were imposed by the British authorities. The granting of official status of Sindhi along with script reforms ushered in the development of modern Sindhi literature.

The first printed works in Sindhi were produced at the Muhammadi Press in Bombay beginning in 1867. These included Islamic stories set in verse by Muhammad Hashim Thattvi, one of the renowned religious scholars of Sindh.

The Partition of India in 1947 resulted in most Sindhi speakers ending up in the new state of Pakistan, commencing a push to establish a strong sub-national linguistic identity for Sindhi. This manifested in resistance to the imposition of Urdu and eventually Sindhi nationalism in the 1980s.

The language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably diverging by the late 20th century; authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from Urdu, while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi.

Geographic distribution

In Pakistan, Sindhi is the first language of 30.26 million people, or 14.6% of the country's population as of the 2017 census. 29.5 million of these are found in Sindh, where they account for 62% of the total population of the province. There are 0.56 million speakers in the province of Balochistan, especially in the Kacchi Plain that encompasses the districts of Lasbela, Hub, Kachhi, Sibi, Sohbatpur, Jafarabad, Jhal Magsi, Usta Muhammad and Nasirabad.

In India, Sindhi mother tongue speakers were distributed in the following states:

2011 Census Statistics (India Total: 2,772,264)

State	Population
Gujarat	1,184,024
Maharashtra	723,748
Rajashtan	386,569
Madhya Pradesh	245,161
Chhattisgarh	93,424
Delhi (NCT)	31,177
Uttar Pradesh	28,952
Assam	19,646
Karnataka	16,954
Andhra Pradesh	11,299
Tamil Nadu	8,448
West Bengal	7,828
Uttarakhand	2,863
Odisha	2,338
Bihar	2,227
Jharkhand	1,701
Haryana	1,658
Kerala	1,251
Punjab	754
Goa	656
Dadra and Nagar and Daman and Diu	894
Meghalaya	236
Chandigarh	134
Puducherry	94
Nagaland	82
Himachal Pradesh	62
Tripura	30
Jammu and Kashmir	19
Andaman and Nicobar Islands	14
Arunachal Pradesh	12
Lakshadweep	7
Sikkim	2

Official status

Sindhi is the official language of the Pakistani province of Sindh and one of the scheduled languages of India, where it does not have any state-level status.

Prior to the inception of Pakistan, Sindhi was the national language of Sindh. The Pakistan Sindh Assembly has ordered compulsory teaching of the Sindhi language in all private schools in Sindh. According to the Sindh Private Educational Institutions Form B (Regulations and Control) 2005 Rules, "All educational institutions are required to teach children the Sindhi language. Sindh Education and Literacy Minister, Syed Sardar Ali Shah, and Secretary of School Education, Qazi Shahid Pervaiz, have ordered the employment of Sindhi teachers in all private schools in Sindh so that this language can be easily and widely taught. Sindhi is taught in all provincial private schools that follow the Matric system and not the ones that follow the Cambridge system.

At the occasion of 'Mother Language Day' in 2023, the Sindh Assembly under Culture minister Sardar Ali Shah, passed a unanimous resolution to extend the use of language to primary level and increase the status of Sindhi as a national language of Pakistan.

The Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as a scheduled language in India, making it an option for education. Despite lacking any state-level status, Sindhi is still a prominent minority language in the Indian state of Rajasthan.

There are many Sindhi language television channels broadcasting in Pakistan such as Time News, KTN, Sindh TV, Awaz Television Network, Mehran TV, and Dharti TV.

Dialects

Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a dialect continuum at some places with neighboring languages such as Saraiki and Gujarati. Some of the documented dialects of Sindhi are:

• Vicholi: The prestige dialect spoken around Hyderabad and central Sindh (the Vicholo region). The literary standard of Sindhi is based on this dialect.
• Uttaradi: The dialect of northern Sindh (Uttaru, meaning "north"), with minor differences in Larkana, Shikarpur and in parts of Sukkur and Kandiaro.
• Lari: The dialect of southern Sindh (Lāṛu) spoken around areas like Karachi, Thatta, Sujawal, Tando Muhammad Khan and Badin districts.
• Siroli/Siraiki or Ubheji: The dialect of northernmost Sindh (Siro, meaning "head"). Spoken in smaller number all over Sindh but mainly in Jacobabad and Kashmore districts, it has little similarity with the Saraiki language of South Punjab and has variously been treated either as a dialect of Saraiki or as a dialect of Sindhi.
• Lasi: The dialect of Lasbela, Hub and Gwadar districts in Balochistan, closely related to Lari and Vicholi, and in contact with Balochi.
• Firaqi Sindhi: The dialect of the Kachhi plains the north eastern districts of Balochistan, where it is referred to as Firaqi Sindhi or commonly just Sindhi.
• Thareli: also called Tharechi dialect, spoken in north eastern Thar Desert of Sindh, called Nara desert (Achhro thar), but mainly spoken in the western part of Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan, India by many Sindhi Muslims.
• Sindhi Bhili: It is a dialect spoken in Sindh by the Sindhi Meghwars and Bheels. Sindhi Bhil is known to have many old Sindhi words, which were lost after Arabic, Persian, and Chaghatai influence.

The variety of Sindhi spoken by Sindhi Hindus who emigrated to India is known as Dukslinu Sindhi. Furthermore, Kutchi and Jadgali are sometimes classified as dialects of Sindhi rather than independent languages.

Sindhi dialects Comparison

English	Vicholi	Lari	Uttaradi	Lasi	Kutchi	Dhatki
I	Aao(n)	Aao(n)	Mā(n)	Ã	Aau(n)	Hu(n)
My	Muhnjo	Mujo	Mānjo/Māhjo	Mojo/Mājo	Mujo	Mānjo/Māhyo
You "Sin, plu" (formal)	Awha(n)/Awhee(n) Tawha(n)/Tawhee(n)	Aa(n)/Aei(n)	Taha(n)/Taa(n)/ Tahee(n)/Taee(n)	Awa(n)/Ai(n)	Aa(n)/Ai(n)	Awha/Ahee(n)/ Aween
To me	Mukhe	Muke	Mānkhe	Mukh	Muke	Mina
We	Asee(n)	Asee(n), Pān	Asā(n)	Asee(n)	Asee(n), Pān	Asee(n), Asā(n)
What	Chha/Kahirō	Kujjāro/Kujja	Chha/Shha	Chho	Kuro	Kee
Why	Chho	Ko	Chho/Shho	Chhela	Kolāi/Kurelāe	Kayla
How	Kiya(n)	Kei(n)	Kiya(n)		Kee(n)	Kiya(n)
No	Na, Kōna, Kōn	Nā(n), Kīna	Na, Kōna, Kāna, Kon, Kān	Nā(n), Ma	Nā	Nā, Ni, Ko, Kon, Ma
Legs (plural, fem)	Tangu(n), Jjanghu(n)	Tangu(n), Jjangu(n)	Tangā(n), Jjanghā(n)
Foot	Pair	Pair/Pagg/Pagulo	Pair	Pair	Pag	Pagg, Pair
Far	Pare	Ddoor	Pare/Parte	Ddor	Chhete	Ddor
Near	Vejhō	Vejo/Ōdō/Ōdirō/Ore	Vejhō/Vejhe/Orte	Ōddō	Wat, bājūme	Nerro
Good/Excellent	Sutho, Chaṅō	Khāso/Sutho/Thhāuko	Sutho, Bhalo, Chango	Khāsho	Khāso, Laat	Sutho, Phutro, Thhāuko
High	Utāho	Ucho	Mathe	Ucho	Ucho	Uncho
Silver	Rupo	Chādi/Rupo	Chāndi	Rupo	Rupo
Father	Piu	Pay/Abo/Aba/Ada	Pee/Babo/Pirhe(n)	Pe	Pe, Bapa, Ada
Wife	Joe/Gharwāri	Joe/Wani/Kuwār	Zaal/Gharwāri	Zaal	Vahu/Vau	Ddosi, Luggai
Man	Mardu	Māņu/Mārū/Mard /Murs/Musālu	Mānhu/Musālo/Bhāi /Kāko/Hamra	Mānhu	Māḍū/Mārū	Mārū
Woman	Aurat	Zāla/ōrat/ōlath	Māi/Ran	Zāla	Bāeḍi/Bāyaḍī
Child/Baby	Bbār/Ningar/Bbālak	Bbār/Ningar/Gabhur/ Bacho/Kako	Bbār/Bacho/Adro/ Phar (animal)	Gabhar	Bār/Gabhar
Daughter	Dhiu/Niyāni	Dia/Niyāni/Kañā	Dhee/Adri	Dhia	Dhi	Dikri
Sun	Siju	Sij, Sūrij	Sijhu	Siju	Sūraj	Sūraj
Sunlight		Kārro	Oosa		Tarko
Cat	Billi	Bili/Pusani	Billi	Phushini	Minni
Rain	Barsāt/Mee(n)h /Bārish	Varsāt/Mee(n)/Mai(n)	Barsāt/Mee(n)hu		Varsāt	Meh, Maiwla
And	Aēi(n)	Ãū(n)/Ãē(n)/Nē	Aēi(n)/Aū(n)/Aen	Ãē/Or	Nē/Anē	A'e(n)/Ān
Also	Pin/Bhi	Pin, Bee	Bu/Pun		Pin/Pan
Is	Āhe	Āye	Aa/Āhe/Hai	Āhe/Āye	Āye	Āhe/Āh/Āye/Hai
Fire	Bāhe	Bāē/āgg/jjērō	Bāhe/Bāh	Jjērō	Jirō/lagāņō/āg
Water	Pāņī	Pāņī/Jal	Pāņī	Pāņī	Pāņī/Jal	Pāņī
Where	Kithē	Kithē	Kithē, Kāthe, Kehda, Kāday, Kādah, Kidah, Kithrē	Kith	Kithē	Kith
Sleep	Nindr(a)	Nind(a)	Nindr(a)	Nind	Ninder	Oongh
Slap	Thaparr/Chammāt	Tārr	Chamātu/Chapātu/ Lapātu/Thapu
To Wash	Dhoain(u)	Dhun(u)	Dhoain(u)/Dhuan(u)/ Dhowan(u)			Dhuwan(u)/ Dhoon(u)
Will write (Masc)	Likhandum, Likhandus	Likhados	Likhdum, Likhdus	Likhdosī		Likhsā(n)
I Went	Aao(n) Vius	Aao(n) Vēs	Ma(n) Vayus (m)/ Vayas (f)	Ã viosī		Hu Gios

Phonology

Sindhi has a relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other Indo-Aryan languages. Sindhi has 46 consonant phonemes and 10 vowels. The consonant to vowel ratio is around average for the world's languages at 2.8. All plosives, affricates, nasals, the retroflex flap, and the lateral approximant /l/ have aspirated or breathy voiced counterparts. The language also features four implosives.

Consonants

Sindhi consonants

		Labial		Dental/ alveolar		Retroflex		(Alveolo-) Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Nasal	plain		m م‎		n ن‎		ɳ ڻ‎		ɲ ڃ‎		ŋ ڱ‎
	breathy		mʱ مهہ‎		nʱ نهہ‎		ɳʱ ڻهہ‎
Stop/ Affricate	plain	p پ‎	b ب‎	t̪ ت‎	d̪ د‎	ʈ ٽ‎	ɖ ڊ‎	tɕ چ‎	dʑ ج‎	k ڪ‎	ɡ گ‎
	breathy	pʰ ڦ‎	bʱ ڀ‎	t̪ʰ ٿ‎	d̪ʱ ڌ‎	ʈʰ ٺ‎	ɖʱ ڍ‎	tɕʰ ڇ‎	dʑʱ جهہ‎	kʰ ک‎	ɡʱ گهہ‎
Implosive			ɓ ٻ‎		ɗ ڏ‎				ʄ ڄ‎		ɠ ڳ‎
Fricative		f ف‎		s س‎	z ز‎	ʂ ش‎				x خ‎	ɣ غ‎	h ھ ه‎
Approximant	plain		ʋ و‎		l ل‎				j ي‎
	breathy				lʱ لهہ‎
Rhotic	plain				r ر‎		ɽ ڙ‎
	breathy						ɽʱ ڙهہ‎

The retroflex consonants are apical postalveolar and do not involve curling back of the tip of the tongue, so they could be transcribed in phonetic transcription. The affricates /tɕ, tɕʰ, dʑ, dʑʱ/ are laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release. It is not clear if /ɲ/ is similar, or truly palatal. /ʋ/ is realized as labiovelar or labiodental in free variation, but is not common, except before a stop.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Near-close	ɪ		ʊ
Close-mid	e		o
Mid		ə
Open-mid	æ		ɔ
Open			ɑ

The vowels are modal length /i e æ ɑ ɔ o u/ and short /ɪ ʊ ə/. Consonants following short vowels are lengthened: /pət̪o/ 'leaf' vs. /pɑt̪o/ 'worn'.

Grammar

Nouns

Sindhi nouns distinguish two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and five cases (nominative, vocative, oblique, ablative, and locative). This is a similar paradigm to Punjabi. Almost all Sindhi noun stems end in a vowel, except for some recent loanwords. The declension of a noun in Sindhi is largely determined from its grammatical gender and the final vowel (or if there is no final vowel). Generally, -o stems are masculine and -a stems are feminine, but the other final vowels can belong to either gender.

The different paradigms are listed below with examples. The ablative and locative cases are used with only some lexemes in the singular number and hence not listed, but predictably take the suffixes -ā̃ / -aū̃ / -ū̃ (ABL) and -i (LOC).

		SG			PL			Gloss
		NOM	VOC	OBL	NOM	VOC	OBL
M	I	ڇوڪِرو‎ chokiro	ڇوڪِرا‎ chokirā	ڇوڪِري‎ chokire	ڇوڪِرا‎ chokirā	ڇوڪِرا / ڇوڪِرَ‎ chokirā / chokira	ڇوڪِرَنِ‎ chokirani	boy
	II	ٻارُ‎ ɓāru	ٻارَ‎ ɓāra			ٻارو / ٻارَ‎ ɓāra / ɓāro	ٻارَنِ‎ ɓārani	child
	III	ساٿِي‎ sāthī		ساٿِيءَ‎ sāthīa	ساٿِي‎ sāthī	ساٿيئَرو‎ sāthīaro	ساٿيَنِ‎ sāthyani	companion
		رَھاڪُو‎ rahākū		رَھاڪُوءَ‎ rahākūa	رَھاڪُو‎ rahākū	رَھاڪُئو‎ rahākuo	رَھاڪُنِ‎ rahākuni	inhabitant
	IV	راجا‎ rājā			راجا / راجائتو ‎ rājā / rājāito		راجائُنِ ‎ rājāuni	king
		سيٺُ‎ seṭhu			سيٺَ ‎ seṭha		سيٺَنِ ‎ seṭhani	merchant
F	I	زالَ‎ zāla			زالُون‎ zālū̃		زالُنِ‎ zāluni	woman, wife
		سَسُ‎ sasu			سَسُون‎ sasū̃		سَسُنِ‎ sasuni	mother-in-law
	II	دَوا‎ davā			دَوائُون‎ davāū̃		دَوائُنِ‎ davāuni	medicine
		راتِ‎ rāti			راتيُون‎ rātyū̃		راتيُنِ‎ rātyuni	night
		هوٽَل‎ hoṭal			هوٽَلُون‎ hoṭalū̃		هوٽَلُنِ‎ hoṭaluni	hotel
	III	ڳَئُون‎ ɠaū̃		ڳَئُونَ‎ ɠaū̃a	ڳَئُون‎ ɠaū̃		ڳَئُونِ‎ ɠaūni	cow
	IV	نَدِي‎ nadī		نَدِيءَ‎ nadīa	نَديُون‎ nadyū̃		نَديُنِ‎ nadyuni	river

A few nouns representing familial relations take irregular declensions with an extension in -r- in the plural. These are the masculine nouns ڀاءُ‎ bhāu "brother", پِيءُ‎ pīu "father", and the feminine nouns ڌِيءَ‎ dhīa "daughter", نُونھَن‎ nū̃hã "daughter-in-law", ڀيڻَ‎ bheṇa "sister", ماءُ‎ māu "mother", and جوءِ‎ joi "wife".

	SG			PL			Gloss
	NOM	VOC	OBL	NOM	VOC	OBL
M	ڀاءُ‎ bhāu			ڀائُرُ / ڀائُرَ‎ bhāuru / bhāura	ڀائُرَ / ڀائُرو‎ bhāura / bhāuro	ڀائُرَنِ / ڀائُنِ‎ bhāurani / bhāuni	brother
F	ڌِيءَ / ڌِيءُ‎ dhīa / dhīu			ڌِيئَرُ / ڌِيئَرُون / ڌِيئُون‎ dhīaru / dhīarū̃ / dhīū̃		ڌِيئَرُنِ / ڌِيئُنِ‎ dhīaruni / dhīuni	daughter

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi has first and second-person personal pronouns as well as several types of third-person proximal and distal demonstratives. These decline in the nominative and oblique cases. The genitive is a special form for the first and second-person singular, but formed as usual with the oblique and case marker جو jo for the rest. The personal pronouns are listed below.

Personal pronouns

	SG		PL
	1	2	1	2
NOM	مَان‎ / آئُون‎ mā̃ / āū̃	تُون‎ tū̃	اَسِين‎ asī̃	تَوِھِين‎ tavhī̃
OBL	مُون‎ mū̃	تو‎ to	اَسَان‎ asā̃	تَوِھَان‎ tavhā̃
GEN	مُنھِنجو‎ mũhinjo	تُنھِنجو‎ tũhinjo	—

The third-person pronouns are listed below. Besides the unmarked demonstratives, there are also "specific" and "present" demonstratives. In the nominative singular, the demonstratives are marked for gender. Some other pronouns which decline identically to ڪو‎ ko "someone" are ھَرڪو‎ har-ko "everyone", سَڀڪو‎ sabh-ko "all of them", جيڪو‎ je-ko "whoever" (relative), and تيڪو‎ te-ko "that one" (correlative).

Third-person pronouns

			Demonstrative							Interrogative	Relative	Correlative
			Unmarked		Specific		Present		Indefinite
			PROX	DIST	PROX	DIST	PROX	DIST
SG	NOM	M	ھِي‎ hī	ھُو‎ hū	اِھو‎ iho	اُھو‎ uho	اِجهو‎ ijho	اوجهو‎ ojho	ڪو‎ ko	ڪيرُ‎ keru	جو‎ jo	سو‎ so
		F	ھِيءَ‎ hīa	ھُوءَ‎ hūa	اِھَا‎ ihā	اُھَا‎ uhā	اِجَها‎ ijhā	اوجَها‎ ojhā	ڪَا‎ kā	ڪيرَ‎ kera	جَا‎ jā	سَا‎ sā
	OBL		ھِنَ‎ hina	ھُنَ‎ huna	اِنهين‎ inhẽ	اُنهين‎ unhẽ	—		ڪَنْھِن‎ kãhĩ		جَنْھِن‎ jãhĩ	تَنْھِن‎ tãhĩ
PL	NOM		ھِي‎ hī	ھُو‎ hū	اِھي‎ ihe	اُھي‎ uhe	اِجهي‎ ijhe	اوجهي‎ ojhe	ڪي‎ ke	ڪيرَ‎ kera	جي‎ je	سي‎ se
	OBL		ھِنَنِ‎ hinani	ھُنَنِ‎ hunani	اِنَهنِ‎ inhani	اُنَهنِ‎ unhani	—		ڪِنِ‎ kini		جِنِ‎ jini	تنِ‎ tini

Numerals

Num. Cardinal 0 ٻُڙِي‎ ɓuṛi 1 هِڪُ‎ hiku 2 ٻَہ‎ ɓa 3 ٽِي‎ ṭī 4 چَارِ‎ cāri 5 پَنج‎ pañja 6 ڇَھَہ‎ chaha 7 سَتَ‎ sata 8 اَٺَ‎ aṭha 9 نَوَ‎ nava

Num. Cardinal 10 ڏَھَہ‎ ɗaha 11 يَارَنھَن‎ yārãhã 12 ٻَارَھَن‎ ɓārahã 13 تيرَھَن‎ terahã 14 چوڏَھَن‎ coɗahã 15 پَندرَھَن‎ pandrahã 16 سورَھَن‎ sorahã 17 سَترَھَن‎ satrahã 18 اَرِڙَھَن / اَٺَارَھَن‎ ariṛahã / aṭhārahã 19 اُڻوِيھَہ‎ uṇvīha

Postpositions

Most nominal relations (e.g. the semantic role of a nominal as an argument to a verb) are indicated using postpositions, which follow a noun in the oblique case. The subject of the verb takes the bare oblique case, while the object may be in nominative case or in oblique case and followed by the accusative case marker کي khe.

The postpositions are divided into case markers, which directly follow the noun, and complex postpositions, which combine with a case marker (usually the genitive جو jo).

Case markers

The case markers are listed below.

The postpositions with the suffix -o decline in gender and number to agree with their governor, e.g. ڇوڪِرو جو پِيءُ‎ chokiro j-o pīu "the boy's father" but ڇوڪِر جِي مَاءُ‎ chokiro j-ī māu "the boy's mother".

Case markers

Case	Marker	Example	English
Nominative	—	ڇوڪِرو‎ chokiro	the boy
Accusative Dative	کي‎ khe	ڇوڪِري کي‎ chokire khe	the boy to the boy
Genitive	جو‎ j-o	ڇوڪِري جو‎ chokire jo	of the boy
	سَندو‎ sand-o	ڇوڪِري سَندو‎ chokire sando
Sociative	سُڌو‎ sudh-o	ڇوڪِري سُڌو‎ chokire sudho	along with the boy
Comitative Instrumental	سَان‎ sā̃	ڇوڪِري سَان‎ chokire sā̃	with the boy
	سَاڻُ‎ sāṇu	ڇوڪِري سَاڻُ‎ chokire sāṇu
Locative	۾‎ mẽ	ڇوڪِري ۾‎ chokire mẽ	in the boy
	مَنجِهہ‎ manjhi	ڇوڪِري مَنجِهہ‎ chokire manjhi
Adessive	تي‎ te	ڇوڪِري تي‎ chokire te	on the boy
	وَٽِ‎ vaṭi	ڇوڪِري وَٽِ‎ chokire vaṭi	near the boy the boy has...
Orientative	ڏَانھَن‎ ḍā̃hã	ڇوڪِري ڏَانھَن‎ chokire ḍā̃hã	towards the boy
Terminative	تَائيِن‎ tāī̃	ڇوڪِري تَائيِن‎ chokire tāī̃	up to the boy
Benefactive	ل‎اءِ lāi	ڇوڪِري لاءِ‎ chokire lāi	for the boy
Semblative	وَانگُرُ‎ vānguru	ڇوڪِري وَانگُرُ‎ chokire vānguru	like the boy
	جَھْڙو‎ jahṛ-o	ڇوڪِري جَھْڙو‎ chokire jahṛo

There are several ablative case markers formed from the spatial postpositions and the ablative ending -ā̃. These indicate complex motion such as "from inside of".

Ablative case markers

Marker	Example	English
کَان‎ khā̃	ڇوڪِري کَان‎ chokire khā̃	from the boy
مَان‎ mā̃	ڇوڪِري مَان‎ chokire mā̃	from inside the boy
تَان‎ tā̃	ڇوڪِري تَان‎ chokire tā̃	from upon the boy
ڏَانھَان‎ ḍā̃hā̃	ڇوڪِري ڏَانھَان‎ chokire ḍā̃hā̃	from the direction of the boy

Finally, some case markers are found in medieval Sindhi literature and/or modern poetic Sindhi, and otherwise not used in standard speech.

Obsolete/rare case markers

Case	Marker	Example	English
Accusative Adessive	ڪَني‎ kane	ڇوڪِري ڪَني‎ chokire kane	to/near the boy

Complex postpositions

The complex postpositions are formed with a case marker, usually the genitive but sometimes the ablative. Many are listed below.

Sindhi	Transliteration	Explanation
جي اَڳيَان‎	je aɠyā̃	"ahead of, before"; apudessive
جي اَندَرِ‎	je andari	"inside of"; inessive
جي بَدِرَان‎	je badirā̃	"instead of, in place of"
جي بَرَابَر‎	je barābar	"equal to"
جي ٻَاھَرَان‎	je ɓāharā̃	"outside of"
کَان ٻَاھَرِ‎	khā̃ ɓāhari
جي باري ۾‎	je bāre mẽ	"about, concerning"
جي چَوڌَارِي‎	je caudhārī	"around"
جي ھيٺَان‎	je heṭhā̃	"below, under"
جي ڪَري‎	je kare	"for, on account of"
جي لَاءِ‎	je lāi	"for"
جي مَٿَان‎	je mathā̃	"above, on top of, upon"
کَان پَري‎	khā̃ pare	"far from"
جي پَارِ‎	je pāri	"across, on the other side of"
جي پَاسي‎	je pāse	"on the side of, near"
کَان پوءِ‎	khā̃ poi	"after"
جي پُٺيَان‎	je puṭhyā̃	"behind"
جي سَامهون‎	je sāmhõ	"in front of, facing"
کَان سِوَاءِ‎	khā̃ sivāi	"besides, apart from"
جي وَاسطي‎	je vāste	"for the sake of, on account of"
جي ويجهو‎	je vejho	"near"; adessive
جي وِچِ ۾‎	je vici mẽ	"between, among"
جي خَاطِرِ‎	je xātiri	"for the sake of"
جي خِلَافِ‎	je xilāfi	"against"
جي ذَرِيعي‎	je zarī'e	"via, through"; perlative

Vocabulary

According to historian Nabi Bux Baloch, most Sindhi vocabulary is from ancient Sanskrit. However, owing to the influence of the Persian language over the subcontinent, Sindhi has adapted many words from Persian and Arabic. It has also borrowed from English and Hindustani. Today, Sindhi in Pakistan is slightly influenced by Urdu, with more borrowed Perso-Arabic elements, while Sindhi in India is influenced by Hindi, with more borrowed tatsam Sanskrit elements.

Writing systems

Sindhis in Pakistan use a version of the Perso-Arabic script with new letters adapted to Sindhi phonology, while in India a greater variety of scripts are in use, including Devanagari, Khudabadi, Khojki, and Gurmukhi. Perso-Arabic for Sindhi was also made digitally accessible relatively earlier.

The earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century. Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of Devanagari and Laṇḍā scripts were used for trading. For literary and religious purposes, a Perso-Arabic script developed by Abul-Hasan as-Sindi and Gurmukhi (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, Khudabadi and Shikarpuri, were reforms of the Landa script. During British rule in the late 19th century, the Perso-Arabic script was decreed standard over Devanagari.

Perso-Arabic script

Sindhi alphabet
ا ب ٻ ڀ پ ت ٿ ٽ ٺ ث ج ڄ جهہ ڃ چ ڇ ح خ د ڌ ڏ ڊ ڍ ذ ر ڙ ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ڦ ق ڪ ک گ ڳ گهہ ڱ ل م ن ڻ و ھ ء ي
Extended Perso-Arabic script
History Transliteration Diacritics Hamza Numerals Numeration
v t e

During the British raj, a variant of the Persian alphabet was adopted for Sindhi in the 19th century. The script is used in Pakistan and India today. It has a total of 52 letters, augmenting the Persian with digraphs and eighteen new letters (ڄ ٺ ٽ ٿ ڀ ٻ ڙ ڍ ڊ ڏ ڌ ڇ ڃ ڦ ڻ ڱ ڳ ڪ‎) for sounds particular to Sindhi and other Indo-Aryan languages. Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic or Persian are homophones in Sindhi.

Below table presents Sindhi Perso-Arabic alphabet. Letters shaded in yellow are solely used in writing of loanwords, and the phoneme they represent are also represented by other letters in the alphabet. Letters and digraphs shaded in green aren't usually considered as part of the base alphabet. They are either commonly used digraphs representing aspirated consonants, or are ligatures serving a grammatical function. These ligatures include the ۽‎, which is pronounced as and represents and, and the ۾‎, which is pronounced as and it creates a locative relationship between words.

Sindhi alphabet

Perso-Arabic	ا‎ [∅]/[ʔ]/[aː]	ب‎ [b]	ٻ‎ [ɓ]	ڀ‎ [bʱ]	ت‎ [t]	ٿ‎ [tʰ]
Perso-Arabic	ٽ‎ [ʈ]	ٺ‎ [ʈʰ]	ث‎ [s]	پ‎ [p]	ج‎ [d͡ʑ]	ڄ‎ [ʄ]
Perso-Arabic	جهہ‎ [d͡ʑʰ]	ڃ‎ [ɲ]	چ‎ [t͡ɕ]	ڇ‎ [t͡ɕʰ]	ح‎ [h]	خ‎ [x]
Perso-Arabic	د‎ [d]	ڌ‎ [dʱ]	ڏ‎ [ɗ]	ڊ‎ [ɖ]	ڍ‎ [ɖʱ]	ذ‎ [z]
Perso-Arabic	ر‎ [r]	ڙ‎ [ɽ]	ڙهہ‎ [ɽʰ]	ز‎ [z]	ژ‎ [ʒ]	س‎ [s]
Perso-Arabic	ش‎ [ʂ]	ص‎ [s]	ض‎ [z]	ط‎ [t]	ظ‎ [z]	ع‎ [ɑː]/[oː]/[eː]/[ʔ]/[∅]
Perso-Arabic	غ‎ [ɣ]	ف‎ [f]	ڦ‎ [pʰ]	ق‎ [q]	ڪ‎ [k]	ک‎ [kʰ]
Perso-Arabic	گ‎ [ɡ]	ڳ‎ [ɠ]	گهہ‎ [ɡʱ]	ڱ‎ [ŋ]	ل‎ [l]	لهہ‎ [lʱ]
Perso-Arabic	م‎ [m]	مهہ‎ [mʰ]	ن‎ [n]/[◌̃]	نهہ‎ [nʰ]	ڻ‎ [ɳ]	ڻهہ‎ [ɳʰ]
Perso-Arabic	و‎ [ʋ]/[ʊ]/[oː]/[ɔː]/[uː]	ھ‎ [h]	هـ ه‎ [h]	ـہ ہ‎ //	ء‎ [ʔ]/[∅]	ي‎ [j]/[iː]
Perso-Arabic	۽‎	۾‎

The orthography of the letter hāʾ in Sindhi, especially as it comes to typing as opposed to handwriting, has been a source of confusion for many. Especially because whereas in Arabic and Persian, there exists one single letter for hāʾ, in Urdu, the letter has diverged into two distinct variants: gol he ("round he") and do-cašmi he ("two-eyed he"). The former is written is written round and zigzagged as "ہـ ـہـ ـہ ہ", and can impart the "h" (/ɦ/) sound anywhere in a word, or the long "a" or the "e" vowels (/ɑː/ or /eː/) at the end of a word. The latter is written in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop) (ھ) , in order to be used in digraphs and to create the aspirate consonants.

For most aspirated consonants, Sindhi relies on unique letters as opposed to the Urdu practice of digraphs. However, this doesn't apply to all aspirated consonants. Some are still written as digraphs. The letter hāʾ is also used in Sindhi to represent the sound in native Sindhi words, in Arabic and Persian loanwords, and to represent vowels (/ə/ or /əʰ/) at the end of the word. The notations and conventions in Sindhi are different from either Persian or Arabic and from Urdu. Given the variety of the types of hāʾ across these languages for which Unicode characters have been designed, in order for the letters to be displayed correctly when typing, a correct and consistent convention needs to be followed. The following table will present these in detail.

Unicode	Letter or Digraphs				IPA	Note	Examples
	Final	Medial	Initial	Isolated
U+06BE	ـھ‎	ـھـ‎	ھـ‎	ھ‎	[h]		دوھَ⹁ ھُو⹁ مھينن⹁ ويھُ‎
U+0647	ـه‎	ـهـ‎	هـ‎	ه‎	[h]	Used for borrowed words	وحدهُ لا⹁ والله‎
U+062C + U+0647	ـجهہ‎	ـجهـ‎	جهـ‎	جهہ‎	[d͡ʑʰ]	In isolated and final positions, an extra hāʾ ـہ‎ (U+06C1) is added	ٻاجَهہ⹁ اُجِهي⹁ منجهان⹁ ڪُجهہ‎
U+06AF + U+0647	ـگهہ‎	ـگهـ‎	گهـ‎	گهہ‎	[ɡʱ]	In isolated and final positions, an extra hāʾ ـہ‎ (U+06C1) is added	گهہ⹁ گهوٽُ⹁ گهڻگُهرون⹁ سگهہ‎
U+0647	ـهہ‎	ـهـ‎	-	-	[◌ʰ]	Forming part of digraph for representation of other aspirated consonants (, , , , ). In isolated and final positions, an extra hāʾ ـہ‎ (U+06C1) is added	ٻنهي⹁ ٿالهہ‎
U+06C1	ـہ‎	-	-	ہ‎	/ /		نہ‎

The punctuation of Sindhi Perso-Arabic script differs slightly from that of Urdu, Persian, and Arabic. Namely, instead of using the typical inverted comma (،‎ ) common in these mentioned alphabet, a reversed comma (⹁‎ ) is used. Although many documents do indeed incorrectly use Urdu punctuations.

Comparison of Punctuations

	Full Stop	Comma	‌ Semicolon
Sindhi	.‎	⹁‎	⁏‎
Urdu	۔‎	،‎	؛‎
Persian/Arabic	.‎	،‎	؛‎

Devanagari script

In India, the Devanagari script is also used to write Sindhi. A modern version was introduced by the government of India in 1948; however, it did not gain full acceptance, so both the Sindhi-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used. In India, a person may write a Sindhi language paper for a Civil Services Examination in either script. Devanagari was seen as the most practical option for Sindhi language in India. Diacritical bars below the letter are used to mark implosive consonants, and dots called nukta are used to form other additional consonants.

अ	आ	इ	ई	उ	ऊ	ए	ऐ	ओ	औ
ə	a	ɪ	i	ʊ	uː	e	ɛ	o	ɔ
क	ख	ख़	ग	ॻ	ग़		घ		ङ
k	kʰ	x	ɡ	ɠ	ɣ		ɡʱ		ŋ
च	छ		ज	ॼ	ज़		झ		ञ
t͡ɕ	t͡ɕʰ		d͡ʑʰ	ʄ	z		d͡ʑ		ɲ
ट	ठ		ड	ॾ	ड़		ढ	ढ़	ण
ʈ	ʈʰ		ɖ	ɗ	ɽ		ɖʱ	ɽʱ	ɳ
त	थ		द				ध		न
t	tʰ		d				dʱ		n
प	फ	फ़	ब	ॿ			भ		म
p	pʰ	f	b	ɓ			bʱ		m
य	र	ल	व
j	r	l	ʋ
श	ष	स	ह
ʂ	ʂ	s	h

Laṇḍā scripts

Laṇḍā-based scripts, such as Gurmukhi, Khojki, and the Khudabadi script were used historically to write Sindhi.

Khudabadi

Khudabadi or Sindhi
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Sind (318), ​Khudawadi, Sindhi
Unicode
Unicode alias	Khudawadi
Unicode range	U+112B0–U+112FF

The Khudabadi alphabet was invented in 1550 CE, and was used alongside other scripts by the Hindu community until the colonial era, where the sole usage of the Arabic script for official purposes was legislated.

The script continued to be used on a smaller scale by the trader community until the Partition of India in 1947.

ə	a	ɪ	i	ʊ	uː	e	ɛ	o	ɔ
k	kʰ		ɡ	ɠ			ɡʱ		ŋ
c	cʰ		ɟ	ʄ			ɟʱ		ɲ
ʈ	ʈʰ		ɖ	ɗ			ɽ	ṛ	ɳ
t	tʰ		d				dʱ		n
p	pʰ	f	b	ɓ			bʱ		m
j	r	l	ʋ
ʂ		s	h

Khojki

Khojki was employed primarily to record Muslim Shia Ismaili religious literature, as well as literature for a few secret Shia Muslim sects.

Gurmukhi

The Gurmukhi script was also used to write Sindhi, mainly in India by Hindus.

Roman Sindhi

See also: Romanisation of Sindhi

The Sindhi-Roman script or Roman-Sindhi script is the contemporary Sindhi script usually used by the Sindhis when texting messages on their mobile phones.

Advocacy

See also: 1972 Sindhi Language Bill

In 1972, an bill was passed by the provincial assembly of Sindh which saw Sindhi, given official status thus becoming the first provincial language in Pakistan to have its own official status.

• Sindhi language was made the official language of Sindh according to Language Bill.
• All Educational institutes in Sindh are mandated to teach Sindhi as per the bill.

Software

By 2001, Abdul-Majid Bhurgri had coordinated with Microsoft to develop Unicode-based Software in the form of the Perso-Arabic Sindhi script which afterwards became the basis for the communicated use by Sindhi speakers around the world. In 2016, Google introduced the first automated translator for Sindhi language. Later on in 2023 an offline support was introduced by Google Translate. Which was followed by Microsoft Translator strengthening support in May of same year.

In June 2014, the Khudabadi script of the Sindhi language was added to Unicode, However as of now the script currently has no proper rendering support to view it in unsupported devices.

See also

• 1972 Sindhi Language Bill
• Institute of Sindhology
• Sindhi Transliteration
• Languages of India
• Languages of Pakistan
• Languages with official status in India
• List of Sindhi-language films
• Provincial languages of Pakistan
• Sindhi literature
• Sindhi poetry

Notes

1. In less commonly used scripts: ਸਿੰਧੀ (Gurmukhi), 𑈩𑈭𑈴𑈝𑈮 (Khojki), 𑋝𑋡𑋟𑋐𑋢 (Khudabadi).
2. This is the number of people who identified their mother-tongue as "Sindhi"; it does not include speakers of related languages, like Kutchi.

References

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37. Shackle (2007), p. 114.
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53. Nihalani (1974), p. 207.
54. The IPA Handbook uses the symbols c, cʰ, ɟ, ɟʱ, but makes it clear this is simply tradition and that these are neither palatal nor stops, but "laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release". Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:83) confirm a transcription of and further remarks that "/ʄ/ is often a slightly creaky voiced palatal approximant" (caption of table 3.19).
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External links

• Sindhi Language Authority
• Sindhi Dictionary
• All about Sindhi language and culture at the Wayback Machine (archived August 31, 2015)
• Mewaram's 1910 Sindhi-English dictionary

v t e Sindhi language
Language	Language Names Abdul Majid Bhurgri Institute of Language Engineering Sindhi Language Authority States of India by Sindhi speakers Khojki script Khudabadi script
Arts	Literature Poetry (List of poets) Sindhi Adabi Board Media Cinema (List of films) Folklore Music (List of singers) List of television channels
Related topics	Sindhology, Sindhi Misplaced Pages

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State-level only Angika Bhojpuri Chhattisgarhi Garo Gurung Ho Kamatapuri Kharia Khasi Khortha Kokborok Kurmali Kurukh Lepcha Limbu Magahi Magar Mizo Mundari Newari Rai Rajbangshi Sadri Sherpa Sikkimese Sunwar Tamang Major unofficial languages Over 1 million speakers Awadhi Bagheli Bagri Bajjika Bhili Bundeli Dhundhari Garhwali Gondi Harauti Haryanvi Kangri Khandeshi Kumaoni Lambadi Malvi Marwari Mewari Nimadi Rajasthani Surjapuri Tulu Wagdi Varhadi 100,000 – 1 million speakers Adi Angami Ao Badaga Dimasa Halbi Karbi Khotta Kodava Kolami Konyak Korku Koya Kui Kuvi Ladakhi Lotha Malto Mising Nishi Phom Rabha Sema Sora Tangkhul Thadou Linguistic history Classical Multilingualism Endangered Scheduled languages in states v t e Arabic alphabets Europe Albanian Aljamiado Avar Azerbaijani Belarusian Chechen Circassian Adyghe Kabardian Crimean Tatar Dobrujan Tatar Greek Karachay-Balkar Kazakh Kumyk Lak Ottoman Turkish Serbo-Croatian Tatar (İske imlâ Yaña imlâ) Asia Arabic Azerbaijani Balochi Buri Wolio Burushaski Cham Jawi Jawi Kashmiri Kazakh Khowar Kurdish Kyrgyz Malayalam Ottoman Turkish Marwari (Rajasthani) Pamir (Munjani Sarikoli Shughni Wakhi) Parkari Pashto Pegon Persian Rohingya Saraiki Sindhi Shahmukhi Shina Gilgiti Kohistani Sulat Sug Tamil Torwali Turkmen Urdu Uyghur Uzbek Xiao'erjing Africa Afrikaans Berber Comorian Fula Ajami Adamawa Bagirmi Nigeria Fuuta Jalon Fuuta Tooro Maasina Kibushi Hausa Ajami Kanembu Maba Serer Ajami Shimaore Songhay Humburi Koyra Chiini Koyraboro Senni Zarma Sorabe Tuareg Air Tamajeq Tawellemmet Swahili Ajami Wadaad's Somali Wolof Yoruba Category v t e Province of Sindh topics History Indus Valley Civilisation (Mohenjo-daro) Sindhu kingdom Rai dynasty Brahman dynasty Muslim caliphate Soomra dynasty Samma dynasty Kalhora dynasty Talpur British period Cultural heritage sites Government and politics Provincial Assembly Chief Minister Governor Sindh Archives Commissioners of Sind Bhutto family Sindh Police Sindh High Court Sindh Information Department Sindh Coastal Development Authority Economy Culture Sindh workies Ajrak Sindhi cap Sindhi Cultural Day Sindhis (List) Sindhi diaspora Sindhi nationalism Sindhi language Sindhi literature Sindhi Adabi Board Sindhology Sindhi poetry (Sindhi poets) Sindhi folklore Sindhi folk tales Sindhi bhagat Sassui Punnhun Sindhi music Sindhi cuisine Sindhi cinema List of Sindhi-language films Sindhi media Sindhi tribes List of Sindhi Hindu festivals Cheti Chand Geography List of cities Districts List of talukas Climate (Karachi Hyderabad Nawabshah) Fauna Historical places Indus River Makran Education Education in Karachi Institute of Sindhology UoS UoK SMIU MUET JSMU LUMHS SAU Sindh Museum Sports Sindh cricket team Domestic league Malakhra Flora & fauna Red Sindhi Sindhi media Sindhi-language media Sindhi websites Sindhi Misplaced Pages Encyclopedia Sindhiana Sindh tourism Sindh Tourism Development Corporation

Categories:

• Sindhi language
• Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages
• Languages of Sindh
• Official languages of India
• Subject–object–verb languages
• Languages of Gujarat
• Languages of Rajasthan
• Languages of Maharashtra
• Languages written in Brahmic scripts
• Languages written in Devanagari