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{{short description|Non-Muslim person (of the Ottoman Empire)}} |
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Giaour (turkish - gavur) is a noun in the ], most notable as a pejorative term and offensive ethnic slur for ] and other ] peoples of the ].It was widely used during the days of the ]. |
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]: ''The Giaour'' (1820, lithograph; ], New York)]] |
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The word was adaptated into ] from ] ''gdwr'' or ''gbr'', an ]. |
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]: ''The Combat of the Giaour and Hassan'' (1826, oil on canvas; ]), inspired by ]'s '']'']] |
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Giaour has been compared in degree of offensiveness to terms such as ].Like other ], association with violence and discrimination are made which may be considered hate crimes.During five centuries of Ottoman rule bulgarians endured violence and oppression. The Ottomans decimated the Bulgarian population, which lost most of its cultural relics. Turkish authorities destroyed most of the medieval Bulgarian fortresses in order to prevent rebellions. Large towns and the areas where Ottoman power predominated remained severely depopulated until the nineteenth century.The new authorities dismantled Bulgarian institutions at anything above the village or communal level, and merged the separate ] into the ] (Istanbul) (although a small, semi-independent Bulgarian Church did survive until 1767).Bulgarians in the Ottoman empire had to endure a number of disabilities;they paid more taxes and lacked legal equality with ]; they were prohibited to carry arms, their clothes could not rival those of muslims in color, nor could their churches tower as high as mosques.One of the biggest hardships imposed on the bulgarian population was the ], or 'blood tax'.It was the practice by which the Ottoman Empire recruited boys from Christian families, who were then forcibly converted to ] and trained as ] soldiers.The word giaour become synonimous with the oppression itself. |
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'''Giaour''' or '''Gawur''' or '''Gavour'''<!--Alternate spelling, from https://www.congress.gov/event/114th-congress/joint-event/LC31261/text--> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|aʊər}}; {{langx|tr|gâvur}}, {{IPA|tr|ɟaˈvuɾ}}; from {{langx|fa|گور}} ''gâvor'';{{efn|an obsolete variant of modern {{lang|fa|گبر}} '']'', originally derived from {{langx|arc|𐡂𐡁𐡓𐡀|''gaḇrā''|man; person}}}} {{langx|ro|ghiaur}}; {{langx|sq|kaur}}; {{langx|el|γκιαούρης|gkiaoúris}}; {{langx|bg|гяур}}; ]; kaur/đaur) meaning "infidel", is a slur used mostly in the lands of the former ] for ] or, more particularly, ] in the ].<ref name="Vryonis1993">{{cite book|author=Speros Vryonis|title=The Turkish State and History: Clio Meets the Grey Wolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTFpAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies|isbn=978-0-89241-532-8|quote=The Turkish term "giaour" a term of contempt, was applied to these Balkan Christians,}}</ref><ref name="EHB1-44">{{cite book|title=Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGmJqMflYgoC&pg=PA44|date=13 June 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25076-5|page=44|quote=In the Ottoman defters, Orthodox Christians are as a rule recorded as kâfir or gâvur (infidels) or (u)rum.}}</ref> |
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==Terminology== |
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The terms "'']"'', "''gawur",'' and "'']"'' (the last meaning "]") were commonly used in ]s (tax registries) for ], usually without ethnic distinction. Christian ethnic groups in the Balkan lands of the Ottoman Empire included ] (''rûm''), ] (''bulgar''), ] (''sırp''), ] (''arnavut'') and ] (''eflak''), among others.<ref name=EHB1-44/> |
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The ] described the term as follows: |
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{{quote|''Giaour'' (a ] adaptation of the ] ''gâwr'' or ''gōr'', an ]), a word used by the ] to describe all who are not Mohammedans, with especial reference to Christians. The word, first employed as a term of contempt and reproach, has become so general that in most cases no insult is intended in its use; for example in parts of ], the term ] has become void of offence. A strict analogy to giaour is found in the Arabic ], or unbeliever, which is so commonly in use as to have become the proper name of peoples and countries.}} |
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During the ] (1839–1876) era, a ] prohibited the use of the term by Muslims with reference to non-Muslims<ref> |
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{{cite journal |
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| year = 1868 |
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| title = The Eastern Question |
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0BsaAQAAIAAJ |
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| journal = London Quarterly Review |
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| location = London |
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| publisher = E.C. Barton |
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| page = 407 |
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| quote = The application of the word ''giaour'', ''dog'', is forbidden by the Hatt-i-Humayoou . |
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| access-date = 20 November 2023 |
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}} |
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</ref> |
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to prevent problems occurring in social relationships.<ref name="Gawrych16">{{cite book|last= Gawrych|first= George|authorlink= George Gawrych|title=The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC|year= 2006|publisher= I.B.Tauris|isbn= 978-1-84511-287-5|page= 15}} |
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</ref>{{qn|date=November 2023}} |
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==European cultural references== |
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] with the ] of the ]'', book illustration from 1839.]] |
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*Giaour is the name given to the evil monster of a man in the tale '']'', written by ] in French in 1782 and translated into English soon after. The spelling ''Giaour'' appears in the French as well as in the English translation.<ref name="Beckford2013">{{cite book|last=Beckford|first=William|authorlink=William Beckford (novelist)|title=Vathek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dn2X3Zdc3GIC|year=2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-164578-5}}</ref> |
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*In 1813 ] published his poem '']'', whose themes revolve around the ideas of love, death, and afterlife in Western Europe and the ]. |
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* ''Le Giaour'', an 1832 painting by ], oil on canvas, "]", Hôtel Scheffer-Renan, Paris. |
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* Sonnet XL of '']'' (1850) by ] contains these lines: |
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<blockquote>''Musselmans and Giaours<br>Throw kerchiefs at a smile, and have no ruth<br>For any weeping.''</blockquote> |
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==See also== |
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==See also== |
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{{Wiktionary|giaour}} |
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{{Wiktionary|giaour}} |
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* ], Persian equivalent |
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* '']'', a poem by ] |
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* ], Arabic equivalent |
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{{clear}} |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] is Spanish slang for a foreign tourist. According to ], it is derived from Turkish ''gâvur''.<ref>''Pesquisas en la obra tardía de Juan Goytisolo'', , Volumen 33 de ], {{ISSN|0925-8620}}, ], ], Rodopi, 2009, {{ISBN|9042025476}}, {{ISBN|9789042025479}}. Quotes ''Estambul otomano'', page 62, ], 1989, Barcelona, Planeta.</ref> |
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==Notes== |
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{{notelist}} |
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==References== |
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==References== |
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{{Ref list}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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1.Guillermo, Emil (2004-08-24). "Is SF Soft On Hate Crime?". Hearst Communications Inc. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/gate/archive/2004/08/24/eguillermo.DTL. Retrieved on 2007-04-03 |
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*{{EB1911|wstitle=Giaour|volume=11|page=927}} |
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2.Bojidar Dimitrov: Bulgaria Illustrated History. BORIANA Publishing House 2002, ISBN 9545000449 |
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3.R.J. Crampton, A Concise History of Bulgaria, 1997, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-567-19-X |
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4.Dennis P. Hupchick: The Balkans: from Constantinople to Communism, 2002 |
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{{Religious slurs}} |
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Giaour". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 927.