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#REDIRECT ] |
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{{Refimprove|date=January 2009}} |
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{{coord|35|35|N|75|9|E|display=title}} |
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{{this|the area administered by ]|Kashmir region}} |
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{{Redirect category shell| |
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] while the ] was annexed by China, the Chinese control being tacitly accepted by Pakistan. Area in the North Kashmir region has been ceded by Pakistan to China.]] |
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{{R to section}} |
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{{R with history}} |
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'''Pakistan administered Kashmir''' refers to a ] between India and Pakistan in South Asia that is under the ] administration of ]. It was taken over by Pakistan in 1947 after tribesmen from Pakistan invaded the princely state of ] in an attempt to forcibly annex it .<ref name=telegraph1/><ref name=time1>, ], 1947-11-10</ref>. The tribesmen were sent in after British General ] of Pakistani army refused to follow orders from ] to attack Kashmir.<ref name=time1/> The tribesmen were equipped with light tanks and were almost at the doorsteps of ] before Indian army stopped them.<ref name=time1/> India took the matter of this invasion to the ] and ] was passed which asked that as the first step Pakistan ensure that "all tribesmen and nationals who entered the region for the purpose of fighting" leave after which India was to withdraw its troops and only "leave only the minimum number of troops needed to keep civil order". However even though India agreed at that time to hold plebiscite Pakistan refused to get its nationals to leave Kashmir. India was confident that ] who was the most popular leader of Kashmiris was firmly in its camp and therefore the plebiscite would result in its favour.<ref name=time1/><ref name=telegraph1/> |
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}} |
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A part of this area of the ], the ] was ceded to China and the remaining area was amalgamated into two regions ] and the ]. Both nations had a ] over the former kingdom. India refers to this region as '''Pakistan Occupied Kashmir''' (or '''PoK''').<ref></ref> Most international agencies such as the United Nations<ref></ref> MSF <ref>[http://www.msf.org.uk/benishbibi.letter?lId=41f98506-171f-4240-a4c3-2f2438405fa9 |
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I was in kashmir when the earthquake happened]</ref> and the Red Cross<ref></ref> refer to this region as Pakistan administered Kashmir. |
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It borders the Pakistani ] and ] provinces to the west, the ] of ] to the north west, the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of ] to the north and ] to the east. |
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=== Indian position === |
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] |
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Maharaja Hari Singh, King of ] agreed to ] ]<ref>Viscount Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of British India, stayed on in independent India from 1947 to 1948, serving as the first Governor-General of the Union of India.</ref><ref name="stein"> Stein, Burton. 1998. ''A History of India''. Oxford University Press. 432 pages. ISBN 0195654463. Page 368.</ref> suggestion to sign the ] India demanded accession in return for assistance. After accession, India recovered part of the territory of ] east of the present ] from the tribal invaders. India claimed that the whole territory of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir had become Indian territory (India's official posture) due to the accession , it claims the whole region including Pakistan controlled Kashmir territory as its own. Pakistan has a different perspective on this interpretation. |
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=== Pakistan position === |
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] |
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The ] of 1933 had envisioned the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir as one of the "five Northern units of India" that were to form the new nation of Pakistan, on the basis of its Muslim majority. India has a different perspective on this interpretation. Pakistan never vacated the area it had invaded and occupied in 1947 as advised by ] therefore India could never hold a plebiscite even though at that time it wanted to.<ref name=telegraph1>, ], 2004-11-10 |
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</ref> |
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== History == |
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=== Kashmir in 1947 === |
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{{main|History of Kashmir}} |
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During the ] of ] into the ] and the Republic of ], the ]s had the options of joining either ] or ]. The ] of Kashmir however wanted independence. |
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In 1947 tribal invaders from Pakistan equipped with light tanks invaded Jammu and Kashmir after British officers of Pakistan army refused to follow Jinnahs orders to attack Kashmir.<ref name=time1/> Pakistan continues to claim that this invasion by tribals never happened. India disputes this citing the book "Raiders in Kashmir" in which Major General Akbar Khan, a Pakistani states the following "I wrote out a plan under the title 'Armed Revolt inside Kashmir'. As open interference or aggression by Pakistan was obviously not desirable it was proposed that our efforts should be concentrated upon strengthening the Kashmiris internally—and .. to prevent arrival of armed civilian or military assistance from India into Kashmir...". American journalist ] describes the plunder by the raiders: "Their buses and trucks, loaded with booty, arrived every other day and took more ] to Kashmir. Ostensibly they want to liberate their Kashmiri Muslim brothers, but their primary objective was riot and loot. In this they made no distinction between Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims"."The raiders advanced into ], the biggest commercial centre of the region with a population then of 11,000, until they were only an hour away from Srinagar."<!-- Commented out: ] --> Unable to prevent the advance the Maharaja, on October 24, 1947, appealed for military assistance from the Government of India. The Indian Government argued that in order for assistance the state would have to accede to India. |
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According to the Indian embassy: {{cquote|Whereupon the Maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession on October 26, 1947. A simultaneous appeal for assistance and for the state’s accession to the Indian Union was also made by ], leader of the National Conference, and the undisputed leader of the people, who had for his views been imprisoned by the Maharaja’s government into September ’47 and released only under pressure of India’s Prime Minister. On receipt of the signed Instrument of Accession from the Maharaja, preparations were made to fly Indian troops to the State. The formal letter of acceptance of the Accession was signed by Lord Mountbatten on October 27 making Jammu and Kashmir an integral part of India even as Indian forces were airlifted to Srinagar.{{Fact|date=September 2008}}}} |
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Pakistan disputes this and according to the BBC |
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{{cquote|Recent research, from British sources, has indicated that Hari Singh did not reach Jammu until the evening of 26 October and that, due to poor flying conditions, V P Menon was unable to get to Jammu until the morning of 27 October , by which time Indian troops were already arriving in Srinagar. In order to support the thesis that the Maharaja acceded before Indian troops landed, Indian sources have now suggested that Hari Singh signed an Instrument of Accession before he left Srinagar but that it was not made public until later. This was because Hari Singh had not yet agreed to include the Kashmiri leader, Sheikh Abdullah, in his future government." <!--"To date no authentic original document has been made available.": dubious phrase..PROOF: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/17/Kashmir-Accession-Document-a.jpg AND http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/74/Kashmir-Accession-Document-b.jpg . So, BBC made a non factual claim here--> <ref></ref>}} |
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<!--THIS SENTENCE LOOKS ODD HERE: Indian forces started pushing back the Pakistanis.--> |
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=== U.N.intervention === |
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], then Prime Minister of India asked the ] to intervene. The United Nations passed the ] asking Pakistan to withdraw all its forces from Kashmir. This was to be followed by a plebscite to determine the wishes of people of the entire state of Kashmir.<ref name=telegraph1/> However the required withdrawal never happened. The area which remained under the control of Pakistan is called Pakistan-administered Kashmir. |
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== Administered divisions == |
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=== 1947 To 1970 === |
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The whole area of Pakistan-administered Kashmir was administered as it was before independence. |
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Additionally, a part of Hunza-Gilgit called ] and the ] of ] region, ceded by Pakistan to the ] in 1963 pending settlement of the dispute over Kashmir. This ceded area is also known as the ]. |
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=== Post 1970 === |
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Pakistan-administered Kashmir is administratively divided into two parts: |
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# ]; |
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# The ], consisting of the regions of ] and ]. Gilgit was an agency leased by the Maharaja to British Government. Baltistan was western district of ] province which was annexed by Pakistan in 1948. The area is part of the disputed ] region. |
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=== 1980s === |
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Since the ] of 1984, India no longer considers the ] to be part of what it calls "Pakistan occupied Kashmir", Pakistan however believes the area to be occupied by India and would like a return to the pre-1984 situation.<ref></ref> |
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<!--Most part of Siachen is under Indian control. See Operation Meghdoot.--> |
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=== Aksai chin === |
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Pakistan administered Kashmir does not include ], the area of the former ] that is under ] control since 1962.The cease-fire line that separates ] from the ] is known as the ] (LAC). |
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== Constitutional status == |
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Elections were held to the 49-seat Legislative Assembly of Pakistan-Administered Kashmir on July 11 to the eighth Legislative Assembly since 1970 (seventh since 1974 when Pakistan granted the region a parliamentary system with adult franchise). "Azad" Kashmir is categorised as an "autonomous" region. But critics claim titles such as Prime Minister and President for the region's elected political leadership are misleading<ref name="thehindu.com">http://www.thehindu.com/2006/08/15/stories/2006081503691000.htm</ref> as candidates are required to sign an affidavit of allegiance to Kashmir's accession to Pakistan.<ref name="thehindu.com"/> |
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On September 14, 1994, the Supreme Court of Pakistan-administered Kashmir ruled that "the Northern areas are a part of J&K State but are not a part of Azad J&K as defined in the Interim Constitution Act 1974"<ref>http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2324/stories/20061215002104600.htm</ref>. The Northern Areas presently has no officially named status in Pakistan. Pakistan does not consider this area as a "province" of Pakistan or as a part of "Azad Kashmir". They are ruled directly from ] through a Northern Areas Council. A chief executive (usually a retired Pakistani army officer), appointed by Islamabad is the local administrative head.<ref>http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/kashmir/Kashmir_MEA/Northern_Areas.html</ref> This area presently has no representatives in both the Azad Kashmir Assembly and in Pakistan’s parliament. Northern Areas’ Legislative Council was created with a membership of 29(later increased to 32), but its powers are restricted. On May 11,2007 the NA’s chief executive, who also happens to be the Minister for Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas Affairs, declared that the region had a right to be represented in the National Assembly. Others demand that it should be given the status of a province. The changes made in 1994 in the local bodies’ ordinance gave more representation to women and delegated some administrative and financial powers to the local administration. However, the people of the region do not enjoy fundamental rights, because it continues to be governed by the Legal Framework Order of 1994.<ref>http://www.dawn.com/2007/10/23/ed.htm</ref> |
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==Political Unrest== |
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As in Indian administered Kashmir there has been ongoing political unrest in Pakistan administered Kashmir. The ] has stated its goal of seeking independence from Pakistan. Abdul Hamid Khan Chairman of ] states that 'The Pakistani administration has also been involved in efforts to alter the demographic profile of Pakistan-occupied Gilgit Baltistan, reducing the indigenous people to a minority.' The Gilgit-Baltistan area is administered directly by Islamabad. The population here, primarily Shi'ite Muslims, was brought under one federally administered territory administered by Pakistan on November 16, 1947, in the name of Islam.'<ref>, ], 2002-08-22</ref> Other groups like ] are demanding full autonomy for the areas of ] and ].<ref>, kashmir Perspective, 2008-03-26</ref> On January 8, 2005 11 people were killed following an armed attack on a Shia leader.<ref>, ], 2005-01-09</ref> According to B.Raman of India, the main reasons for the unrest were military induced changes in demographic composition by encouraging the migration of Sunnis from the other provinces. As a result, the Shias and the Ismailis, who constituted about 85 per cent of the population in 1948, today constitute only about 53 per cent of the population. <ref>, ], 2005-02-05</ref> A 2008 report by ] determined that Pakistan administered Kashmir was 'Not Free'.<ref>, ], 2008-07-02</ref> |
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==See also== |
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===Jammu Kashmir Regions=== |
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<!-- |
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* ] - a socio-cultural ethos of religious harmony and Kashmiri consciousness. |
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* ] or the Indo-Pakistani War of 1999 |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ]--> |
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* ] : ] |
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* ] : ] , ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] : ], ], ] |
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===Conflict related=== |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] (LoC)- dividing Indian and Pakistani administered territories. |
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* ] (LAC)- dividing Indian and Chinese administered territories. |
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== References == |
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<references /> |
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== External links == |
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* ] Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list] |
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<!-- Categories --> |
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<!-- Other languages --> |
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