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{{Short description|European conflict from 1580 to 1583}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
{{Multiple issues|
|image=
{{More citations needed|date=August 2014}}
|caption=
{{Primary sources|date=November 2022}}
|conflict=War of the Portuguese Succession
|date=]- ]
|place=]
|result= Spanish Habsburg victory
|combatant1=] ]
|combatant2=] ]
|commander1=] and the ]
|commander2=]
}} }}
{{for multi|the 14th-century succession war|1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum|the 19th-century succession war|Liberal Wars}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| image = Desembarcoislasterceiras.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Habsburg tercios landing at the ]
| conflict = War of the Portuguese Succession
| partof = the ]
| date = 1580–1583
| place = ], ], and the ]
| result = Victory for Phillip II<ref>Geoffrey Parker p. 35</ref><ref name=":0">Geoffrey Parker p. 73</ref><ref>Nascimiento Rodrigues/Tessaleno Devezas p. 122</ref>
*] crowned ].<ref name=":0"/>
| territory = The ]: Acquisition of the ] and its colonial possessions by ]
| combatant1 = {{flagdeco|Spain|1506}} ] <br> {{flagdeco|Portugal|1578}} ]
| combatant2 = {{flagdeco|Portugal|1578}} ]
----
'''Supported by''' {{ubl|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of France|valois}} |{{flagcountry|Kingdom of England}} |}}
| commander1 = {{ubl|{{flagicon|Spain|1506}}{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} ]|{{flagicon|Spain|1506}} ]|{{flagicon|Spain|1506}} ]|{{flagicon|Spain|1506}} ]|{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} ]}}
| commander2 = {{ubl|{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} ]|{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} ]{{KIA}}|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France|valois}} ]|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France|valois}} ]{{KIA}}|{{flagicon|Kingdom of England}} ]|{{flagicon|Kingdom of England}} ]|{{flagicon|Kingdom of England}} ]}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox War of the Portuguese Succession}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Franco-Spanish wars}}
The '''War of the Portuguese Succession''', a result of the extinction of the Portuguese royal line after the ] and the ensuing ], was fought from 1580 to 1583 between the two main claimants to the ]: ], proclaimed in several towns as King of Portugal, and his first cousin ], who eventually succeeded in claiming the crown, reigning as ].


==Cardinal-King==
The '''War of the Portuguese Succession''' was fought from 1580 to 1583 between the two main claimants to the ]: ], proclaimed initially as the 18th King of Portugal, and ], who eventually succeeded in claiming the crown as the 19th King of Portugal reining as ].{{Fact|date=July 2008}}
The Cardinal ], great-uncle of ], became ruler in the immediate wake of Sebastian's death. Henry had served as regent for Sebastian after 1557, and succeeded him as King after the disastrous ] in 1578. Henry renounced his clerical offices and sought to take a bride for the continuation of the ], but ], affiliated with the ], did not release him from his vows. The Cardinal-King died two years later, without having appointed a Council of ] to choose a successor.


==Claimants to the throne==
==Background==
{{See also|1580 Portuguese succession crisis#Genealogical summary}}
The ]'s death (January 31, ]) caused the ], with several candidates setting up their claims as his succesors. Initially, (the Infanta ] and her husband ]) were expected to launch an attempt to claim the Portuguese crown. However, given their indifference, ''Dom'' ], was the only one to challenge ]'s claims.


Portuguese nobility was worried about the maintenance of their independence and sought help to find a new King. By this time the Portuguese throne was disputed by several claimants; among them were ] (1540–1614), her nephew ], ], and ]. The Duchess was later acknowledged by the Habsburgs as the legitimate heir, after her descendants obtained the throne in 1640 (in the person of ]), but at that time, she was only one of several possible heirs. According to the ] custom, her late older sister's son Ranuccio, an Italian, was the closest heir, then the Duchess herself, and only after them, King Philip. ] was a foreigner (although his mother was Portuguese) and descended from Manuel I by a female line; as for António, although he was Manuel I's grandson in the male line, he was an illegitimate grandson.
Both ''Dom'' António and ''Don'' Felipe were the grandchildren of King ] grand children:

* ''Dom'' António was viewed as having wider support in Portugal and throughout the nascent ]. This was in part due to his lifetime in Portugal. However he was a claimaint through a bastard line (an illegitimate grand child through his father Infante ]).
Ranuccio Farnese (1569–1622), the hereditary Duke of Parma and Piacenza, was the son of the late elder daughter of Duarte of Portugal, Duke of ], the only son of Manuel I whose legitimate descendants survived at that time, Ranuccio was according to the feudal custom the first heir to the throne of Portugal. He was the son of Don ] and of ]. His great-uncle ]'s death triggered the struggle for the throne of Portugal when Ranuccio was 11 years old. However, his father was an ally and even a subject of the Spanish King, another contender, so Ranuccio's rights were not very forcibly claimed at that time. Ranuccio became reigning Duke of Parma in 1592.
* ''Don'' Felipe, in contrast, was the eldest grand child, but he descended from a legitimate (albeit female) line, through his mother, Infanta ], Queen of Spain. Although he spent his entire life in Spain, the Portuguese high-nobility and high-clergy supported Philip II's claim.

Instead, Ranuccio's aunt Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, claimed the throne, very ambitiously, but failed. Catherine, Duchess of Braganza was married to Duke ] (descendant in male line from ], an illegitimate son of ]), who himself was grandson of the late Duke ], also a legitimate heir of Portugal, being the son of infanta Isabella of Portugal, sister of Manuel I and daughter of infante ], second son of King ]. The Duchess also had a son, Dom Teodósio of Braganza, who would be her royal heir and successor to the throne. The Duchess's claim was relatively strong, as it was reinforced by her husband's position as one of the legitimate heirs; thus they would both be entitled to hold the Kingship. Moreover, the Duchess was living in Portugal, not abroad, and was not underage, but 40 years old. Her weaknesses were her sex (Portugal had not had a generally recognized reigning queen) and her being the second daughter, there thus existed a genealogically senior claimant.

] as ].]]
According to the old feudal custom, the line of succession of the Portuguese throne would have been:

*''']''' and his siblings (son of ], eldest daughter of ], the youngest son of ] and the only one who had living descendants).
*''']''' and her children (youngest daughter of Duarte of Portugal, Maria's younger sister).
*''']''' and his children (son of Isabella of Portugal, the eldest daughter of Manuel I).
*''']''', ], and her children (daughter of Isabella of Portugal, Philip's sister).
*''']''' and his children (son of ], the youngest daughter of ]).
*''']''' and children (great-grandson of ], Manuel I's younger sister and married to Catherine).

==Succession==
Both António and Philip were the grandchildren of King ] :

* António was known {{By whom|date=July 2011}} for having wider support in Portugal and throughout the nascent ]. This was in part due to his lifetime in Portugal. However he was a claimant through a bastard line (an illegitimate grandchild through his father Infante ]).
* Philip, in contrast, was the eldest grandchild, but he descended from a legitimate (albeit female) line, through his mother, Infanta ]. Although he spent most of his life in Spain, the Portuguese high nobility and high clergy supported Philip of Spain's claim.


==War== ==War==
On ] ], ''Dom'' António proclaimed himself as ] and of the ]s, in ], which was followed by popular acclamation in several locations of the country. However, he governed in ] for only 33 days, culminating in his defeat at the ] by the Spanish armies led by ] on ].{{Fact|date=July 2008}} On July 24, 1580, António proclaimed himself as ] and of the ]s, in ], which was followed by popular acclamation in several locations of the country. However, he governed in ] for only 33 days, culminating in his defeat at the ] by the Spanish armies led by ] on August 25. The Battle ended in a decisive victory for the Spanish Habsburgs, both on land and sea. Two days later, the Duke of Alba captured Lisbon.


In early ], he fled to ] and, as the Philip’s armies had not yet occupied the ], he sailed there with a number of ] adventurers under ], a ] exile in the service of France, but was utterly defeated at sea by the ] at the ] off ] on ], and off ] on ], ].{{Fact|date=July 2008}} In early 1581, António fled to France and, as Philip's armies had not yet occupied the ], he sailed there with French adventurers under ], a ] exile in the service of France, but was utterly defeated at sea by a Spanish fleet commanded by Don ] at the ] off ] on July 26, 1582 and off ] on July 27, 1582. António's attempt to rule Portugal from Terceira Island, in the ] (where he even minted coins) came to an end in 1583.


==Consequences==
António still accompanied an English expedition, under the command of ] and Norris, to the coasts of Spain and Portugal but the expedition failed and Anthony’s attempt to rule Portugal from ], in the ] (where he even minted coins) came to an end in 1583.{{Fact|date=July 2008}}
The combined Spanish-Portuguese navy's victory resulted in the rapid conquest of the Azores, completing the dynastic union of the Portuguese and Spanish empires. The King ] was recognized as King Philip I of Portugal and of the ]s by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar (1581). In 1589, António made an attempt on Lisbon supported by English forces under the command of Sir ] and Sir ]. When the people failed to rise and yield the city to Dom António, the attempt was abandoned.<ref>Richard Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 1600, 3: 134–155; R. B. Wernham, The Expedition of Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake to Spain and Portugal, 1589</ref> Spain and Portugal would remain united in a dynastic union of the crowns (remaining formally independent and with autonomous administrations) for the next 60 years, until 1640. This union is called the ].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roe |first1=J |title=The identification and ennoblement of 'hybridity' during the Iberian Union 1580–1640 |journal=Renaissance Studies |year=2020 |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=650–668|doi=10.1111/rest.12593 |s2cid=201417270 }}</ref>


==Notes==
Meanwhile, King ] was recognized as Filipe I, King of ] and of the ]s by the Portuguese ], resulting in a period often referred to retrospectively as the ].{{Fact|date=July 2008}}
{{Reflist}}


==References==
]
*Parker, Geoffrey. ''The Spanish Armada''. Mandolin Publishing, Manchester University Press. {{ISBN|1-901341-14-3}}
]
*]. ''Principal Navigations of the English Nation'' (London, 1598–1600).
*Wernham, R. B., ''The Expedition of Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake to Spain and Portugal, 1589'' (Navy Records Society: Aldershot, Hants., 1988).
* Henry Kamen, ''The Duke of Alba'' (New Haven–London: Yale University Press, 2004).
*Brimancomble, Peter. ''All the Queen's Men – The World of Elizabeth I'', London (2000). {{ISBN|0-312-23251-9}}
*Konstam, Augus. ''The armada campaign 1588 – The great enterprise against England'' Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|1-84176-192-3}}
*Walton, Timothy. ''The Spanish Treasure Fleets'' Pineapple Publishing (2002) {{ISBN|1-56164-049-2}}
*Jorge Nascimiento Rodrigues/], ''Pioneers of Globalization – Why the Portuguese Surprised the World'', Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|978-989-615-056-3}}
*Jan Glete. ''Warfare At Sea 1500–1650; Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe'' London (2000) {{ISBN|0-415-21454-8}}
*''History of Portugal'' by the Office of the Secretary of State for Information and Tourism. Cambridge University Press.

{{Portuguese Monarchy Topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Portuguese Succession}}
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Latest revision as of 15:43, 19 December 2024

European conflict from 1580 to 1583
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For the 14th-century succession war, see 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum. For the 19th-century succession war, see Liberal Wars.
War of the Portuguese Succession
Part of the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580

Habsburg tercios landing at the Battle of Ponta Delgada
Date1580–1583
LocationPortugal, Atlantic Ocean, and the Azores Islands
Result

Victory for Phillip II

Territorial
changes		 The Iberian Union: Acquisition of the Kingdom of Portugal and its colonial possessions by Philip II of Spain
Belligerents
Spain
Pro-Philip Portugal

Pro-Crato Portugal

Supported by
Commanders and leaders
War of the
Portuguese Succession
Franco-Spanish wars

The War of the Portuguese Succession, a result of the extinction of the Portuguese royal line after the Battle of Alcácer Quibir and the ensuing Portuguese succession crisis of 1580, was fought from 1580 to 1583 between the two main claimants to the Portuguese throne: António, Prior of Crato, proclaimed in several towns as King of Portugal, and his first cousin Philip II of Spain, who eventually succeeded in claiming the crown, reigning as Philip I of Portugal.

Cardinal-King

The Cardinal Henry, great-uncle of Sebastian I of Portugal, became ruler in the immediate wake of Sebastian's death. Henry had served as regent for Sebastian after 1557, and succeeded him as King after the disastrous Battle of Alcácer Quibir in 1578. Henry renounced his clerical offices and sought to take a bride for the continuation of the Aviz dynasty, but Pope Gregory XIII, affiliated with the Habsburgs, did not release him from his vows. The Cardinal-King died two years later, without having appointed a Council of Regency to choose a successor.

Claimants to the throne

See also: 1580 Portuguese succession crisis § Genealogical summary

Portuguese nobility was worried about the maintenance of their independence and sought help to find a new King. By this time the Portuguese throne was disputed by several claimants; among them were Catherine, Duchess of Braganza (1540–1614), her nephew Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma, Philip II of Spain, and António, Prior of Crato. The Duchess was later acknowledged by the Habsburgs as the legitimate heir, after her descendants obtained the throne in 1640 (in the person of John IV of Portugal), but at that time, she was only one of several possible heirs. According to the feudal custom, her late older sister's son Ranuccio, an Italian, was the closest heir, then the Duchess herself, and only after them, King Philip. Philip II of Spain was a foreigner (although his mother was Portuguese) and descended from Manuel I by a female line; as for António, although he was Manuel I's grandson in the male line, he was an illegitimate grandson.

Ranuccio Farnese (1569–1622), the hereditary Duke of Parma and Piacenza, was the son of the late elder daughter of Duarte of Portugal, Duke of Guimarães, the only son of Manuel I whose legitimate descendants survived at that time, Ranuccio was according to the feudal custom the first heir to the throne of Portugal. He was the son of Don Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza and of Maria of Portugal. His great-uncle Henry I of Portugal's death triggered the struggle for the throne of Portugal when Ranuccio was 11 years old. However, his father was an ally and even a subject of the Spanish King, another contender, so Ranuccio's rights were not very forcibly claimed at that time. Ranuccio became reigning Duke of Parma in 1592.

Instead, Ranuccio's aunt Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, claimed the throne, very ambitiously, but failed. Catherine, Duchess of Braganza was married to Duke John I of Braganza (descendant in male line from Afonso, 1st Duke of Braganza, an illegitimate son of John I of Portugal), who himself was grandson of the late Duke James of Braganza, also a legitimate heir of Portugal, being the son of infanta Isabella of Portugal, sister of Manuel I and daughter of infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu, second son of King Duarte I. The Duchess also had a son, Dom Teodósio of Braganza, who would be her royal heir and successor to the throne. The Duchess's claim was relatively strong, as it was reinforced by her husband's position as one of the legitimate heirs; thus they would both be entitled to hold the Kingship. Moreover, the Duchess was living in Portugal, not abroad, and was not underage, but 40 years old. Her weaknesses were her sex (Portugal had not had a generally recognized reigning queen) and her being the second daughter, there thus existed a genealogically senior claimant.

Coat of Arms of Philip II of Spain as King of Portugal.

According to the old feudal custom, the line of succession of the Portuguese throne would have been:

Succession

Both António and Philip were the grandchildren of King Manuel I of Portugal :

  • António was known for having wider support in Portugal and throughout the nascent Portuguese Empire. This was in part due to his lifetime in Portugal. However he was a claimant through a bastard line (an illegitimate grandchild through his father Infante Louis, 5th Duke of Beja).
  • Philip, in contrast, was the eldest grandchild, but he descended from a legitimate (albeit female) line, through his mother, Infanta Isabella of Portugal. Although he spent most of his life in Spain, the Portuguese high nobility and high clergy supported Philip of Spain's claim.

War

On July 24, 1580, António proclaimed himself as King of Portugal and of the Algarves, in Santarém, which was followed by popular acclamation in several locations of the country. However, he governed in Continental Portugal for only 33 days, culminating in his defeat at the Battle of Alcântara by the Spanish armies led by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba on August 25. The Battle ended in a decisive victory for the Spanish Habsburgs, both on land and sea. Two days later, the Duke of Alba captured Lisbon.

In early 1581, António fled to France and, as Philip's armies had not yet occupied the Azores, he sailed there with French adventurers under Filippo Strozzi, a Florentine exile in the service of France, but was utterly defeated at sea by a Spanish fleet commanded by Don Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz at the Battle of Ponta Delgada off Terceira Island on July 26, 1582 and off São Miguel Island on July 27, 1582. António's attempt to rule Portugal from Terceira Island, in the Azores (where he even minted coins) came to an end in 1583.

Consequences

The combined Spanish-Portuguese navy's victory resulted in the rapid conquest of the Azores, completing the dynastic union of the Portuguese and Spanish empires. The King Philip II of Spain was recognized as King Philip I of Portugal and of the Algarves by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar (1581). In 1589, António made an attempt on Lisbon supported by English forces under the command of Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Norreys. When the people failed to rise and yield the city to Dom António, the attempt was abandoned. Spain and Portugal would remain united in a dynastic union of the crowns (remaining formally independent and with autonomous administrations) for the next 60 years, until 1640. This union is called the Iberian Union.

Notes

  1. Geoffrey Parker p. 35
  2. ^ Geoffrey Parker p. 73
  3. Nascimiento Rodrigues/Tessaleno Devezas p. 122
  4. Richard Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, 1600, 3: 134–155; R. B. Wernham, The Expedition of Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake to Spain and Portugal, 1589
  5. Roe, J (2020). "The identification and ennoblement of 'hybridity' during the Iberian Union 1580–1640". Renaissance Studies. 34 (4): 650–668. doi:10.1111/rest.12593. S2CID 201417270.

References

  • Parker, Geoffrey. The Spanish Armada. Mandolin Publishing, Manchester University Press. ISBN 1-901341-14-3
  • Hakluyt Richard. Principal Navigations of the English Nation (London, 1598–1600).
  • Wernham, R. B., The Expedition of Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake to Spain and Portugal, 1589 (Navy Records Society: Aldershot, Hants., 1988).
  • Henry Kamen, The Duke of Alba (New Haven–London: Yale University Press, 2004).
  • Brimancomble, Peter. All the Queen's Men – The World of Elizabeth I, London (2000). ISBN 0-312-23251-9
  • Konstam, Augus. The armada campaign 1588 – The great enterprise against England Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-192-3
  • Walton, Timothy. The Spanish Treasure Fleets Pineapple Publishing (2002) ISBN 1-56164-049-2
  • Jorge Nascimiento Rodrigues/Tessaleno Devezas, Pioneers of Globalization – Why the Portuguese Surprised the World, Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-989-615-056-3
  • Jan Glete. Warfare At Sea 1500–1650; Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe London (2000) ISBN 0-415-21454-8
  • History of Portugal by the Office of the Secretary of State for Information and Tourism. Cambridge University Press.
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