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⚫ {{Short description|1479 battle of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars}}
⚫ {{Infobox Military Conflict
{{More citations needed|date=September 2016}}
⚫ |conflict=Battle of Breadfield
⚫ {{Infobox military conflict
⚫ |partof=the ]
⚫ | conflict = Battle of Breadfield
⚫ |image=]
| partof = the ]
⚫ |date=], ]
⚫ | image = Kenyérmezői csata.jpg
⚫ |place=The ] ''(Kenyérmező),'' in ], near the River ], ]
| image_size = 300px
|result=Decisive Hungarian victory
| caption = ''Battle of Breadfield'' by Eduard Gurk
⚫ |combatant1=] ]
⚫ | date = October 13, 1479
|combatant2=] ]<br>] ]
⚫ | place = The ] ''(Kenyérmező),'' in ], near the River ], ], ]
⚫ |commander1=]<br>]<br>]<br>]
| result = Hungarian victory<ref name="Mikaberidze215">''Battle of Breadfield (1479)'', '''Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia'', Vol. 1, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 215.</ref>
|commander2=Ali Kodsha bey<br>]
⚫ | combatant1 = ]<br>
⚫ |strength1=12-15,000 men (], ], ], ] and ])
*]
⚫ |strength2=20,000 ], ] and ], some ]<br>1,000-2,000 ]n infantry
| combatant2 = ]
|casualties1=3,000 killed
⚫ | commander1 = ]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]
|casualties2=Few thousand Turkish killed<br>1,000 wallachian<ref></ref>
| commander2 = ]
⚫ | strength1 = 12,000–15,000 men (], ], ], ], ], Transylvanian Vlachs)
⚫ | strength2 = Around 30,000 men consisting of ], ] and ]s, and some ]<br>1,000–2,000 ]n mercenaries{{sfn|Kármán|Kunčevic|2013| p=266}}
| casualties1 = 3,000 killed{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}
| casualties2 = 5,000–9,000 Ottomans killed<br>1,000 Wallachian{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}
}} }}
{{Campaignbox Ottoman-Hungarian War}} {{Campaignbox Ottoman-Hungarian War}}
The '''Battle of Breadfield''' ({{lang-hu|Kenyérmezei csata,}} {{lang-ro|Bătălia de la Câmpul Pâinii}}) was one of the battles in the ] which took place on ], ], in ], in the ] ], near the ]. The Hungarian army was led by ], ], ], and ].<br> The '''Battle of Breadfield''' ({{langx|hu|Kenyérmezei csata}}, {{langx|de|Schlacht auf dem Brodfeld}}, {{langx|ro|Bătălia de la Câmpul Pâinii,}} {{langx|tr|Ekmek Otlak Savaşı}}) was the most tremendous conflict fought in ] up to that time in the ], taking place on October 13, 1479, on the ] near the ] village of ] (also Zsibód, {{langx|de|Unterbrodsdorf}}, {{langx|ro|Șibot}}) next to the river ]. The Hungarian army was led by ], ], ], and ].

The result of the battle was an important ] victory. The result of the battle was an important victory for the ] and the ].


==Background== ==Background==
From his ascendence to the Hungarian throne in 1458, King Matthias fought with the Turks, and in 1463, he occupied the northern parts of Bosnia. However, this was not a full-scale war.
⚫ Turkish marauders attacked Transylvania and ] several times between ] and ]. The attacks led to the depopulation of some areas with a number of villages abandoned by their inhabitants.


⚫ Turkish marauders attacked Transylvania and ] several times between 1474 and 1475. The attacks led to the depopulation of some areas with a number of villages abandoned by their inhabitants.
⚫ In the spring of ], a major Turkish army convened under ], above all ]s. When ] was alerted, he ordered Stephen Báthory, Voivod of Transylvania and his general Pál Kinizsi to mobilize.


⚫ After the ] in the spring of 1479, a major Ottoman army convened under Szendrő (today ], ]), above all, ]s. When ] was alerted, according to the testament of Miklós Pozsegai, made in Garignica (July 11), he ordered ], the ] of Transylvania and his general ] to mobilize.
⚫ The Turkish army entered Transylvania on ], near ], led by Ali Kodsha bey. The Akıncıs attacked a few villages, homesteads and ]s, taking a number of Hungarians, Vlachs and Saxons captive. On ] Kodsha bey set up his camp in the Breadfield ''(Kenyérmező),'' near Zsibót. Kodsha bey was forced into doing the campaign by ], a Wallachian prince, who also induced 1000-2000 infantry to join.


⚫ The Ottoman army entered Transylvania on October 9, near ], led by Ali Koca Bey.<ref name="Mikaberidze215" /> The Akıncıs attacked a few villages, homesteads, and ]s, taking a number of Hungarians, Vlachs, and Saxons captive. On October 13, Koca Bey set up his camp in the Breadfield ''(Kenyérmező),'' near Zsibót. Koca Bey was obliged into the campaign by the insistence of ], a Wallachian prince, who himself brought 1,000–2,000 ] to the cause.
⚫ The Turks continued pillaging and taking prisoners. Báthory and Kinizsi took an opportunity to set to forth against the Turks.


⚫ The Turks continued pillaging and taking prisoners, while Báthory and Kinizsi made preparations to set forth against the Turks.
⚫ ==The Hungarian and the Ottoman army==
The strength of he Turkish army is under debate; one estimate numbered them at 60,000, while the Hungarians placed it at 30 thousand. ] estimated the Ottoman forces to have 100,000 men-at-arms, but King Matthias estimated there were 43-45,000 Ottoman and Wallachian soldiers in his letters.<br>
A more probable number for the Ottoman forces was 20 thousand soldiers, and 1000-2000 Wallachians. The Ottoman army was almost entirely made up of Akıncıs, ] ] and ]s, with some ] and allegedly some ]. This was not a full-fledged war, but rather a raid war.


⚫ ==Hungarian and Ottoman armies==
⚫ Kinizsi's army consisted of ], ], ], ] forces, and some Vlach volunteer.<ref>Transylvanian Romanians and cel Bătrân-party wallachians (ab. 1000 men). According to some source 10,000 men, but this is doubtful.</ref> The latter were commanded by Basarab cel Bătrân, quondam ruler of Wallachia and mortal enemy of cel Tânăr. Accordingly, cel Tânăr insisted on equality with sy cel Bătrân, with that tenable one throne. All forces combined totalled 12 or 15,000 men. In some judgement was in the battle ], ], ], ], ] and ], but this with difficulty demonstrable.
The numerical strength of the Ottoman army is under debate; one estimate judged them to be 60,000, while Hungarian sources placed them closer to 30,000. ], the famous Polish chronicler, estimated the Ottoman forces to have been 100,000 men-at-arms, but ] estimated in his letters that there were 43–45,000 Ottoman and Wallachian soldiers. A more probable number for Ottoman forces was between 6{{dubious|Most certainly a typo|date=March 2020}}-20 thousand soldiers, and 1,000-2,000 Wallachians. The Ottoman army was almost entirely made up of Akıncıs, ]n ], and ]s, with some ] and possibly some ]. The Ottoman enterprise was not a full-fledged war effort, but rather a very substantial raiding one - the largest expedition Transylvania encountered during a century's worth of Hungarian-Turkish conflicts.


⚫ Kinizsi's army consisted of ], ], ], ] forces, and some Vlach volunteers. The latter were commanded by Basarab Laiotă "cel Bătrân", ''lit.'' "the Elder", quondam ruler of Wallachia and archrival to Basarab "cel Tânăr", ''lit.'' "the Younger". Accordingly, the younger Basarab insisted on equality with the older, with only one being tenable to the Wallachian throne. The combined Christian forces totalled approximated 12,000 to 15,000 men. In the judgement of some, ], ], ], ], ], and ] were privy in part to the battle, but this is rather difficult to substantiate.
==The battle==
⚫ The Hungarian and also the Ottoman army was to be composed of three columns. The right flank was led by Kinizsi, the left was the Serbian light cavalry under Vuk Branković and Demeter Jakšić with the Saxons and Báthory's forces in the center.<br>
On the Ottoman side, Kodsha bey took the left flank, Isa bey the center and Malkoch Oglu the right flank.
⚫ ] in ].]]
The battle began in the afternoon. Báthory fell from his horse and the Ottomans nearly captured him, but a valiant Antal Nagy whisked the voivod away.<br>
⚫ In the beginning, the Ottomans were in ascendancy, but Kinizsi charged against the Turks with the Hungarian heavy cavalry and 900 Serbs under a Jakšić assisted by ''"numerous courtiers of the king"''. Ali bey was forced to retreat. Kinizsi moved laterally into the center and before long Isa bey also retreated. The few Turks who survived the massacre fled into the mountains, where the majority were killed by the local population. The hero of the battle was Pál Kinizsi, the legendary strong Hungarian warrior.


==Aftermath== ==Battle==
On October 9 the Turkish army entered Hungary and began raiding. Báthory waited until the Turks got exhausted in marching and raiding, and once the Ottomans had collected too much loot to move fast enough, he attacked them on October 13.
The Turkish casualties were high, with several thousand men killed. Oglu Malkoch and Isa bey were killed on the battlefield, together with two ]s, one ] and a thousand of their Wallachian allies.<br>
Hungarian forces lost approximately 3,000 men in the battle. Few prisoner were set free and the ransom was immense.


⚫ Both armies were composed of three columns. The right flank of the Hungarian army was led by Kinizsi, the left was the Serbian light cavalry under ] and ] with the Saxons and Báthory's forces in the center. On the Ottoman side, Koca Bey took the left flank, Isa Bey the center, and Malkoch Oglu the right flank.
⚫ In ] Kinizsi raided ] and several times defeated Ali Kodsha bey. The Breadfield was a great psychological victory for the Hungarians, and as a result the Ottoman-Turks did not attack ] and Transylvania for many years thereafter.
⚫ ] in 1870.]]


⚫ The battle commenced in the afternoon. Báthory fell from his horse and the Ottomans nearly captured him, but a nobleman called Antal Nagy whisked the voivode away. Having joined battle, the Ottomans were in ascendancy early on, but Kinizsi charged against the Turks with the Hungarian heavy cavalry and 900 Serbs under Jakšić assisted by ''"numerous courtiers of the king"''. ] was forced to retreat. Kinizsi moved laterally to vigorously smash the Turkish center and before long Isa Bey also withdrew. The few Turks who survived the massacre fled into the mountains, where the majority were killed by the local men. The hero of the battle was ], the legendary Hungarian general and a man of Herculean strength in the service of ]' ].
==References==
{{reflist}}


==Aftermath==
{{commons|Battle of Breadfield}}
Ottoman casualties were extremely high with several thousand men killed, among them ] and Isa Bey along with two ]s and a thousand of their Wallachian allies.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}} Hungarian forces lost approximately 3,000 men in the battle.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}} A few prisoners were liberated and their ransom was immense.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}

⚫ In 1480 Kinizsi raided ] and several times defeated Ali Koca Bey. The battle of Breadfield was a great psychological victory for the Hungarians, and as a result the Ottoman Turks did not attack southern ] and Transylvania for many years thereafter.


==See also== ==See also==
* ] * ]
* ] * ]


==Sources== ==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book|title = The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries|publisher = Brill|year = 2013|isbn = 9789004246065|location = Leiden|url = http://www.brill.com/european-tributary-states-ottoman-empire-sixteenth-and-seventeenth-centuries|editor-last = Kármán|editor-first = Gábor|editor-last2 = Kunčevic|editor-first2 = Lovro}}
*{{cite book|first=Dénes |last=Lengyel|title=Régi Magyar mondák|publisher=Móra Ferenc |location=Budapest |year=1972|isbn=963-11-2928-4}} *{{cite book|first=Dénes |last=Lengyel|title=Régi Magyar mondák|publisher=Móra Ferenc |location=Budapest |year=1972|isbn=963-11-2928-4}}
* {{cite book|first=Csaba |last=Csorba |coauthors=János Estók and Konrád Salamon|title=Magyarország Képes Története|publisher= Hungarian Book-Club|location=Budapest |year=1998|isbn=9635489617}} * {{cite book|first=Csaba |last=Csorba |author2=János Estók |author3=Konrád Salamon|title=Magyarország Képes Története|publisher= Hungarian Book-Club|location=Budapest |year=1998|isbn=963-548-961-7}}
* {{cite book|first=Franz |last=Babinger|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and his time|isbn=0-691-01078-1}} * {{cite book|first=Franz |last=Babinger|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and his time|year=1978|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-01078-1}}


==External links== ==External links==
* {{hu icon}} * {{in lang|hu}}
* {{hu icon}} * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041212014534/http://crowland.uw.hu/images/csata/kenyermezo.html |date=2004-12-12 }} {{in lang|hu}}


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{{Ottoman battles}}
{{Wars and battles involving Serbs}}
{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 17:01, 21 October 2024

1479 battle of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars
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Battle of Breadfield
Part of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars

Battle of Breadfield by Eduard Gurk
DateOctober 13, 1479
LocationThe Breadfield (Kenyérmező), in Alkenyér, near the River Maros, Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary
Result Hungarian victory
Belligerents

Kingdom of Hungary

 Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Paul Kinizsi
Stephen V Báthory
Bartholomew Drágfi
Vuk Grgurević-Branković
Dmitar Jakšić
Basarab Laiotă cel Bătrân		 Ali Bey
Strength
12,000–15,000 men (Hungarians, Székelys, Transylvanian Saxons, Serbs, Poles, Transylvanian Vlachs) Around 30,000 men consisting of Akıncı, Sipahi and Azaps, and some Janissary
1,000–2,000 Wallachian mercenaries
Casualties and losses
3,000 killed 5,000–9,000 Ottomans killed
1,000 Wallachian
Hungarian–Ottoman Wars
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1366–1367)
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1375–1377)
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1389–1396)
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1415–1419)
War of the South Danube (1420–1432)
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1437–1442)
Long campaign and Crusade of Varna (1443–1444)
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1445–1448)
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1449–1456)
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1458–1490)
Hungarian–Ottoman War (1521–1526)
Ottoman–Habsburg wars

The Battle of Breadfield (Hungarian: Kenyérmezei csata, German: Schlacht auf dem Brodfeld, Romanian: Bătălia de la Câmpul Pâinii, Turkish: Ekmek Otlak Savaşı) was the most tremendous conflict fought in Transylvania up to that time in the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars, taking place on October 13, 1479, on the Breadfield near the Saxon village of Alkenyér (also Zsibód, German: Unterbrodsdorf, Romanian: Șibot) next to the river Maros (Mureș). The Hungarian army was led by Pál Kinizsi, István Báthory, Vuk Branković, and Basarab Laiotă cel Bătrân.

The result of the battle was an important victory for the Kingdom of Hungary and the Serbian Despotate.

Background

From his ascendence to the Hungarian throne in 1458, King Matthias fought with the Turks, and in 1463, he occupied the northern parts of Bosnia. However, this was not a full-scale war.

Turkish marauders attacked Transylvania and Vojvodina several times between 1474 and 1475. The attacks led to the depopulation of some areas with a number of villages abandoned by their inhabitants.

After the Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–79) in the spring of 1479, a major Ottoman army convened under Szendrő (today Smederevo, Serbia), above all, Akıncıs. When King Matthias was alerted, according to the testament of Miklós Pozsegai, made in Garignica (July 11), he ordered Stephen V Báthory, the Voivode of Transylvania and his general Pál Kinizsi to mobilize.

The Ottoman army entered Transylvania on October 9, near Kelnek (Câlnic), led by Ali Koca Bey. The Akıncıs attacked a few villages, homesteads, and market towns, taking a number of Hungarians, Vlachs, and Saxons captive. On October 13, Koca Bey set up his camp in the Breadfield (Kenyérmező), near Zsibót. Koca Bey was obliged into the campaign by the insistence of Basarab cel Tânăr, a Wallachian prince, who himself brought 1,000–2,000 infantry to the cause.

The Turks continued pillaging and taking prisoners, while Báthory and Kinizsi made preparations to set forth against the Turks.

Hungarian and Ottoman armies

The numerical strength of the Ottoman army is under debate; one estimate judged them to be 60,000, while Hungarian sources placed them closer to 30,000. Jan Długosz, the famous Polish chronicler, estimated the Ottoman forces to have been 100,000 men-at-arms, but Matthias Corvinus estimated in his letters that there were 43–45,000 Ottoman and Wallachian soldiers. A more probable number for Ottoman forces was between 6-20 thousand soldiers, and 1,000-2,000 Wallachians. The Ottoman army was almost entirely made up of Akıncıs, Rumelian Spakhs, and Azaps, with some Janissaries and possibly some cannon. The Ottoman enterprise was not a full-fledged war effort, but rather a very substantial raiding one - the largest expedition Transylvania encountered during a century's worth of Hungarian-Turkish conflicts.

Kinizsi's army consisted of Hungarian, Szekler, Serbian, Transylvanian Saxon forces, and some Vlach volunteers. The latter were commanded by Basarab Laiotă "cel Bătrân", lit. "the Elder", quondam ruler of Wallachia and archrival to Basarab "cel Tânăr", lit. "the Younger". Accordingly, the younger Basarab insisted on equality with the older, with only one being tenable to the Wallachian throne. The combined Christian forces totalled approximated 12,000 to 15,000 men. In the judgement of some, Poles, Moldavians, Russians, Lithuanians, Germans, and Bohemians were privy in part to the battle, but this is rather difficult to substantiate.

Battle

On October 9 the Turkish army entered Hungary and began raiding. Báthory waited until the Turks got exhausted in marching and raiding, and once the Ottomans had collected too much loot to move fast enough, he attacked them on October 13.

Both armies were composed of three columns. The right flank of the Hungarian army was led by Kinizsi, the left was the Serbian light cavalry under Vuk Grgurević and Demetrius Jakšić with the Saxons and Báthory's forces in the center. On the Ottoman side, Koca Bey took the left flank, Isa Bey the center, and Malkoch Oglu the right flank.

The Breadfield in 1870.

The battle commenced in the afternoon. Báthory fell from his horse and the Ottomans nearly captured him, but a nobleman called Antal Nagy whisked the voivode away. Having joined battle, the Ottomans were in ascendancy early on, but Kinizsi charged against the Turks with the Hungarian heavy cavalry and 900 Serbs under Jakšić assisted by "numerous courtiers of the king". Ali Bey was forced to retreat. Kinizsi moved laterally to vigorously smash the Turkish center and before long Isa Bey also withdrew. The few Turks who survived the massacre fled into the mountains, where the majority were killed by the local men. The hero of the battle was Pál Kinizsi, the legendary Hungarian general and a man of Herculean strength in the service of Matthias Corvinus' Black Army of Hungary.

Aftermath

Ottoman casualties were extremely high with several thousand men killed, among them Malkoçoğlu and Isa Bey along with two beys and a thousand of their Wallachian allies. Hungarian forces lost approximately 3,000 men in the battle. A few prisoners were liberated and their ransom was immense.

In 1480 Kinizsi raided Serbia and several times defeated Ali Koca Bey. The battle of Breadfield was a great psychological victory for the Hungarians, and as a result the Ottoman Turks did not attack southern Hungary and Transylvania for many years thereafter.

See also

References

  1. ^ Battle of Breadfield (1479), 'Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 215.
  2. Kármán & Kunčevic 2013, p. 266.

Bibliography

External links

45°56′15″N 23°20′40″E / 45.93750°N 23.34444°E / 45.93750; 23.34444

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