Alexandros Svolos: Difference between revisions

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	{{~~Unreferenced~~\|date=~~May~~ ~~2009~~}}		{{More citations needed\|date=June 2016}}
			{{Infobox officeholder
⚫	'''Alexandros Svolos''' ({{~~lang-~~el\|Αλέξανδρος Σβώλος}}, ~~{{lang-rup\|Alexandru Svoliu}})~~, ~~(1892~~ - ] ]) was a prominent Greek legal expert, who also served as president of the ], a ]-based government during the ].
			\| name = {{unbulleted list\|Alexandros Svolos\|<small>Aλέξανδρος Σβώλος</small>}}
			\| image =
			\| birth_date = 1892
			\| birth_place =
			\| death_date = 22 February 1956
			\| death_place =
			\| order = ]
			\| term_start = 18 April 1944
			\| predecessor = ]
			\| term_end = 9 October 1944
			\| successor = ] (as president of the ])
			\| caption =
			\| alma_mater = ]
			\| profession = {{unbulleted list\|] of ]\| ]}}
			\| other_names =
			\| spouse = ]
			\| party = ], ]
			}}
		⚫	'''Alexandros Svolos''' ({{langx\|el\|Αλέξανδρος Σβώλος}}; 1892, ], ], ] – 22 February 1956, ], ]) was a prominent ] legal expert, who also served as president of the ], a ]-based government during the ].

	== Early life ==		== Early life ==
	Svolos was born in 1892 in ] ~~({{lang-rup\|Crushuva}}) (~~now ~~located~~ in ~~the Republic of~~ Macedonia), then in the ]. He was ~~born~~ ~~into~~ a ~~Patriachist~~ ] ~~family~~. He studied law at ] in 1911-1912, and from there went on to study at the ] under ]. In 1915 he was appointed to teach at the University.		Svolos was born in 1892 in ], now in ], then part of the ]. He was an ].<ref>{{cite journal\|url=https://dinitrandu.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Alex-Gica-Rcent-history.pdf\|title=The recent history of the Aromanians in Southeast Europe\|first=Alexandru\|last=Gica\|journal=]\|volume=24–25\|issue=1–2\|year=2009–2011\|page=13\|quote=Thus in 1944, the president of the temporary Committee for National Liberation, Alexandros Svolos, the military head of ELAS, Stefanos Sarafis, as well as the political head of EAM, Andreas Tzimas, were all Aromanians.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|url=https://www.academia.edu/3804965\|title=The Vlachs of Greece and their misunderstood history\|first=Helen\|last=Abadzi\|journal=The Newsletter of the Society Farsharotu\|volume=17\|year=2004\|page=4\|quote=However, historically the members of this 'minority' have acted as the backbone of Hellenism: such as Alexandros Svolos and Andreas Tzimas.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.tovima.gr/2008/11/24/books-ideas/eimaste-oloi-blaxoi-2/\|title="Είμαστε όλοι Βλάχοι"\|first=Stathis\|last=Efstathiadis\|newspaper=]\|date=24 November 2008\|language=el}}</ref> He studied law at ] in 1911-1912, and from there went on to study at the ] under ]. In 1915 he was appointed to teach at the University.

	Between 1917 and 1920, he was the head of the Labour and Social Policy Direction at the Ministry of National Economy, and helped to push through legislation ratifying the newly-founded ]'s conventions. Subsequently, he was employed as head administrator at ] in ], then occupied by the Greek Army, until 1922.		Between 1917 and 1920, he was the head of the Labour and Social Policy Direction at the Ministry of National Economy, and helped to push through legislation ratifying the newly founded ]'s conventions. Subsequently, he was employed as head administrator at ] in ], then occupied by the ], until 1922. He married feminist ] in 1923.<ref name="WiWH">{{cite book\|last=Morris\|first=Paul\|editor1-last=Commire\|editor1-first=Anne\|title=Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia\|date=2002\|publisher=Yorkin Publications\|location=Waterford, Connecticut\|isbn=0-7876-4074-3\|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591308991.html\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224222816/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2591308991.html\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2016-02-24\|chapter=Svolou, Maria (d. 1976)\|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

	In 1929 he succeeded his mentor, N. Saripolos, at the seat of Constitutional Law at Athens, a position he retained until 1946. Because of his left-leaning political views, he was dismissed in 1935 and again during the ] in 1936, when he was sent to ] in various Aegean ~~islands~~.		In 1929 he succeeded his mentor, N. Saripolos, at the seat of Constitutional Law at Athens, a position he retained until 1946. Because of his left-leaning political views, he was dismissed in 1935 and again during the ] in 1936, when he was sent to ] in various ].

	== Political activity during and after the Second World War ==		== Political activity during and after the Second World War ==
	After the ] in April 1941, Greece was occupied by the Axis, and divided into German, Italian and Bulgarian zones. Svolos, at the head of a Committee of ] and ], sent repeated protests to the German authorities protesting the Bulgarians' open annexation of Greek territory and their maltreatment of the local Greek population.		After the ] in April 1941, Greece was occupied by the Axis, and divided into German, Italian and Bulgarian zones. Svolos, at the head of a Committee of ] and ], sent repeated protests to the German authorities protesting the Bulgarians' open annexation of Greek territory and their maltreatment of the local Greek population.

	In the meantime, the Resistance movement had been growing, and by early 1944, a large part of the Greek mainland was free, under the control of the Resistance. In March, the leftist ]/] movement set up a government of its own, the ] (PEEA), rivaling both the collaborationist one in Athens and the King's government in exile in ]. In April 1944, Svolos agreed to become its president, while ], his predecessor, became its vice-president.		In the meantime, the Resistance movement had been growing, and by early 1944, a large part of the Greek mainland was free, under the control of the Resistance. In March, the leftist ]/] movement set up a government of its own, the ] (PEEA), rivaling both the collaborationist one in Athens and the King's government in exile in ]. In April 1944, Svolos agreed to become its president, while ], his predecessor, became its vice-president.

	In this role, Svolos participated in the ] in May 1944, when the establishment of a ] under ] was decided. However, the PEEA continued to exercise its authority in Greece until liberation, in October 1944, with Svolos as its head. In the Papandreou government he held the portfolio of the Finance Ministry, where his measures to restore the Greek economy made him unpopular. He finally resigned from the Papandreou government along with the other EAMist ministers on December 2, in the lead-up to the '']''. After EAM's defeat in the ''Dekemvriana'', he was again dismissed from his teaching post at the University.		In this role, Svolos participated in the ] in May 1944, when the establishment of a ] under ] was decided. However, the PEEA continued to exercise its authority in Greece until liberation, in October 1944, with Svolos as its head. In the Papandreou government he held the portfolio of the Finance Ministry, where his measures to restore the Greek economy made him unpopular. He finally resigned from the Papandreou government along with the other EAMist ministers on December 2, in the lead-up to the '']''. After EAM's defeat in the ''Dekemvriana'', he was again dismissed from his teaching post at the University.

	Svolos then became president of the small Socialist ELD party until 1953, when it was merged with the ], forming the Democratic Party of the Working People, which he also headed until his death 1956. He was elected to Parliament for ] in ] and ], but died three days after the latter.		Svolos then became president of the small Socialist ] party until 1953, when it was merged with the ], forming the Democratic Party of the Working People, which he also headed together with ] until his death in 1956. He was elected to Parliament for ] in ] and ], but died three days after the latter.

	== Academic career ==		== Academic career ==
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	Alexandros Svolos was among the most prominent experts on ] in Greece, and held strong democratic and socialist views, which put him often at odds with the Greek establishment of the time.		Alexandros Svolos was among the most prominent experts on ] in Greece, and held strong democratic and socialist views, which put him often at odds with the Greek establishment of the time.

	His very first academic treatise was his ] in 1915, where he examined the constitutional right of workers to form ]. His expertise in labour matters was recognized by his appointment to the Labour Directorate in the Ministry of National Economy. In 1928, he published a study on the liberal ], called "The New Constitution and the foundations of the Government", applying special emphasis on its social role. In 1929, in his speech on his acceptance of the teaching chair at the ~~University~~, he emphasized the necessity of protection of minorities from the powerful executive authority. This speech was given at a time when even formerly liberal politicians, like ], were increasingly adopting measures to control the people, and especially to curb the growing influence of the ]. Svolos' last academic work was a study, done together with George Vlachos, of the ], and was published in two volumes in 1954-1955.		His very first academic treatise was his ] in 1915, where he examined the constitutional right of workers to form ]. His expertise in labour matters was recognized by his appointment to the Labour Directorate in the Ministry of National Economy. In 1928, he published a study on the liberal ], called "The New Constitution and the foundations of the Government", applying special emphasis on its social role. In 1929, in his speech on his acceptance of the teaching chair at the university, he emphasized the necessity of protection of minorities from the powerful executive authority. This speech was given at a time when even formerly liberal politicians, like ], were increasingly adopting measures to control the people, and especially to curb the growing influence of the ]. Svolos' last academic work was a study, done together with George Vlachos, of the ], and was published in two volumes in 1954-1955.

	In his honour, a hall has been named after him in the Law School of the University of Athens.		In his honour, a hall has been named after him in the Law School of the University of Athens.

			==References==
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⚫	{{succession box\|title=]\|before=]\|after=] as head of government of national unity~~<br>~~\|years=April 18 - October 9, 1944}}

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		⚫	{{s-start}}
		⚫	{{succession box\|title=]\|before=]\|after=] as head of government of national unity\|years=April 18 - October 9, 1944}}
		⚫	{{s-end}}

	{{Heads of government of Greece\|state=collapsed}}		{{Heads of government of Greece\|state=collapsed}}
			{{Political Committee of National Liberation}}
	{{Βικιπαίδεια\|Αλέξανδρος Σβώλος}}
			{{Socialism in Greece}}
			{{Authority control}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Svolos, Alexandros}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Svolos, Alexandros}}
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Latest revision as of 18:46, 28 October 2024

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Alexandros Svolos Aλέξανδρος Σβώλος

Chairman of the Political Committee of National Liberation
In office 18 April 1944 – 9 October 1944
Preceded by	Evripidis Bakirtzis
Succeeded by	Georgios Papandreou (as president of the government of national unity)

Personal details
Born	1892
Died	22 February 1956
Political party	Socialist Party of Greece, Union of People's Democracy
Spouse	Maria Svolou
Alma mater	National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Profession	Professor of Law Politician

Alexandros Svolos (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Σβώλος; 1892, Kruševo, Manastir Vilayet, Ottoman Empire – 22 February 1956, Athens, Greece) was a prominent Greek legal expert, who also served as president of the Political Committee of National Liberation, a Resistance-based government during the Axis occupation of Greece.

Early life

Svolos was born in 1892 in Kruševo, now in North Macedonia, then part of the Ottoman Empire. He was an Aromanian. He studied law at Constantinople in 1911-1912, and from there went on to study at the University of Athens under Nikolaos Saripolos. In 1915 he was appointed to teach at the University.

Between 1917 and 1920, he was the head of the Labour and Social Policy Direction at the Ministry of National Economy, and helped to push through legislation ratifying the newly founded International Labour Organization's conventions. Subsequently, he was employed as head administrator at Bursa in Asia Minor, then occupied by the Greek Army, until 1922. He married feminist Maria Svolou in 1923.

In 1929 he succeeded his mentor, N. Saripolos, at the seat of Constitutional Law at Athens, a position he retained until 1946. Because of his left-leaning political views, he was dismissed in 1935 and again during the Metaxas Regime in 1936, when he was sent to internal exile in various Aegean Islands.

Political activity during and after the Second World War

After the German invasion in April 1941, Greece was occupied by the Axis, and divided into German, Italian and Bulgarian zones. Svolos, at the head of a Committee of Macedonians and Thracians, sent repeated protests to the German authorities protesting the Bulgarians' open annexation of Greek territory and their maltreatment of the local Greek population.

In the meantime, the Resistance movement had been growing, and by early 1944, a large part of the Greek mainland was free, under the control of the Resistance. In March, the leftist EAM/ELAS movement set up a government of its own, the Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA), rivaling both the collaborationist one in Athens and the King's government in exile in Cairo. In April 1944, Svolos agreed to become its president, while Evripidis Bakirtzis, his predecessor, became its vice-president.

In this role, Svolos participated in the Lebanon conference in May 1944, when the establishment of a government of national unity under George Papandreou was decided. However, the PEEA continued to exercise its authority in Greece until liberation, in October 1944, with Svolos as its head. In the Papandreou government he held the portfolio of the Finance Ministry, where his measures to restore the Greek economy made him unpopular. He finally resigned from the Papandreou government along with the other EAMist ministers on December 2, in the lead-up to the Dekemvriana. After EAM's defeat in the Dekemvriana, he was again dismissed from his teaching post at the University.

Svolos then became president of the small Socialist ELD party until 1953, when it was merged with the Democratic Party, forming the Democratic Party of the Working People, which he also headed together with Georgios Kartalis until his death in 1956. He was elected to Parliament for Thessaloniki in 1950 and 1956, but died three days after the latter.

Academic career

Alexandros Svolos was among the most prominent experts on constitutional law in Greece, and held strong democratic and socialist views, which put him often at odds with the Greek establishment of the time.

His very first academic treatise was his doctoral thesis in 1915, where he examined the constitutional right of workers to form unions. His expertise in labour matters was recognized by his appointment to the Labour Directorate in the Ministry of National Economy. In 1928, he published a study on the liberal Greek Constitution of 1927, called "The New Constitution and the foundations of the Government", applying special emphasis on its social role. In 1929, in his speech on his acceptance of the teaching chair at the university, he emphasized the necessity of protection of minorities from the powerful executive authority. This speech was given at a time when even formerly liberal politicians, like Eleftherios Venizelos, were increasingly adopting measures to control the people, and especially to curb the growing influence of the Communist Party of Greece. Svolos' last academic work was a study, done together with George Vlachos, of the Greek Constitution of 1952, and was published in two volumes in 1954-1955.

In his honour, a hall has been named after him in the Law School of the University of Athens.

References

Gica, Alexandru (2009–2011). "The recent history of the Aromanians in Southeast Europe" (PDF). The Newsletter of the Society Farsharotu. 24–25 (1–2): 13. Thus in 1944, the president of the temporary Committee for National Liberation, Alexandros Svolos, the military head of ELAS, Stefanos Sarafis, as well as the political head of EAM, Andreas Tzimas, were all Aromanians.
Abadzi, Helen (2004). "The Vlachs of Greece and their misunderstood history". The Newsletter of the Society Farsharotu. 17: 4. However, historically the members of this 'minority' have acted as the backbone of Hellenism: such as Alexandros Svolos and Andreas Tzimas.
Efstathiadis, Stathis (24 November 2008). ""Είμαστε όλοι Βλάχοι"". To Vima (in Greek).
Morris, Paul (2002). "Svolou, Maria (d. 1976)". In Commire, Anne (ed.). Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Waterford, Connecticut: Yorkin Publications. ISBN 0-7876-4074-3. Archived from the original on 2016-02-24.

Preceded byEvripidis Bakirtzis

Chairman of the PEEA
April 18 - October 9, 1944

Succeeded byGeorge Papandreou as head of government of national unity

v t e Heads of government of Greece
First Hellenic Republic (1822–1832)	Mavrokordatos P. Mavromichalis Kountouriotis And. Zaimis I. Kapodistrias A. Kapodistrias
Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach) (1833–1862)	Sp. Trikoupis Mavrokordatos Kolettis von Armansperg von Rudhart King Otto Mavrokordatos King Otto A. Metaxas Kanaris Mavrokordatos Kolettis Tzavelas Kountouriotis Kanaris Kriezis Mavrokordatos D. Voulgaris Miaoulis Kolokotronis
Kingdom of Greece (Interregnum) (1862–1863)	D. Voulgaris Moraitinis Z. Valvis Kyriakos Roufos
Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg) (1863–1924)	D. Voulgaris Kanaris Z. Valvis Kanaris Koumoundouros Deligeorgis Roufos D. Voulgaris Koumoundouros Deligeorgis Roufos D. Voulgaris Koumoundouros Moraitinis D. Voulgaris Thr. Zaimis Deligeorgis Koumoundouros Thr. Zaimis D. Voulgaris Deligeorgis D. Voulgaris Ch. Trikoupis Koumoundouros Deligeorgis Koumoundouros Deligeorgis Koumoundouros Kanaris Koumoundouros Ch. Trikoupis Koumoundouros Ch. Trikoupis Koumoundouros Ch. Trikoupis Diligiannis D. Valvis Ch. Trikoupis Diligiannis Konstantopoulos Ch. Trikoupis Sotiropoulos Ch. Trikoupis Deligiannis Diligiannis D. Rallis Al. Zaimis G. Theotokis Al. Zaimis Diligiannis G. Theotokis D. Rallis G. Theotokis Diligiannis D. Rallis G. Theotokis D. Rallis K. Mavromichalis Dragoumis El. Venizelos Gounaris El. Venizelos Al. Zaimis Skouloudis Al. Zaimis Kalogeropoulos El. Venizelos Lambros Al. Zaimis El. Venizelos D. Rallis Kalogeropoulos Gounaris Stratos Protopapadakis Triantafyllakos Charalambis Krokidas Gonatas El. Venizelos Kafantaris
Second Hellenic Republic (1924–1935)	Papanastasiou Sofoulis Michalakopoulos Pangalos Eftaxias Kondylis Al. Zaimis El. Venizelos Papanastasiou El. Venizelos P. Tsaldaris El. Venizelos Othonaios P. Tsaldaris
Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg) (1935–1973)	Kondylis Demertzis I. Metaxas Koryzis Tsouderos Tsolakoglou Logothetopoulos I. Rallis Bakirtzis S. Venizelos Svolos G. Papandreou (Sr.) Plastiras P. Voulgaris Archbishop Damaskinos Kanellopoulos Sofoulis Poulitsas K. Tsaldaris Maximos K. Tsaldaris Sofoulis Vafeiadis Partsalidis Diomidis I. Theotokis S. Venizelos Plastiras S. Venizelos Plastiras Kiousopoulos Papagos K. Karamanlis (Sr.) Georgakopoulos K. Karamanlis (Sr.) Dovas K. Karamanlis (Sr.) Pipinelis Sty. Mavromichalis G. Papandreou (Sr.) Paraskevopoulos G. Papandreou (Sr.) Novas Tsirimokos Stefanopoulos Paraskevopoulos Kanellopoulos
Military Junta (1967–1974)	Kollias Papadopoulos Markezinis Androutsopoulos
Third Hellenic Republic (since 1974)	K. Karamanlis (Sr.) G. Rallis A. Papandreou Tzannetakis Grivas Zolotas Ko. Mitsotakis A. Papandreou Simitis K. Karamanlis (Jr.) G. Papandreou (Jr.) Papademos Pikrammenos Samaras Tsipras Thanou Tsipras Ky. Mitsotakis Sarmas Ky. Mitsotakis
Head of military/dictatorial government. Head of rival government not controlling Athens. Head of emergency or caretaker government. Head of collaborationist government during the Axis occupation (1941–44).

v t e Mountain Government
Ideas	Socialism Communism Republicanism Anti-fascism Anti-Revisionism Left-wing nationalism
Organizations	National Liberation Front Workers' National Liberation Front Greek People's Liberation Army Greek People's Liberation Navy EPON National Solidarity (Greece) OPLA National Council
People	Evripidis Bakirtzis (1st Chairman of the PEEA, Deputy President of the Cabinet and Secretary for the Food during Svolos's leadership) Alexandros Svolos (2nd Chairman of the PEEA) Georgios Siantos (Secretary for the Interior and General Secretary of the KKE) Ilias Tsirimokos (Secretary for Justice) Manolis Mantakas (Secretary for Military Affairs) Nikolaos Askoutsis [el] (Secretary for Transport) Angelos Angelopoulos [el] (Secretary for Finance) Petros Kokkalis (Secretary for Social Welfare) Kostas Gavriilidis (Secretary for Agriculture and leader of the Agrarian Party of Greece) Stamatis Hatzibeis (Secretary for National Economy) Major General Stefanos Sarafis (Chief military officer of the ELAS) Aris Velouchiotis (Chief captain of the ELAS) Andreas Tzimas (Chief political supervisor of the ELAS) Dimitris Glinos (Secretary for Education) Neokosmos Grigoriadis (Chairman of the National Council)
Events	Greek Resistance Lebanon conference Caserta agreement [el]
Symbols	Republican flag of Greece Phoenix
Policies	Demotic Greek Gender equality Red Terror

v t e Socialism in Greece
Ideas	Modern Greek Enlightenment Pacifism Social democracy Democratic socialism Agrarian socialism Land reform Nationalization Welfare state Marxism–Leninism Social justice Anti-imperialism Republicanism Left-wing nationalism
Organizations	Socialist Workers' Federation National Liberation Front Greek People's Liberation Army Greek People's Liberation Navy United Panhellenic Organization of Youth Democratic Army of Greece Panhellenic Liberation Movement
Political parties	Socialist Party of Greece Communist Party of Greece Agricultural and Labour Party Agrarian Party of Greece Democratic Alignment United Democratic Left PASOK Fighting Socialist Party of Greece Greek Left Democratic Social Movement Coalition of Left Movements and Ecology Communist Organization of Greece Coalition of the Radical Left
People	Rigas Feraios Marinos Antypas Georgios Skliros Platon Drakoulis Avraam Benaroya Ion Dragoumis Pandelis Pouliopoulos Alexandros Papanastasiou Yiannis Ritsos Kostas Varnalis Aris Velouchiotis Stefanos Sarafis Evripidis Bakirtzis Dimitris Glinos Alexandros Svolos Nikos Zachariadis Markos Vafeiadis Ilias Tsirimokos Ilias Iliou Ioannis Passalidis Charilaos Florakis Maria Damanaki Manolis Glezos Andreas Papandreou Alexis Tsipras
Historical events	Kileler uprising Greek resistance Political Committee of National Liberation (National Council) Dekemvriana Greek Civil War Athens Polytechnic uprising
Policies	Demotic Greek Gender equality

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