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			{{Short description|Vice President of the United States from 2001 to 2009}}
	{{active editnotice}} <!-- See ] -->
			{{Redirect|Richard Cheney}}
	{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
			{{Pp-blp|small=yes}}
	{{Infobox_Vice President
			{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}}
	| name=Dick Cheney
			{{Use American English|date=September 2024}}
	| image=Richard Cheney 2005 official portrait.jpg
			{{Infobox officeholder
	| office=] ]
			| name = Dick Cheney
	| term_start=January 20, 2001
			| image = 46 Dick Cheney 3x4.jpg
	| term_end=January 20, 2009
			| caption = Official portrait, 2003
	| president=]
			| alt = Official portrait of vice president Dick Cheney
	| predecessor=]
			| order1 = 46th
	|successor=]
			| office1 = Vice President of the United States
	| order2=17th
			| president1 = ]
	| office2=United States Secretary of Defense
	| term_start2=March 20, 1989		| term_start1 = January 20, 2001
	| term_end2=January 20, 1993		| term_end1 = January 20, 2009
			| predecessor1 = ]
	| president2=]
			| successor1 = ]
	| deputy2=]
			| order2 = 17th
	| predecessor2=]
			| office2 = United States Secretary of Defense
	| successor2=]
			| president2 = ]
	| order3=15th
			| deputy2 = ]
	| title3=]
			| term_start2 = March 21, 1989
	| term_start3=January 3
	| term_end3=March 20, 1989		| term_end2 = January 20, 1993
			| predecessor2 = ]
	| leader3=]
	| predecessor3=]		| successor2 = ]
			| office3 = ]
	| successor3=]
	| state4 = Wyoming		| leader3 = ]
			| term_start3 = January 3, 1989
	| district4 = ]
			| term_end3 = March 20, 1989
	| term_start4=January 3, 1979
			| predecessor3 = ]
	| term_end4=March 20, 1989
	| predecessor4=]		| successor3 = ]
			| office4 = ]
	| successor4=]
			| leader4 = Robert H. Michel
	| order5=7th
			| term_start4 = June 4, 1987
	| office5=White House Chief of Staff
			| term_end4 = January 3, 1989
	| term_start5=November 21, 1975
			| predecessor4 = ]
	| term_end5=January 20, 1977
			| successor4 = ]
	| president5=]
	| predecessor5= ]		| state5 = ]
			| district5 = {{ushr|WY|AL|at-large}}
	| successor5=]
			| term_start5 = January 3, 1979
	| birth_date={{birth date and age|mf=yes|1941|01|30}}
			| term_end5 = March 20, 1989
	| birth_place=], ], United States
	| spouse=]		| predecessor5 = ]
			| successor5 = ]
	| children=]<br>]
			| order6 = 7th
	| residence=]<br>]
			| office6 = White House Chief of Staff
	| profession=Government aide, ]
			| president6 = ]
	| alma_mater=]
			| term_start6 = November 21, 1975
	| religion=]
			| term_end6 = January 20, 1977
	| party=]
			| predecessor6 = ]
	| signature=Dick Cheney signature.svg
			| successor6 = ] (1979)
			| office7 = ]
			| president7 = Gerald Ford
			| term_start7 = December 18, 1974
			| term_end7 = November 21, 1975
			| predecessor7 = ''Position established''
			| successor7 = Landon Butler
			| birth_name = Richard Bruce Cheney
			| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1941|1|30}}
			| birth_place = ], U.S.
			| death_date =
			| death_place =
			| party = ]
			| spouse = {{marriage|]|1964}}
			| children = {{hlist|]|]}}
			| education = {{plainlist|
			* ] (no degree)
			* ] (], ])
			* ] (no degree)
	}}		}}
			| signature = Dick Cheney Signature.svg
	'''Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney'''<ref>Although his ] is usually {{pronEng|ˈtʃeɪni}} ''CHAY-nee'' in the media and public-at-large, the Vice President himself and his family pronounce it {{IPA|/ˈtʃiːni/}} ''CHEE-nee.'' See </ref> (born January 30, 1941) served as the ] ] from 2001 to 2009 in the ] of ].
			| signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink
			| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename= Rep. Dick Cheney on the 1st Day of the Iran-Contra Hearings.ogg|title=Dick Cheney's voice|type=speech|description=Cheney, while in the House of Representatives, speaks on the first day of the ]<br/>Recorded May 5, 1987}}
			}}
			{{conservatism US|politicians}}
			'''Richard Bruce Cheney''' <!--Dick is a historical nickname for Richard… per ], do not mention that he is commonly known as Dick Cheney -->({{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|eɪ|n|i}} {{respell|CHAY|nee}};{{efn|In his early life the vice president himself pronounced his ] as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|iː|n|i}} {{respell|CHEE|nee}}, the pronunciation used by his family. After moving east he adopted the pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|eɪ|n|i}} {{respell|CHAY|nee}} favored by the media and public-at-large.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309044733/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0012/05/se.01.html |date=March 9, 2016 }}</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210070544/http://nymag.com/news/politics/64601/ |date=December 10, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|um9-hiJ8uMg|Alliance for a Strong America Commercial, 2014}}</ref>}} born January 30, 1941) is an American former politician and businessman who served as the 46th ] from 2001 to 2009 under President ]. He has been called the most powerful vice president in American history.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99422633 |title=Cheney: A VP With Unprecedented Power |publisher=] |date=January 15, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218213245/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99422633 |archive-date=February 18, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6096042.stm |title=The most powerful vice-president ever? |publisher=BBC News |location=United Kingdom |date=October 29, 2006 |access-date=January 13, 2013 |first=Paul |last=Reynolds |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129111119/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6096042.stm |url-status=live |archive-date=November 29, 2010 }}</ref> Cheney previously served as ] for President ], the ] for {{ushr|WY|AL}} from 1979 to 1989, and as the 17th ] in the administration of President ]. He is the oldest living former U.S. vice president, following the death of ] in 2021.
	Cheney was raised in ], ]. He began his political career as an intern for Congressman ], eventually working his way into the ] during the ] administration, where he served as ]. In 1978, Cheney was elected to the ] from ]; he was reelected five times, eventually becoming ]. Cheney was selected to be the ] during the presidency of ], holding the position for the majority of Bush's term. During this time, Cheney oversaw the 1991 ], among other actions.		Born in ], Cheney grew up there and in ].<ref>''Cheney: The Untold Story of America's Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President'', p. 11</ref> He attended ] before earning a Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts in political science from the ]. He began his political career as an intern for Congressman ], eventually working his way into the ] during the ]<!-- See section below for details --> and ] administrations. He served as ] from 1975 to 1977. In 1978, he was elected to the ], and represented ] from 1979 to 1989, briefly serving as ] in 1989. He was appointed ] during the ], and held the position for most of Bush's term from 1989 to 1993.<ref name="Historical Office Richard B. Cheney">{{cite web |url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571284/richard-b-cheney/ |title=Richard B. Cheney – George H. W. Bush Administration |publisher=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office |access-date=February 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614191740/https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571284/richard-b-cheney/ |archive-date=June 14, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As secretary, he oversaw ] in 1989 and ] in 1991. While out of office during the ], he was the chairman and CEO of ] from 1995 to 2000.
			In ], Cheney was chosen by presumptive ] presidential nominee ] as his running mate in the ]. They defeated their ] opponents, incumbent vice president ] and senator ]. In ], Cheney was reelected to his second term as vice president with Bush as president, defeating their Democratic opponents Senators ] and ]. During Cheney's tenure as vice president, he played a leading behind-the-scenes role in the ]'s response to the ] and coordination of the ]. He was an early proponent of ], alleging that the ] regime possessed ] program and had an ] with ]; however, neither allegation was ever substantiated. He also pressured the intelligence community to provide intelligence consistent with the administration's rationales for invading Iraq. Cheney was often criticized for the Bush administration's policies regarding the campaign against terrorism, for his support of ] and for his endorsement of the U.S.'s "]" ] program.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5024408 |title=Prewar Iraq Intelligence: A Look at the Facts |newspaper=NPR.org |publisher=NPR |date=November 23, 2005 |access-date=January 13, 2013 |archive-date=March 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329081713/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5024408 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://myaccount.nytimes.com/auth/login?URI=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F14%2Fwashington%2F14nsa.html&OQ=Q70Q61Q67Q65Q77Q61Q6eQ74Q65Q64Q3dQ61Q6cQ6cQ26Q5fQ72Q3dQ31Q26 |title=Cheney Pushed U.S. to Widen Eavesdropping |work=The New York Times |date=May 14, 2006 |access-date=January 13, 2013 |url-access=limited |archive-date=February 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221235650/https://myaccount.nytimes.com/auth/login?URI=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F14%2Fwashington%2F14nsa.html&OQ=Q70Q61Q67Q65Q77Q61Q6eQ74Q65Q64Q3dQ61Q6cQ6cQ26Q5fQ72Q3dQ31Q26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url-status=live |url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/05/30/cheney.amnestyintl/ |title=Cheney offended by Amnesty criticism Rights group accuses U.S. of violations at Guantanamo Bay |work=CNN|date=May 21, 2005 |access-date=January 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012102621/http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/05/30/cheney.amnestyintl/ |archive-date=October 12, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Carol |date=December 4, 2019 |title=What the C.I.A.'s Torture Program Looked Like to the Tortured |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/04/us/politics/cia-torture-drawings.html |access-date=September 7, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> He publicly disagreed with President Bush's position against ] in 2004,<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=August 25, 2004|title=Cheney at odds with Bush on gay marriage – politics|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5817720|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030085312/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5817720|archive-date=October 30, 2020|access-date=December 29, 2016|work=]}}</ref> but also said it is "appropriately a matter for the states to decide".<ref>Kaufman, Marc and Allen, Mike. “”, '']'' via '']'' (August 25, 2004).</ref>
	Out of office during the ] presidency, Cheney was chairman and ] of ] from 1995 to 2000.
			Cheney ended his vice presidential tenure as a deeply unpopular figure in American politics with an approval rating of 13 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/08/remembering-why-americans-loathe-dick-cheney/244306/|title=Remembering Why Americans Loathe Dick Cheney|work=The Atlantic|first=Conor|last=Friedersdorf|date=August 30, 2011|access-date=March 4, 2024|archive-date=November 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118094110/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/08/remembering-why-americans-loathe-dick-cheney/244306/|url-status=dead}}</ref> His peak approval rating in the wake of the September 11 attacks was 68 percent.<ref name="cheney gallup approval"/> Since leaving the vice presidency, Cheney has been critical of modern Republican leadership, including ], going as far as to endorse Trump's challenger in ], Democrat ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 7, 2024 |title=Former Vice President Dick Cheney says he will vote for Harris |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/dick-cheney-kamala-harris-liz-cheney-rcna169979 |access-date=September 9, 2024 |first=Megan|last=Lebowitz|website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>
	Cheney joined the presidential campaign of George W. Bush in 2000, who selected him as his running mate. After becoming Vice President, Cheney remained a very public and influential figure.
	==Early life and education==		==Early life and education==
	Cheney was born in ], the son of Marjorie Lorraine (] Dickey) and Richard Herbert Cheney. He is of predominantly English, Irish and ] ancestry.<ref>http://www.wargs.com/political/cheney.html</ref><ref>Dick Cheney is a descendant of William Cheney, recorded in Roxbury, Massachusetts, by 1640, while ] was a descendant of William's brother, John Cheney, who was recorded in Roxbury in 1635 and who moved to Newbury, Massachusetts, the following year. See Charles Henry Pope, ''The Cheney Genealogy'', Vol. 1, pp. 17-33, Boston: Charles H. Pope, 1897; ''The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography'', Vol. X, pp. 213-214, New York: James T. White & Company, 1909, reprint of 1900 edition.</ref> Although not a direct descendant, he is collaterally related to ] (1815-1895), the early American expressman. He attended ]<ref>		Cheney was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, the son of Marjorie Lorraine (née Dickey) and Richard Herbert Cheney. He is of predominantly English, as well as ], Irish, and French Huguenot ancestry. His father was a soil conservation agent for the ] and his mother was a softball star in the 1930s;<ref>{{cite news|url-status=live |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0309/20/lkl.00.html |title=Interview With Lynne Cheney |work=CNN|date=September 20, 2003 |access-date=May 23, 2007 |archive-date=December 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206053654/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0309/20/lkl.00.html }}</ref> Cheney was one of three children.
			He attended ]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=October 23, 2006 |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/vicepresident/ |title=Bio on Kids' section of White House site |publisher=] |archive-date=January 14, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114112027/http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/vicepresident/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lps.org/about/profiles/2005-06%20Elementary/2005-06%20Calvert.pdf|title=Calvert Profile|access-date=October 23, 2006|date=May 15, 2006|publisher=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102001434/http://www.lps.org/about/profiles/2005-06%20Elementary/2005-06%20Calvert.pdf|archive-date=November 2, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> before his family moved to ],<ref name=dcvpbio>{{cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/vicepresident/ |title=Official US Biography |access-date=October 23, 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203195245/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/vicepresident/ |via=] |work=] |archive-date=February 3, 2009 }}</ref> where he attended ].
	{{cite web
	| url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/vicepresident/
			He attended ], but by his own account had problems adjusting to the college, and dropped out.<ref>Cheney, Dick, with Liz Cheney. ''In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir,'' pp. 26–28. Simon and Schuster, 2011. {{ISBN?}}</ref><ref name="TWP_Kaiser_20110830"/> Among the influential teachers from his days in New Haven was ], whom Cheney repeatedly credited with having helped to shape his approach to ].<ref>{{cite news|last=Martin |first=Douglas |date=January 27, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/education/27westerfield.html |access-date=January 28, 2008 |title=H. Bradford Westerfield, 79, Influential Yale Professor |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417074624/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/education/27westerfield.html |archive-date=April 17, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> He later attended the ], where he earned both a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Arts in ]. He subsequently started, but did not finish, ] studies at the ].<ref>{{cite journal
	| title = Bio on Kids' section of ] site
	| accessdate = 2006-10-23		|date =Fall 2006
			|title = A Newsletter for Alumni and Friends of the Department
	| publisher = ]
			|journal = North Hall News
	}}
			|page = 4
	</ref><ref>
			|publisher = ]
	{{cite web
			|access-date = January 1, 2008
	| url = http://www.lps.org/about/profiles/2005-06%20Elementary/2005-06%20Calvert.pdf
			|url = http://polisci.wisc.edu/documents/AlumniNewsletterFall06.pdf
	|format=PDF| title = Flyer for ]
			|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061210105330/http://polisci.wisc.edu/documents/AlumniNewsletterFall06.pdf
	| accessdate = 2006-10-23
	| date = 2006-05-15		|archive-date = December 10, 2006
			|url-status = dead
	| publisher = Lincoln Public Schools
			|df = mdy
	}}
	</ref> before his family moved to ], ],<ref name="dcvpbio">
	{{cite web
	| url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/vicepresident/
	| title = Official US Biography
	| accessdate = 2006-10-23
	| publisher = ]
	}}
	</ref> where he attended ]. His father was a soil conservation agent for the ] and his mother was a softball star in the 1930s;<ref>
	{{cite web
	| url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0309/20/lkl.00.html
	| publisher=CNN
	| title=Interview With Lynne Cheney
	|date=2003-09-20
	| accessdate=2007-05-23
	}}
	</ref> Cheney was one of three children. He attended ], but, as he stated, " flunked out."<ref>
	{{cite news
	| title=The Unsettling Calm of Dick Cheney: Defense's Civilian Chief and Seasoned Washington Hand, Playing It Cool
	| publisher=]
	| author=Phil McCombs
	|date=1991-04-03
	| page=C01
	}}
	</ref><ref>
	{{cite web
	| url = http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/2004/09/01_ap_cheneyprofile/
	| title = Dick Cheney: a man of influence, but still in the background | accessdate = 2007-05-21
	| date = September 1, 2004
	| publisher = ], ]
	}}
	</ref> Among the influential teachers from his days in New Haven was Professor ], whom Cheney repeatedly credited with having helped to shape his approach to foreign policy.<ref> ''New York Times,'' January 27, 2008.</ref> He later attended the ] where he earned both a ] and a ] in political science. He subsequently started, but did not finish, doctoral studies at the ].<ref>
	{{cite journal
	| date = Fall 2006
	| title = A Newsletter for Alumni and Friends of the Department
	| journal = North Hall News| pages = 4
	| publisher = University of Wisconsin-Madison
	| location = ]
	| url = http://polisci.wisc.edu/documents/AlumniNewsletterFall06.pdf
	| accessdate = 2008-01-01
	|format=PDF
	}}		}}
	</ref>		</ref>
			In November 1962, at the age of 21, Cheney was convicted of ] (DWI). He was arrested for DWI again the following year.<ref name="cheney video">{{cite video|people=McCollough, Lindsay G. (Producer); Gellman, Barton (Narrator)|title=The Life and Career of Dick Cheney|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/photo/gallery/070622/GAL-07Jun22-78887/|medium= Narrated slideshow|work=The Washington Post|access-date=December 18, 2007}}</ref> Cheney said that the arrests made him "think about where I was and where I was headed. I was headed down a bad road if I continued on that course."<ref>{{cite news|last=Lemann |first=Nicholas |date=May 7, 2001 |title=The Quiet Man |magazine=] |url=https://www.newyorker.com/archive/content/?040906fr_archive06 |access-date=August 2, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040918102730/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/content/?040906fr_archive06 |archive-date=September 18, 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref>
	In November 1962, at the age of 21, Cheney was convicted of ] (DWI). He was arrested for DWI again the following year.<ref name="cheney video">
	{{cite video
	|people= Lindsay G. McCollough (Producer), Barton Gellman (Narrator)
	|title=The Life and Career of Dick Cheney
	|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/photo/gallery/070622/GAL-07Jun22-78887/
	|medium=Narrated slideshow
	|publisher=''The Washington Post''
	|accessdate=2007-12-18
	}}
	</ref> Cheney said that the arrests made him "think about where I was and where I was headed. I was headed down a bad road if I continued on that course."<ref>{{Citation
	| last=Lemann
	| first=Nicholas
	| publication-date=2001-05-07
	| year=2001
	| title=The Quiet Man
	| periodical=The New Yorker
	| publication-place=New York
	| url=http://web.archive.org/web/20040918102730/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/content/?040906fr_archive06
	| accessdate=2006-08-02
	}}</ref>
	In 1964, he married ], his high school sweetheart, whom he had met at age 14.		In 1964, he married ], his high school sweetheart, whom he had met at age 14.
			When Cheney became eligible for the ], during the ], he applied for and received five draft deferments. In 1989, '']'' writer George C. Wilson interviewed Cheney as the next ]; when asked about his deferments, Cheney reportedly said, "I had other priorities in the '60s than military service."<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile of Dick Cheney |newspaper=] |date=January 6, 2006 |access-date=November 2, 2013 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Inauguration/story?id=421666 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315135915/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Inauguration/story?id=421666 |archive-date=March 15, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cheney testified during his confirmation hearings in 1989 that he received deferments to finish a college career that lasted six years rather than four, owing to sub-par academic performance and the need to work to pay for his education. Upon graduation, Cheney was eligible for the draft, but at the time, the ] was not inducting married men.<ref name=slatenoah>{{cite news |last=Noah |first=Timothy |author-link=Timothy Noah |date=March 18, 2004 |title=How Dick Cheney dodged the draft |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/chatterbox/2004/03/elizabeth_cheney_deferment_baby.html |newspaper=] |access-date=August 4, 2015 |archive-date=August 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812221546/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/chatterbox/2004/03/elizabeth_cheney_deferment_baby.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On October 26, 1965, the draft was expanded to include married men without children; Cheney's first daughter, ], was born 9 months and two days later.<ref name=nyt2004-05-01 /><ref name=slatenoah /> Cheney's fifth and final deferment granted him "3-A" status, a "hardship" deferment available to men with dependents. In January 1967, Cheney turned 26 and was no longer eligible for the draft.<ref name=nyt2004-05-01>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/01/us/2004-campaign-military-service-cheney-s-five-draft-deferments-during-vietnam-era.html |date=May 1, 2004 |access-date=December 11, 2007 |title=Cheney's Five Draft Deferments During the Vietnam Era Emerge as a Campaign Issue |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Katharine Q. |last=Seelye |archive-date=December 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227144011/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/01/us/2004-campaign-military-service-cheney-s-five-draft-deferments-during-vietnam-era.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
	When Cheney became eligible for the ], during the ], he applied for and received five draft deferments.<ref>{{Citation
	| last=Noah
	| first=Timothy
	| publication-date=2004-03-18
	| year=2004
	| title=Elizabeth Cheney, Deferment Baby - How Dick Cheney dodged the Vietnam draft.
	| periodical=]
	| publication-place=]
	| url=http://www.slate.com/id/2097365/
	| accessdate=2009-05-25
	}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
	| last=Nichols
	| first=John
	| publication-date=2004-04-29
	| year=2004
	| title=Dick's Vietnam Hypocrisy
	| periodical=]
	| publication-place=]
	| url=http://www.thenation.com/doc/20040517/nichols
	| accessdate=2009-05-25
	}}</ref> In 1989, '']'' writer George C. Wilson interviewed Cheney as the next ]; when asked about his deferments, Cheney reportedly said, "I had other priorities in the '60s than military service."<ref>
	{{Citation
	| last=Dionne
	| first=E.J. Jr.
	| title=Murtha and the Mudslingers
	| newspaper=The Washington Post
	| publication-place=Washington, DC
	| volume=
	| issue=
	| date=2006-01-17
	| month=January
	| accessdate= 2008-01-01
	| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/16/AR2006011600913.html
	}}
	</ref> Cheney testified during his confirmation hearings in 1989 that he received deferments to finish a college career that lasted six years rather than four, owing to sub par academic performance and the need to work to pay for his education. Initially, he was not called up because the ] was only taking older men. When he became eligible for the draft, he applied for four deferments in sequence. He applied for his fifth exemption on January 19, 1966, when his wife was about 10 weeks ]. He was granted 3-A status, the "hardship" exemption, which excluded men with children or dependent parents. In January 1967, Cheney turned 26 and was no longer eligible for the draft.<ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/01/politics/campaign/01CHEN.html?ex=1398830400&en=1c0259e620183dd6&ei=5007&partner=USERLAND
	|title=Cheney's Five Draft Deferments During the Vietnam Era Emerge as a Campaign Issue
	|date=2004-05-01
	|accessdate=2007-12-11
	|publisher=The New York Times
	}}
	</ref>
			In 1966 Cheney dropped out of the doctoral program at the University of Wisconsin to work as staff aide for Governor ].<ref name=CNN2013-09-21>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/21/us/dick-cheney-fast-facts/index.html|title=Dick Cheney Fast Facts|website=CNN|date=September 21, 2013|access-date=January 5, 2020|archive-date=February 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211030211/https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/21/us/dick-cheney-fast-facts/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
	==Early White House appointments==
	] (left) and his assistant Cheney (right) meet with President ] at the White House, April 1975]]
	Cheney's political career began in 1969, as an intern for Congressman ] during the ] Administration. He then joined the staff of ], who was then Director of the ] from 1969&ndash;70.<ref name="cheney video"/> He held several positions in the years that followed: White House Staff Assistant in 1971, Assistant Director of the Cost of Living Council from 1971&ndash;73, and Deputy Assistant to the president from 1974&ndash;1975. It was in this position that Cheney suggested in a memo to Rumsfeld that the ] should use the ] in a variety of legally questionable ways to exact retribution for an article published by '']'' investigative reporter ].<ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/14010621/national_affairs_cheneys_nemesis_seymour_hersh_reveals_white_houses_secret_plan_to_bomb_iran/print
	|title=Hersh on secret White House plot to bomb Iran
	|accessdate=2007-12-12
	|date=2007-04-02
	|publisher=Rolling Stone
	}}
	</ref><ref>{{cite web
	|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/newswar/preview/documents.html
	|title=Dick Cheney's Memos from 30 Years Ago
	|author=Lowell Bergman and Marlena Telvick
	|publisher=Public Broadcasting System FRONTLINE: News War
	|date=2007-02-13
	|accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref>
			In 1968 Cheney was awarded an ] congressional fellowship and moved to Washington.<ref name=CNN2013-09-21/>
	Cheney was Assistant to the President under ]. When Rumsfeld was named ], Cheney became ], succeeding Rumsfeld.<ref name="cheney video"/> He later was campaign manager for Ford's ] as well.<ref name="chiff">
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.chiff.com/pop-culture/news-people/dick-cheney.htm
	|title=People in the News: Dick Cheney
	|accessdate=2008-01-01
	|publisher=Chiff.com
	}}
	</ref>
	==Congress==		==Early career==
			] Cheney, 1976]]
	In 1978, Cheney was elected to represent Wyoming in the ] and succeed retiring Congressman ], having defeated his ] opponent, Bill Bailey. Cheney was reelected five times, serving until 1989. He was Chairman of the Republican Policy Committee from 1981 to 1987 when he was elected Chairman of the ]. The following year, he was elected ].<ref name="1988 hmw">
			Cheney's political career began in 1969, as an intern for Congressman ] during the ] Administration. He then joined the staff of ], who was then Director of the ] from 1969 to 1970.<ref name="cheney video"/> He held several positions in the years that followed: White House Staff Assistant in 1971, Assistant Director of the Cost of Living Council from 1971 to 1973, and Deputy Assistant to the president from 1974 to 1975. As deputy assistant, Cheney suggested several options in a memo to Rumsfeld, including use of the ], that the ] could use to limit damage from an article, published by '']'', in which investigative reporter ] reported that Navy submarines had tapped into Soviet undersea communications as part of a highly classified program, ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/newswar/preview/documents.html |title=Dick Cheney's Memos from 30 Years Ago |author1=Lowell Bergman |author2=Marlena Telvick |publisher=Public Broadcasting System |work=Frontline: News War |date=February 13, 2007 |access-date=February 13, 2008 |archive-date=February 14, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214071119/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/newswar/preview/documents.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article17542.htm |title=Cheney's Nemesis |last=Taibbi |first=Matt |access-date=September 10, 2010 |date=April 2, 2007 |magazine=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419182041/http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article17542.htm |archive-date=April 19, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.si.edu/about/regents/members.htm
	|title=The Board of Regents|accessdate=2008-01-01
	|publisher=Smithsonian Institution
	}}
	</ref>
			== White House Chief of Staff ==
	===Votes===
			{{See also|Halloween Massacre (Ford administration)|l1=Halloween Massacre}}
	], 1983]]
	Among the many votes he cast during his tenure in the House, he voted in 1979 with the majority against making ]'s birthday a national holiday, but then voted with the majority in 1983 when the measure passed.<ref name="chiff"/> He voted against the creation of the ], citing his concern over budget deficits and expansion of the federal government, and claiming that the Department was an encroachment on ].<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.issues2000.org/2004/Dick_Cheney_Education.htm
	|title=Dick Cheney on Education
	|accessdate=2007-12-12
	|publisher=OntheIssues.com
	}}
	</ref> He voted against funding ], but reversed his position in 2000.<ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://www.commondreams.org/views/072800-101.htm
	|title=Dick Cheney, Fiscal Conservative?
	|accessdate=2007-12-12
	|date=2000-07-28
	|publisher=The New York Times
	|last=McIntyre
	|first=Robert S.
	}}
	</ref>
			Cheney was Assistant to the President and White House Deputy Chief of Staff under ] from December 1974 to November 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Photographs – Richard Cheney as an Assistant to President Ford|url=https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/avproj/cheney.htm|access-date=October 27, 2020|website=www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov|archive-date=May 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517171949/https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/avproj/cheney.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | publisher=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum | title=Richard Cheney as an Assistant to President Ford | url=http://www.ford.utexas.edu/avproj/cheney.htm | date=August 26, 2002 | access-date=September 14, 2015 | archive-date=September 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924014526/http://www.ford.utexas.edu/avproj/cheney.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1975/11/04/76624578.html?pageNumber=25|title=New Aide to Ford Rumsfeld Protege|work=The New York Times |access-date=April 15, 2021|archive-date=March 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304004452/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1975/11/04/76624578.html?pageNumber=25|url-status=live}}</ref> When Rumsfeld was named ], Cheney became ], succeeding Rumsfeld.<ref name="cheney video" /> He later was campaign manager for Ford's ].<ref name=chiff>{{cite web |publisher=Chiff.com |url=http://www.chiff.com/pop-culture/news-people/dick-cheney.htm |title=People in the News: Dick Cheney |access-date=January 1, 2008 |archive-date=October 29, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029143020/http://www.chiff.com/pop-culture/news-people/dick-cheney.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	In 1986, after President ] vetoed a bill to impose ] on ] for its policy of ], Cheney was one of 83 Representatives to vote against overriding Reagan's veto.<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.fpif.org/commentary/0012africa.html
	|title=The Coming Apathy: Africa Policy Under a Bush Administration
	|year=2001
	|accessdate=2007-12-18
	|last=Booker
	|first=Salih
	}}
	</ref> In later years, he articulated his opposition to unilateral sanctions against many different countries, stating "they almost never work"<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.cato.org/speeches/sp-dc062398.html
	|title=Defending Liberty in a Global Economy
	|date=1998-06-23
	|accessdate=2007-12-12
	|publisher=Cato Institute
	}}
	</ref> and that in that case they might have ended up hurting the people instead.<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E1DB173DF93BA15754C0A9669C8B63
	|title=Cheney Slips in Explaining A Vote on Freeing Mandela
	|date=2000-07-28
	|accessdate=2008-03-19
	|publisher=The New York Times
	}}
	</ref>
			==U.S. House of Representatives (1979–1989)==
	In 1986, Cheney, along with 145 Republicans and 31 Democrats, voted against a non-binding Congressional resolution calling on the South African government to release ] from prison, after the Democrats defeated proposed amendments that would have required Mandela to renounce violence sponsored by the ] (ANC) and requiring it to oust the ] faction from its leadership; the resolution was defeated. Appearing on ], Cheney addressed criticism for this, saying he opposed the resolution because the ANC "at the time was viewed as a terrorist organization and had a number of interests that were fundamentally inimical to the United States."<ref>
			]
	{{cite news
	|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/30/talk.wrap/index.html
	|title=Cheney defends voting record, blasts Clinton on talk-show circuit
	|publisher=CNN
	|accessdate=2007-12-12
	|date=2000-07-30
	}}</ref>
			===Elections===
	Cheney served as ranking minority member of the Congressional committee investigating the ].<ref name="cheney video"/><ref>
			In 1978, Cheney was elected to represent Wyoming in the ] and succeeded retiring ] Congressman ], having defeated his Democratic opponent, Bill Bagley. Cheney was re-elected five times, serving until 1989.{{cn|date=September 2024}}
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/09/opinion/09wilentz.html?pagewanted=print
	|title=Mr. Cheney's Minority Report
	|author=Sean Wilintz
	|publisher=The New York Times
	|date=2007-07-09
	|accessdate=}}</ref>
			===Tenure===
	Cheney was integral in promotion of Wyoming's ] and ] businesses,<ref>
			====Leadership====
	{{cite web
			In 1987, he was elected Chairman of the ]. The following year, he was elected ].<ref name="1988 hmw">{{cite web |url=http://www.si.edu/about/regents/members.htm |title=The Board of Regents |access-date=January 1, 2008 |publisher=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209233720/http://www.si.edu/about/regents/members.htm |archive-date=February 9, 2008 }}</ref> He served for two and a half months before he was appointed Secretary of Defense instead of former U.S. Senator ], whose nomination had been rejected by the U.S. Senate in March 1989.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>
	|url=http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3582101.html
	|title=Calm After Desert Storm
	|date=Summer 1993
	|accessdate=2008-01-01
	|publisher=Hoover Institution
	}}
	</ref> resulting in the federal building in ] being named the "Dick Cheney Federal Building."<ref>
	{{cite press release
	|url=http://www.house.gov/cubin/news/1999/May25.html
	|title=Cheney Building Dedication to be Held in Casper
	|publisher=United States House of Representatives: Barbara Cubin
	|accessdate=2008-01-01
	|year=1999
	}}
	</ref>
	===House Minority Whip===		====Votes====
			], July 1983]]
	In December 1988, the House Republicans elected Cheney as ], the second spot under the Minority Leader.<ref name="1988 hmw"/> He served for two and a half months before he was appointed Secretary of Defense instead of former Texas Senator ], whose nomination had been rejected by the Senate in March 1989.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>
			He voted against the creation of the ], citing his concern over budget deficits and expansion of the federal government, and claiming that the department was an encroachment on ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dick Cheney on Education |access-date=December 12, 2007 |url=http://www.issues2000.org/2004/Dick_Cheney_Education.htm |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040918102730/http://www.issues2000.org/2004/Dick_Cheney_Education.htm |archive-date=September 18, 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref> He voted against funding ], but reversed his position in 2000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.commondreams.org/views/072800-101.htm |title=Dick Cheney, Fiscal Conservative? |access-date=December 12, 2007 |date=July 28, 2000 |work=The New York Times |last=McIntyre |first=Robert S. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024034348/http://www.commondreams.org/views/072800-101.htm |archive-date=October 24, 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
			Cheney initially voted in 1978 against establishing a national holiday in honor of ], but supported creation of ] five years later, in 1983.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/04/the-complicated.html|title=The Complicated History of John McCain and MLK Day|author=Saira Anees|date=April 4, 2008|publisher=ABC|quote=Dick Cheney...voted for the holiday. (Cheney had voted against it in 1978.)|access-date=October 22, 2015|archive-date=May 25, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525210720/http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/04/the-complicated.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
	==Secretary of Defense==
	] Dick Cheney]]
			Cheney supported ]'s (R-IL) bid to become Republican Minority Leader.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Politico|access-date=May 6, 2012|url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0811/62194_Page4.html#ixzz1WMqFuKGX|title=A political junkie's guide to Dick Cheney's memoir|author=Jonathan Martin|archive-date=March 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309101513/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0811/62194_Page4.html#ixzz1WMqFuKGX|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 1980, Cheney endorsed Governor ] for president, becoming one of Reagan's earliest supporters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GaglAAAAIBAJ&pg=3700,2616822&dq=richard+cheney|title=Reagan gains backing of 36 House Republicans|agency=Associated Press|page=10}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
	]
	President ] nominated Cheney for the office of ] immediately after the U.S. Senate failed to confirm ] for that position.<ref name=EB1990YB>{{Citation
			In 1986, after President ] vetoed a bill to impose ] on South Africa for its policy of ], Cheney was one of 83 Representatives to vote against overriding Reagan's veto.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fpif.org/commentary/0012africa.html |title=The Coming Apathy: Africa Policy Under a Bush Administration |year=2001 |access-date=December 18, 2007 |last=Booker |first=Salih |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040918102730/http://www.fpif.org/commentary/0012africa.html |archive-date=September 18, 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In later years, he articulated his opposition to unilateral sanctions against many different countries, stating "they almost never work"<ref>{{cite web |date=June 23, 1998 |url=http://www.cato.org/speeches/sp-dc062398.html |title=Defending Liberty in a Global Economy |access-date=December 12, 2007 |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040918102730/http://www.cato.org/speeches/sp-dc062398.html |archive-date=September 18, 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and that in that case they might have ended up hurting the people instead.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/28/us/2000-campaign-record-cheney-slips-explaining-vote-freeing-mandela.html |title=Cheney Slips in Explaining A Vote on Freeing Mandela |date=July 28, 2000 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times |first=David E. |last=Rosenbaum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040918102730/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E1DB173DF93BA15754C0A9669C8B63 |archive-date=September 18, 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref>
	| first = Charles Johnson
	| last = Taggart
			In 1986, Cheney, along with 145 Republicans and 31 Democrats, voted against a non-binding Congressional resolution calling on the South African government to release ] from prison, after the Democrats defeated proposed amendments that would have required Mandela to renounce violence sponsored by the ] (ANC) and requiring it to oust the communist faction from its leadership; the resolution was defeated. Appearing on ], Cheney addressed criticism for this, saying he opposed the resolution because the ANC "at the time was viewed as a terrorist organization and had a number of interests that were fundamentally inimical to the United States."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/30/talk.wrap/index.html |title=Cheney defends voting record, blasts Clinton on talk-show circuit |work=CNN|access-date=December 12, 2007 |date=July 30, 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402101455/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/30/talk.wrap/index.html |archive-date=April 2, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	| author-link = Charles Johnson Taggart
	| contribution = Cheney, Richard Bruce
			===Committee assignments===
	| title = 1990 Britannica Book of the Year
			Originally declining, U.S. Congressman ] persuaded Cheney to join the moderate Republican Wednesday Group in order to move up the leadership ranks. He was elected ] from 1981 to 1987. Cheney was the Ranking Member of the Select Committee to investigate the ].<ref name="cheney video"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PM8dAAAAIBAJ&pg=6843%2C5129735&dq=dick+cheney+committee+assignments|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702233144/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PM8dAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cCQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6843%2C5129735&dq=dick+cheney+committee+assignments|url-status=dead|title=The Times-News |via=Google News Archive Search|date=July 11, 2012|archive-date=July 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/09/opinion/09wilentz.html |title=Mr. Cheney's Minority Report |author=Sean Wilintz |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 9, 2007 |place=] |archive-date=March 14, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314233608/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/09/opinion/09wilentz.html }}</ref> He promoted Wyoming's petroleum and coal businesses as well.<ref>{{cite web |date=Summer 1993 |url=http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3582101.html |title=Calm After Desert Storm |access-date=January 1, 2008 |publisher=] |archive-date=July 30, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070730081935/http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3582101.html }}</ref>
	| year = 1990
	| page = 85
			==Secretary of Defense (1989–1993)==
	| publisher = Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
			] Dick Cheney, 1989–1993]]
	| place = Chicago
			]]]
	| isbn = 0-85229-522-7
	}}</ref> The senate confirmed Cheney by a vote of 92 to 0<ref name="EB1990YB" /> and he served in that office from March 1989 to January 1993. He directed the ] and ] in the Middle East. In 1991 he was awarded the ] by President Bush.<ref name="1988 hmw"/>		President ] nominated Cheney for the office of ] immediately after the U.S. Senate failed to confirm ] for that position.<ref name=EB1990YB>{{cite book|first=Charles Johnson|last=Taggart|contribution= Cheney, Richard Bruce|title=1990 Britannica Book of the Year|year=1990|page=85|publisher=], Inc.|place=Chicago|isbn=0-85229-522-7}}</ref> The senate confirmed Cheney by a vote of 92 to 0<ref name="EB1990YB"/> and he served in that office from March 1989 to January 1993. He directed the ] and ] in the Middle East. In 1991, he was awarded the ] by Bush.<ref name="1988 hmw"/><ref name="CNN2013-09-21"/> Later that year, he received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national |title=Jefferson Awards Foundation |website=Jeffersonawards.org |access-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national |archive-date=November 24, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
			Cheney has said his time at the Pentagon was the most rewarding period of his public service career, calling it "the one that stands out."<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2014 |title=Vice President Dick Cheney: Personal Reflections on his Public Life |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CoZkP3O8g8s |access-date=June 28, 2023 |website=YouTube |publisher=]}}</ref> In 2014, Cheney recounted that when he met with President ] to accept the offer, he passed a painting in the private residence entitled ''The Peacemakers,'' which depicted President Lincoln, General Grant, and ]. "My great-grandfather had served under William Tecumseh Sherman throughout the war," Cheney said, "and it occurred to me as I was in the room as I walked in to talk to the President about becoming Secretary of Defense, I wondered what he would have thought that his great-grandson would someday be in the White House with the President talking about taking over the reins of the U.S. military."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/dick-cheney/ |title=Dick Cheney on Conversations with Bill Kristol |website=Conversationswithbillkristol.org |access-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-date=October 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020163336/http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/dick-cheney/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
	===Early tenure===		===Early tenure===
	Cheney worked closely with ], Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs, and ], Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, from the beginning of his tenure. He focused primarily on external matters, and left most internal Pentagon management to Deputy Secretary of Defense ]<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>		Cheney worked closely with ], ], and ], ], from the beginning of his tenure. He focused primarily on external matters, and left most of the internal DoD management to ] ].<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>
	===Budgetary practices===		===Budgetary practices===
			]
	Cheney's most immediate issue as Secretary of Defense was the ] budget. Cheney deemed it appropriate to cut the budget and downsize the military, following President ]'s peacetime defense buildup at the height of the ].<ref>
	{{cite journal
			Cheney's most immediate issue as Secretary of Defense was the ] budget. Cheney deemed it appropriate to cut the budget and downsize the military, following the ]'s peacetime defense buildup at the height of the ].<ref>{{cite journal|last= Bartels|first=Larry M.|title=Constituency Opinion and Congressional Policy Making: The Reagan Defense Build Up|journal=The American Political Science Review|date=June 1, 1991|volume=85|issue=2|pages=457–474|issn=0003-0554|jstor=1963169|doi=10.2307/1963169|s2cid=28751110|url= http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fdee/96153a27e69e49c0947057f712b62f2aa790.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190309033318/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fdee/96153a27e69e49c0947057f712b62f2aa790.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-date= March 9, 2019}}</ref> As part of the fiscal year 1990 budget, Cheney assessed the requests from each of the branches of the armed services for such expensive programs as the ] Naval attack aircraft, the ] stealth bomber, the ] tilt-wing ], the ] and the ], totaling approximately $4.5 billion in light of changed world politics.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> Cheney opposed the V-22 program, which Congress had already appropriated funds for, and initially refused to issue contracts for it before relenting.<ref>{{cite news|author=] |work=] |date=November 26, 2006 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/11/26/hail_to_the_chief/?page=4 |title=Hail to the chief: Dick Cheney's mission to expand – or 'restore' – the powers of the presidency |access-date=February 26, 2008 |archive-date=May 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512030214/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/11/26/hail_to_the_chief/?page=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	|last=Bartels
			When the 1990 Budget came before Congress in the summer of 1989, it settled on a figure between the Administration's request and the ]'s recommendation.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/cheney.htm |title=Richard B. Cheney: 17th Secretary of Defense |access-date=December 12, 2007 |publisher=United States Department of Defense |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040401100903/http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/cheney.htm |archive-date=April 1, 2004 |url-status=dead }}{{Source-attribution}}</ref>
	|first=Larry M.
	|title=Constituency Opinion and Congressional Policy Making: The Reagan Defense Build Up
	|journal=The American Political Science Review
	|year=1991
	|volume=85
	|issue=2
	|pages= 457&ndash;474
	|doi=10.2307/1963169
	}}
	</ref> As part of the fiscal year 1990 budget, Cheney assessed the requests from each of the branches of the armed services for such expensive programs as the ] stealth bomber, the ] Osprey tilt-wing ], the ] and the ], totaling approximately $4.5 billion in light of changed world politics.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> Cheney opposed the V-22 program, which Congress had already appropriated funds for, and initially refused to issue contracts for it before relenting.<ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/11/26/hail_to_the_chief/?page=4
	|title=Hail to the chief: Dick Cheney's mission to expand -or 'restore' - the powers of the presidency
	|author=Charlie Savage
	|publisher=The Boston Globe
	|date=2006-11-26
	|accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref>
	When the 1990 Budget came before Congress in the summer of 1989, it settled on a figure between the Administration's request and the ]'s recommendation.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio">
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/cheney.htm
	|title=Richard B. Cheney:17th Secretary of Defense
	|accessdate=2007-12-12
	|publisher=United States Department of Defense
	}}
	</ref>
	]
	In subsequent years under Cheney, the proposed and adopted budgets followed patterns similar to that of 1990. Early in 1991, he unveiled a plan to reduce military strength by the mid-1990s to 1.6 million, compared with 2.2 million when he entered office. Cheney's 1993 defense budget was reduced from 1992, omitting programs that Congress had directed the Department of Defense to buy weapons that it did not want, and omitting unrequested reserve forces.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>		In subsequent years under Cheney, the proposed and adopted budgets followed patterns similar to that of 1990. Early in 1991, he unveiled a plan to reduce military strength by the mid-1990s to 1.6 million, compared with 2.2 million when he entered office. Cheney's 1993 defense budget was reduced from 1992, omitting programs that Congress had directed the Department of Defense to buy weapons that it did not want, and omitting unrequested reserve forces.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>
	Over his four years as Secretary of Defense, Cheney downsized the military and his budgets showed negative real growth, despite pressures to acquire weapon systems advocated by Congress. The Department of Defense's total obligational authority in current dollars declined from $291 billion to $270 billion. Total military personnel strength decreased by 19 percent, from about 2.2 million in 1989 to about 1.8 million in 1993.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>		Over his four years as Secretary of Defense, Cheney downsized the military and his budgets showed negative real growth, despite pressures to acquire weapon systems advocated by Congress. The Department of Defense's total obligational authority in current dollars declined from $291 billion to $270 billion. Total military personnel strength decreased by 19 percent, from about 2.2 million in 1989 to about 1.8 million in 1993.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> Notwithstanding the overall reduction in military spending, Cheney directed the development of a Pentagon plan to ensure U.S. military dominance in the post-Cold War era.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb245/index.htm |title="Prevent the Reemergence of a New Rival" – The Making of the Cheney Regional Defense Strategy, 1991–1992 |publisher=] |access-date=November 28, 2011 |archive-date=March 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303000951/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb245/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	===Political climate and agenda===		===Political climate and agenda===
	Cheney publicly expressed concern that nations such as ], ], and ], could acquire nuclear components after the collapse of the ] in 1991. The end of the Cold War, the fall of the Soviet Union, and the disintegration of the ] obliged the first Bush Administration to reevaluate the ] (NATO's) purpose and makeup. Cheney believed that NATO should remain the foundation of European security relationships and that it would remain important to the United States in the long term; he urged the alliance to lend more assistance to the new democracies in Eastern Europe.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>		Cheney publicly expressed concern that nations such as ], ], and ], could acquire nuclear components after the ] in 1991. The end of the Cold War, the fall of the Soviet Union, and the disintegration of the ] obliged the first Bush Administration to reevaluate the ] (NATO's) purpose and makeup. Cheney believed that NATO should remain the foundation of European security relationships and that it would remain important to the United States in the long term; he urged the alliance to lend more assistance to the new democracies in Eastern Europe.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>
	Cheney's views on NATO reflected his skepticism about prospects for peaceful social development in the former ] countries, where he saw a high potential for political uncertainty and instability. He felt that the Bush Administration was too optimistic in supporting ] ] and his successor, ] ].<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> Cheney worked to maintain strong ties between the United States and its European allies.<ref>		Cheney's views on NATO reflected his skepticism about prospects for peaceful social development in the former ] countries, where he saw a high potential for political uncertainty and instability. He felt that the Bush Administration was too optimistic in supporting ] ] and his successor, Russian President ].<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> Cheney not only wanted the break-up of the USSR but also of Russia itself.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gates |first1=Robert |title=Duty : Memoirs of a Secretary at War |publisher=Vintage Books |page=97 |date=2014}}</ref> Cheney worked to maintain strong ties between the United States and its European allies.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Defense Department Report, Wednesday, October 14 (10/14/92) |publisher=Department of Defense |date=October 14, 1992 |url=https://fas.org/news/usa/1992/56297759-56300711.htm |access-date=December 12, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040303004546/https://fas.org/news/usa/1992/56297759-56300711.htm |archive-date=March 3, 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	{{cite press release
	| title = Defense Department Report, Wednesday, October 14 (10/14/92)
	| publisher = Department of Defense
	|date=1992-10-14
	| url = http://www.fas.org/news/usa/1992/56297759-56300711.htm
	| accessdate = 2007-12-12
	}}
	</ref>
	Cheney persuaded the Saudi Arabian leaders to allow bases of American ground troops and war planes in the nation, which became an important element of the success of the ].<ref name="JINSA"/>		Cheney persuaded the ] to allow bases for U.S. ground troops and war planes in the nation. This was an important element of the success of the ], as well as a lightning-rod for ]s, such as ], who opposed having non-Muslim armies near their holy sites.<ref name="JINSA"/>
	===International situations===		===International situations===
	Using economic sanctions and political pressure, the United States mounted a campaign to drive ]nian ruler General ] from power.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> In May 1989, after ] had been duly elected President of Panama, Noriega nullified the election outcome, drawing intensified pressure. In October, Noriega suppressed a ] attempt, but in December, after his defense forces shot a U.S. serviceman, ] under Cheney's direction. The stated reason for the invasion was to seize Noriega to face drug charges in the United States, protect American lives and property, and restore Panamanian civil liberties.<ref>		Using ] and political pressure, the United States mounted a campaign to drive Panamanian ruler General ] from power after he fell from favor.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> In May 1989, after ] had been duly elected ], Noriega nullified the election outcome, drawing intensified pressure. In October, Noriega suppressed a ], but in December, after soldiers of the ] killed a U.S. serviceman, the United States invasion of Panama began under Cheney's direction. The stated reason for the invasion was to seize Noriega to face drug charges in the United States, protect U.S. lives and property, and restore Panamanian ].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
	{{cite encyclopedia		|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica
			|title=Panama: Invasion of Panama
	| encyclopedia =Encyclopedia Britannica
			|access-date=July 19, 2012
	| title = Panama: Invasion of Panama
	| url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-213962/Panama		|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440722/Panama/213961/Rule-by-Torrijos-and-Noriega#toc213962
			|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
	| accessdate = 2007-12-12
			|pages=44
	| publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
			|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427230124/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440722/Panama/213961/Rule-by-Torrijos-and-Noriega
	| pages = 44
			|archive-date=April 27, 2008
			|url-status=dead
	}}		}}
			</ref> Although the mission was controversial,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/03/opinion/observer-is-this-justice-necessary.html |title=Observer; Is This Justice Necessary? |date=January 3, 1990 |access-date=December 12, 2007 |work=The New York Times |first=Russell |last=Baker |archive-date=June 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616105410/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE5DF123FF930A35752C0A966958260 |url-status=dead }}</ref> U.S. forces achieved control of ] and Endara assumed the presidency; Noriega was convicted and imprisoned on ] and drug trafficking charges in April 1992.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
	</ref> Although the mission was controversial,<ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE5DF123FF930A35752C0A966958260
	|title=Observer; Is This Justice Necessary?
	|date=1990-01-03
	|accessdate=2007-12-12
	|publisher=''The New York Times''
	}}
	</ref> American forces achieved control and Endara assumed the Presidency; Noriega was convicted and imprisoned on racketeering and drug trafficking charges in April 1992.<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/just_cause.htm|title=Operation Just Cause
	|date=2005-04-27
	|accessdate=2007-12-12|
	editor=John Pike
	}}</ref>
			In 1991, the ] drew the world's attention. In August 1992, the United States began to provide ], primarily food, through a military airlift. At President Bush's direction, Cheney dispatched the first of 26,000 U.S. troops to ] as part of the ] (UNITAF), designed to provide security and food relief.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> Cheney's successors as Secretary of Defense, ] and ], had to contend with both the ] and Somali issues.
	]
	In 1991, the ] drew the world's attention. In August 1992, the United States began to provide humanitarian assistance, primarily food, through a military airlift. At President Bush's direction, Cheney dispatched the first of 26,000 U.S. troops to ] as part of the ] (UNITAF), designed to provide security and food relief.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> Cheney's successors as Secretary of Defense, ] and ], had to contend with both the Bosnian and Somali issues.
	====Iraqi invasion of Kuwait====		====Iraqi invasion of Kuwait====
			On August 1, 1990, Iraqi President ] ], a small petroleum-rich state long claimed by Iraq as part of its territory. This invasion sparked the initiation of the ] and it brought worldwide condemnation.<ref name="gulf war pbs">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/cron/ |title=The Gulf War: Chronology |publisher=PBS |access-date=December 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011234650/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/cron/ |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> An estimated 140,000 ] quickly took control of ] and moved on to the ]/Kuwait border.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> The United States had already begun to develop contingency plans for the defense of Saudi Arabia by the ], headed by General ], because of its important petroleum reserves.
	Cheney would face a big challenge in the ], on August 1, 1990, Iraqi President ] ], a small oil-rich country long claimed by Iraq.<ref name="gulf war pbs">
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/cron/
	|title=The Gulf War: Chronology|accessdate=2007-12-13
	|publisher=PBS
	}}
	</ref> An estimated 140,000 Iraqi troops quickly took control of ] and moved on to the Saudi Arabia/Kuwait border.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> The United States had already begun to develop contingency plans for defense of Saudi Arabia by the ], headed by General ].
	=====US and world reaction=====		=====U.S. and world reaction=====
	] in ] to discuss how to handle the invasion of Kuwait]]		] in Saudi Arabia to discuss how to handle the ], December 1, 1990]]
	Cheney and Schwarzkopf oversaw planning for what would become a full-scale U.S. military operation. According to General ], Cheney "had become a glutton for information, with an appetite we could barely satisfy. He spent hours in the National Military Command Center peppering my staff with questions."<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>		Cheney and Schwarzkopf oversaw planning for what would become a full-scale U.S. military operation. According to General ], Cheney "had become a glutton for information, with an appetite we could barely satisfy. He spent hours in the ] peppering my staff with questions."<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>
	Shortly after the Iraqi invasion, Cheney made the first of several visits to Saudi Arabia where ] requested U.S. military assistance. The ] took action as well, passing a series of resolutions condemning Iraq's invasion of Kuwait; the ] authorized "all means necessary" to eject Iraq from Kuwait, and demanded that the country withdraw its forces by January 15, 1991.<ref name="gulf war pbs"/> By then, the United States had a force of about 500,000 stationed in Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf. Other nations, including Great Britain, Canada, France, Italy, Syria, and Egypt, contributed troops, and other allies, most notably Germany and Japan, agreed to provide financial support for the coalition effort, named ].<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>		Shortly after the Iraqi invasion, Cheney made the first of several visits to Saudi Arabia where ] requested U.S. military assistance. The United Nations took action as well, passing a series of resolutions condemning Iraq's invasion of Kuwait; the ] authorized "all means necessary" to eject Iraq from Kuwait, and demanded that the country withdraw its forces by January 15, 1991.<ref name="gulf war pbs"/> By then, the United States had a force of about 500,000 stationed in Saudi Arabia and the ]. Other nations, including Britain, Canada, France, Italy, ], and ], contributed troops, and other allies, most notably Germany and Japan, agreed to provide financial support for the coalition effort, named ].<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>
	On January 12, 1991, both Houses of Congress authorized Bush to use military force to secure Iraq's compliance with UN resolutions on Kuwait.<ref name="gulf war pbs"/>		On January 12, 1991, Congress authorized Bush to use military force to enforce Iraq's compliance with UN resolutions on Kuwait.<ref name="gulf war pbs"/>
	=====Military action=====		=====Military action=====
			], General ], Secretary Cheney, and others about the situation in the Persian Gulf and Operation ], January 15, 1991]]
	The first phase of ], which began on January 17, 1991, was an air offensive to secure air superiority and attack Iraq's forces, targeting key Iraqi command and control centers, including ] and ]. Cheney turned most other Department of Defense matters over to Deputy Secretary Atwood and briefed Congress during the air and ground phases of the war.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> He flew with Powell to the region (specifically ]) to review and finalize the ground war plans.<ref name="gulf war pbs"/>
			The first phase of ], which began on January 17, 1991, was an air offensive to secure air superiority and attack Iraqi forces, targeting key Iraqi command and control centers, including the cities of ] and ]. Cheney turned most other Department of Defense matters over to Deputy Secretary Atwood and briefed Congress during the air and ground phases of the war.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> He flew with Powell to the region to review and finalize the ground war plans.<ref name="gulf war pbs"/>
	After an air offensive of more than five weeks, the UN coalition launched the ground war on February 24. Within 100 hours, Iraqi forces had been routed from Kuwait and Schwarzkopf reported that the basic objective &mdash; expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait &mdash; had been met on February 27.<ref name="gulf war military">
	{{cite web
			After an air offensive of more than five weeks, ] forces launched the ground war on February 24. Within 100 hours, Iraqi forces had been routed from Kuwait and Schwarzkopf reported that the basic objective{{snd}}expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait{{snd}}had been met on February 27.<ref name="gulf war military">{{cite web
	|url=http://www.military.com/Resources/HistorySubmittedFileView?file=history_gulfwar.htm
			|publisher=]
	|title=The Gulf War: A Line in the Sand
			|year=2006
	|accessdate=2007-12-13
			|url=http://www.military.com/Resources/HistorySubmittedFileView?file=history_gulfwar.htm
	|year=2006
			|title=The Gulf War: A Line in the Sand
	|publisher=Military Advantage
			|access-date=December 13, 2007
	}}
			|url-status=live
	</ref> After consultation with Cheney and other members of his national security team, Bush declared a suspension of hostilities.<ref name="gulf war pbs"/>
			|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102093442/http://www.military.com/Resources/HistorySubmittedFileView?file=history_gulfwar.htm
			|archive-date=November 2, 2007
			}}</ref> After consultation with Cheney and other members of his national security team, Bush declared a suspension of hostilities.<ref name="gulf war pbs"/> On working with this national security team, Cheney has said, "there have been five Republican presidents since
			Eisenhower. I worked for four of them and worked closely with a fifth{{snd}}the Reagan years when I was part of the House leadership. The best national security team I ever saw was that one. The least friction, the most cooperation, the highest degree of trust among the principals, especially."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cheney|first1=Dick|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CoZkP3O8g8s#t=1399| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/CoZkP3O8g8s| archive-date=October 27, 2021|title=Conversations with Bill Kristol|date=October 12, 2014 |access-date=October 15, 2014|publisher=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
	=====Aftermath=====		=====Aftermath=====
	A total of 147 U.S. military personnel died in combat, and another 236 died as a result of accidents or other causes.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/><ref name="gulf war military"/> Iraq agreed to a formal truce on March 3, and a permanent cease-fire on April 6.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> There was subsequent debate about whether the UN coalition should have driven as far as Baghdad to oust Saddam Hussein from power. Bush agreed that the decision to end the ground war when they did was correct, but the debate persisted as Hussein remained in power and rebuilt his military forces.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> Arguably the most significant debate concerned whether U.S. and coalition forces had left Iraq too soon.<ref>		A total of 147 U.S. military personnel died in combat, and another 236 died as a result of accidents or other causes.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/><ref name="gulf war military"/> Iraq agreed to a formal truce on March 3, and a permanent cease-fire on April 6.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> There was subsequent debate about whether Coalition forces should have driven as far as Baghdad to oust Saddam Hussein from power. Bush agreed that the decision to end the ground war when they did was correct, but the debate persisted as Hussein remained in power and rebuilt his military forces.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> Arguably the most significant debate concerned whether U.S. and Coalition forces had left Iraq too soon.<ref>
	{{cite web		{{cite web
	|url=http://www.indepthinfo.com/iraq/aftermath.shtml|title=Aftermath of the Gulf War		|url=http://www.indepthinfo.com/iraq/aftermath.shtml
			|title=Aftermath of the Gulf War
			|access-date=December 18, 2007
	|accessdate=2007-12-18
	|publisher=W.J. Rayment		|publisher=W.J. Rayment
			|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102063250/http://www.indepthinfo.com/iraq/aftermath.shtml
	}}
			|archive-date=November 2, 2007
	</ref><ref>
			|url-status=dead
	{{cite journal
	| last = Strauss
			}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Strauss|first=Mark|date=March–April 2002|title=Attacking Iraq|journal=]|issue=129|pages=14–19|doi=10.2307/3183385|issn=0015-7228|jstor=3183385}}</ref> In an April 15, 1994, interview with C-SPAN, Cheney was asked if the U.S.-led Coalition forces should have moved into Baghdad. Cheney replied that occupying and attempting to take over the country would have been a "bad idea" and would have led to a "quagmire", explaining that:
	| first = Mark
			<blockquote>
	|date=March-April 2002
			we'd gone to Baghdad we would have been all alone. There wouldn't have been anybody else with us. There would have been a U.S. occupation of Iraq. None of the Arab forces that were willing to fight with us in Kuwait were willing to invade Iraq. Once you got to Iraq and took it over, took down Saddam Hussein's government, then what are you going to put in its place? That's a very volatile part of the world, and if you take down the central government of Iraq, you could very easily end up seeing pieces of Iraq fly off: part of it, the Syrians would like to have to the west, part of it{{snd}}eastern Iraq{{snd}}the Iranians would like to claim, they fought over it for eight years. In the north you've got the Kurds, and if the Kurds spin loose and join with the Kurds in Turkey, then you threaten the territorial integrity of Turkey. It's a quagmire if you go that far and try to take over Iraq. The other thing was casualties. Everyone was impressed with the fact we were able to do our job with as few casualties as we had. But for the 146 Americans killed in action, and for their families{{snd}}it wasn't a cheap war. And the question for the president, in terms of whether or not we went on to Baghdad, took additional casualties in an effort to get Saddam Hussein, was how many additional dead Americans is Saddam worth? Our judgment was, not very many, and I think we got it right.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=]|date=April 15, 1994|access-date=October 25, 2007|title=Life and Career of Dick Cheney: American Profile Interview|url=http://www.c-spanarchives.org/library/index.php?main_page=product_video_info&products_id=58277-1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026202426/http://www.c-spanarchives.org/library/index.php?main_page=product_video_info&products_id=58277-1|archive-date=October 26, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Jon |last=Garfunkel |url=https://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2007/08/cheney_video_huntthe_tangled_s.html |title=Cheney Video Hunt: The Tangled State of Archived News Footage Online |publisher=Public Broadcasting System |date=August 22, 2007 |access-date=October 25, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104154634/http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2007/08/cheney_video_huntthe_tangled_s.html |archive-date=November 4, 2007 |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref>
	| title = Attacking Iraq
			</blockquote>
	| journal = Foreign Policy
	| issue = 129
	| pages = 14–19
	| publisher = JSTOR
	| doi = 10.2307/3183385
	| url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0015-7228(200203%2F04)129%3C14%3AAI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-2
	| accessdate = 2007-12-18
	}}
	</ref> In an April 15, 1994 interview with C-SPAN, Cheney explained that occupying and attempting to take over the country would have been a "bad idea" and would have led to a "quagmire."<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.c-spanarchives.org/library/index.php?main_page=product_video_info&products_id=58277-1
	| title=Life and Career of Dick Cheney: American Profile Interview
	| publisher=C-SPAN
	|date=1994-04-15
	| accessdate=2007-10-25
	}}
	</ref><ref>
	{{cite web
	| last=Garfunkel
	| first=Jon
	| url=http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2007/08/cheney_video_huntthe_tangled_s.html
	| title=Cheney Video Hunt: The Tangled State of Archived News Footage Online
	| publisher=Public Broadcasting System
	|date=2007-08-22
	| accessdate=2007-10-25
	}}
	</ref>
	Cheney regarded the Gulf War as an example of the kind of regional problem the United States was likely to continue to face in the future.<ref>		Cheney regarded the Gulf War as an example of the kind of regional problem the United States was likely to continue to face in the future:<ref>{{cite web
			|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/oral/cheney/2.html
	{{cite web
			|title=Oral History: Richard Cheney
	| url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/oral/cheney/2.html
			|publisher=Public Broadcasting System
	| title=Oral History: Richard Cheney
			|access-date=October 25, 2007
	| publisher=Public Broadcasting System
			|archive-date=October 25, 2007
	| author=
			|url-status=live
	| date=
			|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025065845/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/oral/cheney/2.html
	| accessdate=2007-10-25
	}}
	</ref>		}}</ref>
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	We're always going to have to be involved . Maybe it's part of our national character, you know we like to have these problems nice and neatly wrapped up, put a ribbon around it. You deploy a force, you win the war and the problem goes away and it doesn't work that way in the Middle East it never has and isn't likely to in my lifetime.		We're always going to have to be involved . Maybe it's part of our national character, you know we like to have these problems nice and neatly wrapped up, put a ribbon around it. You deploy a force, you win the war and the problem goes away. But it doesn't work that way in the Middle East. It never has, and isn't likely to in my lifetime.
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>
	==Private sector career==		==Private sector career==
	Between 1987 and 1989, during his last term in Congress, Cheney was a director of the ] foreign policy organization.<ref name=cfr>{{cite web		Between 1987 and 1989, during his last term in Congress, Cheney served on the board of the ] foreign policy organization.<ref name=cfr>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/appendix.html |title=The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996 – Historical Roster of Directors and Officers 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207083316/http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/appendix.html |archive-date=February 7, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
	|url=http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/appendix.html
	|title=The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996 - Historical Roster of Directors and Officers}}</ref>
	With the new Democratic administration under President ] in ], Cheney left the Department of Defense and joined the ]. He also served a second term as a Council on Foreign Relations director from 1993 to 1995.<ref name=cfr/> From 1995 until 2000, he served as Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of ], a ] company and market leader in the energy sector.		With the inauguration of the new Democratic administration under President ] in ], Cheney joined the ]. He also served a second term as a Council on Foreign Relations director from 1993 to 1995.<ref name=cfr/>
			From October 1, 1995<ref>{{cite news |last1=Myerson |first1=Allen R. |title=Halliburton Picks Cheney To Be Chief |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/11/business/halliburton-picks-cheney-to-be-chief.html |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=August 11, 1995 |archive-date=February 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227195112/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/11/business/halliburton-picks-cheney-to-be-chief.html |url-status=live }}</ref> to July 25, 2000,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sherri |first1=Chunn |title=Cheney Resigns As Halliburton CEO |url=https://apnews.com/article/9e3dbc5cb5623501b2b90cd39f08e260 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=Associated Press |date=July 25, 2000 |language=en |archive-date=February 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227195114/https://apnews.com/article/9e3dbc5cb5623501b2b90cd39f08e260 |url-status=live }}</ref> he served as chairman of the board and chief executive officer of ], a ] company. Cheney resigned as CEO on the same day he was announced as George Bush's vice-presidential pick in the 2000 election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cheney to Join Bush on GOP Ticket |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=123344&page=1 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=ABC News |date=July 25, 2000 |language=en |archive-date=February 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227195118/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=123344&page=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
	Cheney's record as CEO was subject to some dispute among Wall Street analysts; a 1998 merger between Halliburton and ] attracted the criticism of some Dresser executives for Halliburton's lack of accounting transparency.<ref>
	{{cite news
	| title= THE 2000 CAMPAIGN; Cheney Has Mixed Record In Business Executive Role
	| last =Henriques
	| first =Diana B.
	| last2 =Bergman
	| first2 =Lowell
	| last3 =Oppel
	| first3 =Richard A. Jr.
	| last4 =Moss
	| first4 =Michael
	| publisher=The New York Times
	|date=2000-08-24
	| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00EEDB1431F937A1575BC0A9669C8B63
	}}
	</ref> During Cheney's tenure, Halliburton changed its accounting practices regarding revenue realization of disputed costs on major construction projects.<ref>
	{{cite news
	| title= Under Cheney, Halliburton Altered Policy On Accounting
	| last =Berenson
	| first =Alex
	| last2 =Bergman
	| first2 =Lowell
	| publisher=The New York Times
	|date=2002-05-22
	| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9803E6DF1038F931A15756C0A9649C8B63
	}}
	</ref> Cheney resigned as CEO of Halliburton on July 25, 2000. As vice president, he argued that this step removed any ]. Cheney's net worth, estimated to be between $30 million and $100 million, is largely derived from his post at Halliburton, as well as the Cheneys' gross income of nearly $8.82 million.<ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/09/26/politics/main575356.shtml
	|title=Cheney's Halliburton Ties Remain
	|publisher=CBS News
	|accessdate=2007-12-13
	|date=2003-09-26
	}}
	</ref>
			Cheney's record as CEO was subject to some dispute among ] analysts. A 1998 merger between Halliburton and ] attracted the criticism of some Dresser executives for Halliburton's lack of accounting transparency.<ref>{{cite news|title=The 2000 Campaign; Cheney Has Mixed Record In Business Executive Role |last1=Henriques |first1=Diana B. |last2=Bergman |first2=Lowell |last3=Oppel |first3=Richard A. Jr. |last4=Moss |first4=Michael |work=The New York Times |date=August 24, 2000 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/24/us/the-2000-campaign-cheney-has-mixed-record-in-business-executive-role.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206195119/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00EEDB1431F937A1575BC0A9669C8B63 |url-status=live |archive-date=December 6, 2008 }}</ref> Halliburton shareholders pursued a ] alleging that the corporation artificially inflated its stock price during this period, though Cheney was not named as an individual ] in the suit. In June 2011, the ] reversed a lower court ruling and allowed the case to continue in litigation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Halliburton Securities Fraud Lawsuit Reinstated |last=Vincini |first=James |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-halliburton-lawsuit-idUSTRE75532D20110606 |work=Reuters |date=June 6, 2011 |access-date=April 3, 2012 |archive-date=June 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609000909/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/06/us-halliburton-lawsuit-idUSTRE75532D20110606 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cheney was named in a December 2010 corruption complaint filed by the Nigerian government against Halliburton, which the ].<ref name=Bloomberg>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-17/nigeria-withdraws-charges-against-cheney-halliburton.html |title=Nigeria Withdraws Charges Against Cheney, Halliburton |work=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222163158/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-17/nigeria-withdraws-charges-against-cheney-halliburton.html |archive-date=December 22, 2010 |access-date=December 18, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	In 1997, along with Donald Rumsfeld, ] and others, Cheney founded the ], a ] U.S. think tank whose self-stated goal is to "promote American global leadership."<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.newamericancentury.org/statementofprinciples.htm|title=About PNAC
	|publisher=newamericancentury.org
	|accessdate=2007-07-18
	}}
	</ref> He was also part of the board of advisors of the ] (JINSA) before becoming vice president.<ref name="JINSA">
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/1082/documentid/1084/history/3,2360,656,1082,1084
	|title=President-elect G.W. Bush: Key Defense Appointments and Arms Control Policy
	|publisher=Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA)
	|accessdate=2007-12-13
	|date=2000-12-18
	}}
	</ref>
			During Cheney's term, Halliburton changed its accounting practices regarding revenue realization of disputed costs on major construction projects.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Berenson |first1=Alex |last2=Bergman |first2=Lowell |date=May 22, 2002 |title=Under Cheney, Halliburton Altered Policy On Accounting |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/22/business/under-cheney-halliburton-altered-policy-on-accounting-160164.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207201207/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9803E6DF1038F931A15756C0A9649C8B63 |archive-date=December 7, 2008 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Cheney resigned as CEO of Halliburton on July 25, 2000. As vice president, he argued that this step, along with establishing a trust and other actions, removed any ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2004/09/kerry-ad-falsely-accuses-cheney-on-halliburton/|title=Kerry Ad Falsely Accuses Cheney on Halliburton|website=Factcheck.org|date=September 30, 2004|access-date=October 9, 2019|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729221403/https://www.factcheck.org/2004/09/kerry-ad-falsely-accuses-cheney-on-halliburton/|url-status=live}}</ref> Cheney's net worth, estimated to be between $19 million and $86 million,<ref>{{cite news|work=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cheneys-halliburton-ties-remain/ |title=Cheney's Halliburton Ties Remain |access-date=December 13, 2007 |date=September 26, 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020042015/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/09/26/politics/main575356.shtml |archive-date=October 20, 2007 }}</ref> is largely derived from his post at Halliburton.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chatterjee |first=Pratap |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/jun/08/dick-cheney-halliburton-supreme-court |title=Dick Cheney's Halliburton: a corporate case study |access-date=July 2, 2013 |newspaper=] |date=June 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612055538/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/jun/08/dick-cheney-halliburton-supreme-court |location=London |archive-date=June 12, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
	==Vice Presidency==
			His 2006 gross joint income with his wife was nearly $8.82 million.<ref>
	===2000 election===
			{{cite news|title=Cheney income tops Bush 12-fold|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C04%5C16%5Cstory_16-4-2006_pg4_10|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130702090411/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C04%5C16%5Cstory_16-4-2006_pg4_10|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 2, 2013|access-date=July 2, 2013|newspaper=]|location=]|date=April 16, 2006}}</ref>
	{{seealso|United States presidential election, 2000}}
	] during his visit to ], 2003]]
			He was also a member of the board of advisors of the ] (JINSA) before becoming vice president.<ref name="JINSA">{{cite web
	In early 2000, while serving as the CEO of Halliburton, Cheney headed ]'s vice-presidential search committee. On July 25, after reviewing Cheney's findings, Bush surprised some ]s by asking Cheney himself to join the Republican ticket.<ref name="cheney video"/> Halliburton reportedly reached agreement on July 20 to allow Cheney to retire, with a package estimated at $20 million.<ref>
			|url=http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/1082/documentid/1084/history/3,2360,656,1082,1084
	{{cite news
			|title=President-elect G.W. Bush: Key Defense Appointments and Arms Control Policy
	| title= The 2000 Campaign: The Republican Running Mate&mdash;Cheney Is Said to Be Receiving $20 Million Retirement Package
			|publisher=] (JINSA)
	| last =Henriques
			|access-date=December 13, 2007
	| first =Diana B.
			|date=December 18, 2000
	| last2 =Bergman
			|url-status=live
	| first2 =Lowell
			|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025065845/http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/1082/documentid/1084/history/3%2C2360%2C656%2C1082%2C1084
	| last3 =Norris
			|archive-date=October 25, 2007
	| first3 =Floyd
	| publisher=The New York Times
	|date=2000-08-12
	| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9502EEDE123FF931A2575BC0A9669C8B63
	}}		}}
	</ref>		</ref>
			==2000 presidential election==
	Cheney campaigned against ]'s running mate, ], in the 2000 presidential election. Cheney, who had been typecast as being aloof during most of the campaign, was remarkably lively during his visit to ], where he rode the ], danced the ], served attendees ] with stuffed cabbage and addressed a cheering crowd.<ref></ref>
			{{See also|2000 United States presidential election|Presidential transition of George W. Bush}}
			]
			In early 2000, while serving as the CEO of Halliburton, Cheney headed then-] ]'s vice-presidential search committee. On July 25, after reviewing Cheney's findings, Bush surprised some pundits by asking Cheney himself to join the Republican ticket.<ref name="cheney video"/><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Six Questions for Bart Gellman, Author of Angler |last=Horton |first=Scott |magazine=] |date=September 18, 2008 |access-date=September 13, 2010 |url=http://www.harpers.org/archive/2008/09/hbc-90003554 |archive-date=September 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918153733/http://www.harpers.org/archive/2008/09/hbc-90003554 |url-status=live }}</ref> Halliburton reportedly reached agreement on July 20 to allow Cheney to retire, with a package estimated at $20 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=The 2000 Campaign: The Republican Running Mate – Cheney Is Said to Be Receiving $20 Million Retirement Package |last1=Henriques |first1=Diana B. |last2=Bergman |first2=Lowell |last3=Norris |first3=Floyd |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 12, 2000 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/12/us/2000-campaign-republican-running-mate-cheney-said-be-receiving-20-million.html |url-status=live |archive-date=December 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207233841/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9502EEDE123FF931A2575BC0A9669C8B63 }}</ref>
	While the election was undecided, the Bush-Cheney team was not eligible for public funding to plan a transition to a new administration. So, Cheney opened a privately funded transition office in Washington. This office worked to identify candidates for all important positions in the cabinet.<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~action/chrntran.html
	|title=The New Administration Takes Shape
	|last =Appleman
	|first =Eric M.
	|publisher=George Washington University
	|accessdate=2007-11-13
	}}
	</ref> According to ], Cheney advocated Donald Rumsfeld for the post of Secretary of Defense to counter the influence of ] at the State Department, and tried unsuccessfully to have Paul D. Wolfowitz named to replace ] as director of the ].<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2007/11/09/house_of_bush_3/print.html
	|title=How Cheney took control of Bush's foreign policy
	|last =Unger
	|first =Craig
	|publisher=Salon.com
	|date=2007-11-09
	|accessdate=2007-11-13
	}}
	</ref>
			A few months before the election Cheney put his home in Dallas up for sale and changed his drivers' license and voter registration back to Wyoming. This change was necessary to allow Texas' presidential electors to vote for both Bush and Cheney without contravening the ], which forbids electors from voting for "an inhabitant of the same state with themselves"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/amendment-12|title=Amendment XII. Election of President |website=LII / Legal Information Institute|access-date=January 17, 2019|archive-date=December 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216103121/https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/amendment-12|url-status=live}}</ref> for both president and vice president.
	===First term===
			Cheney campaigned against ]'s running mate, ], in the 2000 presidential election. While the election was undecided, the Bush-Cheney team was not eligible for public funding to plan a transition to a new administration, prompting Cheney to open a privately funded transition office in Washington. This office worked to identify candidates for all important positions in the cabinet.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=November 13, 2007 |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~action/chrntran.html |title=The New Administration Takes Shape |last=Appleman |first=Eric M. |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040502063957/http://www.gwu.edu/~action/chrntran.html |archive-date=May 2, 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to ], Cheney advocated ] for the post of Secretary of Defense to counter the influence of ] at the State Department, and tried unsuccessfully to have ] named to replace ] as director of the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2007/11/09/house_of_bush_3/print.html |title=How Cheney took control of Bush's foreign policy |last=Unger |first=Craig |work=] |date=November 9, 2007 |access-date=November 13, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012184055/http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2007/11/09/house_of_bush_3/print.html |archive-date=October 12, 2008 }}</ref>
	Following the ], Cheney remained physically apart from Bush for security reasons. For a period, Cheney stayed at an "undisclosed location" (]), out of public view.<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec04/cheney_09-01.html
	|title=The Running Mate
	|accessdate=2008-01-02
	|publisher=PBS
	}}
	</ref>
			==Vice presidency (2001–2009)==
	On the morning of June 29, 2002, Cheney served as ] under the terms of the ] to the Constitution, while Bush was undergoing a ]. Cheney acted as President from 11:09 UTC that day until Bush resumed the powers of the presidency at 13:24 UTC.<ref>
			===First term (2001–2005)===
	{{cite web
			]
	| author=White House Press Secretary
			Following the ], Cheney remained physically apart from Bush for security reasons. For a period, Cheney stayed at a variety of undisclosed locations, out of public view.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec04/cheney_09-01.html |title=The Running Mate |access-date=January 2, 2008 |publisher=] |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209112021/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec04/cheney_09-01.html }}</ref> Cheney later revealed in his memoir ''In My Time'' that these "undisclosed locations" included his official vice presidential residence, his home in Wyoming, and ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/blogs/upshot/cheney-reveals-his-undisclosed-location.html |publisher=Yahoo |work=The Upshot |title=Cheney reveals his 'undisclosed location' |first=Rachel Rose |last=Hartman |date=August 26, 2011 |access-date=May 22, 2019 |archive-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211163740/https://www.yahoo.com/news/blogs/upshot/cheney-reveals-his-undisclosed-location.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He also utilized a heavy security detail, employing a motorcade of 12 to 18 government vehicles for his daily commute from the vice presidential residence at the ] to the White House.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gold |first=Victor |title=Invasion of the Party Snatchers |publisher=], Inc. |date=April 1, 2008 |page= |isbn=978-1-4022-1249-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781402212499/page/79 }}</ref>
	| title=Statement by the Press Secretary
	| date=2002-06-22
			On the morning of June 29, 2002, Cheney served as ] from 7:09{{spaces}}a.m. to 9:24{{spaces}}a.m., under the terms of the ] to the Constitution, while Bush underwent a ].<ref>{{cite web|author=White House Press Secretary |title=Statement by the Press Secretary |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020629-1.html |date=June 22, 2002 |access-date=January 9, 2008 |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514061949/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020629-1.html |url-status=live |via=] |work=] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=White House Physician Provides Update on Bush's Condition |date=June 29, 2002 |access-date=June 4, 2006 |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0206/29/bn.02.html |archive-date=August 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813054538/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0206/29/bn.02.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
	| url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020629-1.html
	| accessdate=2008-01-09
	}}
	</ref><ref>
	{{cite web
	| author=CNN Transcripts
	| title=White House Physician Provides Update on Bush's Condition
	| date=]
	| url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0206/29/bn.02.html
	| accessdate=2006-06-04
	}}
	</ref>
	====Iraq War====		====Iraq War====
			{{see also|Iraq War}}
	], Iraq in 2008]]
			], Iraq, in 2008]]
			Following 9/11, Cheney was instrumental in providing a primary justification for a renewed war against Iraq. Cheney helped shape Bush's approach to the "]", making numerous public statements alleging Iraq possessed ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://projects.iwatchnews.org/index.htm/projects.publicintegrity.org/WarCard/Default268a.html?&context=key_false_statements&id=946|publisher=The Center for Public Integrity|title=Iraq: The War Card|access-date=July 20, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318162540/http://projects.iwatchnews.org/index.htm/projects.publicintegrity.org/WarCard/Default268a.html?&context=key_false_statements&id=946|archive-date=March 18, 2015}}</ref> and making several personal visits to CIA headquarters, where he questioned mid-level agency analysts on their conclusions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/darkside/view/ |publisher=] |title=Frontline: The Dark Side |date=June 20, 2006 |access-date=February 6, 2008 |archive-date=October 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020043325/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/darkside/view/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cheney continued to ], even though President Bush received a classified President's Daily Brief on September 21, 2001, indicating the U.S. intelligence community had no evidence linking Saddam Hussein to the September 11 attacks and that "there was scant credible evidence that Iraq had any significant collaborative ties with Al Qaeda."<ref name="1122nj1.htm"/> Furthermore, in 2004, the ] concluded that there was no "collaborative relationship" between Iraq and al-Qaeda.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pincus|first=Walter|author2=Dana Milbank|date=June 17, 2004|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A47812-2004Jun16.html|title=Al Qaeda-Hussein Link Is Dismissed|access-date=August 26, 2017|archive-date=September 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917073412/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A47812-2004Jun16.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By 2014, Cheney continued to misleadingly claim that Saddam "had a 10-year relationship with al Qaeda."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2014/12/cheneys-tortured-facts/|title=Cheney's Tortured Facts|last=Kiely|first=Eugene|date=December 16, 2014|website=FactCheck.org|language=en-US|access-date=June 5, 2019|archive-date=August 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816120759/https://www.factcheck.org/2014/12/cheneys-tortured-facts/|url-status=live}}</ref>
	Since 9/11, Cheney has helped shape Bush's approach to the ]. Despite contrary claims from The Pentagon, Cheney continued to assert a connection between ] and Iraq prior to the ] in several public speeches, drawing criticism from some members of the intelligence community and leading Democrats.<ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6533367.stm
	|title=Cheney asserts Iraq-al Qaeda link
	|accessdate=2007-12-11
	|date=2007-04-06
	|publisher=BBC
	}}
	</ref><ref>
	{{cite news
	|url = http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/04/05/national/w222503D69.DTL&type=politics
	|title = Cheney Reasserts al-Qaida-Saddam Link
	|date=2007-04-06
	|publisher=Hearst Communications
	}}
	</ref><ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/06/world/middleeast/06intel.html?pagewanted=print
	|title=Bush Overstated Iraq Evidence, Senators Report
	|authors=Mark Mazzetti and Scott Shane
	|accessdate=2008-06-17
	|date=2008-06-06
	|publisher=The New York Times
	}}
	</ref> He also made numerous public statements regarding Iraq's alleged ], and made repeated personal visits to CIA headquarters, where he questioned mid-level agency analysts on their WMD conclusions.<ref>{{cite web
	|title=Frontline: The Dark Side
	|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/darkside/view/
	|publisher=Public Broadcasting System
	|date=2006-06-20
	|accessdate=2008-02-06
	}}</ref>
			Following the US invasion of Iraq, Cheney remained steadfast in his support of the war, stating that it would be an "enormous success story",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/06/23/cheney.interview/ |title=Cheney: Iraq will be 'enormous success story' |access-date=December 11, 2007 |date=June 25, 2005 |work=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010123611/http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/06/23/cheney.interview/ |archive-date=October 10, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> and made many visits to the country. He often criticized ], calling them "opportunists" who were peddling "cynical and pernicious falsehoods" to gain political advantage while US soldiers died in Iraq. In response, Senator ] asserted, "It is hard to name a government official with less credibility on Iraq ."<ref name="Cheney criticizes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna10078197 |title=Cheney calls war critics "opportunists" |date=November 17, 2005 |access-date=December 11, 2007 |work=NBC News |archive-date=December 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227214159/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/10078197/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
	Following the U.S. invasion of Iraq, Cheney remained steadfast in his support of the war, stating that it would be an "enormous success story",<ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/06/23/cheney.interview/
	|title=Cheney: Iraq will be 'enormous success story'
	|accessdate=2007-12-11
	|date=2005-06-25
	|publisher=CNN
	}}
	</ref> and made many visits to the country. He often criticized ], calling them “opportunists” who were peddling “cynical and pernicious falsehoods” to gain political advantage while U.S. soldiers died in Iraq. In response, Senator ] asserted, “It is hard to name a government official with less credibility on Iraq ."<ref name="Cheney criticizes">
	{{cite news
	|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10078197/
	|title=Cheney calls war critics "opportunists"
	|date=2005-11-17
	|accessdate=2007-12-11
	|publisher=MSNBC
	}}
	</ref>
			In a March 24, 2008, extended interview conducted in Ankara, Turkey, with ABC News correspondent ] on the fifth anniversary of the original U.S. military assault on Iraq, Cheney responded to a question about public opinion polls showing that Americans had lost confidence in the war by simply replying "So?"<ref>{{cite news|date=March 24, 2008 |access-date=March 11, 2013 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/WorldNews/story?id=4515515 |title=Full Interview: Dick Cheney on Iraq |work=ABC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313200219/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/WorldNews/story?id=4515515 |archive-date=March 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> This remark prompted widespread criticism, including from former ] Republican Congressman ], a long-time personal friend of Cheney.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/21/AR2008032102482_pf.html|title=Dick Cheney's Error: It's Government By the People|last=Edwards|first=Mickey|date=March 22, 2008|access-date=March 6, 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-date=June 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629024510/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/21/AR2008032102482_pf.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
	===Second term===
	{{seealso|United States presidential election, 2004}}
	] (right) meets with Vice President Cheney in ], May 2006]]
	Bush and Cheney were re-elected in the ], running against ] and his running mate, ]. During the election, the pregnancy of his daughter ] and her ] as a ] became a source of public attention for Cheney in light of the ] debate.<ref>
	{{Citation
	| publication-date=2004-08-25
	| year=2004
	| title=Cheney describes same-sex marriage as state issue
	| publisher=CNN
	| url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/08/24/cheney.samesex/
	| accessdate=2006-08-02
	}}
	</ref>
			===Second term (2005–2009)===
	Cheney's former chief legal counsel, ],<ref>{{cite web
			{{See also|2004 United States presidential election}}
	|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/cheney/etc/script.html
			]
	|title=FRONTLINE: Cheney's Law
			Bush and Cheney were re-elected in the ], running against ] and his running mate, ]. During the election, the pregnancy of his daughter ] and her ] as a lesbian became a source of public attention for Cheney in light of the ] debate.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 25, 2004 |title=Cheney describes same-sex marriage as state issue |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/08/24/cheney.samesex/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011212356/http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/08/24/cheney.samesex/ |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |access-date=August 2, 2006 |work=CNN|url-status=live }}</ref> Cheney has since stated that he is in favor of gay marriages personally, but that each individual U.S. state should decide whether to permit it or not.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 2, 2009 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31066626 |title=Cheney backs gay marriage, calls it state issue |work=NBC News |access-date=November 10, 2019 |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923225918/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/31066626 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cheney's former chief legal counsel, ],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/cheney/etc/script.html |title=Frontline: Cheney's Law |publisher=Public Broadcasting System |date=October 16, 2007 |access-date=February 13, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-date=October 31, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031010949/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/cheney/etc/script.html }}</ref> became his chief of staff and remained in that office until Cheney's departure from office. ] served as Cheney's national security adviser.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=11423 |title=Vice Squad |last=Dreyfuss |first=Robert |work=] |date=April 17, 2006 |access-date=February 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103141432/http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=11423 |archive-date=November 3, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>
	|publisher=Public Broadcasting System
			Until his indictment and resignation<ref name="indictment"> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528062030/http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/iln/osc/documents/libby_indictment_28102005.pdf |date=May 28, 2008 }} in ''United States of America vs. I. Lewis Libby, also known as "Scooter Libby"'', '']'', October 28, 2005; accessed December 10, 2007</ref> in 2005, ] served in both roles.<ref>{{cite news|date=November 5, 2005 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/02/politics/02aide.html |title=In Cheney's New Chief, a Bureaucratic Master |last=Jehl |first=Douglas |newspaper=The New York Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511094219/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/02/politics/02aide.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011 }}</ref>
	|date=2007-10-16
	|accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref> became his chief of staff and remained in that office until Cheney's departure from office. ] served as Vice President Cheney's national security adviser.<ref>{{cite web
	|url=http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=11423
	|title=Vice Squad
	|last=Dreyfuss
	|first=Robert
	|publisher=The American Prospect
	|date=2006-04-17
	|accessdate=2008-02-29}}</ref>
	Until his resignation in 2005, ] served in both roles.<ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/02/politics/02aide.html?pagewanted=print
	|title=In Cheney's New Chief, a Bureaucratic Master
	|last=Jehl
	|first=Douglas
	|publisher=The New York Times
	|date=2005-11-05
	}}
	</ref>
	On the morning of July 21, 2007, Cheney once again served as Acting President for about two and a half hours. Bush transferred the power of the presidency prior to undergoing a medical procedure, requiring sedation, and later resumed his powers and duties that same day.<ref name="acting cheney">		On the morning of July 21, 2007, Cheney once again served as acting president, from 7:16&nbsp;am to 9:21&nbsp;am. Bush transferred the power of the presidency prior to undergoing a medical procedure, requiring sedation, and later resumed his powers and duties that same day.<ref name="acting cheney">{{cite news |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna19872260 |title=Bush has 5 polyps removed during colonoscopy |access-date=December 18, 2007 |date=July 21, 2007 |archive-date=September 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909224925/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19872260/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19872260/
	|title=Bush has 5 polyps removed during colonoscopy
	|accessdate=2007-12-18
	|date=2007-07-21
	|publisher=MSNBC
	}}
	</ref>
	After his term began in 2001, Cheney was occasionally asked if he was interested in the Republican nomination for the 2008 elections. However, he always maintained that he wished to retire upon the expiration of his term, and indeed he did not run in the 2008 presidential primaries, the GOP nominating Arizona Senator ] instead.<ref>		After his term began in 2001, Cheney was occasionally asked if he was interested in the Republican nomination for the ]. However, he always maintained that he wished to retire upon the expiration of his term and he did not run in the ]. The Republicans nominated Arizona Senator ].<ref>{{cite news|date=March 7, 2005 |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/295zkwpw.asp |title=President Cheney? |last=Barnes |first=Fred |work=] |volume=10 |number=23 |access-date=December 18, 2007 |archive-date=November 17, 2007 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20071117182647/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/295zkwpw.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/295zkwpw.asp
	|title=President Cheney?
	|last=Barnes
	|first=Fred
	|publisher=The Weekly Standard
	|volume=10
	|number=23
	|date=2005-03-07
	|accessdate=2007-12-18
	}}
	</ref>
	====Disclosure of documents====		====Disclosure of documents====
			Cheney was a prominent member of the National Energy Policy Development Group (NEPDG),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.issues2000.org/2004/Dick_Cheney_Energy_+_Oil.htm |title=Dick Cheney on Energy & Oil: Member of Bush's National Energy Policy Development Group |access-date=January 2, 2008 |date=May 2, 2001 |publisher=National Energy Policy Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011181522/http://www.issues2000.org/2004/Dick_Cheney_Energy_%2B_Oil.htm |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> commonly known as the ], composed of energy industry representatives, including several ] executives. After the ], the Bush administration was accused of improper political and business ties. In July 2003, the ] ruled that the ] must disclose NEPDG documents, containing references to companies that had made agreements with the previous Iraqi government to extract Iraq's petroleum.<ref name=nepdg>{{cite web |title=Judicial Watch, Inc. vs. National Energy Policy Development Group |url=http://www.judicialwatch.org/printer_1270.shtml |access-date=December 18, 2007 |year=2004 |publisher=], Inc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008232628/http://www.judicialwatch.org/printer_1270.shtml |archive-date=October 8, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	]
	Cheney was a prominent member of the National Energy Policy Development Group (NEPDG),<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.issues2000.org/2004/Dick_Cheney_Energy_+_Oil.htm
	|title=Dick Cheney on Energy & Oil: Member of Bush’s National Energy Policy Development Group
	|accessdate=2008-01-02
	|date=2001-05-02
	|publisher=National Energy Policy Report
	}}
	</ref> commonly known as the ], which comprised energy industry representatives, including several ] executives. After the ], critics accused the Bush administration of improper political and business ties. In July 2003, the ] ruled that the Department of Commerce must disclose NEPDG documents, containing references to companies that had made agreements with Saddam Hussein to develop Iraq's oil.<ref name="nepdg">
	{{cite web
	|title=Judicial Watch, Inc. vs. National Energy Policy Development Group
	|url=http://www.judicialwatch.org/printer_1270.shtml
	|accessdate=2007-12-18
	|year=2004
	|publisher=Judicial Watch, Inc
	}}
	</ref>
	Beginning in 2003, Vice President Cheney's staff opted not to file required reports with the National Archives and Records Administration office charged with assuring that the executive branch protects classified information, nor did it allow inspection of its record keeping.<ref>{{cite web		Beginning in 2003, Cheney's staff opted not to file required reports with the ] office charged with assuring that the executive branch protects classified information, nor did it allow inspection of its record keeping.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/81883/output/print |title=Challenging Cheney |author=Michael Isikoff |work=] |date=December 24, 2007 |access-date=February 25, 2008 |archive-date=December 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227015730/http://www.newsweek.com/id/81883/output/print |url-status=live }}</ref>
			Cheney refused to release the documents, citing his executive privilege to deny congressional information requests.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ragavan |first=Chitra |title=Cheney Tangles With Agency on Secrecy |journal=] |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070208/8cheney.htm?s_cid=rss:site1 |date=February 8, 2007 |archive-date=October 28, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028153835/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070208/8cheney.htm?s_cid=rss%3Asite1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/22/AR2007062201322.html?|title=Cheney Defiant on Classified Material|first=Peter|last=Baker|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=June 22, 2007|access-date=December 13, 2007|archive-date=August 2, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802000509/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/22/AR2007062201322.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Media outlets such as '']'' magazine and ] questioned whether Cheney had created a "fourth branch of government" that was not subject to any laws.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Duffy |first=Michael |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1636435,00.html |title=The Cheney Branch of Government |magazine=Time |date=June 22, 2007 |access-date=July 19, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028071440/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0%2C8599%2C1636435%2C00.html |archive-date=October 28, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A group of historians and open-government advocates filed a lawsuit in the ], asking the court to declare that Cheney's vice-presidential records are covered by the ] and cannot be destroyed, taken or withheld from the public without proper review.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post|last=Lee|first=Christopher|title=Lawsuit to Ask That Cheney's Papers Be Made Public|access-date=September 8, 2008|date=September 8, 2008|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/07/AR2008090702260_pf.html|archive-date=November 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111121647/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/07/AR2008090702260_pf.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Christopher|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/20/AR2008092001627_pf.html|title=Cheney Is Told to Keep Official Records|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=September 21, 2008|access-date=September 28, 2008|archive-date=November 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111121703/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/20/AR2008092001627_pf.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Breitman |first=Rachel |url=http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/2008/09/advocacy-group.html |title=Advocacy Group Files Suit To Ensure That VP's Records Stay Public |publisher=] |date=September 9, 2008 |access-date=September 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003090134/http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/2008/09/advocacy-group.html |archive-date=October 3, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://writ.news.findlaw.com/scripts/printer_friendly.pl?page=/dean/20100903.html |last=Dean |first=John W. |title=What Will Become of Dick Cheney's Vice Presidential Records? |publisher=] Legal News and Commentary |date=September 3, 2010 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |archive-date=May 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510082844/http://writ.news.findlaw.com/scripts/printer_friendly.pl?page=%2Fdean%2F20100903.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/81883/output/print
	|title=Challenging Cheney
	|author=Michael Isikoff
	|publisher=Newsweek
	|date=2007-12-24
	|accessdate=2008-02-25}}</ref>
	Cheney refused to release the documents, citing his executive privilege to deny congressional information requests.<ref>
	{{Citation
	| last = Ragavan
	| first = Chitra
	| title = Cheney Tangles With Agency on Secrecy
	| journal = U.S. News & World Report
	| date = 2007-02-08
	| url = http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070208/8cheney.htm?s_cid=rss:site1
	}}
	</ref><ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/22/AR2007062201322.html?hpid=topnews
	|title=Cheney Defiant on Classified Material
	|first=Peter
	|last=Baker
	|publisher=The Washington Post
	|date=2007-06-22
	|accessdate=2007-12-13
	}}
	</ref> Such media outlets as ''Time'' Magazine and CBS News sarcastically questioned whether Cheney had created a "fourth branch of government" that was not subject to any laws.<ref>
	{{cite news
	|last=Duffy
	|first=Michael
	|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1636435,00.html
	|title=The Cheney Branch of Government
	|publisher=Time
	|date=2007-06-22
	|accessdate=2007-07-19
	}}
	</ref> A group of historians and open-government advocates filed a lawsuit in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, asking the court to declare that Cheney's vice-presidential records are covered by the ] and cannot be destroyed, taken or withheld from the public without proper review.<ref>
	{{cite news
	|last=Lee
	|first=Christopher
	|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/07/AR2008090702260_pf.html
	|title=Lawsuit to Ask That Cheney's Papers Be Made Public
	|publisher=The Washington Post
	|date=2008-09-08
	|accessdate=2008-09-08
	}}
	</ref><ref>
	{{cite news
	|last=Lee
	|first=Christopher
	|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/20/AR2008092001627_pf.html
	|title=Cheney Is Told to Keep Official Records
	|publisher=The Washington Post
	|date=2008-09-21
	|accessdate=2008-09-28
	}}
	</ref><ref>
	{{cite web
	|last=Breitman
	|first=Rachel
	|url=http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/2008/09/advocacy-group.html
	|title=Advocacy Group Files Suit To Ensure That VP's Records Stay Public
	|publisher=The American Lawyer
	|date=2008-09-09
	|accessdate=2008-09-09
	}}
	</ref>
	====CIA leak scandal====		====CIA leak scandal====
			{{Main|Plame affair}}
	]
	{{main|CIA leak scandal}}		{{See also|CIA leak grand jury investigation|United States v. Libby}}
			]'s editorial by Cheney referring to the covert agent before the leak took place]]
	{{seealso|CIA leak grand jury investigation|United States v. Libby}}
			On October 18, 2005, ''The Washington Post'' reported that the vice president's office was central to the investigation of the ] CIA leak scandal, for Cheney's former chief of staff, ], was one of the figures under investigation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/linkset/2005/04/11/LI2005041100879.html|title=Spinning the Course|last=Froomkin|first=Dan|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 24, 2006|access-date=October 24, 2006|archive-date=October 25, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025181039/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/linkset/2005/04/11/LI2005041100879.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Libby resigned his positions as Cheney's chief of staff and assistant on national security affairs later in the month after he was indicted.
			In February 2006, '']'' reported that Libby had stated before a ] that his superiors, including Cheney, had authorized him to disclose classified information to the press regarding intelligence on Iraq's weapons.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Waas |first=Murray |date=February 9, 2006 |title=Cheney 'Authorized' Libby to Leak Classified Information |url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/whitehouse/cheney-authorized-libby-to-leak-classified-information-20060209 |url-status=dead |magazine=] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129124819/http://www.nationaljournal.com/whitehouse/cheney-authorized-libby-to-leak-classified-information-20060209 |archive-date=January 29, 2013 |access-date=July 19, 2012 }}</ref> That September, ], former Deputy Secretary of State, publicly announced that he was the source of the revelation of Plame's status. Armitage said he was not a part of a conspiracy to reveal Plame's identity and did not know whether one existed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/08/AR2006090800304.html|last=Apuzzo|first=Matt|title=Armitage Says He Was Source on Plame|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=September 8, 2006|access-date=October 24, 2006|archive-date=November 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111121724/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/08/AR2006090800304.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
	On October 18, 2005, ''The Washington Post'' reported that the vice president's office was central to the investigation of the ] ], for Cheney's former chief of staff, ], was one of the figures under investigation.<ref>
	{{cite web
	| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/linkset/2005/04/11/LI2005041100879.html
	| title = Spinning the Course
	| last = Froomkin
	| first = Dan
	| publisher =The Washington Post
	| date = 2006-10-24
	| accessdate = 2006-10-24
	}}
	</ref>
	Following an indictment, Libby resigned his positions as Cheney's chief of staff and assistant on national security affairs.
			On March 6, 2007, Libby was convicted on four ] counts for obstruction of justice, ], and making false statements to federal investigators.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/10/28/leak.probe/ |title=Cheney's top aide indicted; CIA leak probe continues |date=October 29, 2005 |access-date=January 2, 2008 |url-status=live |work=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005150731/http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/10/28/leak.probe/ |archive-date=October 5, 2007 }}</ref> In his closing arguments, independent prosecutor ] said that there was "a cloud over the vice president",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://harpers.org/archive/2009/11/hbc-90006017 |title=Did Cheney Lie to the Plame Prosecutors? |last=Horton |first=Scott |work=Harpers Magazine |date=November 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106071458/http://harpers.org/archive/2009/11/hbc-90006017 |archive-date=November 6, 2009 |access-date=October 15, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> an apparent reference to Cheney's interview with FBI agents investigating the case, which was made public in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=] |url=http://www.citizensforethics.org/index.php/press/entry/crew-causes-release-of-notes-of-cheneys-fbi-interview/ |title=CREW Lawsuit Results in Release of Notes of Cheney's FBI Interview in Wilson Leak Case |date=October 30, 2009 |access-date=October 15, 2011 |archive-date=May 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522120606/http://www.citizensforethics.org/index.php/press/entry/crew-causes-release-of-notes-of-cheneys-fbi-interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cheney lobbied President George W. Bush vigorously and unsuccessfully to grant Libby a full ] up to the day of Barack Obama's inauguration, likening Libby to a "soldier on the battlefield".<ref>{{cite magazine|url= http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1912414,00.html|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130204085006/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1912414,00.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= February 4, 2013|title=Inside Bush and Cheney's Final Days|magazine=Time|author1=Massimo Calibrisi |author2=Michael Weisskopf |date=July 24, 2009|access-date= October 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/18/us/politics/18cheney.html |title=Aides Say No Pardon for Libby Irked Cheney |work=The New York Times |author1=Jim Rutenberg |author2=Jo Becker |date=February 17, 2009 |access-date=February 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512170217/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/18/us/politics/18cheney.html |archive-date=May 12, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Libby was subsequently pardoned by President ] in April 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/13/trump-pardon-scooter-libby-522055|title=Trump issues pardon for Lewis 'Scooter' Libby|first1=Andrew|last1=Restuccia|first2=Josh|last2=Gerstein|website=Politico|date=April 13, 2018|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-date=July 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716041853/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/13/trump-pardon-scooter-libby-522055|url-status=live}}</ref>
	On September 8, 2006, ], former Deputy Secretary of State, publicly announced that he was the source of the revelation of Plame's status. Armitage said he was not a part of a conspiracy to reveal Plame's identity and did not know whether one existed.<ref>
	{{cite web
	| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/08/AR2006090800304.html
	| last=Apuzzo
	| first=Matt
	| title = Armitage Says He Was Source on Plame
	| publisher =The Washington Post
	| date = ]
	| accessdate = 2006-10-24
	}}
	</ref>
			====Assassination attempt====
	In February 2006, '']'' reported that Libby had stated before a grand jury that his superiors, including Cheney, had authorized him to disclose classified information to the press regarding Iraq's weapons intelligence.<ref>
			{{Main|Attempted assassination of Dick Cheney}}
	{{cite news
			] (left) and ] (right), April 2007]]
	|url=http://nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/stories/2006/0209nj1.htm
			On February 27, 2007, at about 10&nbsp;am, a suicide bomber killed 23 people and wounded 20 more outside ] in Afghanistan during a visit by Cheney. The ] claimed responsibility for the attack and declared that Cheney was its intended target. They also claimed that ] supervised the operation.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Seattle Times |last=Johnson |first=Anna |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003681577_cheney26.html |date=April 26, 2007 |access-date=December 13, 2007 |title=Bin Laden is said to have supervised February Cheney-visit attack |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025065845/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003681577_cheney26.html |archive-date=October 25, 2007 }}</ref> The bomb went off outside the front gate while Cheney was inside the base and half a mile away. He reported hearing the blast, saying "I heard a loud boom... The Secret Service came in and told me there had been an attack on the main gate."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/02/27/cheney.afghanistan.ap/index.html |title=Cheney unhurt in blast outside Afghan base |work=CNN|agency=Associated Press |date=February 27, 2007 |access-date=February 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301092232/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/02/27/cheney.afghanistan.ap/index.html |archive-date=March 1, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The purpose of Cheney's visit to the region had been to press Pakistan for a united front against the Taliban.<ref>{{cite news
	|title=Cheney 'Authorized' Libby to Leak Classified Information
			|title = Cheney Asks Musharraf to Fight al-Qaida
	|date=2006-02-09
			|publisher = CBS
	|accessdate=2007-12-13
			|last = Graham
	|publisher=The National Journal
			|first = Stephen
	|last=Waas
			|date = February 26, 2007
	|first=Murray
			|url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/26/ap/world/mainD8NHG8K01.shtml
	}}
			|access-date = January 3, 2008
	</ref>
			|archive-date = October 6, 2008
			|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081006025926/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/26/ap/world/mainD8NHG8K01.shtml
			|url-status = dead
			|df = mdy
			}}</ref>
			====Policy formulation====
	On March 6, 2007, Libby was convicted on four ] counts for obstruction of justice, ], and making false statements to federal investigators.<ref>
			] President ] at the ] in ], May 2007]]
	{{cite news
			Cheney has been characterized as the most powerful and influential Vice President in history.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Man Behind the Curtain |work=U.S. News & World Report |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/031013/13cheney_2.htm |date=October 5, 2003 |access-date=January 11, 2009 |last=Walsh |first=Kenneth T. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810091905/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/031013/13cheney_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-date=August 10, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=]|title=Cheney's unprecedented power|date=February 25, 2004|access-date=January 11, 2009|last=Kuttner|first=Robert|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2004/02/25/cheneys_unprecedented_power/|archive-date=July 31, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731073344/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2004/02/25/cheneys_unprecedented_power/|url-status=live}}</ref>
	|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/10/28/leak.probe/
			Both supporters and critics of Cheney regard him as a shrewd and knowledgeable politician who knows the functions and intricacies of the federal government. A sign of Cheney's active policy-making role was then-House Speaker ]'s provision of an office near the House floor for Cheney<ref name="house floor office">{{cite news |date=January 5, 2001 |access-date=January 3, 2008 |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/stories/01/05/cheney.hill |work=CNN|title=Cheney makes Capitol Hill rounds |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013215043/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/stories/01/05/cheney.hill |url-status=dead }}</ref> in addition to his office in the ],<ref>{{cite news|title=Inside the Real West Wing|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 22, 2006|access-date=January 3, 2008|last=Froomkin|first=Dan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/custom/2005/06/06/CU2005060601310.html|archive-date=August 30, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830010503/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/custom/2005/06/06/CU2005060601310.html|url-status=live}}</ref> his ceremonial office in the Old Executive Office Building,<ref>{{cite web|title=Old Executive Office Building |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc32.htm |publisher=] |access-date=January 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012101811/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc32.htm |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> and his Senate offices (one in the ] and another off the floor of the Senate).<ref name="house floor office"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Dirksen Senate Office Building |access-date=January 3, 2008 |url=https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/visiting/d_three_sections_with_teasers/dirksen_senate_office_map_page.htm |publisher=United States Senate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101040031/https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/visiting/d_three_sections_with_teasers/dirksen_senate_office_map_page.htm |archive-date=November 1, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>
	|title=Cheney's top aide indicted; CIA leak probe continues
	|date=2005-10-29
	|accessdate=2008-01-02
	|publisher=CNN
	}}
	</ref>
			Cheney has actively promoted an expansion of the powers of the presidency, saying that the Bush administration's "challenges to the laws which Congress passed after Vietnam and ] to contain and oversee the executive branch{{snd}}the ], the ], the ] and the ]{{snd}}are 'a restoration, if you will, of the power and authority of the president.'"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/books/review/Bazelon-t.html |title=All the President's Powers |last=Brazelon |first=Emily |work=The New York Times |date=November 18, 2007 |access-date=November 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206164110/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/books/review/Bazelon-t.html |archive-date=December 6, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=February 13, 2008 |url=http://hnn.us/articles/44951.html |title=The Return of the Imperial Presidency: An Interview with Charlie Savage |author=Robin Lindley |publisher=] |date=January 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918080057/http://hnn.us/articles/44951.html |url-status=live |archive-date=September 18, 2008 }}</ref>
	====Hunting incident====
	{{main|Dick Cheney hunting incident}}
	On February 11, 2006, Cheney accidentally<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/02/12/cheney/
	|title=Cheney accidentally shoots fellow hunter
	|accessdate=2007-07-04
	|publisher=CNN|date=]
	|last=Bash
	|first=Dana
	}}
	</ref> shot ], a 78-year-old Texas attorney, in the face, neck, and upper torso with ] pellets when he turned to shoot a ] while hunting on a southern Texas ranch.<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/buckley/buckley200602201107.asp
	|title=Killer Cheney
	|accessdate=2007-02-22
	|publisher=National Review Online
	|date=]
	|last=Buckley
	|first=William F.
	}}
	</ref>
			In June 2007, ''The Washington Post'' summarized Cheney's vice presidency in a ]-winning<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/07/AR2008040701359_pf.html|title=Washington Post Wins 6 Pulitzers|author=Howard Kurtz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=April 7, 2008|access-date=April 7, 2008|archive-date=October 12, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012121731/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/07/AR2008040701359_pf.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
	Whittington suffered a mild heart attack, and ] due to a pellet that embedded in the outer layers of his heart. The ] Sheriff's office cleared Cheney of any criminal wrongdoing in the matter, and in an interview with ], Cheney accepted full responsibility for the incident.<ref>
			four-part series, based in part on interviews with former administration officials. The articles characterized Cheney not as a "shadow" president, but as someone who usually has the last words of counsel to the president on policies, which in many cases would reshape the powers of the presidency. When former Vice President ] suggested to Cheney that the office was largely ceremonial, Cheney reportedly replied, "I have a different understanding with the president." The articles described Cheney as having a secretive approach to the tools of government, indicated by the use of his own security classification and three man-sized safes in his offices.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gellman|first1=Barton|last2=Becker|first2=Jo|title=Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency – 'A Different Understanding With the President'|pages=A01|date=June 24, 2007|url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/chapter_1/|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=January 17, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515102759/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/chapter_1/|archive-date=May 15, 2008}}</ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/02/15/cheney/
	|title=Cheney: 'One of the worst days of my life'
	|accessdate=2006-08-02
	|publisher=CNN
	|date=2006-02-16
	|last=Bash
	|first=Dana
	|last2=Malveaux
	|first2= Suzanne
	|last3=McCaughan
	|first3=Tim
	}}
	</ref> Whittington was discharged from the hospital on February 17, 2006. Later, Whittington apologized to the vice-president for the trouble the event had caused him and his family. Cheney reiterated that it was an honest accident.<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/11409731/
	|title=Harry Whittington's hospital statement&mdash;Man shot by Vice President Cheney says accidents happen
	|accessdate=2006-08-02
	|publisher=MSNBC
	|date=2006-02-16
	|last=MSNBC
	|first=Editorial staff
	}}
	</ref>
			The articles described Cheney's influence on decisions pertaining to detention of suspected terrorists and the legal limits that apply to their questioning, especially what constitutes ].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gellman |first1=Barton |last2=Becker |first2=Jo |title=Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency – Pushing the Envelope on Presidential Power |pages=A01 |date=June 25, 2007 |url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/pushing_the_envelope_on_presi/index.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 17, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714171842/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/pushing_the_envelope_on_presi/index.html |archive-date=July 14, 2007 }}</ref> ] Colonel ], who served as Colin Powell's chief of staff when he was both ] at the same time Cheney was Secretary of Defense, and then later when Powell was ], stated in an in-depth interview that Cheney and ] established an alternative program to interrogate post-9/11 detainees because of their mutual distrust of ].<ref>{{cite web |author=Andy Worthington |title=An Interview with Col. Lawrence Wilkerson |url-status=dead |url=http://www.fff.org/comment/com0908m.asp |publisher=Future of Freedom Foundation |date=August 24, 2009 |access-date=March 7, 2011 |archive-date=August 30, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830172355/http://www.fff.org/comment/com0908m.asp }}</ref>
	==== Assassination attempt ====
	] (left) and ], April 2007]]
	{{main|2007 Bagram Air Base bombing}}
	On February 27, 2007, at about 10 a.m., a suicide bomber killed 23 people and wounded 20 more outside ] in Afghanistan during a visit by Cheney. Qari Yousef Ahmadi, a ] spokesman, claimed responsibility for the attack and said Cheney was its intended target. The Taliban claimed that ] supervised the operation.<ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003681577_cheney26.html
	|publisher=The Seattle Times
	|title=Bin Laden is said to have supervised February Cheney-visit attack
	|last=Johnson
	|first=Anna
	|date=2007-04-26
	|accessdate=2007-12-13
	}}
	</ref> The bomb went off outside the front gate, however, while Cheney was inside the base and half a mile away. He reported hearing the blast, saying "I heard a loud boom...The Secret Service came in and told me there had been an attack on the main gate."<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/02/27/cheney.afghanistan.ap/index.html
	|title=Cheney unhurt in blast outside Afghan base
	|publisher=CNN
	|author=The Associated Press|date=]
	|accessdate=2007-02-27
	}}
	</ref> The purpose of Cheney's visit to the region had been to press Pakistan for a united front against the Taliban.<ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/26/ap/world/mainD8NHG8K01.shtml
	|title=Cheney Asks Musharraf to Fight al-Qaida
	|publisher=CBS
	|last=Graham
	|first=Stephen
	|date=2007-02-26
	|accessdate=2008-01-03
	}}
	</ref>
			''The Washington Post'' articles, principally written by ], further characterized Cheney as having the strongest influence within the administration in shaping budget and tax policy in a manner that assures "conservative orthodoxy."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gellman|first1=Barton|last2=Becker|first2=Jo|title=Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency – A Strong Push From Backstage|url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/a_strong_push_from_back_stage/index.html|access-date=January 17, 2008|newspaper=The Washington Post|pages=A01|date=June 26, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515121246/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/a_strong_push_from_back_stage/index.html|archive-date=May 15, 2008}}</ref> They also highlighted Cheney's behind-the-scenes influence on the ] to ease pollution controls for power plants, facilitate the disposal of nuclear waste, open access to federal timber resources, and avoid federal constraints on ], among other issues. The articles characterized his approach to policy formulation as favoring business over the environment.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency – Leaving No Tracks |date=June 27, 2007 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/leaving_no_tracks/index.html |access-date=January 17, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515135939/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/leaving_no_tracks/index.html |archive-date=May 15, 2008 }}</ref>
	====Policy formulation====
			] Crown Prince ], May 2007]]
	], Vice President Dick Cheney and Mrs. Lynne Cheney at a farewell ceremony for the Pope at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York.]]
			In June 2008, Cheney allegedly attempted to block efforts by Secretary of State ] to strike a controversial US compromise deal with ] over the communist state's nuclear program.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sherwell |first=Philip |title=Dick Cheney 'tried to block North Korea Nuclear deal' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/2211928/Dick-Cheney--%27tried-to-block-North-Korea-nuclear-deal%27.html |date=June 28, 2008 |access-date=August 5, 2008 |pages=A01 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |archive-date=July 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702034423/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/2211928/Dick-Cheney--%27tried-to-block-North-Korea-nuclear-deal%27.html }}</ref>
			In July 2008, a former ] official stated publicly that Cheney's office had pushed significantly for large-scale deletions from a ] report on the ] "fearing the presentation by a leading health official might make it harder to avoid regulating greenhouse gases."<ref name=ap1001>{{cite news|last=Hebert |first=Josef |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080708/ap_on_re_us/cheney_climate |title=Cheney wanted cuts in climate testimony |agency=Associated Press |date=July 8, 2008 |access-date=July 8, 2008 |work=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712091828/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080708/ap_on_re_us/cheney_climate |archive-date=July 12, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In October, when the report appeared with six pages cut from the testimony, the White House stated that the changes were made due to concerns regarding the accuracy of the science. However, according to the former senior adviser on climate change to Environmental Protection Agency Administrator ], Cheney's office was directly responsible for nearly half of the original testimony being deleted.<ref name=ap1001/>
	Cheney has been characterised as the most powerful and influential Vice President in history.<ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/031013/13cheney_2.htm
	|title=The Man Behind the Curtain
	|work=U.S. News & World Report
	|date=2003-10-05
	|accessdate=2009-01-11
	|last=Walsh
	|first=Kenneth T.
	}}</ref><ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2004/02/25/cheneys_unprecedented_power/
	|title=Cheney's unprecedented power
	|work=The Bostom Globe
	|date=2004-02-25
	|accessdate=2009-01-11
	|last=Kuttner
	|first=Robert
	}}</ref>
	Both supporters and detractors of Cheney regard him as a shrewd and knowledgeable politician who knows the functions and intricacies of the federal government. A sign of Cheney's active policy-making role was then-House Speaker ]'s provision of an office near the House floor for Cheney<ref name="house floor office">
	{{cite news
	|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/stories/01/05/cheney.hill
	|publisher=CNN
	|title=Cheney makes Capitol Hill rounds
	|date=2001-01-05
	|accessdate=2008-01-03
	}}
	</ref> in addition to his office in the ],<ref>
	{{cite news
	|title=Inside the Real West Wing
	|work=The Washington Post
	|date=2006-08-22
	|accessdate=2008-01-03
	|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/custom/2005/06/06/CU2005060601310.html
	|last=Froomkin
	|first=Dan
	}}
	</ref> his ceremonial office in the Old Executive Office Building,<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc32.htm
	|title=Old Executive Office Building
	|publisher=National Park Service
	|accessdate=2008-01-03
	}}
	</ref> and his Senate offices (one in the ] and another off the floor of the Senate).<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/visiting/d_three_sections_with_teasers/dirksen_senate_office_map_page.htm
	|title=Dirksen Senate Office Building
	|publisher=United States Senate
	|accessdate=2008-01-03
	}}
	</ref><ref name="house floor office"/>
			In his role as President of the ], Cheney broke with the Bush Administration ], and signed an amicus brief to the ] in the case of '']'' that successfully challenged gun laws in the nation's capital on ] grounds.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/08/AR2008020803802.html|title=Cheney Joins Congress In Opposing D.C. Gun Ban; Vice President Breaks With Administration|first=Robert|last=Barnes|date=February 9, 2008|access-date=July 21, 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-date=June 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605212450/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/08/AR2008020803802.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
	Cheney has actively promoted an expansion of the powers of the presidency, saying that the Bush administration’s challenges to the laws which Congress passed after Vietnam and ] to contain and oversee the executive branch &mdash; the ], the ], the ] and the ] &mdash; are, in Cheney's words, “a restoration, if you will, of the power and authority of the president.”<ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/books/review/Bazelon-t.html?pagewanted=print
	|title=All the President’s Powers
	|last=Brazelon
	|first=Emily
	|publisher=The New York Times
	|date=2007-11-18
	|accessdate=2007-11-18
	}}
	</ref><ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://hnn.us/articles/44951.html
	|title=The Return of the Imperial Presidency: An Interview with Charlie Savage
	|author=Robin Lindley
	|publisher=History News Network
	|date=2008-01-07
	|accessdate=2008-02-13
	}}</ref>
			On February 14, 2010, in an appearance on ]'s '']'', Cheney reiterated his support of ] and for the torture of captured terrorist suspects, saying, "I was and remain a strong proponent of our ]."<ref name=ABCTW20100214>{{cite web|url= https://abcnews.go.com/ThisWeek/week-transcript-vice-president-dick-cheney/story?id=9818034|title={{-'}}This Week' Transcript: Former Vice President Dick Cheney |date=February 14, 2010|work=]|publisher=]|access-date=February 27, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218091416/https://abcnews.go.com/ThisWeek/week-transcript-vice-president-dick-cheney/story?id=9818034|archive-date=February 18, 2010}}</ref>
	] at the commissioning ceremony of the ], 2003]]
	In June 2007, the ''Washington Post'' summarized Cheney’s vice presidency in a ]-winning<ref>{{cite news
	|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/07/AR2008040701359_pf.html
	|title=Washington Post Wins 6 Pulitzers
	|author=Howard Kurtz
	|publisher=The Washington Post
	|date=2008-04-07
	|accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref>
	four-part series, based in part on interviews with former administration officials. The articles characterized Cheney not as a “shadow” president, but as someone who usually has the last words of counsel to the president on policies, which in many cases would reshape the powers of the presidency. When former Vice President ] suggested to Cheney that the office was largely ceremonial, Cheney reportedly replied, “I have a different understanding with the president.” The articles described Cheney as having a secretive approach to the tools of government, indicated by the use of his own security classification and three man-sized safes in his offices.<ref>
	{{Citation
	| last = Gellman
	| first = Barton
	| last2 = Becker
	| first2 = Jo
	| title = Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency&mdash;'A Different Understanding With the President'
	| journal = Washington Post
	| pages = A01
	| date = June 24, 2007
	| url = http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/chapter_1/
	|accessdate=2008-01-17
	}}
	</ref>
			==Post–vice presidency (2009–present)==
	The articles described Cheney’s influence on decisions pertaining to detention of suspected terrorists and the legal limits that apply to their questioning, especially what constitutes ].<ref>
			In 2008 Cheney purchased a home on Chain Bridge Road in ], part of the ] suburbs, which he tore down for a replacement structure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former U.S. VP, McLean Neighbor Dick Cheney Starts Marketing His Memoir |date=August 25, 2011 |url=https://patch.com/virginia/mclean/former-us-vp-mclean-neighbor-dick-cheney-starts-marke9abc55eea4 |access-date=July 15, 2024}}</ref> He also maintains homes in Wyoming and on Maryland's Eastern Shore.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kamen|first=Al|title=The New Neighbors Sure Like Black SUVs|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=January 30, 2008|access-date=January 17, 2010|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/29/AR2008012903154.html|archive-date=February 28, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033915/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/29/AR2008012903154.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
	{{Citation
	| last = Gellman
	| first = Barton
	| last2 = Becker
	| first2 = Jo
	| title = Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency&mdash; Pushing the Envelope on Presidential Power
	| journal = Washington Post
	| pages = A01
	| date = June 25, 2007
	| url = http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/pushing_the_envelope_on_presi/index.html
	|accessdate=2008-01-17
	}}
	</ref> They characterized Cheney as having the strongest influence within the administration in shaping budget and tax policy in a manner that assures “conservative orthodoxy.”<ref>
	{{Citation
	| last = Gellman
	| first = Barton
	| last2 = Becker
	| first2 = Jo
	| title = Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency&mdash;A Strong Push From Backstage
	| journal = Washington Post
	| pages = A01
	| date = June 26, 2007
	| url = http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/a_strong_push_from_back_stage/index.html
	|accessdate=2008-01-17
	}}
	</ref> They also highlighted Cheney’s behind-the-scenes influence on the administration’s environmental policy to ease pollution controls for power plants, facilitate the disposal of nuclear waste, open access to federal timber resources, and avoid federal constraints on ] emissions, among other issues. The articles characterized his approach to policy formulation as favoring business over the environment.<ref>
	{{Citation
	| title = Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency&mdash;Leaving No Tracks
	| journal = Washington Post
	| date = June 27, 2007
	| url = http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/leaving_no_tracks/index.html
	|accessdate=2008-01-17
	}}
	</ref>
			===Political activity===
	In June 2008, Cheney allegedly attempted to block efforts by Secretary of State ] to strike a controversial US compromise deal with ] over the communist state's nuclear program.<ref>
			] in February 2011]]
	{{Citation
			In July 2012, Cheney used his Wyoming home to host a private fundraiser for Republican presidential candidate ], which netted over $4 million in contributions from attendees for Romney's campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/13/cheneys-host-fund-raiser-for-romney-in-wyoming/ |title=Cheneys Host Fund Raiser for Romney in Wyoming |last=Parker |first=Ashley |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 13, 2012 |access-date=July 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713054114/http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/13/cheneys-host-fund-raiser-for-romney-in-wyoming/ |archive-date=July 13, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
	| last = Sherwell
	| first = Philip
	| title = Dick Cheney 'tried to block North Korea Nuclear deal'
	| journal = The Telegraph
	| pages = A01
	| date = June 28, 2008
	| url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/2211928/Dick-Cheney--%27tried-to-block-North-Korea-nuclear-deal%27.html
	| accessdate=2008-08-05
	}}
	</ref>
			Cheney is the subject of the documentary film ''The World According to Dick Cheney'', which premiered March 15, 2013, on the ] television channel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dick Cheney Doesn't Care About Being Loved |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/02/15/watch_the_trailer_for_the_world_according_to_dick_cheney_showtime_s_new.html |last=Harris |first=Aisha |work=] |date=February 15, 2013 |access-date=March 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216064430/http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/02/15/watch_the_trailer_for_the_world_according_to_dick_cheney_showtime_s_new.html |archive-date=February 16, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/112652/world-according-dick-cheney-masterful-performance# |title=Bravo, Dick: In a new documentary, Cheney gives a masterful performance |magazine=] |last=Noah |first=Timothy |date=March 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321161213/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112652/world-according-dick-cheney-masterful-performance%23 |archive-date=March 21, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2013/03/dick-cheney-documentary-review |title=Dick Cheney: New Doc Shows the Genius, Chutzpah, and Blithely Twisted Nature of the Former Vice President |last=Handy |first=Bruce |work=] |date=March 8, 2013 |access-date=March 11, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310084447/http://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2013/03/dick-cheney-documentary-review |archive-date=March 10, 2013 }}</ref> Cheney was also reported to be the subject of an ] television ] based on ]'s 2008 book '']''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/hbo-produce-miniseries-dick-cheney-hollywood-likes-republicans/story?id=13188197 |title=Hollywood Goes Republican? On the Big Screen: HBO to Produce Miniseries on Dick Cheney Vice Presidency |last=Dwyer |first=Devin |work=ABC News |date=March 22, 2011 |access-date=March 23, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-date=March 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325101439/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/hbo-produce-miniseries-dick-cheney-hollywood-likes-republicans/story?id=13188197 }}</ref> and the 2006 documentary ''The Dark Side'', produced by the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/darkside/view/ |title=''The Dark Side'' |publisher=] |access-date=January 6, 2012 |archive-date=July 12, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712091828/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/darkside/view/ }}</ref>
	In July 2008, a former ] official stated publicly that Cheney's office had pushed significantly for large-scale deletions from a ] report on the health effects of global warming "fearing the presentation by a leading health official might make it harder to avoid regulating greenhouse gases."<ref name="ap1001">{{cite news
	|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080708/ap_on_re_us/cheney_climate
	|title=Cheney wanted cuts in climate testimony
	|last=Hebert
	|first=Josef
	|publisher=The Associated Press
	|date=2008-07-08
	|accessdate=2008-07-08
	}}</ref> In October, when the report appeared with six pages cut from the testimony, The White House stated that the changes were made due to concerns regarding the accuracy of the science. However, according to the former senior adviser on climate change to Environmental Protection Agency Administrator ], Cheney's office was directly responsible for nearly half of the original testimony being deleted.<ref name="ap1001" />
			Cheney maintained a visible public profile after leaving office,<ref name=Riechmann>{{cite news|author=Riechmann, Deb |agency=Associated Press |title=Don't call ex-Vice President Cheney a has-been |work=] News |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2009255122_apuscheneynoexit.html |date=May 23, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510081457/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2009255122_apuscheneynoexit.html |archive-date=May 10, 2011 |access-date=February 19, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> being especially critical of ] policies on national security.<ref>{{cite news|author=Loven, Jennifer|agency=Associated Press|title=President defends his position on closing Guantanamo prison|date=May 22, 2009|url=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/052209/nat_442687158.shtml|work=] via AP|access-date=July 19, 2012|archive-date=October 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026061538/http://lubbockonline.com/stories/052209/nat_442687158.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=VandeHei |first1=Jim |first2=Allen |last2=Mike |title=Obama, Cheney plan dueling speeches |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/politico/20090520/pl_politico/22748 |date=May 20, 2009 |publisher=] via Yahoo! News |access-date=May 30, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524022424/http://news.yahoo.com/s/politico/20090520/pl_politico/22748 |archive-date=May 24, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Landay, Jonathan S. |author2=Strobel, Warren P. |title=Cheney's speech ignored some inconvenient truths |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/226/story/68643.html |date=May 21, 2009 |publisher=] |access-date=May 30, 2009 |archive-date=May 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525053227/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/226/story/68643.html }}</ref> In May 2009, Cheney spoke of his support for ], becoming one of the most prominent Republican politicians to do so. Speaking to the ], Cheney stated: "People ought to be free to enter into any kind of union they wish, any kind of arrangement they wish. I do believe, historically, the way marriage has been regulated is at a state level. It's always been a state issue, and I think that's the way it ought to be handled today."<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=] |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-12687.html |title=Dick Cheney speaks out in favour of gay marriage |archive-date=June 5, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605072245/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-12687.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, Cheney reportedly encouraged several Maryland state legislators to vote to legalize same-sex marriage in that state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/cheats/2012/02/17/dick-cheney-lobbying-for-gay-marriage.html |title=Dick Cheney Lobbying for Gay Marriage |website=] |date=February 17, 2012 |access-date=May 6, 2012 |archive-date=February 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218021604/http://www.thedailybeast.com/cheats/2012/02/17/dick-cheney-lobbying-for-gay-marriage.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
	Cheney and former United States Attorney General ] were indicted by a Texas grand jury for conflict of interest in his role as Vice President and "at least ] assaults" via his investments in private company that runs detention centers in Texas.<ref>http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D94HJVVO2.html</ref> The grand jury indictment was related to Cheney's financial involvement with ], a company that contracts with the United States Government to operate Federal prisons and detention centers.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2008/11/18/cheney-gonale-indicted/</ref> The charges specifically related to prisoner abuse in those centers.<ref>http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/11/18/texas-grand-jury-indicts-cheney-gonzales/</ref> The prosecutor, Juan Guerra, also brought indictments against several special prosecutors and judges that were involved in investigating his office for misconduct over the past several years. Guerra did not appear in court.<ref>http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/Cheneys_lawyer_files_motion_to_quash_indictment.html</ref><ref>http://www.kveo.com/home/ticker/34783409.html</ref> The indictments were dismissed by the judge as invalid on December 1, 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2008/12/01/cheney-gonale-indictments-dismissed-texas-prison-case/|title=Cheney, Gonzalez Indictments Dismissed in Texas Prison Case|date=December 1, 2008|accessdate=2008-12-02|publisher=Fox News|work=Associated Press}}</ref>
			Although, by custom, a former vice president unofficially receives six months of protection from the ], President Obama reportedly extended the protection period for Cheney.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=July 10, 2009 |url=https://www.usnews.com/blogs/washington-whispers/2009/07/10/obama-extends-cheneys-secret-service-protection.html |title=Obama extends Cheney's Secret Service Protection |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=July 12, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712060842/http://www.usnews.com/blogs/washington-whispers/2009/07/10/obama-extends-cheneys-secret-service-protection.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
	==Post Vice-Presidency==
			On July 11, 2009, CIA Director ] told the Senate and House intelligence committees that the CIA withheld information about a secret counter-terrorism program from Congress for eight years on direct orders from Cheney. Intelligence and Congressional officials have said the unidentified program did not involve the ] and did not involve domestic intelligence activities. They have said the program was started by the counter-terrorism center at the CIA shortly after the attacks of September 11, 2001, but never became fully operational, involving planning and some training that took place off and on from 2001 until 2009.<ref>{{cite news|author=Shane, Scott |title=Cheney Is Linked to Concealment of C.I.A. Project |date=July 11, 2009 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/12/us/politics/12intel.html |access-date=August 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315041815/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/12/us/politics/12intel.html |archive-date=March 15, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '']'' reported, citing former intelligence officials familiar with the matter, that the program was an attempt to carry out a 2001 presidential authorization to capture or kill ] operatives.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gorman|first=Siobhan|title=CIA Had Secret Al Qaeda Plan|date=July 13, 2009|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=August 6, 2009|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124736381913627661|archive-date=March 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307121905/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124736381913627661|url-status=live}}</ref>
	After leaving office, Cheney purchased a home in ] (] suburbs) and maintains homes in Wyoming and on Maryland's Eastern Shore.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090523/ap_on_go_pr_wh/us_cheney_no_exit</ref>
			]
	Said to be writing a book,<ref>{{cite news|author=Rutenberg, Jim and Rich, Motoko|title=Cheney Seeks Book Deal on Bush Years and More|url= http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/23/us/politics/23cheney.html|date=May 22, 2009|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2009-05-23}}</ref> Cheney has maintained a visible public profile after leaving office, being especially critical of ] policies on national security.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090523/ap_on_go_pr_wh/us_cheney_no_exit</ref><ref>http://www.edmontonsun.com/news/world/2009/05/22/9532251-sun.html</ref><ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/politico/20090520/pl_politico/22748</ref>
			Cheney has said that the ] is a "positive influence on the Republican Party" and that "I think it's much better to have that kind of turmoil and change in the Republican Party than it would be to have it outside."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/dick-cheney-tea-party-positive-for-gop-98594.html |author=Tal Kopan |title=Dick Cheney: Tea party 'positive' for GOP |publisher=Politico |date=October 21, 2013 |archive-date=October 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021121521/http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/dick-cheney-tea-party-positive-for-gop-98594.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
			In May 2016, Cheney endorsed ] as the Republican nominee in the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/05/dick-cheney-support-donald-trump-222907|title=Dick Cheney will support Trump|publisher=politico|date=May 6, 2016|access-date=June 14, 2020|archive-date=June 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614074748/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/05/dick-cheney-support-donald-trump-222907|url-status=live}}</ref> That November, his daughter Liz won ] (to his former congressional seat). When she was sworn into office in January 2017, Cheney said he believed she would do well in the position and that he would only offer advice if requested.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/dick-cheney-new-rep-cheney-wants-advice-shell-ask|title=Dick Cheney on New Rep. Cheney: 'If She Wants My Advice, She'll Ask for It'|date=January 3, 2017|publisher=rollcall.com|first=Tom|last=Curry|access-date=April 21, 2017|archive-date=April 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422134111/http://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/dick-cheney-new-rep-cheney-wants-advice-shell-ask|url-status=live}}</ref>
	==Health problems==
	Cheney's long histories of ] and periodic need for urgent health care raised questions of whether he was medically fit to serve in public office.<ref>
	{{cite web
	| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/24/us/the-2000-campaign-the-texas-governor-new-sign-bush-favors-cheney-as-no-2.html
	| last = Bruni
	| first = Frank
	| title = THE 2000 CAMPAIGN: THE TEXAS GOVERNOR; New Sign Bush Favors Cheney as No. 2
	| publisher = ]
	| date=2000-07-24
	| accessdate = 2009-05-24
	}}
	</ref> Once a heavy smoker, Cheney sustained the first of four ]s in 1978, at age 37. Subsequent attacks in 1984, 1988, and 2000<ref>http://archives.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/06/29/cheney.chronology/index.html</ref> have resulted in moderate contractile dysfunction of his ]. He underwent four-vessel ] grafting in 1988, ] in November 1994, and urgent ] in December 1994.<ref name="cheney's health cbs"/>
			That March, Cheney said that ] could be considered "an act of war".<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401030439/http://www.salon.com/2017/03/29/dick-cheney-alleged-russian-election-interference-was-an-act-of-war/ |date=April 1, 2017 }}. '']''. March 29, 2017.</ref>
	As vice president, Cheney was cared for by the ] (WHMU).<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://whmureunions.com/History_Page.htm
	|title=White House Medical Unit History
	|accessdate=2009-05-25
	}}
	</ref> Staff from the WHMG accompany the president and the vice president while either is traveling, and make advance contact with local emergency medical services to ensure that urgent care is available immediately should it be necessary.<!-- The following reference comes up as "forbidden"<ref>
	{{cite web
	| url = http://www.afdil.org/Departments/legalmed/legmed2003/Fuller.pdf
	| last = Fuller
	| first = George F.
	| title = White House Medical Support
	| publisher = The ]
	| date = ]
	| accessdate = 2006-10-24
	|format=PDF
	}}
	</ref> --> He has undergone a number of procedures during his tenure.
			===Views on President Obama===
	In 2001, an examination of Cheney with a ] revealed the presence of brief episodes of (asymptomatic) ]. An ] was performed, at which Cheney was found to have an unsteady and potentially fatal heartbeat.<ref name="Dr. Zebra"/> An ] (ICD) was therefore implanted in his left upper anterior chest.<ref name="small times">
			] in December 2018]]
	{{cite news
	|url=http://www.smalltimes.com/articles/article_display.cfm?Section=ARCHI&C=Bio&ARTICLE_ID=267535&p=109
	|title=Mems Device in Cheney's Chest helps Veep's Ticker Keep Time
	|date=2001-07-02
	|accessdate=2008-01-03
	|work=Small Times
	|last=Karoub
	|first=Jeff
	}}
	</ref>
			On December 29, 2009, four days after the ], Cheney criticized President ]: " are at war and when President Obama pretends we aren't, it makes us less safe. ... Why doesn't he want to admit we're at war? It doesn't fit with the view of the world he brought with him to the Oval Office. It doesn't fit with what seems to be the goal of his presidency{{snd}}social transformation{{snd}}the restructuring of American society."<ref name=politico_dec2009>{{cite news|last=Allen|first=Mike|url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1209/31054.html|title=Dick Cheney: Barack Obama 'trying to pretend'|newspaper=Politico|date=December 30, 2009|access-date=January 4, 2010|archive-date=January 3, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103233412/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1209/31054.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, ] ] wrote on the official ] the following day, "t is telling that Vice President Cheney and others seem to be more focused on criticizing the Administration than condemning the attackers. Unfortunately too many are engaged in the typical Washington game of pointing fingers and making political hay, instead of working together to find solutions to make our country safer."<ref name=whitehouse_dec30_2009>{{cite news |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2009/12 |title=The Same Old Washington Blame Game |last=Pfeiffer |first=Dan |newspaper=] |date=December 30, 2009 |access-date=January 4, 2010 |archive-date=December 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203191445/http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2009/12 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=cnn_dec30_2009>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/12/30/cheney.obama.war/index.html |title=Cheney, White House spar over terrorism |last=Mooney |first=Alexander |work=CNN|date=December 30, 2009 |access-date=August 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231024756/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/12/30/cheney.obama.war/index.html |archive-date=December 31, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>
	On September 24, 2005, Cheney underwent a six-hour endo-] procedure to repair ] ]s bilaterally, a ] treatment technique used in the artery behind each knee.<ref name="cheney's health cbs"/> The condition was discovered at a regular physical in July, and was not life-threatening.<ref name="Dr. Zebra">
			During a February 14, 2010, appearance on ]'s '']'', Cheney reiterated his criticism of the Obama administration's policies for handling suspected terrorists, criticizing the "mindset" of treating "terror attacks against the United States as criminal acts as opposed to acts of war".<ref name=ABCTW20100214/>
	{{cite web
	| url = http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/a_cheney.htm
	| author = "Dr. Zebra"
	| title = Health & Medical History of Richard "Dick" Cheney
	| publisher = Dr. Zebra.com
	| date = ]
	| accessdate = 2008-01-10
	}}
	</ref> Cheney was hospitalized for tests after experiencing shortness of breath five months later. In late April 2006, an ] revealed that the clot was smaller.<ref name="cheney's health cbs"/>
			In a May 2, 2011, interview with ABC News, Cheney praised the Obama administration for the covert military operation in Pakistan that resulted in the ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/dick-cheney-osama-bin-ladens-death-obama-deserves/story?id=13509547 |title=Dick Cheney Says 'Obama Deserves Credit' for Osama Bin Laden's Death |last=Karl |first=Johnathan |work=ABC News |date=May 2, 2011 |access-date=May 7, 2011 |archive-date=May 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505062948/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/dick-cheney-osama-bin-ladens-death-obama-deserves/story?id=13509547 |url-status=live }}</ref>
	On March 5, 2007, Cheney was treated for ] in his left leg at ] after experiencing pain in his left calf.<ref name="cheney's health cbs"/> Doctors prescribed blood-thinning medication and allowed him to return to work.<ref>
	{{cite web
	| url = http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/03/05/cheney.health/index.html
	| last = Malveaux
	| first = Suzanne
	| title = Cheney treated for blood clot in his leg
	| publisher = ]
	| date=2007-03-05
	| accessdate = 2007-03-05
	}}
	</ref>
			In 2014, during an interview with ], he called Obama a "weak President" after Obama announced his plans to pull forces out of Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2014/05/dick-cheney-barack-obama-weak-fox-sean-hannity-afghanistan-107205.html |title=Dick Cheney: President Obama 'very weak' |author=Kendall Breitman |publisher=Politico |date=May 29, 2014 |access-date=June 1, 2014 |archive-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529164353/http://www.politico.com/story/2014/05/dick-cheney-barack-obama-weak-fox-sean-hannity-afghanistan-107205.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
	CBS News reported that during the morning of November 26, 2007, Cheney was diagnosed with ] and underwent treatment that afternoon.<ref name="cheney's health cbs">
	{{cite news
	|url=http://wcbstv.com/topstories/cheney.irregular.heartbeat.2.595859.html
	|title=V.P. Cheney Treated For Irregular Heartbeat
	|accessdate=2007-12-13
	|date=2007-11-26
	|publisher=]
	}}
	</ref>
			===Memoir===
	On July 12, 2008 Cheney underwent a ] exam, and doctors reported that his heartbeat was normal for a 67-year-old man with a history of heart problems. As part of his annual checkup, he was administered an ] and ] of the stents placed in the arteries behind his knees in 2005. Doctors said that Cheney had not experienced any recurrence of atrial fibrillation and that his special pacemaker had neither detected nor treated any ].<ref>{{cite news
			]
	|url=http://www.newser.com/article/d91sdbo80/look-at-cheneys-health-history-over-the-years.html
			{{main|In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir}}
	|title=Look at Cheney's health history over the years
			In August 2011, Cheney published his memoir, '']'', written with ]. The book outlines Cheney's recollections of ], the ], the ], the run-up to the 2003 ], so-called "]" and other events.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/inmytimepersonal00chen |title=In My Time &#124; Book by Dick Cheney, Liz Cheney &#124; Official Publisher Page |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=August 30, 2011 |access-date=December 29, 2016 |isbn=9781439176191 }}</ref> According to ], the author of '']'', Cheney's book differs from publicly available records on details surrounding the ].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://swampland.time.com/2011/08/29/in-new-memoir-dick-cheney-tries-to-rewrite-history/ |title=In New Memoir, Dick Cheney Tries to Rewrite History |author-link=Barton Gellman |first=Barton |last=Gellman |magazine=Time |date=August 29, 2011 |access-date=October 27, 2011 |archive-date=September 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918092730/http://swampland.time.com/2011/08/29/in-new-memoir-dick-cheney-tries-to-rewrite-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=September 12, 2011|url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,2091374,00.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204092757/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,2091374,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 4, 2013|title=The Power and the Zealotry|author=]|magazine=Time|access-date=May 8, 2012}}</ref>
	|accessdate=2008-07-25
	|date=2008-07-12
	|publisher=]}}
	</ref>
			===''Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America''===
	On October 15, 2008, Cheney returned to the hospital briefly to treat a minor irregularity.<ref>{{cite news
			{{main|Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America}}
	|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081015/ap_on_go_pr_wh/cheney
			In 2015, Cheney published another book, '']'', again co-authored with his daughter ]. The book traces the history of U.S. foreign policy and military successes and failures from ]'s administration through the ]. The authors tell the story of what they describe as the unique role the United States has played as a defender of freedom throughout the world since ].<ref name="simonandschuster">{{cite book |url= http://books.simonandschuster.com/Exceptional/Dick-Cheney/9781501115417 |title= Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America, By Dick Cheney and Liz Cheney |publisher= Simon & Schuster |date= September 2015 |access-date= September 3, 2015 |isbn= 9781442388314 |archive-date= September 5, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150905073401/http://books.simonandschuster.com/Exceptional/Dick-Cheney/9781501115417 |url-status= live }}</ref> Drawing upon the notion of ], the co-authors criticize ]'s and former ]'s foreign policies, and offer what they see as the solutions needed to restore American greatness and power on the world stage in defense of freedom.<ref name=WashTimes0901>{{cite news |last=Harper |first=Jennifer |date=September 1, 2015 |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/sep/1/dick-cheney-our-children-must-know-us-most-powerfu/ |title=Dick Cheney: Tell children that America is 'the most powerful, good and honorable nation in history': New book provides insight into the true value of a mighty America |newspaper=The Washington Times |access-date=September 6, 2015 |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016110416/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/sep/1/dick-cheney-our-children-must-know-us-most-powerfu/ |url-status=live }} Retrieved September 6, 2015</ref><ref name="weeklystandardcheney">{{cite news |last=Warren |first=Michael |date=September 1, 2015 |title=Cheney: Iran Deal Did Not Begin With Bush Administration |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/cheney-iran-deal-did-not-begin-bush-administration_1023631.html?page=2 |newspaper=The Weekly Standard |access-date=September 3, 2015 |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906064110/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/cheney-iran-deal-did-not-begin-bush-administration_1023631.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	|title=Cheney experiences abnormal heart rhythm
	|accessdate=2008-10-15
	|date=2008-10-15
	|publisher=]}}
	</ref>
			===Views on President Trump===
	On January 21, 2009, Cheney ] his ] "while moving boxes into his new house". As a consequence, he was in a wheelchair for two days, including his attendance at the 2009 ].<ref>{{cite news
			Cheney has criticized modern Republican leadership.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cillizza |first1=Chris|title=Analysis: Dick Cheney just spoke a hard truth to his fellow Republicans about January 6 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/07/politics/dick-cheney-jan-6-capitol-riot-anniversary/index.html |website=CNN |date=January 7, 2022 |access-date=August 4, 2022}}</ref> In May 2016, Cheney said he would support ] in the ].<ref>{{cite web |last1=LoBianco |first1=Tom |title=First on CNN: Cheney says he will support Trump {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/05/06/politics/dick-cheney-donald-trump/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=August 4, 2022 |language=en |date=May 6, 2016}}</ref> In May 2018, Cheney supported Trump's ] from the ].<ref>" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520054142/http://video.foxbusiness.com/v/5783049472001/ |date=May 20, 2018 }}". Fox News. May 10, 2018.</ref>
	|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,,24939969-5013948,00.html?from=public_rss
	|title=Vice-President Dick Cheney to watch Barack Obama inauguration in a wheelchair
	|accessdate=2009-05-24
	|date=2009-01-21
	|publisher=]}}
	</ref>
			Cheney criticized the ] at the ] ] alongside Vice President ] in March 2019. Questioning his successor on Trump's commitment to ] and tendency to announce policy decisions on Twitter before consulting senior staff members, Cheney commented, "It seems, at times, as though your administration’s approach has more in common with Obama’s foreign policy than traditional Republican foreign policy."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/03/11/cheney-mike-pence-foreign-policy-1216663|title=Cheney grills Pence on Trump's foreign policy|first=Eliana|last=Johnson|website=Politico|date=March 11, 2019|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-date=July 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713164722/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/03/11/cheney-mike-pence-foreign-policy-1216663|url-status=live}}</ref>
	==Public perception==
	In the beginning of the Bush administration, Cheney's public opinion polls were more favorable than unfavorable. In the wake of the ], both Bush's and Cheney's approval ratings rose, with Cheney reaching 63 percent<ref name="cheney gallup approval"/> and the president with 90 percent.<ref>
	{{cite news
	|url=http://blogs.usatoday.com/onpolitics/2007/07/usatgallup-po-1.html
	|accessdate=2007-11-28
	|publisher=USA Today
	|date=2007-07-10
	|title=USAT/Gallup Poll: Bush approval at new low&mdash;Republican support eroding
	}}
	</ref> The polling numbers for both men declined after the September 11 attacks, however.<ref name="cheney gallup approval"/><ref name="PollingReport">
	{{cite news
	|url=http://www.pollingreport.com/C.htm
	|accessdate=2006-12-31
	|publisher=The Polling Report
	|date=2007-12-31
	|title=Vice President Dick Cheney: Job Ratings
	}}
	</ref> Cheney's ] poll figures are consistent with those from other polls:<ref name="cheney gallup approval">
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/28159/Americans-Ratings-Dick-Cheney-Reach-New-Lows.aspx
	|title=Americans' Ratings of Dick Cheney Reach New Lows
	|last=Carroll
	|first=Joseph
	|date=2007-07-18
	|accessdate=2007-12-22
	|publisher=]
	}}
	</ref><ref name="cheney bush march 2009 gallup approval">
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/117250/Little-Change-Negative-Images-Bush-Cheney.aspx
	|title=Little Change in Negative Images of Bush and Cheney - Favorable ratings for both are at or near their all-time lows
	|last= Saad
	|first=Lidia
	|date=2009-04-03
	|accessdate=2009-04-03
	|publisher=]
	}}
	</ref>
	*April 2001&mdash;63% approval, 21% disapproval
	*January 2002&mdash;68% approval, 18% disapproval
	*January 2004&mdash;56% approval, 36% disapproval
	*January 2005&mdash;50% approval, 40% disapproval
	*January 2006&mdash;41% approval, 46% disapproval
	*July 2007&mdash;30% approval, 60% disapproval
	*March 2009&mdash;30% approval, 63% disapproval
	In April 2007 Cheney was awarded an ] of public service from ], where he delivered the commencement address.<ref>
	{{cite web
	| url = http://www.deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,660215019,00.html
	| title = BYU to give Cheney honorary degree
	| accessdate = 2007-05-07
	| date = 2006-04-25
	| publisher =Deseret News
	}}
	</ref> His selection as graduate commencement speaker was controversial. The college board of trustees issued a statement explaining that the invitation should be viewed "as one extended to someone holding the high office of vice president of the United States rather than to a partisan political figure."<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=6b5cb10fd5f91110VgnVCM100000176f620aRCRD&vgnextchannel=9ae411154963d010VgnVCM1000004e94610aRCRD
	|title=BYU Invitation to Vice President Stirs Debate
	|publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
	|date=2007-03-29
	|author=LDS Newsroom
	|accessdate=2007-06-27
	}}
	</ref> BYU permitted a protest to occur so long as it did not "make personal attacks against Cheney, attack (the) BYU administration, the ] or the ]."<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://nn.byu.edu/story.cfm/63803
	|title=BYU to Allow Cheney Protest
	|publisher=Brigham Young University
	|date=2007-03-29
	|last=Buchanan
	|first=Adam
	|accessdate=2007-12-11
	}}
	</ref>
			On the one-year anniversary of the ], Cheney joined his daughter ] at the Capitol and participated in the remembrance events.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sotomayor|first1=Marianna|last2=Kane|first2=Paul|date=January 7, 2021|title=Dick Cheney returns to the House and receives a warm welcome . . . from Democrats|language=en-US|newspaper=]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/january-6-cheney/2022/01/06/72665baa-6f1e-11ec-974b-d1c6de8b26b0_story.html|access-date=January 8, 2022|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=January 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108150224/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/january-6-cheney/2022/01/06/72665baa-6f1e-11ec-974b-d1c6de8b26b0_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His daughter was the only Republican member of the House or Senate to attend the events, despite the events being open for attendance by all others.<ref>Multiple sources:
	== Personal life==
			*{{cite web |last1=Wilkie |first1=Christina |title=With Republicans absent, Liz and Dick Cheney join Democrats to mark Jan. 6 attack anniversary |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/06/liz-and-dick-cheney-join-democrats-to-mark-jan-6-attack-anniversary.html |website=CNBC |access-date=September 6, 2024 |language=en |date=January 7, 2022}}
	Cheney is a member of the ],<ref>
			*{{cite web |last1=Edmondson |first1=Catie |title='A Reflection of Where Our Party Is': Republicans Avoid Jan. 6 Observances |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/06/us/politics/republicans-jan-6-observances.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=September 6, 2024 |date=January 6, 2022}}</ref> He later appeared in a ] campaign ad for Liz in which he called Trump a "coward" and a "threat to our republic" due to his ]. That year, Liz ran for her Wyoming ] against Trump-backed primary challenger ], who ultimately won by over 30%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vakil |first1=Caroline |title=Dick Cheney in new ad: No individual is 'greater threat to our republic' than Trump |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3588425-dick-cheney-in-new-ad-no-individual-is-greater-threat-to-our-republic-than-trump/ |access-date=August 5, 2022 |work=The Hill |publisher=Nexstar Inc. |date=August 4, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bradner |first1=Eric |last2=Zeleny |first2=Jeff |title=How Liz Cheney lost Wyoming's lone seat in the House |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/17/politics/why-liz-cheney-lost/index.html |access-date=August 18, 2022 |work=] |date=August 17, 2022}}</ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.umc.org/site/c.gjJTJbMUIuE/b.2287753/k.E975/United_Methodists_fill_62_seats_in_new_Congress.htm
	|title=United Methodists fill 62 seats in new Congress
	|date=2006-12-12
	|accessdate=2008-01-01
	|publisher=United States Marine Corps
	|first=Alberto J
	|last=Menendez
	}}
	</ref> and was "the first Methodist Vice President to serve under a Methodist president".<ref>
	{{cite web
	|url=http://www.drew.edu/depts/library.aspx?id=2410#m5
	|title=How many U.S. Presidents/Senators/Representatives have been Methodist? Have we ever had a President and Vice President of the same denomination before?
	|work=Frequently Asked Questions - Questions About Methodism
	|accessdate=2009-05-24
	|publisher=]
	}}
	</ref>
			On September 6, 2024, Cheney released a public statement confirming that he intends to cast his vote in the ] for Democratic nominee ]. The previous day, his daughter Liz had told a crowd of Cheney's intention to do so.<ref name="Harris1"/> In his statement, Cheney opined, {{quote|In our nation's 248-year history, there has never been an individual who is a greater threat to our republic than Donald Trump. He tried to steal the last election using lies and violence to keep himself in power after the voters had rejected him. He can never be trusted with power again. As citizens, we each have a duty to put country above partisanship to defend our Constitution. That is why I will be casting my vote for Vice President Kamala Harris.<ref name="Harris1">Multiple sources:
	His wife, ], was Chair of the ] from 1986 to 1996. She is now a public speaker, author, and a senior fellow at the ]. The couple have two children, ] and ], and six grandchildren. Elizabeth, his eldest daughter, is married to ], General Counsel of the ]. Mary Cheney, a former employee of the ] baseball team and ] and campaign aide to the Bush re-election campaign, currently lives in ], ] with her longtime partner Heather Poe.<ref>
			*{{cite web |title=In Rebuke of Donald Trump, Dick Cheney Says He Will Vote for Kamala Harris |url=https://www.wcpo.com/politics/liz-cheney-says-her-father-dick-cheney-will-vote-for-kamala-harris |website=WCPO 9 Cincinnati |publisher=Scripp's News |access-date=6 September 2024 |language=en |date=6 September 2024}}
	{{cite web
			*{{cite web |last1=Clayton |first1=Abené |last2=Yang |first2=Maya |last3=Clayton (now) |first3=Abené |last4=Yang (earlier) |first4=Maya |title=Dick Cheney Confirms He Will Vote for Kamala Harris, Saying No 'Greater Threat' to US Than Donald Trump |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2024/sep/06/trump-harris-us-election?CMP=share_btn_url&page=with%3Ablock-66db73c88f086598f67646e7#block-66db73c88f086598f67646e7 |website=The Guardian |access-date=September 6, 2024 |date=September 6, 2024}}</ref>}}
	|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/05/23/wednesday/index.html
	|title=Vice President Cheney's legacy grows by one grandchild
	|accessdate=September 2007
	}}
	</ref>
			==Public perception and legacy==
	Cheney was portrayed by ] in the 2008 film '']''<ref>
			]<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.house.gov/cubin/news/1999/May25.html |title=Cheney Building Dedication to be Held in Casper |publisher=United States House of Representatives: Barbara Cubin |access-date=January 1, 2008 |year=1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040328113911/http://www.house.gov/cubin/news/1999/May25.html |archive-date=March 28, 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Public Law 105-277 (Section 113), 105th Congress, 21 October 1998|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-105publ277/pdf/PLAW-105publ277.pdf|website=U.S. Government Publishing Office|access-date=April 18, 2015|archive-date=April 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418004215/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-105publ277/pdf/PLAW-105publ277.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
	{{cite web
			Cheney's early public opinion polls were more favorable than unfavorable, reaching his peak approval rating in the wake of the ] at 68 percent.<ref name="cheney gallup approval"/> However, polling numbers for both him and the president gradually declined in their second terms,<ref name="cheney gallup approval"/><ref name="PollingReport">{{cite news|access-date= December 31, 2006|url= http://www.pollingreport.com/C.htm|publisher= The Polling Report|date= December 31, 2007|title= Vice President Dick Cheney: Job Ratings|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080705231247/http://www.pollingreport.com/C.htm|archive-date = July 5, 2008}}</ref> with Cheney reaching his lowest point shortly before leaving office at 13 percent.<ref name="PollingReport"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bushs-final-approval-rating-22-percent/|title=Bush's Final Approval Rating: 22 Percent|work=CBS News|date=February 11, 2009|access-date=July 17, 2013|archive-date=July 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722041522/http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500160_162-4728399.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Cheney's ] figures are mostly consistent with those from other polls:<ref name="cheney gallup approval">{{cite web|last=Carroll |first=Joseph |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/28159/Americans-Ratings-Dick-Cheney-Reach-New-Lows.aspx |title=Americans' Ratings of Dick Cheney Reach New Lows |date=July 18, 2007 |publisher=] |access-date=December 22, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820200131/http://www.gallup.com/poll/28159/Americans-Ratings-Dick-Cheney-Reach-New-Lows.aspx |archive-date=August 20, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="cheney bush march 2009 gallup approval">{{cite web|last=Saad |first=Lidia |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/117250/Little-Change-Negative-Images-Bush-Cheney.aspx |title=Little Change in Negative Images of Bush and Cheney&nbsp;– Favorable ratings for both are at or near their all-time lows |date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=April 3, 2009 |publisher=] |archive-date=April 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406023356/http://www.gallup.com/poll/117250/Little-Change-Negative-Images-Bush-Cheney.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
	|last=Cole
			* April 2001 – 63% approval, 21% disapproval
	|first=Brendan
			* January 2002 – 68% approval, 18% disapproval
	|url=http://www.rte.ie/arts/2008/1030/w.html
			* January 2004 – 56% approval, 36% disapproval
	|title=W
			* January 2005 – 50% approval, 40% disapproval
	|publisher = ]
			* January 2006 – 41% approval, 46% disapproval
	|accessdate=24 May 2009
			* July 2007 – 30% approval, 60% disapproval
	}}
			* March 2009 – 30% approval, 63% disapproval
	</ref>
			In April 2007, Cheney was awarded an honorary doctorate of public service by ], where he delivered the commencement address.<ref>{{cite web|title=BYU to give Cheney honorary degree |work=] |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,660215019,00.html |date=April 25, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621214756/http://www.deseretnews.com/dn/view/0%2C1249%2C660215019%2C00.html |archive-date=June 21, 2008 |access-date=May 7, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His selection as commencement speaker was controversial. The college board of trustees issued a statement explaining that the invitation should be viewed "as one extended to someone holding the high office of vice president of the United States rather than to a partisan political figure".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldsmag.com/ldsmag/churchupdate/070402debate.html |title=BYU Invitation to Vice President Stirs Debate |publisher=] |date=March 29, 2007 |author=LDS Newsroom |access-date=July 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026061553/http://www.ldsmag.com/ldsmag/churchupdate/070402debate.html |archive-date=October 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> BYU permitted a protest to occur so long as it did not "make personal attacks against Cheney, attack (the) BYU administration, the ] or the ]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nn.byu.edu/story.cfm/63803 |title=BYU to Allow Cheney Protest |publisher=] |date=March 29, 2007 |last=Buchanan |first=Adam |access-date=December 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304061625/http://nn.byu.edu/story.cfm/63803 |archive-date=March 4, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
			Cheney has been cited as the most powerful vice president in American history.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> He has been compared to ], a characterization originated by his critics, but which was later adopted humorously by Cheney himself as well as by members of his family and staff.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna21575478 |title=Cheney: Being Darth Vader not so bad |work=NBC News |agency=Associated Press |date=November 1, 2007 |access-date=May 27, 2011 |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923223200/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/21575478 |url-status=live }}</ref>
			As a result of Cheney having admitted that he "signed off" on the so-called "]" program,<ref name="JasonLeopold"> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210221047/http://www.atlanticfreepress.com/news/1/6983--cheney-admits-he-signed-off-on-waterboarding-of-three-guantanamo-prisoners.html |date=December 10, 2015 }}, '']'', December 29, 2008</ref><ref name="SenateReportRice">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=April 23, 2009 |title=Senate Report: Rice, Cheney OK'd CIA use of waterboarding |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/04/23/cheney.rice.waterboarding/ |newspaper=] |access-date=December 9, 2015 |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182407/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/04/23/cheney.rice.waterboarding/ |url-status=live }}</ref> some public officials, as well as several media outlets and advocacy groups, ] under various anti-torture and war crimes statutes.<ref name="Calls for prosecution">Calls for prosecution:
			* ]: {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224005544/http://ccrjustice.org/newsroom/press-releases/senate-armed-services-committee-report-underscores-need-prosecution |date=December 24, 2014 }}
			* ]: {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404082217/https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/07/11/united-states-investigate-bush-other-top-officials-torture |date=April 4, 2016 }}
			* ''The New York Times'' Editorial Board {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717060934/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/22/opinion/prosecute-torturers-and-their-bosses.html |date=July 17, 2016 }}
			* Sen. ]: {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809045346/http://harpers.org/blog/2008/12/levin-discusses-need-for-torture-prosecutions/ |date=August 9, 2016 }}
			* ]: {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213151924/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/29/richard-clarke-george-bush-war-crimes_n_5410619.html |date=December 13, 2016 }}
			* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423052334/http://www.salon.com/2008/12/18/prosecutions/ |date=April 23, 2016 }} ], ''Salon'', December 18, 2008
			</ref><ref name="HRW Roadmap">{{cite journal |url=https://www.hrw.org/node/283564 |title=No More Excuses: A Roadmap to Justice for CIA Torture |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=December 2015 |website=hrw.org |publisher=] |access-date=December 2, 2015 |archive-date=December 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201203948/https://www.hrw.org/node/283564 |url-status=live }}</ref>
			In ]'s book ''Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush'', published in November 2015, the 41st president, although also laudatory of Cheney, is in part critical of the former vice president, whom Bush describes as "having his own empire" and "very hard-line."<ref name="New York Daily News">{{cite news |last=Edelman |first=Adam |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/george-h-w-bush-slams-dick-cheney-donald-rumsfeld-book-article-1.2424320 |title=Rumsfeld swipes at George H.W. Bush after critical bio clips |newspaper=] |date=November 5, 2015 |access-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-date=November 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106023732/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/george-h-w-bush-slams-dick-cheney-donald-rumsfeld-book-article-1.2424320 |url-status=live }}</ref>
			== In popular culture ==
			] at the 2010 ].]]
			* In ]'s 2002 single "]", where the lines "I know that you got a job, Ms. Cheney / But your husband's heart problem's complicated" refer to his ].
			* In '']'', the character Raymond Becker (played by ]) is intended to be a criticism of Dick Cheney.
			* In '']'' (2008), a biographical comedy-drama film directed by ], he is portrayed by ].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com:80/hr/content_display/film/news/e3ic8cebb424120f3a576fdfb72633580f7 |title=Richard Dreyfuss heads to the White House |journal=] |date=May 22, 2008 |access-date=January 12, 2019 |first=Steven |last=Zeitchik |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524023212/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3ic8cebb424120f3a576fdfb72633580f7 |archive-date=May 24, 2008 |publisher=] |url-status=live }}</ref>
			*In ] (2016), where the line "God bless Dick Cheney's America" refers to his support of American military presence in Iraq.
			* In '']'' (2018), a political satire series, ] pranked Cheney into signing a makeshift ].<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramos|first=Dino-Ray|title=Sacha Baron Cohen Asks Dick Cheney To Sign Water Board Kit In New Clip From Mystery Showtime Series|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/sacha-baron-cohen-showtime-series-donald-trump-dick-cheney-who-is-america-1202422888/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=July 9, 2018|access-date=October 11, 2018|archive-date=July 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709021219/https://deadline.com/2018/07/sacha-baron-cohen-showtime-series-donald-trump-dick-cheney-who-is-america-1202422888/|url-status=live}}</ref>
			* In '']'' (2018), a biographical comedy-drama film written and directed by ], Cheney is portrayed by ],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coyle |first=Jake |date=April 12, 2017 |title=Christian Bale, Acton's Steve Carell cast in Dick Cheney biopic |url=https://www.boston.com/culture/movies/2017/04/12/christian-bale-actons-steve-carell-cast-in-dick-cheney-biopic/ |access-date=May 28, 2023 |website=] |agency=]}}</ref> for which the latter won a ] and was nominated for the ].
			* In '']'' (2020), a ] television miniseries produced by ], Cheney is portrayed by Andrew Hodwitz.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.avclub.com/in-jill-mrs-america-captures-a-painful-turning-poin-1843281364 |title=In "Jill," ''Mrs. America'' captures a painful turning point |date=May 6, 2020 |access-date=May 6, 2020 |author=Sulagna Misra |work=] |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508031834/https://tv.avclub.com/in-jill-mrs-america-captures-a-painful-turning-poin-1843281364 |url-status=live }}</ref>
			* ] did a parody cover called "Cheney's Got a Gun"<ref>{{cite web |title=Cheney's Got a Gun |url=https://bobrivers.com/cheneys-got-a-gun/ |website=The Bob Rivers Show |date=January 13, 2003 |access-date=July 12, 2021 |archive-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304004406/https://bobrivers.com/cheneys-got-a-gun/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
			*In an episode entitled "Dick Cheney" during the first-season run of the ] ] aired on ], protagonist John Lakeman shoots his rival with a shotgun while the two were conducting a duck hunt, referencing events surrounding the ].
			==Personal life==
			Cheney is a member of the ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umc.org/site/c.gjJTJbMUIuE/b.2287753/k.E975/United_Methodists_fill_62_seats_in_new_Congress.htm |title=United Methodists fill 62 seats in new Congress |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 1, 2008 |publisher=United States Marine Corps |first=Alberto J |last=Menende |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021013456/http://www.umc.org/site/c.gjJTJbMUIuE/b.2287753/k.E975/United_Methodists_fill_62_seats_in_new_Congress.htm |archive-date=October 21, 2007 }}</ref> and was the first Methodist vice president to serve under a Methodist president.<ref>{{cite web |title=How many U.S. Presidents/Senators/Representatives have been Methodist? Have we ever had a President and Vice President of the same denomination before? |work=Frequently Asked Questions&nbsp;– Questions About Methodism |publisher=] |access-date=May 24, 2009 |url=http://www.drew.edu/depts/library.aspx?id=2410#m5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016063555/http://www.drew.edu/depts/library.aspx?id=2410#m5 |archive-date=October 16, 2008 }}</ref>
			Cheney's brother, Bob, is a former civil servant at the ].<ref name="Lemann 2001">{{cite magazine | last=Lemann | first=Nicholas | title=The Quiet Man | magazine=The New Yorker | date=April 30, 2001 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/05/07/the-quiet-man-nicholas-lemann | access-date=July 1, 2022}}</ref>
			His wife, ], was chair of the ] from 1986 to 1996. She is now a public speaker, author, and a senior fellow at the ].
			The couple have two daughters, ] and ], and seven grandchildren. Liz, a former congresswoman from Wyoming, is married to ], a former General Counsel of the ]. Mary, a former employee of the ] baseball team and the ], was a campaign aide to the ] campaign; she lives in ], with her wife Heather Poe.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/05/23/wednesday/index.html |title=Vice President Cheney's legacy grows by one grandchild |work=CNN|archive-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407002650/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/05/23/wednesday/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Cheney has publicly supported gay marriage since leaving the vice presidency.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=May 12, 2014 |date=July 30, 2012 |url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0712/79119.html |title=Dick Cheney defends his silence on gay marriage in 2000 |publisher=Politico |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801214130/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0712/79119.html |archive-date=August 1, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
			As of 2015, Cheney had a pet ] named Nelson.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjexv3c8lnQ| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/fjexv3c8lnQ| archive-date=October 27, 2021|title=Meet VP Cheney's dog Nelson!|last=Greta|date=April 8, 2013|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 7, 2015 |title=Vice President Dick Cheney On San Bernardino, Obama's Foreign Policy, And Setting History Straight « The Hugh Hewitt Show |url=http://www.hughhewitt.com/vice-president-dick-cheney-san-bernardino-obamas-foreign-policy-setting-history-straight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803111954/http://www.hughhewitt.com/vice-president-dick-cheney-san-bernardino-obamas-foreign-policy-setting-history-straight/ |archive-date=August 3, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/news/nation/2013/10/20/at-home-with-dick-cheney/3106173/|title=At home with Dick Cheney|newspaper=USA Today|access-date=August 3, 2017|archive-date=August 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803183811/https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/news/nation/2013/10/20/at-home-with-dick-cheney/3106173/|url-status=live}}</ref>
			===Health problems===
			Cheney's long histories of ] and periodic need for urgent health care raised questions of whether he was medically fit to serve in public office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/24/us/the-2000-campaign-the-texas-governor-new-sign-bush-favors-cheney-as-no-2.html |last=Bruni |first=Frank |title=The 2000 Campaign: The Texas Governor; New Sign Bush Favors Cheney as No. 2 |work=The New York Times |date=July 24, 2000 |access-date=May 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511222606/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/24/us/the-2000-campaign-the-texas-governor-new-sign-bush-favors-cheney-as-no-2.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Having ] approximately 3 packs of cigarettes per day for nearly 20 years,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/health/dick-cheneys-medical-history-traces-milestones-in-heart-care.html |title=Cheney File Traces Heart Care Milestones |work=The New York Times |author=Lawrence K. Altman, M.D. |date=April 23, 2012 |access-date=April 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423172533/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/health/dick-cheneys-medical-history-traces-milestones-in-heart-care.html |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cheney had his first of five ] on June 18, 1978,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bernstein|first1=Jake|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zR8V_6tyJ5oC&pg=PA45|title=Vice: Dick Cheney and the Hijacking of the American Presidency|last2=Dubose|first2=Lou|date=September 4, 2008|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4090-2353-1|language=en|access-date=August 22, 2020|archive-date=March 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304004453/https://books.google.com/books?id=zR8V_6tyJ5oC&pg=PA45|url-status=live}}</ref> at age 37. Subsequent heart attacks in 1984, 1988, on November 22, 2000, and on February 22, 2010, resulted in moderate contractile dysfunction of his ].<ref name=CNNHealth2001>{{cite news |work=CNN|date=July 2, 2001 |access-date=February 26, 2010 |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/06/29/cheney.chronology/index.html |title=Cheney's history of heart problems |archive-date=January 23, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123110104/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/06/29/cheney.chronology/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=USATodayCamia2010>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2010/02/tests-show-cheney-suffered-mild-heart-attack-/1 |last=Camia |first=Catalina |title=Tests show Cheney suffered 'mild heart attack' |work=] |date=February 23, 2010 |access-date=February 26, 2010 |archive-date=February 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226103305/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2010/02/tests-show-cheney-suffered-mild-heart-attack-/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=dmy format?|date=October 2021}} He underwent four-vessel ] grafting in 1988, ] in November 2000, urgent ] in March 2001, and the implantation of a ] in June 2001.<ref name="CNNHealth2001"/>
			On September 24, 2005, Cheney underwent a six-hour endo-] procedure to repair ] ]s bilaterally, a ] treatment technique used in the artery behind each knee.<ref name="cheney's health cbs"/> The condition was discovered at a regular physical in July, and was not life-threatening.<ref name="Dr. Zebra">{{cite web|date=December 1, 2007 |author= Zebra |url=http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/a_cheney.htm |title=Health & Medical History of Richard "Dick" Cheney |publisher=Dr. Zebra.com |access-date=January 10, 2008 |archive-date=March 1, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301033740/http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/a_cheney.htm }}</ref> Cheney was hospitalized for tests after experiencing shortness of breath five months later. In late April 2006, an ] revealed that the clot was smaller.<ref name="cheney's health cbs"/>
			On March 5, 2007, Cheney was treated for ] in his left leg at ] after experiencing pain in his left calf. Doctors prescribed blood-thinning medication and allowed him to return to work.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/03/05/cheney.health/index.html |last=Malveaux |first=Suzanne |title=Cheney treated for blood clot in his leg |work=CNN|date=March 5, 2007 |access-date=February 27, 2010 |archive-date=January 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125084218/http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/03/05/cheney.health/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> CBS News reported that during the morning of November 26, 2007, Cheney was diagnosed with ] and underwent treatment that afternoon.<ref name="cheney's health cbs">{{cite news |access-date=February 27, 2010 |url=http://wcbstv.com/topstories/cheney.irregular.heartbeat.2.595859.html |work=] |title=V.P. Cheney Treated For Irregular Heartbeat |date=November 26, 2007 |archive-date=June 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611123831/http://wcbstv.com/topstories/cheney.irregular.heartbeat.2.595859.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
			On July 12, 2008, Cheney underwent a ] exam; doctors reported that his heartbeat was normal for a 67-year-old man with a history of heart problems. As part of his annual checkup, he was administered an ] and ] of the stents placed in the arteries behind his knees in 2005. Doctors said that Cheney had not experienced any recurrence of atrial fibrillation and that his special pacemaker had neither detected nor treated any ].<ref>{{cite news|date=July 13, 2008 |access-date=February 27, 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/13/washington/13cheney.html |title=Doctors Clear Cheney on Health |work=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511093506/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/13/washington/13cheney.html }}</ref> On October 15, 2008, Cheney returned to the hospital briefly to treat a minor irregularity.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=February 27, 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/16/washington/16cheney.html |title=Cheney Is Treated for an Irregular Heartbeat |last=Stout |first=David |work=The New York Times |date=October 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823001548/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/16/washington/16cheney.html |archive-date=August 23, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
			On January 19, 2009, Cheney ] his ] "while moving boxes into his new house". As a consequence, he was in a wheelchair for two days, including his attendance at the ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,,24939969-5013948,00.html?from=public_rss |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215173658/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,,24939969-5013948,00.html?from=public_rss |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 15, 2012 |title=Vice-President Dick Cheney to watch Barack Obama inauguration in a wheelchair |access-date=February 27, 2010 |date=January 21, 2009 |work=The Australian }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cheney Wheelchair Bound for Inauguration|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/video/2009/01/20/VI2009012001387.html|date=January 20, 2009|newspaper=The Washington Post|agency=Associated Press|mode=cs2|format=]|access-date=February 24, 2011|archive-date=June 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629001458/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/video/2009/01/20/VI2009012001387.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
			On February 22, 2010, Cheney was admitted to ] after experiencing chest pains. A spokesperson later said Cheney had experienced a mild heart attack after doctors had run tests.<ref name=USATodayCamia2010/> On June 25, 2010, Cheney was admitted to George Washington University Hospital after reporting discomfort.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna37935956 |title=Former VP Cheney hospitalized |access-date=June 25, 2010 |date=June 25, 2010 |work=NBC News |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923231326/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/37935956 |url-status=live }}</ref>
			In early-July 2010, Cheney was outfitted with a ] (LVAD) at ] Fairfax Heart and Vascular Institute to compensate for worsening ].<ref>{{cite news|access-date=July 19, 2012 |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/cheney-has-bridge-to-transplant-heart-device-implanted |title=Cheney Has 'Bridge to Transplant' Heart Device Implanted |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=July 15, 2010 |archive-date=July 16, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716220929/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C596725%2C00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The device pumped blood continuously through his body.<ref>{{cite news|title=MSNBC's Rachel Maddow on Cheney's heart surgery |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26315908/vp/38252377#38252377 |publisher=MSNBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129182740/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26315908/vp/38252377 |archive-date=January 29, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Altman |first=Lawrence K. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/health/20docs.html |title=A New Pumping Device Brings Hope for Cheney |access-date=July 19, 2010 |date=July 19, 2010 |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320140509/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/health/20docs.html |archive-date=March 20, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was released from Inova on August 9, 2010,<ref>{{cite news
			|url-status=live
			|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6784XK20100809
			|title=Former VP Cheney released from Hospital
			|date=August 9, 2010
			|work=Reuters
			|first=Tabassum
			|last=Zakaria
			|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812152516/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6784XK20100809
			|archive-date=August 12, 2010
			}}</ref> and had to decide whether to seek a full ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/05/us/politics/05cheney.html |title=Cheney Is Back, With Heart Pump and New Outlook |date=January 4, 2011 |work=The New York Times |first1=Lawrence K. |last1=Altman |first2=Helene |last2=Cooper |first3=Michael D. |last3=Schear |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106082607/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/05/us/politics/05cheney.html |archive-date=January 6, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/05/cheney-ponders-heart-transplant/ |title=Cheney ponders heart transplant |date=May 9, 2011 |work=USA Today |first=David |last=Jackson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509191452/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/05/cheney-ponders-heart-transplant/1 |archive-date=May 9, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
			This pump was ] and as a result he remained alive without a ] for nearly fifteen months.<ref>{{cite news|location=New York |date=January 5, 2011 |url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-01-05/entertainment/27086458_1_mechanical-heart-artificial-heart-surgical-director |work=Daily News |title='Former vice president Dick Cheney now has no pulse; Heart pump like artificial heart |first=Rosemary |last=Black |archive-date=April 18, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418233927/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-01-05/entertainment/27086458_1_mechanical-heart-artificial-heart-surgical-director }}</ref>
			On March 24, 2012, Cheney underwent a seven-hour ] procedure at ] in ]. He had been on a waiting list for more than 20 months before receiving the heart from an anonymous donor.<ref name="Fox News">{{cite news|title=Cheney undergoes heart transplant surgery |date=March 24, 2012 |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/cheney-undergoes-heart-transplant-surgery/ |access-date=March 24, 2012 |publisher=Fox News Channel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325000045/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/03/24/cheney-recovering-from-heart-transplant-surgery/ |archive-date=March 25, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=May 6, 2012 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57403969-503544/dick-cheney-receives-heart-transplant/ |title=Dick Cheney receives heart transplant – Political Hotsheet |work=CBS News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325033033/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57403969-503544/dick-cheney-receives-heart-transplant/ |archive-date=March 25, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cheney's principal cardiologist, Jonathan Reiner, advised his patient that "it would not be unreasonable for an otherwise healthy 71-year-old man to expect to live another 10 years" with a transplant, saying in a family-authorized interview that he considered Cheney to be otherwise healthy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://myaccount.nytimes.com/auth/login?URI=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/26/us/cheney-heart-transplant-a-recent-decision.html |title=For Cheney, Pros and Cons in New Heart |author1=Lawrence K. Altman |author2=Denise Grady |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 26, 2012 |access-date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123065843/https://myaccount.nytimes.com/auth/login?URI=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F03%2F26%2Fus%2Fcheney-heart-transplant-a-recent-decision.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
			===Hunting incident===
			{{main|Dick Cheney hunting accident}}
			On February 11, 2006, Cheney accidentally shot ], a then-78-year-old ] attorney, while participating in a ] hunt at Armstrong ranch in ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0216061cheney1.html |title=Texas Cops Release Cheney Shooting Report |website=] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220123116/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0216061cheney1.html |archive-date=February 20, 2009 }}</ref> ] agents and medical aides, who were traveling with Cheney, came to Whittington's assistance and treated his birdshot wounds to his right cheek, neck, and chest. An ambulance standing by for the Vice President took Whittington to nearby ] before he was flown by helicopter to ]. On February 14, 2006, Whittington had a non-fatal ] and ] due to at least one lead-shot pellet lodged in or near his heart.<ref name="Seattlepi_14Feb">{{cite news|work=CNN|title=Hunter shot by Cheney has heart attack |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/02/14/cheney/ |date=February 15, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906191431/http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/02/14/cheney/ |archive-date=September 6, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of the small size of the ], doctors decided to leave up to 30 pieces of the pellets lodged in his body rather than try to remove them.
			The Secret Service stated that they notified the sheriff about one hour after the shooting. Kenedy County Sheriff Ramone Salinas III stated that he first heard of the shooting at about 5:30 pm.<ref name="cheney_cited">{{cite news|work=CBS News |title=Cheney Cited for Breaking Hunting Law |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cheney-cited-for-breaking-hunting-law/ |date=February 14, 2006 |access-date=July 19, 2012 |archive-date=November 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109031012/http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-201_162-1315479.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The next day, ranch owner Katharine Armstrong informed the '']'' of the shooting.<ref name="smokinggun_incident_report">{{cite web|access-date=February 14, 2006 |url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0213061cheney1.html |title=Texas Parks and Wildlife Hunting Accident and Incident Report Form |date=February 13, 2006 |website=The Smoking Gun |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220162517/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0213061cheney1.html |archive-date=February 20, 2009 }}</ref> Cheney had a televised interview with ] News about the shooting on February 15. Both Cheney and Whittington have called the incident an accident. Early reports indicated that Cheney and Whittington were friends and that the injuries were minor. Whittington has since told ''The Washington Post'' that he and Cheney were not close friends but acquaintances. When asked if Cheney had apologized, Whittington declined to answer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/13/AR2010101307173.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Paul|last=Farhi|title=Since Dick Cheney shot him, Harry Whittington's aim has been to move on|date=October 14, 2010|access-date=August 26, 2017|archive-date=August 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810001038/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/13/AR2010101307173.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
			The sheriff's office released a report on the shooting on February 16, 2006, and witness statements on February 22, indicating that the shooting occurred on a clear sunny day, and Whittington was shot from 30 or {{convert|40|yd|m|-1}} away while searching for a downed bird. Armstrong, the ranch owner, claimed that all in the hunting party were wearing blaze-orange safety gear and none had been drinking.<ref>{{cite news|title=White House Deferred to Cheney on Shooting|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/13/AR2006021300452.html|first1=Jim|last1=VandeHei|first2=Sylvia|last2=Moreno|access-date=May 1, 2010|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 14, 2006|archive-date=July 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702191714/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/13/AR2006021300452.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Cheney has acknowledged that he had one beer four or five hours prior to the shooting.<ref>{{cite news|work=CNN|title=Cheney: 'One of the worst days of my life' |date=February 16, 2006 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/02/15/cheney/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207054017/http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/02/15/cheney/index.html |archive-date=February 7, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although Kenedy County Sheriff's Office documents support the official story by Cheney and his party, re-creations of the incident produced by George Gongora and John Metz of the ''Corpus Christi Caller-Times'' indicated that the actual shooting distance was closer than the 30 yards claimed.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |title=Avid shooter simulates the accident, its injuries |date=February 14, 2006 |url=http://www.caller.com/news/2006/feb/14/avid-shooter-simulates-the-accident-its-injuries/ |archive-date=November 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104212016/http://www.caller.com/news/2006/feb/14/avid-shooter-simulates-the-accident-its-injuries/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
			The incident hurt Cheney's popularity standing in the polls.<ref name="los_angeles_15feb">{{cite news|title=Hunter Suffers Setback as Criticism of Cheney Grows |publisher=Los Angeles Times |work=The Nation |date=February 15, 2006 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-feb-15-na-cheney15-story.html |archive-date=December 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201050543/http://articles.latimes.com/2006/feb/15/nation/na-cheney15 |first1=Nicholas |last1=Riccardi |first2=James |last2=Gerstenzang |url-status=live }}</ref> According to polls on February 27, 2006, two weeks after the accident, Dick Cheney's approval rating had dropped 5 percentage points to 18%.<ref>{{cite news|title=Poll:Bush Ratings At All-Time Low |date=February 27, 2006 |access-date=October 8, 2008 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poll-bush-ratings-at-all-time-low/ |work=CBS News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216020521/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/27/opinion/polls/main1350874.shtml |archive-date=December 16, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> The incident became the subject of a number of jokes and satire.<ref name="Washington_post_unload">{{cite news|title=After Cheney's Shooting Incident, Time to Unload|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/13/AR2006021301303_pf.html|date=February 14, 2006|first=Mark|last=Leibovich|access-date=August 26, 2017|archive-date=September 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911132000/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/13/AR2006021301303_pf.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
			==Works==
			<!-- In ascending order by date of publication. -->
			* {{Cite journal |last1=Clausen |first1=Aage R. |last2=Cheney |first2=Richard B. |date=March 1970 |title=A Comparative Analysis of Senate–House Voting on Economic and Welfare Policy, 1953–1964* |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/div-classtitlea-comparative-analysis-of-senate-house-voting-on-economic-and-welfare-policy-19531964a-hreffn01-ref-typefnadiv/5BB81EBCE7EBFE2209AEC27C42043DE7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817195601/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/div-classtitlea-comparative-analysis-of-senate-house-voting-on-economic-and-welfare-policy-19531964a-hreffn01-ref-typefnadiv/5BB81EBCE7EBFE2209AEC27C42043DE7 |archive-date=August 17, 2017 |url-status=live |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=138–152 |doi=10.2307/1955618 |jstor=1955618 |s2cid=154337342 |access-date=June 8, 2017 |via=Cambridge Core| issn=0003-0554}}
			* {{Cite book |last1=Cheney |first1=Richard B. |last2=Cheney |first2=Lynne V. |author-link2=Lynne Cheney |year=1983 |title=Kings of the Hill: Power and Personality in the House of Representatives |publisher=Continuum |location=New York |isbn=0-8264-0230-5}}
			* {{Cite book |last=Cheney |first=Dick |year=1997 |title=Professional Military Education: An Asset for Peace and Progress |others=Directed and edited by Bill Taylor |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Center for Strategic & International Studies |isbn=0-89206-297-5 |oclc=36929146}}
			* {{Cite book |last=Cheney |first=Dick |collaboration=with ] |year=2011 |title=In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir |title-link=In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir |location=New York |publisher=Threshold Editions |isbn=978-1-4391-7619-1}}
			* {{Cite book |last1=Cheney |first1=Dick |last2=Reiner |first2=Jonathan |collaboration=with ] |year=2013 |title=Heart: An American Medical Odyssey |url=https://archive.org/details/heartamericanmed0000chen |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-1-4767-2539-0}}
			* {{Cite book |last1=Cheney |first1=Dick |last2=Cheney |first2=Liz |year=2015 |title=Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America |title-link=Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-5011-1541-7}}
			==Notes==
			{{Notelist}}
	==References==		==References==
			{{Reflist|refs=
	{{reflist|3}}
			<ref name="TWP_Kaiser_20110830">{{cite news|first=Robert G.|last=Kaiser|date=August 29, 2011|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/in-my-time-a-personal-and-political-memoir-by-dick-cheney/2011/08/29/gIQADVZ0nJ_story.html?|title=Review: ''In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir'' by Dick Cheney|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=February 2, 2014|archive-date=February 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210175439/http://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/in-my-time-a-personal-and-political-memoir-by-dick-cheney/2011/08/29/gIQADVZ0nJ_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
			<ref name="1122nj1.htm">{{cite web|title=Key Bush Intelligence Briefing Kept From Hill Panel
			|url=http://www3.nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/stories/2005/1122nj1.htm|first=Murray|last=Waas|publisher=National Journal Group Inc.|date=November 22, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516071522/http://nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/stories/2005/1122nj1.htm|archive-date=May 16, 2008|url-status=dead
			|access-date=August 31, 2011}}</ref>
			}}
	==Further reading==		==Bibliography==
			* {{cite book|title=Dick Cheney: A Life in Public Service|first=Elaine K.|last=Andrews|publisher=Millbrook Press|location=Brookfield, Conn|year=2001|isbn=0-7613-2306-6|url=https://archive.org/details/dickcheneylifein00andr}}
	===Works by===
			*{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |author-link=Peter Baker (journalist)|title=Days of Fire: Bush and Cheney in the White House |date=2013 |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=978-0385525183}}
	*''Professional Military Education: An Asset for Peace and Progress : A Report of the Crisis Study Group on Professional Military Education (Csis Report)'' 1997. ISBN 0-89206-297-5
			* {{cite book|title=Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency|first=Barton|last=Gellman |author-link=Barton Gellman|publisher=Penguin Press|location=New York|year=2008|isbn= 978-1-59420-186-8|title-link=Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency}}
	*''Kings of the Hill: How Nine Powerful Men Changed the Course of American History'' 1996. ISBN 0-8264-0230-5
			* {{cite conference|title=Cheney, Vice Presidential Power and the War on Terror|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joel K.|date=August 31, 2009|publisher=APSA Meeting Paper|location=Toronto|ssrn=1450601}}
			* {{cite book|title=Cheney: The Untold Story of America's Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President|first=Stephen F.|last=Hayes|author-link=Stephen F. Hayes|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|year=2007|isbn=978-0-06-072346-0|url=https://archive.org/details/cheneyuntoldstor00haye}}
	===Works about===
			* Goldstein, Joel K. "The contemporary presidency: Cheney, vice presidential power, and the war on terror." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 40.1 (2010): 102–139.
	*Andrews, Elaine. ''Dick Cheney: A Life Of Public Service''. Millbrook Press, 2001. ISBN 0-7613-2306-6
			* {{cite book|title=Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet|first=James|last=Mann|author-link=James Mann (writer)|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York|year=2004|isbn=0-670-03299-9|url=https://archive.org/details/riseofvulcanshis00mann_0}}
	*Gellman, Barton. '']''. ], 2008. ISBN 9781594201868
			* {{cite book|title=Dick: The Man Who Is President|first=John|last=Nichols|author-link=John Nichols (journalist)|publisher=New Press|location=New York|year=2004|isbn=1-56584-840-3|url=https://archive.org/details/dickmanwhoispres00nich}}
	*Mann, James. ''Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet''. Viking, 2004. ISBN 0-670-03299-9
	*Nichols, John. ''Dick: The Man Who is President''. New Press, 2004. ISBN 1-56584-840-3
	==External links==		==External links==
	{{sisterlinks|Dick Cheney}}		{{Sister project links|author=yes|wikt=no|v=no|b=no|n=Category:Dick Cheney}}
	* {{CongBio|C000344}}		* {{CongBio|C000344}}
			* {{C-SPAN|9801}}
	* from the ]
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	*Vice Presidential Debate, October 5, 2004: , and Video ( or format)
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Latest revision as of 16:40, 7 January 2025

Vice President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 "Richard Cheney" redirects here. For other uses, see Richard Cheney (disambiguation).

Dick Cheney
Official portrait, 2003
46th Vice President of the United States
In office January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
President	George W. Bush
Preceded by	Al Gore
Succeeded by	Joe Biden
17th United States Secretary of Defense
In office March 21, 1989 – January 20, 1993
President	George H. W. Bush
Deputy	Donald J. Atwood Jr.
Preceded by	Frank Carlucci
Succeeded by	Les Aspin
House Minority Whip
In office January 3, 1989 – March 20, 1989
Leader	Robert H. Michel
Preceded by	Trent Lott
Succeeded by	Newt Gingrich
Chair of the House Republican Conference
In office June 4, 1987 – January 3, 1989
Leader	Robert H. Michel
Preceded by	Jack Kemp
Succeeded by	Jerry Lewis
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming's at-large district
In office January 3, 1979 – March 20, 1989
Preceded by	Teno Roncalio
Succeeded by	Craig L. Thomas
7th White House Chief of Staff
In office November 21, 1975 – January 20, 1977
President	Gerald Ford
Preceded by	Donald Rumsfeld
Succeeded by	Hamilton Jordan (1979)
White House Deputy Chief of Staff
In office December 18, 1974 – November 21, 1975
President	Gerald Ford
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Landon Butler
Personal details
Born	Richard Bruce Cheney (1941-01-30) January 30, 1941 (age 83) Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Lynne Vincent ​(m. 1964)​
Children	Liz Mary
Education	Yale University (no degree) University of Wyoming (BA, MA) University of Wisconsin–Madison (no degree)
Signature
Dick Cheney's voice Cheney, while in the House of Representatives, speaks on the first day of the Iran–Contra hearings Recorded May 5, 1987

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v t e

Richard Bruce Cheney (/ˈtʃeɪni/ CHAY-nee; born January 30, 1941) is an American former politician and businessman who served as the 46th vice president of the United States from 2001 to 2009 under President George W. Bush. He has been called the most powerful vice president in American history. Cheney previously served as White House Chief of Staff for President Gerald Ford, the U.S. representative for Wyoming's at-large congressional district from 1979 to 1989, and as the 17th United States secretary of defense in the administration of President George H. W. Bush. He is the oldest living former U.S. vice president, following the death of Walter Mondale in 2021.

Born in Lincoln, Nebraska, Cheney grew up there and in Casper, Wyoming. He attended Yale University before earning a Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts in political science from the University of Wyoming. He began his political career as an intern for Congressman William A. Steiger, eventually working his way into the White House during the Nixon and Ford administrations. He served as White House chief of staff from 1975 to 1977. In 1978, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, and represented Wyoming's at-large congressional district from 1979 to 1989, briefly serving as House minority whip in 1989. He was appointed Secretary of Defense during the presidency of George H. W. Bush, and held the position for most of Bush's term from 1989 to 1993. As secretary, he oversaw Operation Just Cause in 1989 and Operation Desert Storm in 1991. While out of office during the Clinton administration, he was the chairman and CEO of Halliburton from 1995 to 2000.

In July 2000, Cheney was chosen by presumptive Republican presidential nominee George W. Bush as his running mate in the 2000 presidential election. They defeated their Democratic opponents, incumbent vice president Al Gore and senator Joe Lieberman. In 2004, Cheney was reelected to his second term as vice president with Bush as president, defeating their Democratic opponents Senators John Kerry and John Edwards. During Cheney's tenure as vice president, he played a leading behind-the-scenes role in the George W. Bush administration's response to the September 11 attacks and coordination of the Global War on Terrorism. He was an early proponent of invading Iraq, alleging that the Saddam Hussein regime possessed weapons of mass destruction program and had an operational relationship with Al-Qaeda; however, neither allegation was ever substantiated. He also pressured the intelligence community to provide intelligence consistent with the administration's rationales for invading Iraq. Cheney was often criticized for the Bush administration's policies regarding the campaign against terrorism, for his support of wiretapping by the National Security Agency (NSA) and for his endorsement of the U.S.'s "enhanced interrogation" torture program. He publicly disagreed with President Bush's position against same-sex marriage in 2004, but also said it is "appropriately a matter for the states to decide".

Cheney ended his vice presidential tenure as a deeply unpopular figure in American politics with an approval rating of 13 percent. His peak approval rating in the wake of the September 11 attacks was 68 percent. Since leaving the vice presidency, Cheney has been critical of modern Republican leadership, including Donald Trump, going as far as to endorse Trump's challenger in 2024, Democrat Kamala Harris.

Early life and education

Cheney was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, the son of Marjorie Lorraine (née Dickey) and Richard Herbert Cheney. He is of predominantly English, as well as Welsh, Irish, and French Huguenot ancestry. His father was a soil conservation agent for the U.S. Department of Agriculture and his mother was a softball star in the 1930s; Cheney was one of three children. He attended Calvert Elementary School before his family moved to Casper, Wyoming, where he attended Natrona County High School.

He attended Yale University, but by his own account had problems adjusting to the college, and dropped out. Among the influential teachers from his days in New Haven was H. Bradford Westerfield, whom Cheney repeatedly credited with having helped to shape his approach to foreign policy. He later attended the University of Wyoming, where he earned both a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Arts in political science. He subsequently started, but did not finish, doctoral studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

In November 1962, at the age of 21, Cheney was convicted of driving while intoxicated (DWI). He was arrested for DWI again the following year. Cheney said that the arrests made him "think about where I was and where I was headed. I was headed down a bad road if I continued on that course."

In 1964, he married Lynne Vincent, his high school sweetheart, whom he had met at age 14.

When Cheney became eligible for the draft, during the Vietnam War, he applied for and received five draft deferments. In 1989, The Washington Post writer George C. Wilson interviewed Cheney as the next secretary of defense; when asked about his deferments, Cheney reportedly said, "I had other priorities in the '60s than military service." Cheney testified during his confirmation hearings in 1989 that he received deferments to finish a college career that lasted six years rather than four, owing to sub-par academic performance and the need to work to pay for his education. Upon graduation, Cheney was eligible for the draft, but at the time, the Selective Service System was not inducting married men. On October 26, 1965, the draft was expanded to include married men without children; Cheney's first daughter, Elizabeth, was born 9 months and two days later. Cheney's fifth and final deferment granted him "3-A" status, a "hardship" deferment available to men with dependents. In January 1967, Cheney turned 26 and was no longer eligible for the draft.

In 1966 Cheney dropped out of the doctoral program at the University of Wisconsin to work as staff aide for Governor Warren Knowles.

In 1968 Cheney was awarded an American Political Science Association congressional fellowship and moved to Washington.

Early career

Cheney's political career began in 1969, as an intern for Congressman William A. Steiger during the Richard Nixon Administration. He then joined the staff of Donald Rumsfeld, who was then Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity from 1969 to 1970. He held several positions in the years that followed: White House Staff Assistant in 1971, Assistant Director of the Cost of Living Council from 1971 to 1973, and Deputy Assistant to the president from 1974 to 1975. As deputy assistant, Cheney suggested several options in a memo to Rumsfeld, including use of the US Justice Department, that the Ford administration could use to limit damage from an article, published by The New York Times, in which investigative reporter Seymour Hersh reported that Navy submarines had tapped into Soviet undersea communications as part of a highly classified program, Operation Ivy Bells.

White House Chief of Staff

See also: Halloween Massacre

Cheney was Assistant to the President and White House Deputy Chief of Staff under Gerald Ford from December 1974 to November 1975. When Rumsfeld was named Secretary of Defense, Cheney became White House Chief of Staff, succeeding Rumsfeld. He later was campaign manager for Ford's 1976 presidential campaign.

U.S. House of Representatives (1979–1989)

Elections

In 1978, Cheney was elected to represent Wyoming in the U.S. House of Representatives and succeeded retiring Democratic Congressman Teno Roncalio, having defeated his Democratic opponent, Bill Bagley. Cheney was re-elected five times, serving until 1989.

Tenure

Leadership

In 1987, he was elected Chairman of the House Republican Conference. The following year, he was elected House Minority Whip. He served for two and a half months before he was appointed Secretary of Defense instead of former U.S. Senator John G. Tower, whose nomination had been rejected by the U.S. Senate in March 1989.

Votes

He voted against the creation of the U.S. Department of Education, citing his concern over budget deficits and expansion of the federal government, and claiming that the department was an encroachment on states' rights. He voted against funding Head Start, but reversed his position in 2000.

Cheney initially voted in 1978 against establishing a national holiday in honor of Martin Luther King Jr., but supported creation of Martin Luther King Jr. Day five years later, in 1983.

Cheney supported Bob Michel's (R-IL) bid to become Republican Minority Leader. In April 1980, Cheney endorsed Governor Ronald Reagan for president, becoming one of Reagan's earliest supporters.

In 1986, after President Ronald Reagan vetoed a bill to impose economic sanctions on South Africa for its policy of apartheid, Cheney was one of 83 Representatives to vote against overriding Reagan's veto. In later years, he articulated his opposition to unilateral sanctions against many different countries, stating "they almost never work" and that in that case they might have ended up hurting the people instead.

In 1986, Cheney, along with 145 Republicans and 31 Democrats, voted against a non-binding Congressional resolution calling on the South African government to release Nelson Mandela from prison, after the Democrats defeated proposed amendments that would have required Mandela to renounce violence sponsored by the African National Congress (ANC) and requiring it to oust the communist faction from its leadership; the resolution was defeated. Appearing on CNN, Cheney addressed criticism for this, saying he opposed the resolution because the ANC "at the time was viewed as a terrorist organization and had a number of interests that were fundamentally inimical to the United States."

Committee assignments

Originally declining, U.S. Congressman Barber Conable persuaded Cheney to join the moderate Republican Wednesday Group in order to move up the leadership ranks. He was elected Chairman of the Republican Policy Committee from 1981 to 1987. Cheney was the Ranking Member of the Select Committee to investigate the Iran-Contra Affair. He promoted Wyoming's petroleum and coal businesses as well.

Secretary of Defense (1989–1993)

President George H. W. Bush nominated Cheney for the office of Secretary of Defense immediately after the U.S. Senate failed to confirm John Tower for that position. The senate confirmed Cheney by a vote of 92 to 0 and he served in that office from March 1989 to January 1993. He directed the United States invasion of Panama and Operation Desert Storm in the Middle East. In 1991, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bush. Later that year, he received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.

Cheney has said his time at the Pentagon was the most rewarding period of his public service career, calling it "the one that stands out." In 2014, Cheney recounted that when he met with President George H. W. Bush to accept the offer, he passed a painting in the private residence entitled The Peacemakers, which depicted President Lincoln, General Grant, and William Tecumseh Sherman. "My great-grandfather had served under William Tecumseh Sherman throughout the war," Cheney said, "and it occurred to me as I was in the room as I walked in to talk to the President about becoming Secretary of Defense, I wondered what he would have thought that his great-grandson would someday be in the White House with the President talking about taking over the reins of the U.S. military."

Early tenure

Cheney worked closely with Pete Williams, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs, and Paul Wolfowitz, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, from the beginning of his tenure. He focused primarily on external matters, and left most of the internal DoD management to Deputy Secretary of Defense Donald Atwood.

Budgetary practices

Cheney's most immediate issue as Secretary of Defense was the Department of Defense budget. Cheney deemed it appropriate to cut the budget and downsize the military, following the Reagan Administration's peacetime defense buildup at the height of the Cold War. As part of the fiscal year 1990 budget, Cheney assessed the requests from each of the branches of the armed services for such expensive programs as the Avenger II Naval attack aircraft, the B-2 stealth bomber, the V-22 Osprey tilt-wing helicopter, the Aegis destroyer and the MX missile, totaling approximately $4.5 billion in light of changed world politics. Cheney opposed the V-22 program, which Congress had already appropriated funds for, and initially refused to issue contracts for it before relenting. When the 1990 Budget came before Congress in the summer of 1989, it settled on a figure between the Administration's request and the House Armed Services Committee's recommendation.

In subsequent years under Cheney, the proposed and adopted budgets followed patterns similar to that of 1990. Early in 1991, he unveiled a plan to reduce military strength by the mid-1990s to 1.6 million, compared with 2.2 million when he entered office. Cheney's 1993 defense budget was reduced from 1992, omitting programs that Congress had directed the Department of Defense to buy weapons that it did not want, and omitting unrequested reserve forces.

Over his four years as Secretary of Defense, Cheney downsized the military and his budgets showed negative real growth, despite pressures to acquire weapon systems advocated by Congress. The Department of Defense's total obligational authority in current dollars declined from $291 billion to $270 billion. Total military personnel strength decreased by 19 percent, from about 2.2 million in 1989 to about 1.8 million in 1993. Notwithstanding the overall reduction in military spending, Cheney directed the development of a Pentagon plan to ensure U.S. military dominance in the post-Cold War era.

Political climate and agenda

Cheney publicly expressed concern that nations such as Iraq, Iran, and North Korea, could acquire nuclear components after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The end of the Cold War, the fall of the Soviet Union, and the disintegration of the Warsaw Pact obliged the first Bush Administration to reevaluate the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO's) purpose and makeup. Cheney believed that NATO should remain the foundation of European security relationships and that it would remain important to the United States in the long term; he urged the alliance to lend more assistance to the new democracies in Eastern Europe.

Cheney's views on NATO reflected his skepticism about prospects for peaceful social development in the former Eastern Bloc countries, where he saw a high potential for political uncertainty and instability. He felt that the Bush Administration was too optimistic in supporting General Secretary of the CPSU Mikhail Gorbachev and his successor, Russian President Boris Yeltsin. Cheney not only wanted the break-up of the USSR but also of Russia itself. Cheney worked to maintain strong ties between the United States and its European allies.

Cheney persuaded the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to allow bases for U.S. ground troops and war planes in the nation. This was an important element of the success of the Gulf War, as well as a lightning-rod for Islamists, such as Osama bin Laden, who opposed having non-Muslim armies near their holy sites.

International situations

Using economic sanctions and political pressure, the United States mounted a campaign to drive Panamanian ruler General Manuel Antonio Noriega from power after he fell from favor. In May 1989, after Guillermo Endara had been duly elected President of Panama, Noriega nullified the election outcome, drawing intensified pressure. In October, Noriega suppressed a military coup, but in December, after soldiers of the Panamanian army killed a U.S. serviceman, the United States invasion of Panama began under Cheney's direction. The stated reason for the invasion was to seize Noriega to face drug charges in the United States, protect U.S. lives and property, and restore Panamanian civil liberties. Although the mission was controversial, U.S. forces achieved control of Panama and Endara assumed the presidency; Noriega was convicted and imprisoned on racketeering and drug trafficking charges in April 1992.

In 1991, the Somali Civil War drew the world's attention. In August 1992, the United States began to provide humanitarian assistance, primarily food, through a military airlift. At President Bush's direction, Cheney dispatched the first of 26,000 U.S. troops to Somalia as part of the Unified Task Force (UNITAF), designed to provide security and food relief. Cheney's successors as Secretary of Defense, Les Aspin and William J. Perry, had to contend with both the Bosnian and Somali issues.

Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

On August 1, 1990, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein sent the invading Iraqi forces into neighboring Kuwait, a small petroleum-rich state long claimed by Iraq as part of its territory. This invasion sparked the initiation of the Persian Gulf War and it brought worldwide condemnation. An estimated 140,000 Iraqi troops quickly took control of Kuwait City and moved on to the Saudi Arabia/Kuwait border. The United States had already begun to develop contingency plans for the defense of Saudi Arabia by the U.S. Central Command, headed by General Norman Schwarzkopf, because of its important petroleum reserves.

U.S. and world reaction

Cheney and Schwarzkopf oversaw planning for what would become a full-scale U.S. military operation. According to General Colin Powell, Cheney "had become a glutton for information, with an appetite we could barely satisfy. He spent hours in the National Military Command Center peppering my staff with questions."

Shortly after the Iraqi invasion, Cheney made the first of several visits to Saudi Arabia where King Fahd requested U.S. military assistance. The United Nations took action as well, passing a series of resolutions condemning Iraq's invasion of Kuwait; the UN Security Council authorized "all means necessary" to eject Iraq from Kuwait, and demanded that the country withdraw its forces by January 15, 1991. By then, the United States had a force of about 500,000 stationed in Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf. Other nations, including Britain, Canada, France, Italy, Syria, and Egypt, contributed troops, and other allies, most notably Germany and Japan, agreed to provide financial support for the coalition effort, named Operation Desert Shield.

On January 12, 1991, Congress authorized Bush to use military force to enforce Iraq's compliance with UN resolutions on Kuwait.

Military action

The first phase of Operation Desert Storm, which began on January 17, 1991, was an air offensive to secure air superiority and attack Iraqi forces, targeting key Iraqi command and control centers, including the cities of Baghdad and Basra. Cheney turned most other Department of Defense matters over to Deputy Secretary Atwood and briefed Congress during the air and ground phases of the war. He flew with Powell to the region to review and finalize the ground war plans.

After an air offensive of more than five weeks, Coalition forces launched the ground war on February 24. Within 100 hours, Iraqi forces had been routed from Kuwait and Schwarzkopf reported that the basic objective – expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait – had been met on February 27. After consultation with Cheney and other members of his national security team, Bush declared a suspension of hostilities. On working with this national security team, Cheney has said, "there have been five Republican presidents since Eisenhower. I worked for four of them and worked closely with a fifth – the Reagan years when I was part of the House leadership. The best national security team I ever saw was that one. The least friction, the most cooperation, the highest degree of trust among the principals, especially."

Aftermath

A total of 147 U.S. military personnel died in combat, and another 236 died as a result of accidents or other causes. Iraq agreed to a formal truce on March 3, and a permanent cease-fire on April 6. There was subsequent debate about whether Coalition forces should have driven as far as Baghdad to oust Saddam Hussein from power. Bush agreed that the decision to end the ground war when they did was correct, but the debate persisted as Hussein remained in power and rebuilt his military forces. Arguably the most significant debate concerned whether U.S. and Coalition forces had left Iraq too soon. In an April 15, 1994, interview with C-SPAN, Cheney was asked if the U.S.-led Coalition forces should have moved into Baghdad. Cheney replied that occupying and attempting to take over the country would have been a "bad idea" and would have led to a "quagmire", explaining that:

we'd gone to Baghdad we would have been all alone. There wouldn't have been anybody else with us. There would have been a U.S. occupation of Iraq. None of the Arab forces that were willing to fight with us in Kuwait were willing to invade Iraq. Once you got to Iraq and took it over, took down Saddam Hussein's government, then what are you going to put in its place? That's a very volatile part of the world, and if you take down the central government of Iraq, you could very easily end up seeing pieces of Iraq fly off: part of it, the Syrians would like to have to the west, part of it – eastern Iraq – the Iranians would like to claim, they fought over it for eight years. In the north you've got the Kurds, and if the Kurds spin loose and join with the Kurds in Turkey, then you threaten the territorial integrity of Turkey. It's a quagmire if you go that far and try to take over Iraq. The other thing was casualties. Everyone was impressed with the fact we were able to do our job with as few casualties as we had. But for the 146 Americans killed in action, and for their families – it wasn't a cheap war. And the question for the president, in terms of whether or not we went on to Baghdad, took additional casualties in an effort to get Saddam Hussein, was how many additional dead Americans is Saddam worth? Our judgment was, not very many, and I think we got it right.

Cheney regarded the Gulf War as an example of the kind of regional problem the United States was likely to continue to face in the future:

We're always going to have to be involved . Maybe it's part of our national character, you know we like to have these problems nice and neatly wrapped up, put a ribbon around it. You deploy a force, you win the war and the problem goes away. But it doesn't work that way in the Middle East. It never has, and isn't likely to in my lifetime.

Private sector career

Between 1987 and 1989, during his last term in Congress, Cheney served on the board of the Council on Foreign Relations foreign policy organization.

With the inauguration of the new Democratic administration under President Bill Clinton in January 1993, Cheney joined the American Enterprise Institute. He also served a second term as a Council on Foreign Relations director from 1993 to 1995.

From October 1, 1995 to July 25, 2000, he served as chairman of the board and chief executive officer of Halliburton, a Fortune 500 company. Cheney resigned as CEO on the same day he was announced as George Bush's vice-presidential pick in the 2000 election.

Cheney's record as CEO was subject to some dispute among Wall Street analysts. A 1998 merger between Halliburton and Dresser Industries attracted the criticism of some Dresser executives for Halliburton's lack of accounting transparency. Halliburton shareholders pursued a class-action lawsuit alleging that the corporation artificially inflated its stock price during this period, though Cheney was not named as an individual defendant in the suit. In June 2011, the United States Supreme Court reversed a lower court ruling and allowed the case to continue in litigation. Cheney was named in a December 2010 corruption complaint filed by the Nigerian government against Halliburton, which the company settled for $250 million.

During Cheney's term, Halliburton changed its accounting practices regarding revenue realization of disputed costs on major construction projects. Cheney resigned as CEO of Halliburton on July 25, 2000. As vice president, he argued that this step, along with establishing a trust and other actions, removed any conflict of interest. Cheney's net worth, estimated to be between $19 million and $86 million, is largely derived from his post at Halliburton. His 2006 gross joint income with his wife was nearly $8.82 million.

He was also a member of the board of advisors of the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA) before becoming vice president.

2000 presidential election

See also: 2000 United States presidential election and Presidential transition of George W. Bush

In early 2000, while serving as the CEO of Halliburton, Cheney headed then-Governor of Texas George W. Bush's vice-presidential search committee. On July 25, after reviewing Cheney's findings, Bush surprised some pundits by asking Cheney himself to join the Republican ticket. Halliburton reportedly reached agreement on July 20 to allow Cheney to retire, with a package estimated at $20 million.

A few months before the election Cheney put his home in Dallas up for sale and changed his drivers' license and voter registration back to Wyoming. This change was necessary to allow Texas' presidential electors to vote for both Bush and Cheney without contravening the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which forbids electors from voting for "an inhabitant of the same state with themselves" for both president and vice president. Cheney campaigned against Al Gore's running mate, Joseph Lieberman, in the 2000 presidential election. While the election was undecided, the Bush-Cheney team was not eligible for public funding to plan a transition to a new administration, prompting Cheney to open a privately funded transition office in Washington. This office worked to identify candidates for all important positions in the cabinet. According to Craig Unger, Cheney advocated Donald Rumsfeld for the post of Secretary of Defense to counter the influence of Colin Powell at the State Department, and tried unsuccessfully to have Paul Wolfowitz named to replace George Tenet as director of the Central Intelligence Agency.

Vice presidency (2001–2009)

First term (2001–2005)

Following the September 11, 2001, attacks, Cheney remained physically apart from Bush for security reasons. For a period, Cheney stayed at a variety of undisclosed locations, out of public view. Cheney later revealed in his memoir In My Time that these "undisclosed locations" included his official vice presidential residence, his home in Wyoming, and Camp David. He also utilized a heavy security detail, employing a motorcade of 12 to 18 government vehicles for his daily commute from the vice presidential residence at the U.S. Naval Observatory to the White House.

On the morning of June 29, 2002, Cheney served as acting president from 7:09 a.m. to 9:24 a.m., under the terms of the 25th Amendment to the Constitution, while Bush underwent a colonoscopy.

Iraq War

See also: Iraq War

Following 9/11, Cheney was instrumental in providing a primary justification for a renewed war against Iraq. Cheney helped shape Bush's approach to the "War on Terror", making numerous public statements alleging Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction, and making several personal visits to CIA headquarters, where he questioned mid-level agency analysts on their conclusions. Cheney continued to allege links between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda, even though President Bush received a classified President's Daily Brief on September 21, 2001, indicating the U.S. intelligence community had no evidence linking Saddam Hussein to the September 11 attacks and that "there was scant credible evidence that Iraq had any significant collaborative ties with Al Qaeda." Furthermore, in 2004, the 9/11 Commission concluded that there was no "collaborative relationship" between Iraq and al-Qaeda. By 2014, Cheney continued to misleadingly claim that Saddam "had a 10-year relationship with al Qaeda."

Following the US invasion of Iraq, Cheney remained steadfast in his support of the war, stating that it would be an "enormous success story", and made many visits to the country. He often criticized war critics, calling them "opportunists" who were peddling "cynical and pernicious falsehoods" to gain political advantage while US soldiers died in Iraq. In response, Senator John Kerry asserted, "It is hard to name a government official with less credibility on Iraq ."

In a March 24, 2008, extended interview conducted in Ankara, Turkey, with ABC News correspondent Martha Raddatz on the fifth anniversary of the original U.S. military assault on Iraq, Cheney responded to a question about public opinion polls showing that Americans had lost confidence in the war by simply replying "So?" This remark prompted widespread criticism, including from former Oklahoma Republican Congressman Mickey Edwards, a long-time personal friend of Cheney.

Second term (2005–2009)

See also: 2004 United States presidential election

Bush and Cheney were re-elected in the 2004 presidential election, running against John Kerry and his running mate, John Edwards. During the election, the pregnancy of his daughter Mary and her sexual orientation as a lesbian became a source of public attention for Cheney in light of the same-sex marriage debate. Cheney has since stated that he is in favor of gay marriages personally, but that each individual U.S. state should decide whether to permit it or not. Cheney's former chief legal counsel, David Addington, became his chief of staff and remained in that office until Cheney's departure from office. John P. Hannah served as Cheney's national security adviser. Until his indictment and resignation in 2005, I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr. served in both roles.

On the morning of July 21, 2007, Cheney once again served as acting president, from 7:16 am to 9:21 am. Bush transferred the power of the presidency prior to undergoing a medical procedure, requiring sedation, and later resumed his powers and duties that same day.

After his term began in 2001, Cheney was occasionally asked if he was interested in the Republican nomination for the 2008 presidential election. However, he always maintained that he wished to retire upon the expiration of his term and he did not run in the 2008 presidential primaries. The Republicans nominated Arizona Senator John McCain.

Disclosure of documents

Cheney was a prominent member of the National Energy Policy Development Group (NEPDG), commonly known as the Energy Task Force, composed of energy industry representatives, including several Enron executives. After the Enron scandal, the Bush administration was accused of improper political and business ties. In July 2003, the Supreme Court ruled that the US Department of Commerce must disclose NEPDG documents, containing references to companies that had made agreements with the previous Iraqi government to extract Iraq's petroleum.

Beginning in 2003, Cheney's staff opted not to file required reports with the National Archives and Records Administration office charged with assuring that the executive branch protects classified information, nor did it allow inspection of its record keeping. Cheney refused to release the documents, citing his executive privilege to deny congressional information requests. Media outlets such as Time magazine and CBS News questioned whether Cheney had created a "fourth branch of government" that was not subject to any laws. A group of historians and open-government advocates filed a lawsuit in the US District Court for the District of Columbia, asking the court to declare that Cheney's vice-presidential records are covered by the Presidential Records Act of 1978 and cannot be destroyed, taken or withheld from the public without proper review.

CIA leak scandal

Main article: Plame affair See also: CIA leak grand jury investigation and United States v. Libby

On October 18, 2005, The Washington Post reported that the vice president's office was central to the investigation of the Valerie Plame CIA leak scandal, for Cheney's former chief of staff, Lewis "Scooter" Libby, was one of the figures under investigation. Libby resigned his positions as Cheney's chief of staff and assistant on national security affairs later in the month after he was indicted.

In February 2006, The National Journal reported that Libby had stated before a grand jury that his superiors, including Cheney, had authorized him to disclose classified information to the press regarding intelligence on Iraq's weapons. That September, Richard Armitage, former Deputy Secretary of State, publicly announced that he was the source of the revelation of Plame's status. Armitage said he was not a part of a conspiracy to reveal Plame's identity and did not know whether one existed.

On March 6, 2007, Libby was convicted on four felony counts for obstruction of justice, perjury, and making false statements to federal investigators. In his closing arguments, independent prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald said that there was "a cloud over the vice president", an apparent reference to Cheney's interview with FBI agents investigating the case, which was made public in 2009. Cheney lobbied President George W. Bush vigorously and unsuccessfully to grant Libby a full presidential pardon up to the day of Barack Obama's inauguration, likening Libby to a "soldier on the battlefield". Libby was subsequently pardoned by President Donald Trump in April 2018.

Assassination attempt

Main article: Attempted assassination of Dick Cheney

On February 27, 2007, at about 10 am, a suicide bomber killed 23 people and wounded 20 more outside Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan during a visit by Cheney. The Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack and declared that Cheney was its intended target. They also claimed that Osama bin Laden supervised the operation. The bomb went off outside the front gate while Cheney was inside the base and half a mile away. He reported hearing the blast, saying "I heard a loud boom... The Secret Service came in and told me there had been an attack on the main gate." The purpose of Cheney's visit to the region had been to press Pakistan for a united front against the Taliban.

Policy formulation

Cheney has been characterized as the most powerful and influential Vice President in history. Both supporters and critics of Cheney regard him as a shrewd and knowledgeable politician who knows the functions and intricacies of the federal government. A sign of Cheney's active policy-making role was then-House Speaker Dennis Hastert's provision of an office near the House floor for Cheney in addition to his office in the West Wing, his ceremonial office in the Old Executive Office Building, and his Senate offices (one in the Dirksen Senate Office Building and another off the floor of the Senate).

Cheney has actively promoted an expansion of the powers of the presidency, saying that the Bush administration's "challenges to the laws which Congress passed after Vietnam and Watergate to contain and oversee the executive branch – the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, the Presidential Records Act, the Freedom of Information Act and the War Powers Resolution – are 'a restoration, if you will, of the power and authority of the president.'"

In June 2007, The Washington Post summarized Cheney's vice presidency in a Pulitzer Prize-winning four-part series, based in part on interviews with former administration officials. The articles characterized Cheney not as a "shadow" president, but as someone who usually has the last words of counsel to the president on policies, which in many cases would reshape the powers of the presidency. When former Vice President Dan Quayle suggested to Cheney that the office was largely ceremonial, Cheney reportedly replied, "I have a different understanding with the president." The articles described Cheney as having a secretive approach to the tools of government, indicated by the use of his own security classification and three man-sized safes in his offices.

The articles described Cheney's influence on decisions pertaining to detention of suspected terrorists and the legal limits that apply to their questioning, especially what constitutes torture. U.S. Army Colonel Lawrence Wilkerson, who served as Colin Powell's chief of staff when he was both Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff at the same time Cheney was Secretary of Defense, and then later when Powell was Secretary of State, stated in an in-depth interview that Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld established an alternative program to interrogate post-9/11 detainees because of their mutual distrust of CIA.

The Washington Post articles, principally written by Barton Gellman, further characterized Cheney as having the strongest influence within the administration in shaping budget and tax policy in a manner that assures "conservative orthodoxy." They also highlighted Cheney's behind-the-scenes influence on the Bush administration's environmental policy to ease pollution controls for power plants, facilitate the disposal of nuclear waste, open access to federal timber resources, and avoid federal constraints on greenhouse gas emissions, among other issues. The articles characterized his approach to policy formulation as favoring business over the environment.

In June 2008, Cheney allegedly attempted to block efforts by Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice to strike a controversial US compromise deal with North Korea over the communist state's nuclear program.

In July 2008, a former Environmental Protection Agency official stated publicly that Cheney's office had pushed significantly for large-scale deletions from a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report on the health effects of global warming "fearing the presentation by a leading health official might make it harder to avoid regulating greenhouse gases." In October, when the report appeared with six pages cut from the testimony, the White House stated that the changes were made due to concerns regarding the accuracy of the science. However, according to the former senior adviser on climate change to Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Stephen Johnson, Cheney's office was directly responsible for nearly half of the original testimony being deleted.

In his role as President of the U.S. Senate, Cheney broke with the Bush Administration Department of Justice, and signed an amicus brief to the United States Supreme Court in the case of Heller v. District of Columbia that successfully challenged gun laws in the nation's capital on Second Amendment grounds.

On February 14, 2010, in an appearance on ABC's This Week, Cheney reiterated his support of waterboarding and for the torture of captured terrorist suspects, saying, "I was and remain a strong proponent of our enhanced interrogation program."

Post–vice presidency (2009–present)

In 2008 Cheney purchased a home on Chain Bridge Road in McLean, Virginia, part of the Washington suburbs, which he tore down for a replacement structure. He also maintains homes in Wyoming and on Maryland's Eastern Shore.

Political activity

In July 2012, Cheney used his Wyoming home to host a private fundraiser for Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney, which netted over $4 million in contributions from attendees for Romney's campaign.

Cheney is the subject of the documentary film The World According to Dick Cheney, which premiered March 15, 2013, on the Showtime television channel. Cheney was also reported to be the subject of an HBO television mini-series based on Barton Gellman's 2008 book Angler and the 2006 documentary The Dark Side, produced by the Public Broadcasting Service.

Cheney maintained a visible public profile after leaving office, being especially critical of Obama administration policies on national security. In May 2009, Cheney spoke of his support for same-sex marriage, becoming one of the most prominent Republican politicians to do so. Speaking to the National Press Club, Cheney stated: "People ought to be free to enter into any kind of union they wish, any kind of arrangement they wish. I do believe, historically, the way marriage has been regulated is at a state level. It's always been a state issue, and I think that's the way it ought to be handled today." In 2012, Cheney reportedly encouraged several Maryland state legislators to vote to legalize same-sex marriage in that state.

Although, by custom, a former vice president unofficially receives six months of protection from the United States Secret Service, President Obama reportedly extended the protection period for Cheney.

On July 11, 2009, CIA Director Leon Panetta told the Senate and House intelligence committees that the CIA withheld information about a secret counter-terrorism program from Congress for eight years on direct orders from Cheney. Intelligence and Congressional officials have said the unidentified program did not involve the CIA interrogation program and did not involve domestic intelligence activities. They have said the program was started by the counter-terrorism center at the CIA shortly after the attacks of September 11, 2001, but never became fully operational, involving planning and some training that took place off and on from 2001 until 2009. The Wall Street Journal reported, citing former intelligence officials familiar with the matter, that the program was an attempt to carry out a 2001 presidential authorization to capture or kill al Qaeda operatives.

Cheney has said that the Tea Party Movement is a "positive influence on the Republican Party" and that "I think it's much better to have that kind of turmoil and change in the Republican Party than it would be to have it outside."

In May 2016, Cheney endorsed Donald Trump as the Republican nominee in the 2016 presidential election. That November, his daughter Liz won election to the House of Representatives (to his former congressional seat). When she was sworn into office in January 2017, Cheney said he believed she would do well in the position and that he would only offer advice if requested.

That March, Cheney said that Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections could be considered "an act of war".

Views on President Obama

On December 29, 2009, four days after the attempted bombing of an international passenger flight from the Netherlands to United States, Cheney criticized President Barack Obama: " are at war and when President Obama pretends we aren't, it makes us less safe. ... Why doesn't he want to admit we're at war? It doesn't fit with the view of the world he brought with him to the Oval Office. It doesn't fit with what seems to be the goal of his presidency – social transformation – the restructuring of American society." In response, White House Communications Director Dan Pfeiffer wrote on the official White House blog the following day, "t is telling that Vice President Cheney and others seem to be more focused on criticizing the Administration than condemning the attackers. Unfortunately too many are engaged in the typical Washington game of pointing fingers and making political hay, instead of working together to find solutions to make our country safer." During a February 14, 2010, appearance on ABC's This Week, Cheney reiterated his criticism of the Obama administration's policies for handling suspected terrorists, criticizing the "mindset" of treating "terror attacks against the United States as criminal acts as opposed to acts of war".

In a May 2, 2011, interview with ABC News, Cheney praised the Obama administration for the covert military operation in Pakistan that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden.

In 2014, during an interview with Sean Hannity, he called Obama a "weak President" after Obama announced his plans to pull forces out of Afghanistan.

Memoir

Main article: In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir

In August 2011, Cheney published his memoir, In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir, written with Liz Cheney. The book outlines Cheney's recollections of 9/11, the War on Terrorism, the 2001 War in Afghanistan, the run-up to the 2003 Iraq War, so-called "enhanced interrogation techniques" and other events. According to Barton Gellman, the author of Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency, Cheney's book differs from publicly available records on details surrounding the NSA surveillance program.

Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America

Main article: Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America

In 2015, Cheney published another book, Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America, again co-authored with his daughter Liz. The book traces the history of U.S. foreign policy and military successes and failures from Franklin Roosevelt's administration through the Obama administration. The authors tell the story of what they describe as the unique role the United States has played as a defender of freedom throughout the world since World War II. Drawing upon the notion of American exceptionalism, the co-authors criticize Barack Obama's and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's foreign policies, and offer what they see as the solutions needed to restore American greatness and power on the world stage in defense of freedom.

Views on President Trump

Cheney has criticized modern Republican leadership. In May 2016, Cheney said he would support Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election. In May 2018, Cheney supported Trump's decision to withdraw from the Iran Nuclear Deal.

Cheney criticized the Trump administration at the American Enterprise Institute World Forum alongside Vice President Mike Pence in March 2019. Questioning his successor on Trump's commitment to NATO and tendency to announce policy decisions on Twitter before consulting senior staff members, Cheney commented, "It seems, at times, as though your administration’s approach has more in common with Obama’s foreign policy than traditional Republican foreign policy."

On the one-year anniversary of the 2021 United States Capitol attack, Cheney joined his daughter Liz Cheney at the Capitol and participated in the remembrance events. His daughter was the only Republican member of the House or Senate to attend the events, despite the events being open for attendance by all others. He later appeared in a 2022 primary campaign ad for Liz in which he called Trump a "coward" and a "threat to our republic" due to his attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election. That year, Liz ran for her Wyoming congressional seat against Trump-backed primary challenger Harriet Hageman, who ultimately won by over 30%.

On September 6, 2024, Cheney released a public statement confirming that he intends to cast his vote in the 2024 presidential election for Democratic nominee Kamala Harris. The previous day, his daughter Liz had told a crowd of Cheney's intention to do so. In his statement, Cheney opined,

In our nation's 248-year history, there has never been an individual who is a greater threat to our republic than Donald Trump. He tried to steal the last election using lies and violence to keep himself in power after the voters had rejected him. He can never be trusted with power again. As citizens, we each have a duty to put country above partisanship to defend our Constitution. That is why I will be casting my vote for Vice President Kamala Harris.

Public perception and legacy

Cheney's early public opinion polls were more favorable than unfavorable, reaching his peak approval rating in the wake of the September 11 attacks at 68 percent. However, polling numbers for both him and the president gradually declined in their second terms, with Cheney reaching his lowest point shortly before leaving office at 13 percent. Cheney's Gallup poll figures are mostly consistent with those from other polls:

• April 2001 – 63% approval, 21% disapproval
• January 2002 – 68% approval, 18% disapproval
• January 2004 – 56% approval, 36% disapproval
• January 2005 – 50% approval, 40% disapproval
• January 2006 – 41% approval, 46% disapproval
• July 2007 – 30% approval, 60% disapproval
• March 2009 – 30% approval, 63% disapproval

In April 2007, Cheney was awarded an honorary doctorate of public service by Brigham Young University, where he delivered the commencement address. His selection as commencement speaker was controversial. The college board of trustees issued a statement explaining that the invitation should be viewed "as one extended to someone holding the high office of vice president of the United States rather than to a partisan political figure". BYU permitted a protest to occur so long as it did not "make personal attacks against Cheney, attack (the) BYU administration, the church or the First Presidency".

Cheney has been cited as the most powerful vice president in American history. He has been compared to Darth Vader, a characterization originated by his critics, but which was later adopted humorously by Cheney himself as well as by members of his family and staff.

As a result of Cheney having admitted that he "signed off" on the so-called "enhanced interrogation techniques" program, some public officials, as well as several media outlets and advocacy groups, have called for his prosecution under various anti-torture and war crimes statutes.

In Jon Meacham's book Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush, published in November 2015, the 41st president, although also laudatory of Cheney, is in part critical of the former vice president, whom Bush describes as "having his own empire" and "very hard-line."

In popular culture

• In Eminem's 2002 single "Without Me", where the lines "I know that you got a job, Ms. Cheney / But your husband's heart problem's complicated" refer to his health problems.
• In The Day After Tomorrow, the character Raymond Becker (played by Kenneth Welsh) is intended to be a criticism of Dick Cheney.
• In W. (2008), a biographical comedy-drama film directed by Oliver Stone, he is portrayed by Richard Dreyfuss.
• In War Dogs (2016), where the line "God bless Dick Cheney's America" refers to his support of American military presence in Iraq.
• In Who Is America? (2018), a political satire series, Sacha Baron Cohen pranked Cheney into signing a makeshift waterboard kit.
• In Vice (2018), a biographical comedy-drama film written and directed by Adam McKay, Cheney is portrayed by Christian Bale, for which the latter won a Golden Globe and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor.
• In Mrs. America (2020), a historical drama television miniseries produced by FX, Cheney is portrayed by Andrew Hodwitz.
• Bob Rivers did a parody cover called "Cheney's Got a Gun"
• In an episode entitled "Dick Cheney" during the first-season run of the dramedy Patriot aired on Amazon Prime, protagonist John Lakeman shoots his rival with a shotgun while the two were conducting a duck hunt, referencing events surrounding the Dick Cheney hunting accident.

Personal life

Cheney is a member of the United Methodist Church and was the first Methodist vice president to serve under a Methodist president.

Cheney's brother, Bob, is a former civil servant at the Bureau of Land Management.

His wife, Lynne, was chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities from 1986 to 1996. She is now a public speaker, author, and a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute.

The couple have two daughters, Elizabeth ("Liz") and Mary Cheney, and seven grandchildren. Liz, a former congresswoman from Wyoming, is married to Philip J. Perry, a former General Counsel of the Department of Homeland Security. Mary, a former employee of the Colorado Rockies baseball team and the Coors Brewing Company, was a campaign aide to the Bush re-election campaign; she lives in Great Falls, Virginia, with her wife Heather Poe. Cheney has publicly supported gay marriage since leaving the vice presidency.

As of 2015, Cheney had a pet Golden Retriever named Nelson.

Health problems

Cheney's long histories of cardiovascular disease and periodic need for urgent health care raised questions of whether he was medically fit to serve in public office. Having smoked approximately 3 packs of cigarettes per day for nearly 20 years, Cheney had his first of five heart attacks on June 18, 1978, at age 37. Subsequent heart attacks in 1984, 1988, on November 22, 2000, and on February 22, 2010, resulted in moderate contractile dysfunction of his left ventricle. He underwent four-vessel coronary artery bypass grafting in 1988, coronary artery stenting in November 2000, urgent coronary balloon angioplasty in March 2001, and the implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator in June 2001.

On September 24, 2005, Cheney underwent a six-hour endo-vascular procedure to repair popliteal artery aneurysms bilaterally, a catheter treatment technique used in the artery behind each knee. The condition was discovered at a regular physical in July, and was not life-threatening. Cheney was hospitalized for tests after experiencing shortness of breath five months later. In late April 2006, an ultrasound revealed that the clot was smaller.

On March 5, 2007, Cheney was treated for deep-vein thrombosis in his left leg at George Washington University Hospital after experiencing pain in his left calf. Doctors prescribed blood-thinning medication and allowed him to return to work. CBS News reported that during the morning of November 26, 2007, Cheney was diagnosed with atrial fibrillation and underwent treatment that afternoon.

On July 12, 2008, Cheney underwent a cardiological exam; doctors reported that his heartbeat was normal for a 67-year-old man with a history of heart problems. As part of his annual checkup, he was administered an electrocardiogram and radiological imaging of the stents placed in the arteries behind his knees in 2005. Doctors said that Cheney had not experienced any recurrence of atrial fibrillation and that his special pacemaker had neither detected nor treated any arrhythmia. On October 15, 2008, Cheney returned to the hospital briefly to treat a minor irregularity.

On January 19, 2009, Cheney strained his back "while moving boxes into his new house". As a consequence, he was in a wheelchair for two days, including his attendance at the 2009 United States presidential inauguration.

On February 22, 2010, Cheney was admitted to George Washington University Hospital after experiencing chest pains. A spokesperson later said Cheney had experienced a mild heart attack after doctors had run tests. On June 25, 2010, Cheney was admitted to George Washington University Hospital after reporting discomfort.

In early-July 2010, Cheney was outfitted with a left-ventricular assist device (LVAD) at Inova Fairfax Heart and Vascular Institute to compensate for worsening congestive heart failure. The device pumped blood continuously through his body. He was released from Inova on August 9, 2010, and had to decide whether to seek a full heart transplant. This pump was centrifugal and as a result he remained alive without a pulse for nearly fifteen months.

On March 24, 2012, Cheney underwent a seven-hour heart transplant procedure at Inova Fairfax Hospital in Woodburn, Virginia. He had been on a waiting list for more than 20 months before receiving the heart from an anonymous donor. Cheney's principal cardiologist, Jonathan Reiner, advised his patient that "it would not be unreasonable for an otherwise healthy 71-year-old man to expect to live another 10 years" with a transplant, saying in a family-authorized interview that he considered Cheney to be otherwise healthy.

Hunting incident

Main article: Dick Cheney hunting accident

On February 11, 2006, Cheney accidentally shot Harry Whittington, a then-78-year-old Texas attorney, while participating in a quail hunt at Armstrong ranch in Kenedy County, Texas. Secret Service agents and medical aides, who were traveling with Cheney, came to Whittington's assistance and treated his birdshot wounds to his right cheek, neck, and chest. An ambulance standing by for the Vice President took Whittington to nearby Kingsville before he was flown by helicopter to Corpus Christi Memorial Hospital. On February 14, 2006, Whittington had a non-fatal heart attack and atrial fibrillation due to at least one lead-shot pellet lodged in or near his heart. Because of the small size of the birdshot pellets, doctors decided to leave up to 30 pieces of the pellets lodged in his body rather than try to remove them.

The Secret Service stated that they notified the sheriff about one hour after the shooting. Kenedy County Sheriff Ramone Salinas III stated that he first heard of the shooting at about 5:30 pm. The next day, ranch owner Katharine Armstrong informed the Corpus Christi Caller-Times of the shooting. Cheney had a televised interview with MSNBC News about the shooting on February 15. Both Cheney and Whittington have called the incident an accident. Early reports indicated that Cheney and Whittington were friends and that the injuries were minor. Whittington has since told The Washington Post that he and Cheney were not close friends but acquaintances. When asked if Cheney had apologized, Whittington declined to answer.

The sheriff's office released a report on the shooting on February 16, 2006, and witness statements on February 22, indicating that the shooting occurred on a clear sunny day, and Whittington was shot from 30 or 40 yards (40 m) away while searching for a downed bird. Armstrong, the ranch owner, claimed that all in the hunting party were wearing blaze-orange safety gear and none had been drinking. However, Cheney has acknowledged that he had one beer four or five hours prior to the shooting. Although Kenedy County Sheriff's Office documents support the official story by Cheney and his party, re-creations of the incident produced by George Gongora and John Metz of the Corpus Christi Caller-Times indicated that the actual shooting distance was closer than the 30 yards claimed.

The incident hurt Cheney's popularity standing in the polls. According to polls on February 27, 2006, two weeks after the accident, Dick Cheney's approval rating had dropped 5 percentage points to 18%. The incident became the subject of a number of jokes and satire.

Works

• Clausen, Aage R.; Cheney, Richard B. (March 1970). "A Comparative Analysis of Senate–House Voting on Economic and Welfare Policy, 1953–1964*". American Political Science Review. 64 (1): 138–152. doi:10.2307/1955618. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1955618. S2CID 154337342. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017 – via Cambridge Core.
• Cheney, Richard B.; Cheney, Lynne V. (1983). Kings of the Hill: Power and Personality in the House of Representatives. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-0230-5.
• Cheney, Dick (1997). Professional Military Education: An Asset for Peace and Progress. Directed and edited by Bill Taylor. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic & International Studies. ISBN 0-89206-297-5. OCLC 36929146.
• Cheney, Dick; et al. (with Liz Cheney) (2011). In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir. New York: Threshold Editions. ISBN 978-1-4391-7619-1.
• Cheney, Dick; Reiner, Jonathan; et al. (with Liz Cheney) (2013). Heart: An American Medical Odyssey. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-1-4767-2539-0.
• Cheney, Dick; Cheney, Liz (2015). Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-1541-7.

Notes

1. In his early life the vice president himself pronounced his family name as /ˈtʃiːni/ CHEE-nee, the pronunciation used by his family. After moving east he adopted the pronunciation /ˈtʃeɪni/ CHAY-nee favored by the media and public-at-large.

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Bibliography

• Andrews, Elaine K. (2001). Dick Cheney: A Life in Public Service. Brookfield, Conn: Millbrook Press. ISBN 0-7613-2306-6.
• Baker, Peter (2013). Days of Fire: Bush and Cheney in the White House. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0385525183.
• Gellman, Barton (2008). Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-186-8.
• Goldstein, Joel K. (August 31, 2009). Cheney, Vice Presidential Power and the War on Terror. Toronto: APSA Meeting Paper. SSRN 1450601.
• Hayes, Stephen F. (2007). Cheney: The Untold Story of America's Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-072346-0.
• Goldstein, Joel K. "The contemporary presidency: Cheney, vice presidential power, and the war on terror." Presidential Studies Quarterly 40.1 (2010): 102–139. online
• Mann, James (2004). Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-03299-9.
• Nichols, John (2004). Dick: The Man Who Is President. New York: New Press. ISBN 1-56584-840-3.

External links

• United States Congress. "Dick Cheney (id: C000344)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• US Department of State from the Internet Archive
• The New York Times – Dick Cheney archives

Offices and distinctions

U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byTeno Roncalio Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming's at-large congressional district 1979–1989 Succeeded byCraig L. Thomas Preceded byTrent Lott House Minority Whip House Republican Whip 1989 Succeeded byNewt Gingrich Business positions Preceded byThomas H. Cruikshank Chief Executive Officer of Halliburton 1995–2000 Succeeded byDavid J. Lesar Party political offices Preceded byBud Shuster Chair of the House Republican Policy Committee 1981–1987 Succeeded byJerry Lewis Preceded byJack Kemp Chair of the House Republican Conference 1987–1989 Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States 2000, 2004 Succeeded bySarah Palin Political offices Preceded byPosition created White House Deputy Chief of Staff 1974–1975 Succeeded byLandon Butler Preceded byDonald Rumsfeld White House Chief of Staff 1975–1977 VacantTitle next held byHamilton Jordan Preceded byFrank Carlucci United States Secretary of Defense 1989–1993 Succeeded byLes Aspin Preceded byAl Gore Vice President of the United States 2001–2009 Succeeded byJoe Biden U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial) Preceded byAl Goreas former vice president United States order of precedence former vice president Succeeded byMike Penceas former vice president

v t e Dick Cheney
46th Vice President of the United States (2001–2009) 17th United States Secretary of Defense (1989–1993) U.S. Representative for WY–AL (1979–1989)
Electoral history	U.S. House 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 Vice presidential 2000 campaign selection convention debate election transition 2004 campaign convention debate election
Legacy and public image	Agathidium cheneyi Dick Cheney hunting accident Efforts to impeach Dick Cheney Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir Vice
Related	Halliburton Obama transition
Family and personal life	Lynne Cheney (wife) Liz Cheney (daughter) Mary Cheney (daughter)
← Al Gore Joe Biden →

Articles related to Dick Cheney

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Cheney Hageman v t e Minority whips of the U.S. House of Representatives Underwood Lloyd Dwight Burke Hamilton Oldfield McDuffie Bachmann Englebright Arends McCormack Arends McCormack Arends Michel Lott Cheney Gingrich Bonior Pelosi Hoyer Blunt Cantor Hoyer Scalise Clark v t e Republican Party whips of the U.S. House of Representatives Tawney Watson Dwight Burke Hamilton Knutson Vestal Bachmann Englebright Arends Michel Lott Cheney Gingrich DeLay Blunt Cantor McCarthy Scalise Emmer v t e Republican Conference chairs of the United States House of Representatives Morrill Schenck Banks Blair Maynard McCrary Hale Frye Robeson Cannon Henderson Grosvenor Cannon Hepburn Currier Greene Towner S. Anderson Hawley Luce Lehlbach Woodruff Hope Hoeven Ford Laird J. Anderson Devine Kemp D. Cheney Lewis Armey Boehner Watts Pryce Putnam Pence Hensarling McMorris Rodgers L. Cheney Stefanik McClain (elect) v t e United States secretaries of defense Forrestal Johnson Marshall Lovett Wilson McElroy T. Gates McNamara Clifford Laird Richardson Schlesinger Rumsfeld Brown Weinberger Carlucci Cheney Aspin Perry Cohen Rumsfeld R. Gates Panetta Hagel Carter Mattis Esper Austin v t e Cabinet of President George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) Cabinet Vice President Dan Quayle (1989–1993) Secretary of State James Baker (1989–1992) Lawrence Eagleburger (1992–1993) Secretary of the Treasury Nicholas F. Brady (1989–1993) Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney (1989–1993) Attorney General Dick Thornburgh (1989–1991) William Barr (1991–1993) Secretary of the Interior Manuel Lujan Jr. (1989–1993) Secretary of Agriculture Clayton Yeutter (1989–1991) Ed Madigan (1991–1993) Secretary of Commerce Robert Mosbacher (1989–1992) Barbara Franklin (1992–1993) Secretary of Labor Elizabeth Dole (1989–1990) Lynn M. Martin (1991–1993) Secretary of Health and Human Services Louis W. Sullivan (1989–1993) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Jack Kemp (1989–1993) Secretary of Transportation Samuel K. Skinner (1989–1991) Andrew Card (1992–1993) Secretary of Energy James D. Watkins (1989–1993) Secretary of Education Lauro Cavazos (1989–1990) Lamar Alexander (1991–1993) Secretary of Veterans Affairs Ed Derwinski (1989–1992) Cabinet-level Director of the Office of Management and Budget Richard Darman (1989–1993) Trade Representative Carla Anderson Hills (1989–1993) Counselor to the President None (1989–1992) Clayton Yeutter (1992–1993) v t e Cabinet of President George W. Bush (2001–2009) Cabinet Vice President Dick Cheney (2001–2009) Secretary of State Colin Powell (2001–2005) Condoleezza Rice (2005–2009) tenure Secretary of the Treasury Paul H. O'Neill (2001–2002) John W. Snow (2003–2006) Henry Paulson (2006–2009) Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld (2001–2006) Robert Gates (2006–2009) Attorney General John Ashcroft (2001–2005) Alberto Gonzales (2005–2007) Michael Mukasey (2007–2009) Secretary of the Interior Gale Norton (2001–2006) Dirk Kempthorne (2006–2009) Secretary of Agriculture Ann Veneman (2001–2005) Mike Johanns (2005–2007) Ed Schafer (2008–2009) Secretary of Commerce Donald Evans (2001–2005) Carlos Gutierrez (2005–2009) Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao (2001–2009) Secretary of Health and Human Services Tommy Thompson (2001–2005) Mike Leavitt (2005–2009) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Mel Martínez (2001–2004) Alphonso Jackson (2004–2008) Steve Preston (2008–2009) Secretary of Transportation Norman Mineta (2001–2006) Mary E. 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