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{{Short description|Media franchise about a British spy}}
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{{redirect|007}} {{Italic title}}
{{About|the series|the character |James Bond (literary character)|other uses|James Bond (disambiguation)}}
'''James Bond''', also known as '''007''' (pronounced "double-oh seven"), is a ] ] ] introduced by writer ] in ]. Fleming wrote numerous novels and short stories based upon the character and, after his death in ], further literary adventures were written by ] (pseudonym "]"), ], ], ], and ]; in addition, ] wrote two screenplay novelizations and other authors have also written various unofficial permutations of the character.
{{Redirect|007|other uses|007 (disambiguation)}}
]
{{Good article}}
Although initially made famous through the novels, James Bond is now probably best known from the ] film series. Twenty official and two unofficial films have been made featuring this character. ] and ] produced most of the official films up until ] when Broccoli became the sole producer. His daughter, ], and his stepson, ], carried on the production duties beginning in ].
{{Pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox media franchise
|title = James Bond
|image = Fleming007impression.jpg
|caption = Ian Fleming's image of James Bond; commissioned to aid the '']'' comic strip artists
|creator = ]
|origin = '']'' (1953)
|owner = ]
|years = 1953–present
|books =
|novels = ]
|short_stories = See list of novels
|comics = ]
|graphic_novels =
|strips = '']'' (1958–1983)
|magazines =
|films = ]
|shorts = ''Happy and Glorious'' (2012)
|tv = "]" ('']'' season 1 – episode 3) (1954)
|atv = '']'' (1991–1992)
|tv_specials =
|tv_films =
|dtv =
|plays =
|musicals =
|games = Various
|rpgs = '']''
|vgs = ]
|radio = ]
|soundtracks =
|music = ]
|toys = Various
|otherlabel1 = Portrayers
|otherdata1 = {{Plainlist|
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
}}
|otherlabel2 =
|otherdata2 =
|otherlabel3 =
|otherdata3 =
}}


The '''''James Bond''''' franchise focuses on ], a fictional ] agent created in 1953 by writer ], who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelisations: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. The latest novel is ''With a Mind to Kill'' by Anthony Horowitz, published in May 2022. Additionally, ] wrote a series on ], and ] wrote three novels based on the ], ].
To date, six actors have been signed to portray 007 in the official series (in chronological order):
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*], announced October 2005


The character—also known by the code number '''007''' (pronounced "double-oh-seven")—has also been adapted for television, radio, comic strips, video games and film. The films constitute one of the longest continually running film series and have grossed over US$7.04 billion in total at the box office, making ''James Bond'' the ] to date, which started in 1962 with '']'', starring ] as Bond. {{As of|2021}}, there have been twenty-five films in the ] ]. The most recent Bond film, '']'' (2021), stars ] in his fifth portrayal of Bond; he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also been two independent Bond film productions: '']'' (a 1967 ] starring ]) and '']'' (a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film, 1965's '']'', both starring Connery). The ''James Bond'' franchise is one of the ]. ''Casino Royale'' has also been adapted for television, as a one-hour show in 1954 as part of the CBS series '']''.
The 21st official film, '']'', is in pre-production and is slated for a ], ], release with Craig as Bond.


The Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including ], with the theme songs having received ] nominations on several occasions, and three wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond's cars, his guns, and the gadgets with which he is supplied by ]. The films are also noted for Bond's relationships with various women, who are popularly referred to as "]s".
Broccoli's family company, ], has co-owned the James Bond film series with ] Corporation since the mid-1970s, when Saltzman sold UA his share of Danjaq. Currently, ] and ] (United Artists' parent) co-distribute the series.


== Publication history ==
Two other James Bond films were made independently of EON: the comedy '']'' starring ] (]), and '']'', a remake of '']'' starring Sean Connery (]). An ] television adaptation of Fleming's first novel, ''Casino Royale'', also aired in ] starring ]. These three productions, not having originated with EON, are not considered to be official Bond films, although MGM/Sony now owns the distribution rights to them
=== Creation and inspiration ===
{{Main|James Bond (literary character)|Inspirations for James Bond}}


Ian Fleming created the fictional character of James Bond as the central figure for his works. Bond is an intelligence officer in the ], commonly known as MI6. Bond is known by his code number, 007, and was a ] ]. Fleming based his fictional creation on a number of individuals he came across during his time in the ] and ] during the Second World War, admitting that Bond "was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war".<ref name="Macintyre (2008b)" /> Among those types were his brother, ], who had been involved in behind-the-lines operations in ] and ] during the war.<ref name="PF Obit (1971)">{{cite news|title=Obituary: Colonel Peter Fleming, Author and explorer|newspaper= The Times|date=20 August 1971|page=14}}</ref> Aside from Fleming's brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bond's make up, including ], ], ] and ].<ref name="Macintyre (2008b)" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=Chris |title=From the archive: the real James Bond, 1973 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/mar/22/from-the-archive-the-real-james-bond-1973-dusko-popov-ian-fleming |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 February 2023 |date=22 March 2020}}</ref>
In addition to novels and films, Bond is a prominent character in many ], ] and ] and has been the subject of many ].


The name James Bond came from that of the American ] ], a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive ] '']''. Fleming, a keen ] himself, had a copy of Bond's guide and he later explained to the ornithologist's wife that "It struck me that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born".<ref>{{cite news |title=James Bond, Ornithologist, 89; Fleming Adopted Name for 007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/17/obituaries/james-bond-ornithologist-89-fleming-adopted-name-for-007.html |access-date=22 August 2019 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=17 February 1989 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502204215/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/17/obituaries/james-bond-ornithologist-89-fleming-adopted-name-for-007.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He further explained that:
==Overview==
]'' comic strip artists.]]
===The character===
Commander James Bond is a member of ], the international arm of the British Secret Service, under which he holds the code number "007". The 'double-oh' prefix indicates his discretionary ] in the performance of his duties.


{{Blockquote|text= When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument&nbsp;... when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, is the dullest name I ever heard.|sign= Ian Fleming|source='']'', 21 April 1962<ref name="Hellman (1962)">{{cite magazine |last= Hellman |first= Geoffrey T. |title= Bond's Creator |url= https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1962/04/21/1962_04_21_032_TNY_CARDS_000268062 |id= section "Talk of the Town" |magazine= The New Yorker |access-date= 9 September 2011 |author-link= Geoffrey T. Hellman |page= 32 |date= 21 April 1962 |archive-date= 21 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121095936/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1962/04/21/1962_04_21_032_TNY_CARDS_000268062 |url-status= live }}</ref>}}
Fleming named James Bond after an ] who had written '']''. Fleming, a keen ], was in ] with a copy of Bond's field guide when he chose Bond's name for the lead character of his first novel, '']'' in ]. He later explained that the man's name was "brief, unromantic, ], and yet very masculine… just what I needed."


On another occasion, Fleming said: "I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, 'James Bond' was much better than something more interesting, like 'Peregrine Carruthers'. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, blunt instrument wielded by a government department."{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=112}}
The look of James Bond is famed for being "suave and sophisticated." In ''Casino Royale'' the character ] says of Bond, "He reminds me rather of ], but there is something cold and ruthless." Carmichael would later be the basis as James Bond for artist ] and his series of James Bond ]s, while the Hoagy Carmichael description would be repeated in later Bond stories written by John Gardner.


]—Fleming's view of James Bond]]
Fleming drew inspiration for the Bond character from his personal life; the author was known for his jetsetting lifestyle and reputation as a ]. Fleming was also inspired by his contemporaries in British Intelligence during ], specifically events that were purported to have taken place at the ] in ], ], where spies of warring regimes mingled with ] royalty. One wonders if the real life assassin-agent ], who had a similar character was known to Ian Fleming. This atmosphere inspired Fleming's imagination and set the scene for his first Bond novel, ''Casino Royale''. (See ].)


Fleming decided that Bond should resemble both American singer ] and himself{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=67}} and in ], ] remarks, "Bond reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael, but there is something cold and ruthless." Likewise, in ], ] officer ] thinks that Bond is "certainly good-looking&nbsp;... Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way. That black hair falling down over the right eyebrow. Much the same bones. But there was something a bit cruel in the mouth, and the eyes were cold."{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=67}}
Bond is the consummate womaniser, drinker, and smoker. According to a detailing Bond’s drinking habits, the agent consumed 102 ]s in the films, and well over 300 in Fleming's novels. On film, Bond drinks ] 32 times, and 20 vodka ]. In the novels, he has a strong preference for ].


Fleming endowed Bond with many of his own traits, including sharing the same golf handicap, the taste for scrambled eggs, and using the same brand of toiletries.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=50}} Bond's tastes are also often taken from Fleming's own as was his behaviour,<ref name="Cook (2004)">{{cite news |last=Cook |first=William |title=Novel man |newspaper=] |date=28 June 2004|page=40}}</ref> with Bond's love of golf and gambling mirroring Fleming's own. Fleming used his experiences of his career in espionage and all other aspects of his life as inspiration when writing, including using names of school friends, acquaintances, relatives and lovers throughout his books.<ref name="Macintyre (2008b)" />
The literary 007 is a heavy ] smoker, at one point smoking up to 60 a day. Bond quit smoking when Gardner authored the stories in the 1980s. On film, Bond has been off and on. During both the Connery and Dalton films Bond was a smoker, while during Moore's and Brosnan's tenure he doesn't smoke cigarettes, although he does occasionally smoke ]s. The last time Bond used cigarettes in film was in '']''.


It was not until the penultimate novel, '']'', that Fleming gave Bond a sense of family background. The book was the first to be written after the release of ] in cinemas, and ]'s depiction of Bond affected Fleming's interpretation of the character, henceforth giving Bond both a dry sense of humour and Scottish antecedents that were not present in the previous stories.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=205}} In a fictional obituary, purportedly published in '']'', Bond's parents were given as Andrew Bond, from the village of ], ], and Monique Delacroix, from the canton of ], Switzerland.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=59}} Fleming did not provide Bond's date of birth, but ]'s fictional biography of Bond, '']'', gives Bond a birth date on 11 November 1920,{{sfn|Pearson|2008|p=21}} while a study by John Griswold puts the date at 11 November 1921.{{sfn|Griswold|2006|p=27}}
The cinematic Bond had the character quirk of being a "know-it-all." In '']'', he calculates in his head how many trucks it takes to transport all the gold in ], and how long the gold would be ] after ] bomb had exploded. Bond's "]" became a running joke during Moore's era. It was virtually eliminated during Dalton's tenure as 007.


=== Novels and related works ===
===The franchise===
{{Main|List of James Bond novels and short stories}}
]'' is the novel credited with sparking the James Bond craze when it was listed as one of ]'s favourite books.]]
The Bond franchise is currently the second all-time highest grossing film franchise in history, after '']''{{ref|filmfranchise}}, and one of the longest running film series in history, spanning 20 ], 2 ], 1 TV episode based on ''Casino Royale'', and a cartoon television series spinoff. A new movie, ''Casino Royale'', is currently in pre-production with an expected release in 2006.


==== Ian Fleming novels ====
The James Bond novels and movies have ranged from realistic spy drama to ]. The original books by Fleming are usually dark – lacking ] or gadgets. Instead, they established the formula of unique villains, outlandish plots, and voluptuous women who tend to fall in love with Bond at first sight (the feeling often being mutual.) The films expanded on Fleming's books, adding gadgets from ], and death-defying stunts, and often abandoning the original plotlines for more outlandish and cinema-friendly adventures. Cinematic Bond adventures were initially influenced by earlier spy thrillers such as '']'', '']'', and '']'', but later entries became formulaic dramas where Bond saves the world from ] madmen. Inevitably, a villain tries to kill Bond with a ] during which the villain reveals vital information; Bond later escapes and uses the information to thwart the ] plot. In many cases, the villain then dies at Bond's hands, although early Bond films often ended with the villain either escaping or being killed by someone else.
], in Jamaica, where Fleming wrote all the Bond novels{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=208}}]]


Whilst serving in the Naval Intelligence Division, Fleming had planned to become an author<ref name="Lycett (DNB)">{{cite ODNB|last= Lycett |first=Andrew|title=Fleming, Ian Lancaster (1908–1964) (subscription needed)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33168|access-date=7 September 2011|author-link=Andrew Lycett|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/33168|year=2004}}</ref> and had told a friend, "I am going to write the spy story to end all spy stories."<ref name="Macintyre (2008b)">{{cite news|last=Macintyre|first=Ben|title= Bond – the real Bond|newspaper=]|page=36|date=5 April 2008|ref={{harvid|Macintyre (2008b)}}}}</ref> On 17 February 1952, he began writing his first James Bond novel, ''Casino Royale'', at his ] in Jamaica,{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=4}} where he wrote all his Bond novels during the months of January and February each year.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=5}} He started the story shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend, Ann Charteris, in order to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials.{{sfn|Bennett|Woollacott|2003|p=1|loc=ch 1}}
The first actor to play Bond was American ], in the ] ] television production of ''Casino Royale'' in which the character became a U.S. agent named "Jimmy Bond." In ], ] provided the voice of Bond in a ]n ] adaptation of '']''.


After completing the manuscript for ''Casino Royale'', Fleming showed it to his friend (and later editor) ] to read. Plomer liked it and submitted it to the publishers, ], who did not like it as much. Cape finally published it in 1953 on the recommendation of Fleming's older brother ], an established travel writer.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=5}} Between 1953 and 1966, two years after his death, twelve novels and two short-story collections were published, with the last two books—'']'' and '']''—published posthumously.{{sfn|Black|2005|p=75}} All the books were published in the UK through Jonathan Cape.
] and ] started the official cinematic run of Bond in ], with '']'' starring Sean Connery. Their production company, EON Productions (supposedly an acronym for 'Everything Or Nothing', which was their motto), set up a semi-regular schedule of releases (initially annually, then usually once every two years) until 1989. Every Bond film has been a box office success to a lesser or greater degree. They continue to earn substantial profits after their theatrical run via ], ], and television broadcasts. In the UK, Bond holds three of the top five top spots of ].


{| class="wikitable"
By the ], many critics had grown tired of the films, commenting that the perennial ] and glamorous locales had become outdated, and that Bond's smooth, unruffled exterior didn't mesh with competing movies like '']''. The hard-edge of Timothy Dalton in the Bond movies of the late 80s met a mixed response from moviegoers; some welcomed the earthier style reminiscent of Fleming's character, while others missed the light-hearted approach which characterised the Roger Moore era. While ''Licence to Kill'' (]) was financially successful, it did not prove as popular as previous Bond films. ''Licence to Kill'''s relative failure is usually blamed on a poor promotional campaign in the United States, Dalton's darker portrayal of Bond, and it being the first Bond film to be rated ] in the ] and "15" in the ]. A new Bond film was announced for release in ]; however, legal wrangling over ownership of the character led to a protracted delay that would keep Bond off movie screens for the next six years during which time, Dalton's career had moved on.
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* 1953 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Casino Royale |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=56 |work=The Books |publisher=] |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317100519/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=56 |archive-date=17 March 2012 }}</ref>
* 1954 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Live and Let Die |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=57 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317100551/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=57 |archive-date=17 March 2012 }}</ref>
* 1955 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Moonraker |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=58 |work=The Books |publisher= Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916133924/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=58 |archive-date= 16 September 2011 }}</ref>
* 1956 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Diamonds are Forever |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=59 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317100356/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=59 |archive-date=17 March 2012 }}</ref>
* 1957 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=From Russia, with Love |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=60 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401031119/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=60 |archive-date=1 April 2012 }}</ref>
* 1958 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. No |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=61 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227054058/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=61 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1959 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Goldfinger |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=62 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227055724/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=62 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
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* 1960 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=For Your Eyes Only |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=63 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227055343/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=63 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref> (short stories)
* 1961 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Thunderball |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=64 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227055120/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=64 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1962 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Spy Who Loved Me |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=65 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227054837/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=65 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1963 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=On Her Majesty's Secret Service |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=174 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227052813/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=174 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1964 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=You Only Live Twice |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=67 |work= The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303111111/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=67 |archive-date=3 March 2012 }}</ref>
* 1965 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Man with the Golden Gun |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=68 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227060115/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=68 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
* 1966 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Octopussy and The Living Daylights |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=69 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907004806/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=69 |archive-date=7 September 2011 }}</ref> (short stories; "The Property of a Lady" added to subsequent editions)
|}


==== Post-Fleming novels ====
The ] saw a revival and renewal of the series beginning with '']'' in ]. Pierce Brosnan filled Bond’s shoes with an elegant mix of Sean Connery cool and Roger Moore ].
After Fleming's death, a continuation novel, '']'', was written by ] (as ]) and published in 1968.<ref>{{cite web|title=Colonel Sun |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=81 |work=The Books |publisher= Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227071453/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=81 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref> Amis had already written a literary study of Fleming's Bond novels in his 1965 work '']''.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=32}} Although ]s of two of the ] Bond films appeared in print, '']'' and '']'', both written by screenwriter ],<ref name="IFP, Novelizations">{{cite web|title=Film Novelizations |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=163 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918184837/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=163 |archive-date=18 September 2011 }}</ref> the series of novels did not continue until the 1980s. In 1981, the thriller writer ] picked up the series with '']''.{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=58}} Gardner went on to write sixteen Bond books in total; two of the books he wrote were novelisations of Eon Productions films of the same name: '']'' and '']''. Gardner moved the Bond series into the 1980s, although he retained the ages of the characters as they were when Fleming had left them.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=149}} In 1996, Gardner retired from writing James Bond books due to ill health.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ripley|first=Mike|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/nov/02/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries|title=Obituary: John Gardner: Prolific thriller writer behind the revival of James Bond and Professor Moriarty|access-date=14 November 2011|newspaper=]|date=2 November 2007|page=41|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415133341/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/nov/02/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries|url-status=live}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
James Bond has long been a household name and remains a huge influence within the cinematic spy film genre. The '']'' series and other parodies such as '']'' (]), and ''Casino Royale'' (]) are testaments to Bond's prominence in popular culture (see: ]). 1960s TV imitations of James Bond such as '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']'' went on to became popular successes in their own right. (Fleming contributed to the creation of ''U.N.C.L.E.''; the show's lead character, "]," was named after a character in Fleming's novel ''Goldfinger'' and Fleming also suggested the character name April Dancer, which was later used in the ] series '']''.)
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==Character's biography==
* 1981 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Licence Renewed |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=141 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092749/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=141 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
{{spoiler}}
* 1982 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=For Special Services |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=211 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092955/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=211 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
James Bond is the son of a ] father, Andrew Bond, and a ] mother, Monique Delacroix, both of whom died in a mountain ] accident in the ], when Bond was 11 years old. James went to live with his Aunt, Miss Charmian Bond, in ]. Bond's family ], which was later adopted by James Bond during "Operation Corona" in the novel '']'' is ''Orbis non sufficit'' (] for "The world is not enough.")
* 1983 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Ice Breaker |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=142 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092651/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=142 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>

* 1984 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Role Of Honour |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=143 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092007/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=143 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
An interesting, if wholly non-], conjecture about the Bond lineage can be found in ] comic book series, '']'', set in ]. In it, the portly, sinister, and secretive MI6 agent placed in charge of the League is named ]. His official title as director of the top-secret team is ], an obvious reference to the Bond mythos. Although Moore makes no overt connection between Bond and Campion, the saturation of literary reference in the comics has led fans to propose that Campion is meant to be an ancestor of the modern secret agent. His first name, Campion, is believed to be a reference to fictional detective ].
* 1986 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Nobody Lives Forever |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=144 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092102/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=144 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>

* 1987 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=No Deals Mr Bond |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=145 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092157/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=145 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
With the exception of the '']'' series of novels by ] launched in 2005, Bond for the most part is an ] character in both films and literature. He is roughly in his late thirties (the age of 37 can be deduced from ''Moonraker''). According to John Pearson's '']'', Bond was born on ], ]; no Fleming novel supports this date. According to an obituary of James Bond in the novel '']'', Bond left school when he was 17 years old and joined the ] in ]. If Bond was 17 in 1941, then he was born in ]. Fleming also establishes that Bond bought his first car, a ] (driven in several early novels and the second Bond film, '']''), in ], contradicting both birthdates&mdash;he would have been too young to buy a car had he been born in either 1920 or 1924, though he might have purchased the vehicle at a later date. Many Fleming biographers agree that Fleming never really intended to write as many James Bond adventures as he did and to keep writing the novels he had to "tinker with Bond's early life" and change dates to ensure Bond was the appropriate age for the service, particularly due to a statement in ''Moonraker'' that 007 faced mandatory ] from the 00 Section at age 45. The issue of the car is one such example. ] recognised this issue for their new series of novels featuring Bond as a teenager in the ] and along with its author, Charlie Higson, defined Bond being born in the year 1920 (no specific date has thus far been declared).
* 1988 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Scorpius |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=145 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092157/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=145 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>

* 1989 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Win, Lose Or Die |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=147 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092427/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=147 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
The continuation Bond novels by John Gardner and Raymond Benson published between ] and ] depict Bond as being active in the present day (with Gardner in particular tying Bond to then-current events such as the ].) Gardner depicts Bond as being in early middle age at the time of '']'', making it likely that his version of the character must have been born sometime after that of Fleming's Bond. Benson's Bond appears to be patterned after Pierce Brosnan's film portrayal, suggesting that he was born in the early ].
| style="width:400pt;"|

* 1989 ''Licence to Kill''<ref name="IFP, Novelizations" /> (novelisation)
It is also debated where James Bond was born. According to Pearson, Bond was born near ], ]; however, Charlie Higson, in his novel ''SilverFin'' claims Bond was born in ].
* 1990 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Brokenclaw |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=148 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092455/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=148 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>

* 1991 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Man From Barbarossa |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=149 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092554/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=149 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
Bond briefly attended ] starting at the age of 12, but was expelled after two halves when some "alleged" troubles with one of his maids came to light. In Fleming's ] "]," Bond admits to losing his ] on his first visit to ] at the age of 16. Gardner's novel '']'' also references this moment in Bond's life. After Eton, Bond attended and continued his education in the prestigious ] in ], ]. In "]", Fleming writes that Bond briefly attended the ]. With the exception of Fettes, Bond's attendance at these schools parallels Fleming's own life, as he attended these same schools.
* 1992 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Death is Forever |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=150 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008202437/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=150 |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref>

* 1993 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Never Send Flowers |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=151 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093052/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=151 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
In ], Bond lied about his age in order to enter the ]'s Volunteer Reserve during ], from which he emerged with the rank of ] before joining ]. During his tenure writing James Bond novels in the ] and ], Gardner promoted Bond to ], but he was subsequently demoted back to Commander in Benson's novels without explanation.
* 1994 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Seafire |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=152 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093233/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=152 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>

* 1995 ''GoldenEye''<ref name="IFP, Novelizations" /> (novelisation)
In both the literary and cinematic versions of '']'', James Bond marries, but his bride, ] (Tracy), is killed on their wedding day by his archenemy, ]; the event resonates in both versions of the character for many years thereafter. In the novels, Bond gets ] in the following novel, ''You Only Live Twice'', when he by chance comes across Blofeld in ], whilst the cinematic Bond takes on Blofeld in '']'' with mixed results.
* 1996 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Cold |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=153 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093337/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=153 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>

|}
Bond had one child, by Kissy Suzuki in ''You Only Live Twice'', although he did not know of the boy's existence until sometime later. Exactly when he learned this is not known; however he is aware of his son, James Suzuki, by the time of Raymond Benson's short story "]."

A second (non-canonical) son is suggested in the ] series ]. Clive Reston, a supporting character in the series, resembles Bond in many respects and is an MI-6 agent himself. While it is never stated explicitly, dialogue strongly hints that Reston is Bond's son and the grand-nephew of ]. In his fictional biographies, author ] suggests that Bond belongs in the ] tree along with ], ], and many other fictional heroes. Followers of Farmer's speculations have greatly elaborated on Bond's family.

In the novels (notably ''From Russia, With Love''), Bond's physical description has generally been consistent: a three-inch, vertical scar on his left cheek (absent from the cinematic version); blue-grey eyes; a "cruel" mouth; short, dark hair, a comma of which falls on his forehead (greying at the temples in Gardner's novels); and (after '']'') the faint scar of the ] ] letter "Ш" (SH) on the back of one of his hands (carved by a ] agent).

The literary and cinematic secret agent's attitude towards his job is similar. Although licensed to kill, Bond dislikes taking life&mdash;resorting to flippant jokes and off-hand remarks as after-the-fact relief, often misinterpreted as cold-bloodedness. Pearson's biography (disputed canonically) suggests Bond first killed as a teenager. The novel ''Goldfinger'' begins with Bond being haunted by memories of the small-time, ] gunman he had killed with his bare hands days earlier. In the films, there is a subtle hint in '']'' that he might be haunted so, and, in '']'', he admits that cold-blooded killing is a filthy business. Nonetheless, James Bond kills when needed, and on film commits acts that might be considered ] in other circumstances (in '']'', shooting Professor Dent in the back; killing the unarmed ] in ''The World Is Not Enough''). The literary James Bond was reserved in his licensed killing; there are Fleming works in which Bond does not kill anyone.

The cinematic Bond is famous for ordering his vodka martinis "shaken, not stirred." The literary Bond prefers ], but also drinks ] martinis, and in ''Casino Royale'' orders a martini that includes both types of liquor. Bond initially calls it "The Vesper" martini, after his lover in that book, ]. Throughout the novels, 007 orders his martinis with a slice of lemon peel (Fleming felt that ]s were added by bartenders to decrease the amount of liquor in the drink), although this only occurs on film in ''Dr. No''. In real life, martini bars often dub a martini made "shaken, not stirred" as a "Martini James Bond." (See ] for a detailed description of how a shaken martini differs from a stirred one). In the novels, most of the drinks that Bond has&mdash;beyond ''Casino Royale''&mdash;aren't martinis at all.


In 1996, the American author ] became the author of the Bond novels. Benson had previously been the author of '']'', first published in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|title=Books – At a Glance|url=http://www.raymondbenson.com/books/|work=RaymondBenson.com|access-date=3 November 2011|author=Raymond Benson|author-link=Raymond Benson|archive-date=27 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127115953/http://www.raymondbenson.com/books/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Age is the notable difference between the literary and the cinematic versions of James Bond. As noted above, per Fleming's novel ''Moonraker'', agent 007 faced mandatory retirement from active duty at age 45, while many of the films feature a considerably older hero. Assuming the correctness of either the 1920 or 1924 birthdates, Fleming's Bond would have retired between ] (coincidentally the year Fleming died) and ] (after '']'''s ] publication). Pearson's biography suggests Bond continued working for MI6 as a special agent, beyond retirement age, and continued serving as agent 007 into the ]. John Gardner's version of James Bond is a man born after Fleming's version, since he remains an active agent in the ] and the ], while Benson's hero serves as 007 in the 1990s and 2000s, suggesting a later birthdate than Gardner's version. <!--This issue has already been dealt with earlier in the article. This reference is merely repeating itself and taking up space-->
By the time he moved on to other, non-Bond related projects in 2002, Benson had written six Bond novels, three novelisations and three short stories.<ref>{{cite web|title=Raymond Benson |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=176 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227071253/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=176 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>

The cinematic James Bond (introduced in 1962) already had a history with MI6. In ''Dr. No'', when reluctantly re-equipped with a 7.65 mm ] pistol replacing his under-powered ] calibre ] automatic pistol, agent 007 protests, telling ] that he has used the weapon for 10 years, suggesting he has been a secret agent for at least that long. Since ''Dr. No'' in both the literary and cinematic versions, Bond has used a Walther PPK in almost every adventure. In the film ''Tomorrow Never Dies'', Bond updates his gun to the latest model of the ]. In the novels, Gardner replaced the PPK (eventually) with an ].

The cinematic Bond is a graduate with a ] in ] from ], as stated in '']''. Bond can also be seen in other films speaking a variety of different languages, most notably ], which he uses in ''The World Is Not Enough''.

Although never stated outright, in his books, Fleming drops hints that Bond was smuggled into ] during its anti-] ] in ]. A popular ] holds that a British secret agent was sent to Hungary to attempt to train the rebels, although they eventually lost. Using his literary licence, Fleming implies that Bond was this agent.

==Books==
===By ]===
].]]
In January 1952, Ian Fleming began work on his first James Bond novel. At the time, Fleming was the Foreign Manager for ], an organisation owned by the '']''. Upon accepting the job, Fleming asked that he be allowed two months vacation per year. Every year thereafter until his death in 1964, Fleming would retreat for the first two months of the year to his ]n house, "Goldeneye", to write a James Bond novel.


{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align: top;" |- style="vertical-align:top; width:225px;"
| style="width:400pt;"|
|
* 1997 "]"{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=62}} (short story)
*] '']''
* 1997 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Zero Minus Ten |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=210 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093949/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=210 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
*] '']''
* 1997 '']''<ref name="IFP, Novelizations" /> (novelisation)
*] '']''
* 1998 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Facts Of Death |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=134 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093647/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=134 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
*] '']''
* 1999 "]"{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=63}} (short story)
*] '']''
* 1999 "]"{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=64}} (short story)
*] '']''
| style="width:400pt;"|
*] '']''
* 1999 '']''<ref name="IFP, Novelizations" /> (novelisation)
|
* 1999 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=High Time To Kill |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=135 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093753/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=135 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
*] '']''
* 2000 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Doubleshot |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=136 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093445/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=136 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
*] '']''
* 2001 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Never Dream Of Dying |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=137 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093544/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=137 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
*] '']''
* 2002 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Man With The Red Tattoo |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=138 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227093615/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=138 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
*] '']''
* 2002 '']''<ref name="IFP, Novelizations" /> (novelisation)
*] '']''
*] '']''
*] '']''
|} |}


After a gap of six years, ] was commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to write a new Bond novel, which was released on 28 May 2008, the 100th anniversary of Fleming's birth.<ref>{{cite news|title=Faulks pens new James Bond novel|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6289186.stm|access-date=3 November 2011|newspaper=]|date=11 July 2007|archive-date=12 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212225504/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6289186.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The book—titled '']''—was published in the UK by Penguin Books and by Doubleday in the US.<ref name="Faulks">{{cite web|title=Sebastian Faulks |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=177 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227071357/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=177 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref> American writer ] was then commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to produce ], which was published on 26 May 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=James Bond book called Carte Blanche|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12204547|access-date=3 November 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=17 January 2011|archive-date=19 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319150348/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12204547|url-status=live}}</ref> The book turned Bond into a post-9/11 agent, independent of ] or MI6.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeffery Deaver |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=268 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415123737/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=268 |archive-date=15 April 2012 }}</ref> On 26 September 2013, '']'' by ], set in 1969, was published.<ref>{{cite web|title=Solo Published Today |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/solo-published-today/ |publisher=] |access-date=1 October 2013 |date=26 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234832/http://www.ianfleming.com/solo-published-today/ |archive-date= 4 October 2013 }}</ref> In October 2014, it was announced that ] was to write a ''Bond'' continuation novel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/11133873/James-Bonds-secret-mission-to-save-Stirling-Moss.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/11133873/James-Bonds-secret-mission-to-save-Stirling-Moss.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=] |title=James Bond's secret mission: to save Stirling Moss |first=Anita |last=Singh |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=6 November 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Set in the 1950s two weeks after the events of ''Goldfinger'', it contains material written, but previously unreleased, by Fleming. '']'' was released on 8 September 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-32899911 |title=James Bond: Pussy Galore returns in new novel |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=28 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513215956/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-32899911 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Alison |last=Flood |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/28/new-james-bond-novel-trigger-mortis-pussy-galore-anthony-horowitz |title=New James Bond novel Trigger Mortis resurrects Pussy Galore |newspaper=The Guardian |date=28 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608035412/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/28/new-james-bond-novel-trigger-mortis-pussy-galore-anthony-horowitz |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/11634404/Pussy-Galore-returns-for-new-James-Bond-novel-Trigger-Mortis.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/11634404/Pussy-Galore-returns-for-new-James-Bond-novel-Trigger-Mortis.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Daily Telegraph |title=Pussy Galore returns for new James Bond novel ''Trigger Mortis'' |first=Hannah |last=Furness |date=28 May 2015 |access-date=6 November 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Horowitz's second Bond novel, '']'', tells the origin story of Bond as a 00 agent prior to the events of ''Casino Royale''. The novel, also based on unpublished material from Fleming, was released on 31 May 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/forever-and-a-day/ |title=Forever and a Day |work=IanFleming.com |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |date=8 February 2018 |access-date=16 February 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218042318/http://www.ianfleming.com/forever-and-a-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/books/james-bond-forever-and-a-day-anthony-horowitz.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/books/james-bond-forever-and-a-day-anthony-horowitz.html |archive-date=3 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New James Bond Novel Is a Prequel to Fleming's First |work=] |date=12 February 2018 |access-date=16 February 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Horowitz's third Bond novel, ''With a Mind to Kill'', was published on 26 May 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ianfleming.com/new-horowitz-bond-title-and-cover-revealed/ |title=New Horowitz Bond Title and Cover Revealed |work=IanFleming.com |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |date=16 December 2021 |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216190241/https://www.ianfleming.com/new-horowitz-bond-title-and-cover-revealed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ] first adult Bond novel, ''On His Majesty's Secret Service'', was published on 4 May 2023 to celebrate the ] and support the ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/james-bond-king-charles-coronation-on-his-majestys-secret-service-1235569901/ |title=New James Bond Story 'On His Majesty's Secret Service' Commissioned to Celebrate King Charles' Coronation |first=Naman |last=Ramachandran |date=31 March 2023 |website=] |access-date=5 May 2023 |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505181215/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/james-bond-king-charles-coronation-on-his-majestys-secret-service-1235569901/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Between 1953 and 1966, twelve James Bond novels and two short story collections by Fleming were published, with one novel and one short story collection issued posthumously. To this day, it is still debated ] 1965's ''The Man with the Golden Gun'', as he died very soon after completing the book. His first anthology of short stories, ''For Your Eyes Only'', mostly consisted of converted screenplays for a ] television series based on the character. When the project fell through, Fleming turned them into short stories: (i) "]", (ii) "]", (iii) "]", plus two additional stories, "]" and "]", which were previously published. The second anthology, ''Octopussy and The Living Daylights'' (in many editions titled only ''Octopussy''), originally only contained two short stories, "]" and "]; a third story, "]" was added in the 1967 paperback edition, and a fourth, "]", was added in 2002.

===Post-Fleming James Bond novels===
]

Following Fleming's death in 1964, ], publishers of the James Bond novels, planned a new book series, credited to the pseudonym "]" and written by a rotating series of authors. Ultimately, only one Markham novel saw print, 1968's '']'' by ]. Amis had previously written two books on the world of James Bond, the 1964 essay ''The James Bond Dossier'' and the tongue-in-cheek ] release ''The Book of Bond, or Every Man His Own 007'' (written under the pseudonym "Lt.-Col. William ("Bill") Tanner", a recurring character in the Bond novels. Amis had also been claimed for many years as the ] of '']'', although this has been debunked by numerous sources. See ].)

In ], Fleming biographer ] was commissioned by Glidrose to biograph the fictional character James Bond. Pearson wrote '']'' in the first person as if meeting the secret agent himself. The book was well-received by aficionados&mdash;readers and viewers, alike. Since the book has many discrepancies with Fleming's Bond (for example his birth year), the canonical status of ''James Bond: The Authorised Biography of 007'' is debated among fans&mdash;some consider it ], though at least one publisher issued it as an official novel along with the rest of Fleming's series. Glidrose reportedly considered a new series of novels written by Pearson, but this did not come to pass. Prior to writing this, Pearson had written an early biography of Ian Fleming, '']''.

In ], the film '']'' was released and was subsequently novelised and published by Glidrose due to the radical difference between the script and Fleming's novel of the same name. This would happen again with ]'s '']''. Both novelisations were written by ] ] and were the first official novelisations, although technically, Fleming's ''Thunderball'' was a novelisation having been based on scripts by himself, ], and ] (although it predated the movie), and the ''For Your Eyes Only'' collection was also, for the most part, based upon unproduced scripts.

In the 1980s, the series was finally revived with new novels by John Gardner; between ] and ], he wrote fourteen James Bond novels and two screenplay novelisations, surpassing Fleming's original output. The biggest change in Gardner's series was updating 007's world to the 1980s; however, it would keep the characters the same age as they were in Fleming's novels. Generally Gardner's series is considered a success although their canonical status is disputed.

{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
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* 2008 '']''
*] '']''
* 2011 '']''
*] '']''
*] '']'' * 2013 '']''
*] '']'' * 2015 '']''
| style="width:400pt;"|
*] '']''
* 2018 '']''
*] '']''
* 2022 ''With a Mind to Kill''
*] '']''
* 2023 ''On His Majesty's Secret Service''
*] '']''
|
*] '']'' (])
*] '']''
*] '']''
*] '']''
*] '']''
*] '']''
*] '']'' (novelisation)
*] '']''
|} |}


==== Young Bond ====
In 1996, Gardner retired from writing James Bond books due to ill health, and American Raymond Benson quickly replaced him. As a James Bond novelist, Benson was initially controversial for being American, and for ignoring much of the continuity established by Gardner. Benson had previously written '']'', a book dedicated to Ian Fleming, the official novels, and the films. The book was initially released in ] and later updated in ]. Benson also contributed to the creation of several modules in the popular ''James Bond 007'' ] in the 1980s. Benson wrote six James Bond novels, three novelisations, and three short stories.
{{Main|Young Bond}}

The '']'' series of novels was started by ]<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Neil|title=The name's Bond – Junior Bond|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/4293323.stm|access-date=1 November 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=3 March 2005|archive-date=30 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530161026/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/4293323.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and, between 2005 and 2009, five novels and one short story were published.<ref>{{cite web|title=Charlie Higson|url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Search/QuickSearchProc/1,,Author_1000066902,00.html|work=Puffin Books – Authors|publisher=]|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-date=9 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309024638/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Search/QuickSearchProc/1,,Author_1000066902,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first Young Bond novel, '']'' was also adapted and released as a graphic novel on 2 October 2008 by Puffin Books.<ref>{{cite web|title=SilverFin: The Graphic Novel|url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322537,00.html?%2FSilverFin%3A_The_Graphic_Novel_Charlie_Higson|work=Puffin Books|publisher=Penguin Books|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-date=1 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101144944/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322537,00.html?%2FSilverFin%3A_The_Graphic_Novel_Charlie_Higson|url-status=dead}}</ref> In October 2013 Ian Fleming Publications announced that ] would continue the series, with the first edition scheduled to be released in Autumn 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Young Bond Series in 2014 |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/new-young-bond-series-in-2014/ |publisher=] |access-date=11 October 2013 |date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014031316/http://www.ianfleming.com/new-young-bond-series-in-2014/ |archive-date=14 October 2013 }}</ref>


{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|- style="vertical-align: top;" |- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="width:400pt;"|
|
* 2005 ''SilverFin''<ref>{{cite web|title=Young Bond: SilverFin |url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141318592,00.html?/Young_Bond:_SilverFin_Charlie_Higson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030080945/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141318592,00.html?/Young_Bond:_SilverFin_Charlie_Higson |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 October 2012 |work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson |publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=2 November 2011 }}</ref>
*] ''"]"'' (short story)
* 2006 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Young Bond: Blood Fever |url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141318608,00.html?/Young_Bond:_Blood_Fever_Charlie_Higson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030080945/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141318608,00.html?/Young_Bond:_Blood_Fever_Charlie_Higson |archive-date=30 October 2012 |url-status=dead|work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson |publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=2 November 2011 }}</ref>
*] '']''
* 2007 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Young Bond: Double or Die |url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322032,00.html?/Young_Bond:_Double_or_Die_Charlie_Higson |work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson |publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101150520/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0%2C%2C9780141322032%2C00.html?%2FYoung_Bond%3A_Double_or_Die_Charlie_Higson |archive-date= 1 November 2012 }}</ref>
*] '']'' (novelisation)
* 2007 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Young Bond: Hurricane Gold |url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322049,00.html?/Young_Bond:_Hurricane_Gold_Charlie_Higson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030080945/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322049,00.html?/Young_Bond:_Hurricane_Gold_Charlie_Higson |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 October 2012 |work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson |publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=2 November 2011 }}</ref>
*] '']''
* 2008 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Young Bond: By Royal Command |url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141384511,00.html?/Young_Bond:_By_Royal__Command_Charlie_Higson |work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson |publisher=Penguin Books |access-date=2 November 2011 }}{{dead link|date=July 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> & ''SilverFin''<ref>{{cite web|title=SilverFin: The (Graphic Novel)|url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322537,00.html?%2FSilverFin%3A_The_Graphic_Novel_Charlie_Higson|work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson|publisher=Penguin Books|access-date=2 November 2011|archive-date=1 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101144944/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141322537,00.html?%2FSilverFin%3A_The_Graphic_Novel_Charlie_Higson|url-status=dead}}</ref> (graphic novel)
*] ''"]"'' (short story)
* 2009 "]"<ref>{{cite web|title=Danger Society: The Young Bond Dossier|url=http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141327709,00.html?%2FDanger_Society%3A_The_Young_Bond_Dossier_Charlie_Higson|work=Puffin Books: Charlie Higson|publisher=Penguin Books|access-date=2 November 2011|archive-date=1 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101144906/http://www.puffin.co.uk/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780141327709,00.html?%2FDanger_Society%3A_The_Young_Bond_Dossier_Charlie_Higson|url-status=dead}}</ref> (short story)
*] ''"]"'' (short story)
|
*] '']'' (novelisation)
*] '']''
*] '']''
*] '']''
*] '']''
*] '']'' (novelisation)
|} |}


==== ''The Moneypenny Diaries'' ====
Benson abruptly resigned as Bond novelist at the end of 2002, despite having previously announced plans to write a short story collection. Low sales figures for the books, and plans by Ian Fleming Publications to focus on reissuing Fleming's original novels for the 50th anniversary of the character, were among reasons speculated by fans as to why Benson departed. The year 2003 marked the first year since 1980 that a new James Bond novel had not been published.
{{Main|The Moneypenny Diaries}}


''The Moneypenny Diaries'' are a trilogy of novels chronicling the life of ], ]'s personal secretary. The novels are written by ] under the ] Kate Westbrook, who is depicted as the book's "editor".<ref>{{cite news|title=Miss Moneypenny|newspaper=]|date=14 October 2005|page=10}}</ref> The first instalment of the trilogy, subtitled '']'', was released on 10 October 2005 in the UK.<ref>{{cite news|last=O'Connell|first=John|title=Books – Review – The Moneypenny Diaries – Kate Westbrook (ed) – John Murray GBP 12.99|newspaper=]|date=12 October 2005|page=47}}</ref> A second volume, subtitled '']'' was released on 2 November 2006 in the UK, published by ].<ref>{{cite news|last=Weinberg|first=Samantha|title=Licensed to thrill|newspaper=The Times|date=11 November 2006|author-link=Samantha Weinberg|page=29}}</ref> A third volume, subtitled '']'' was released on 1 May 2008.<ref>{{cite news|last=Saunders|first=Kate|title=The Moneypenny Diaries: Final Fling|newspaper=The Times|date=10 May 2008|page=13}}</ref>
On ], ], Ian Fleming Publications confirmed it is planning to publish a one-off adult Bond novel in ] to mark what would have been Ian Fleming's 100th birthday. This would feature the adult version of the character as opposed to the "Young Bond" character of the recent Charlie Higson books (see below). Although it has been suggested a "big name" author might take on the task, the publishers have yet to approach anyone about this project .


{| class="wikitable"
===Young Bond===
|- style="vertical-align:top; width:225px;"
{{main|Young Bond}}
| style="width:400pt;"|
In April 2004, Ian Fleming Publications (Glidrose) announced a new series of James Bond books. Instead of continuing from where Raymond Benson ended in 2002, the new series would feature James Bond as a thirteen-year-old boy attending ]. Written by ] ('']'') the series is expected to align with the adult Bond's back-story established by Fleming and Fleming only. Since the concept was announced the series has taken heavy criticism for being aimed at the "] audience" and has been seen by some as a desperate attempt to find a new audience for Bond. Regardless, the first novel became a bestseller in the United Kingdom and was released to good reviews. A second novel is due for release in January 2006. The series is currently planned out for five novels according to Charlie Higson.
* 2005 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Guardian Angel |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=228 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008204241/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=228 |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref>

* 2006 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Secret Servant |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=229 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008204340/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=229 |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
* 2008 '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=Final Fling |url=http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=230 |work=The Books |publisher=Ian Fleming Publications |access-date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227051129/http://www.ianfleming.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=230 |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|
*] '']''
*] '']''
*] '']''
|} |}


== Adaptations ==
The ''Young Bond'' series is expected to be expanded to include ]s in 2006. It is currently unknown whether these will be adaptations of Higson's books or original adventures.
=== Television ===
In 1954, ] paid Ian Fleming $1,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1000|1954}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US|df=y}}) to adapt his novel ] into a one-hour television adventure, ], as part of its '']'' series.{{sfn|Black|2005|p=14}} The episode aired live on 21 October 1954 and starred ] as "Card Sense" James Bond and ] as Le Chiffre.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=11}} The novel was adapted for American audiences to show Bond as an American agent working for "Combined Intelligence", while the character ]—American in the novel—became British onscreen and was renamed "Clarence Leiter".{{sfn|Black|2005|p=101}}


In 1964 Roger Moore appeared as "James Bond" in an extended comedy sketch opposite ] in her ] TV series ''Mainly Millicent'', which also makes reference to "007". It was written by ]. Undiscovered for several years, it reappeared as an extra in the DVD and Blu-ray release of ''Live and Let Die''.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Mainly Millicent: Roger Moore's First Appearance as James Bond''|date=16 January 2015 |url=https://www.bondsuits.com/mainly-millicent-roger-moores-first-appearance-james-bond/|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>
===The Moneypenny Diaries===
{{main|The Moneypenny Diaries}}
A new trilogy of novels "edited" by ] under the pseudonym ] entitled '']'' was released by ] publishers that centres on the character of ], ]'s personal secretary. The first instalment of the trilogy, subtitled ''Guardian Angel'', was released on ], ]. Weinberg is the first woman to write officially licensed Bond-related fiction.


In 1973, a ] documentary '']: The British Hero'' featured ] playing a number of such title characters (e.g. ] and ]). The documentary included James Bond in dramatised scenes from
The novels had originally been touted as the secret journal of a "real" Miss Moneypenny and that James Bond was a possible pseudonym for a genuine intelligence officer, an idea shared by John Pearson's earlier biography, ''James Bond: The Authorised Biography of 007''. John Murry admitted on ], ] that the books were a spoof after an investigation by ''The Sunday Times'' of London. Ian Fleming Publications, who had previously refused to comment as to whether the book was authorised, officially confirmed the book was and always had been a project by them on the day of the book's publication.
]—notably featuring 007 being threatened with the novel's circular saw, rather than the film's laser beam—and '']''.<ref>{{citation |title=Radio Times|date=6–12 October 1973|pages=74–79}}</ref>


In 1991, a spin-off animated series, '']'', was produced with ] in the role of Bond's nephew, James Bond Jr.<ref>{{cite news|last=Svetkey|first=Benjamin|title=Sweet Baby James|url=https://ew.com/article/1992/05/29/looking-james-bond-jr-franchise/|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=]|date=29 May 1992|archive-date=20 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020094034/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,310606,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
A second volume has been tentatively scheduled for publication in October 2006.


In 2022, a ] based on the franchise, '']'', was released on ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rantala |first1=Hanna |title=New TV show ''007: Road To A Million'' brings Bond-like tasks to screens |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/new-tv-show-007-road-million-brings-bond-like-tasks-screens-2023-11-02/ |work=] |date=8 November 2023 |language=en |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111221436/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/new-tv-show-007-road-million-brings-bond-like-tasks-screens-2023-11-02/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Other Bond-related fiction===
In ], Glidrose authorised publication of '']'' written by ] under the pseudonym R D Mascott. This book is for young-adult readers, and chronicles the adventures of 007's nephew (despite the inaccurate title).


=== Radio ===
An early ] animated television series, '']'', ran for 65 episodes and spawned a six-episode novelisation series written by ] under the ] John Vincent. (There appears to be no connection between this series and the 1967 book by Marshall).
In 1958, the novel ] was adapted for broadcast on ]n radio, with ] providing the voice of Bond.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jamesbondradio.com/book-review-the-many-lives-of-james-bond/|title=Book Review: The Many Lives of James Bond|date=18 November 2019|website=James Bond Radio|language=en-GB|access-date=4 December 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204002740/https://jamesbondradio.com/book-review-the-many-lives-of-james-bond/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Many Lives of James Bond: How the Creators of 007 Have Decoded the Superspy|last=Edlitz|first=Mark|publisher=Lyons Press|year=2019|isbn=978-1493041565|page=148}}</ref> According to '']'', "listeners across the Union thrilled to Bob's cultured tones as he defeated evil master criminals in search of world domination".<ref>{{cite news|last=Roberts|first=Andrew|title=The Bond bunch|newspaper=]|date=8 November 2006|page=14}}</ref>


The ] have adapted five of the Fleming novels for broadcast: in 1990 ] was adapted into a 90-minute radio play for ] with ] playing James Bond. The production was repeated a number of times between 2008 and 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=James Bond&nbsp;– You Only Live Twice|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00fbzkg|work=BBC Radio 4 Extra|publisher=BBC|access-date=21 October 2011|archive-date=4 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104025517/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00fbzkg|url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 May 2008 BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation of ]. The actor ], who played Bond villain ] in the Eon Productions version of '']'', played Bond, while Dr. No was played by ].<ref>{{cite news|title=007 villain to play Bond on radio|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7380086.stm|publisher=BBC|access-date=6 October 2011|date=2 May 2008|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316215211/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7380086.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Following its success, a second story was adapted and on 3 April 2010 ] broadcast ] with Stephens again playing Bond.<ref>{{cite web|author= Hemley, Matthew|date= 13 October 2009|url= http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/newsstory.php/25870/james-bond-to-return-to-radio-as-goldfinger|title= James Bond to return to radio as Goldfinger is adapted for BBC|publisher= The Stage Online|access-date= 19 March 2010|archive-date= 11 June 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110611123625/http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/newsstory.php/25870/james-bond-to-return-to-radio-as-goldfinger|url-status= live}}</ref> ] was Goldfinger and Stephens' ''Die Another Day'' co-star ] played Pussy Galore. The play was adapted from Fleming's novel by Archie Scottney and was directed by ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Goldfinger|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rq1w3|work=Saturday Play|publisher=BBC|access-date=3 October 2011|archive-date=12 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112033433/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rq1w3|url-status=live}}</ref>
] were often the villains in Fleming's ]-era novels in at least some form. In ], they hit back with a spy novel of their own called '']'' by ], in which a ] hero finally and forcefully defeats 007.
In 2012, the novel ] was dramatised for Radio 4; it featured a full cast again starring Stephens as Bond.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saturday Drama: From Russia With Love|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01kxzr6|work=]|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 August 2012|archive-date=19 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219090509/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01kxzr6|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2014 Stephens again played Bond, in '']'', with ] as Blofeld, and ] (who appeared in the 1969 film adaptation) as Irma Bunt.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saturday Drama: On Her Majesty's Secret Service|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b042cq8f|website=]|publisher=BBC|access-date=30 June 2014|archive-date=6 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506000607/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b042cq8f|url-status=live}}</ref>


=== Comics ===
In addition to numerous ] pieces written since the character was created, there have been two stories written by well-known authors claiming to have been contracted by Glidrose. The first in 1966, was '']'' by ], a friend of Ian Fleming who claimed to have developed with Fleming a diamond-smuggling storyline similar to ''Diamonds Are Forever'' as early as the 1950s. According to the book ''The Bond Files'' by ] and ], soon after Ian Fleming died, Glidrose Productions commissioned Jenkins to write a James Bond novel. The novel was never published. Some sources have suggested that Jenkins novel was to be published under the Markham pseudonym. The second story, 1985's '']'' by ] goes so far as to have been privately published as well as claim on the cover that it was published by Glidrose; however it is highly unlikely that Glidrose contacted Hatfield to write a novel since at the time John Gardner was the official author. The text of ''The Killing Zone'' is available on the ] and can be found .
{{Main|James Bond (comic strip)|James Bond comic books}}
]


In 1957, the '']'' approached Ian Fleming to adapt his stories into comic strips, offering him £1,500 per novel and a share of takings from syndication.{{sfn|Jütting|2007|p=6}} After initial reluctance, Fleming, who felt the strips would lack the quality of his writing, agreed.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=316}} To aid the ''Daily Express'' in illustrating Bond, Fleming commissioned an artist to create a sketch of how he believed James Bond looked. The illustrator, ], however, felt that Fleming's 007 looked too "outdated" and "pre-war" and changed Bond to give him a more masculine look.{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=21}} The first strip, '']'' was published from 7 July 1958 to 13 December 1958{{sfn|Fleming|Gammidge|McLusky|1988|p=6}} and was written by Anthony Hern and illustrated by John McLusky.{{sfn|Jütting|2007|p=7}}
In ], the British publisher ] produced '']'', a collection of ]-related short stories by ] and ]. The title story features James Bond, M, and other characters and features an epic bridge game between Bond and the villain, Saladin. No credit is given to Ian Fleming Publications, suggesting this rare story may have been unauthorised; a photo of Sean Connery as Bond is featured on the cover of the book.


Most of the Bond novels and short stories have since been adapted for illustration, as well as Kingsley Amis's ''Colonel Sun''; the works were written by ] or Jim Lawrence (except for the adaptation of ''Dr. No'' which was written by future ] creator ]) with ] replacing McClusky as artist in 1966.{{sfn|Fleming|Gammidge|McLusky|1988|p=6}} After the Fleming and Amis material had been adapted, original stories were produced, continuing in the ''Daily Express'' and '']'' until May 1977.{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=21}}
==Official films==
The James Bond film series has its own traditions, many of which date back to the very first movie in 1962.


Several ] adaptations of the James Bond films have been published through the years: at the time of ]'s release in October 1962, a ] adaptation of the screenplay, written by Norman J. Nodel, was published in Britain as part of the '']'' anthology series.{{sfn|Conroy|2004|p=293}} It was later reprinted in the United States by ] as part of its '']'' anthology series, in January 1963. This was the first American comic book appearance of James Bond and is noteworthy for being a relatively rare example of a British comic being reprinted in a fairly high-profile American comic. It was also one of the earliest comics to be censored on racial grounds (some skin tones and dialogue were changed for the American market).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsfromme.com/archives/2006_12_03.html |title=Secrets Behind the Comics |first=Mark |last=Evanier |author-link=Mark Evanier |publisher=NewsFromme.com |date=3 December 2006 |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021094626/http://www.newsfromme.com/archives/2006_12_03.html |archive-date=21 October 2011 }}</ref>{{sfn|Conroy|2004|p=293}}
Since ''Dr. No'', every official James Bond film begins with what is known as the ], which introduces agent 007. The gun barrel is seen from the assassin's perspective&mdash;looking down at a walking James Bond, who quickly turns and shoots; the scene reddens (signifying the spilling of the gunman's blood), the gun barrel dissolves to a white circle, and the film begins.
]


With the release of the 1981 film ], ] published a two-issue ] adaptation of the film.{{sfn|Pfeiffer|Worrall|1998|p=131}}{{sfn|Thompson|Frankenhoff|Bickford|2010|p=368}} When '']'' was released in the cinemas in 1983, Marvel published an accompanying comic;{{sfn|Conroy|2004|p=293}} Eclipse also produced a one-off comic for ''Licence to Kill'', although Timothy Dalton refused to allow his likeness to be used.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bond Violence Gets Artistic 'Licence'|newspaper=]|date=28 July 1989}}</ref> New Bond stories were also drawn up and published from 1989 onwards through Marvel, ], ] and ].{{sfn|Conroy|2004|p=293}}{{sfn|Thompson|Frankenhoff|Bickford|2010|p=368}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screencrush.com/james-bond-dynamite-comic-review/|title=How Dynamite's New James Bond Comic Creates a 007 We Haven't Seen Before|publisher=Screencrush|date=6 November 2016|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=5 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105004243/https://screencrush.com/james-bond-dynamite-comic-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>
After the gun barrel sequence, every film starting with ''From Russia with Love'' (1963), would start with a pre-credits teaser, also popularly known as the "opening gambit." Usually the scene features 007 finishing up a previous case before taking on the case from the film, and does not always relate to his main mission. Some of the teasers tie in with the plot of the film (as in ''Live and Let Die''). Since ''The Spy Who Loved Me'' in 1977, they have often involved attention-grabbing action sequences, which have tended to become larger and more elaborate with each successive film. The ] film ''The World Is Not Enough'' currently holds the record as the longest Bond teaser ever, running more than 15 minutes; most teasers run for less than five.
] and the end of the ]]]
When the teaser sequence is finished, the opening credits begin during which an arty display of scantily clad and even (discreetly) naked females can be seen doing a variety of activities from dancing, jumping on a trampoline, to shooting weapons. This sequence is a trademark and a staple of the James Bond films. The best known of the Bond title designers is ], who created these sequences for fourteen 007 films from 1962 to 1989. Since Binder's death in 1991, ] has designed the credits and has introduced CG elements not present during Binder's era. While the credits run, the main theme of the film is usually sung by a popular artist of the time. For the most part, the credits are unrelated to the plot of the film, although the design may reflect an overall theme (for example, ''You Only Live Twice'' uses a ] motif as well as images of a ], both of which are elements of the movie itself). ''For Your Eyes Only'' begins with ] singing the title song on-screen. '']'' was unusual in that the images shown in that film's opening credits advance the storyline. The Bond films are unusual in retaining full opening and closing credits; since the late 1970s it has become common for most films to save detailed credits for the end, with only principal actors and crew listed at the beginning.


=== Films ===
Agent 007's famous introduction, "Bond. James Bond" became a ] after it was first muttered (with a cigarette in the corner of his mouth) by Sean Connery in ''Dr. No''. Since then, the phrase has entered the ] of Western ] as the epitome of polished, understated machismo. On ], ] the catch phrase was honoured as the 22nd greatest quote in cinema history by the ] as part of their ] {{ref|AFI}}. The catch phrase, "a martini. Shaken, not stirred," first stated in ''Goldfinger'' (although not the first time Bond has a martini) was also honoured as #90 on the same list.
{{Main|List of James Bond films}}


==== Eon Productions films ====
Every film, except ''Dr. No'' (1962) and "Thunderball" (1965), has the line: "James Bond will return. . ." or "James Bond will be back" during or after the final credits. Up until ''Octopussy'' (1983) the end-credit line would also name the next title in the film series ("James Bond will return in..."). Over the years the films have incorrectly named the sequel three times. The first, 1964's ''Goldfinger'', in early prints announced Bond to return in ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'', however, the producers changed their mind shortly after release and subsequently made the correction in future prints of the film. In 1977, ''The Spy Who Loved Me'' stated Bond would return in ''For Your Eyes Only'', however, EON Productions had decided to instead take advantage of the '']'' space craze and release a film adaptation of Fleming's ''Moonraker'', which was changed to a plot involving outer space. Thirdly, ''Octopussy'' (1983) incorrectly states the title of the next film as ''From A View To A Kill'', the original literary title of ''A View to a Kill''.
]


Eon Productions, the company of Canadian ] and American ], released the first cinema adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel, ] (1962), based on the ] and featuring ] as ].<ref>{{cite web|last=Sutton |first=Mike |title=Dr. No (1962) |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/455547/ |website=] |publisher=] |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233640/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/455547/ |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> Connery starred in a further four films before leaving the role after ] (1967),<ref>{{cite web|title=You Only Live Twice|url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/235281%7C0/You-Only-Live-Twice.html|website=TCM|publisher=Turner Entertainment Networks, Inc|access-date=2 August 2011|archive-date=6 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206131511/http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/235281%7C0/You-Only-Live-Twice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> which was taken up by ] for ] (1969).<ref name=screenonline>{{cite web|title=On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/550393/credits.html|website=Screenonline|publisher=British Film Institute|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184421/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/550393/credits.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Lazenby left the role after just one appearance and Connery was brought back for his last Eon-produced film ].{{sfn| Feeney Callan |2002|p=217}}
Every aficionado has a favourite James Bond: Sean Connery&mdash;the tough guy, his machismo ready beneath the polished persona, George Lazenby&mdash;the controversial ultra-macho man, equally loved and despised, Roger Moore&mdash;the sophisticate, rarely mussing his hair whilst saving the world, Timothy Dalton&mdash;the hard-edged literary character, and Pierce Brosnan&mdash;the polished man of action. On ], ], EON Productions announced that Daniel Craig would be the sixth official James Bond and will star in the latest 007 adventure, ''Casino Royale'' in 2006. Work is also already underway on the script for the follow-up film, currently referred to by its working title, ''Bond 22''


] was appointed to the role of 007 for ] (1973). He played Bond a further six times over twelve years, before being replaced by ] for two films. After a six-year hiatus, during which a legal wrangle threatened Eon's productions of the Bond films,{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=81}} Irish actor ] was cast as Bond in '']'' (1995); he remained in the role for a total of four films through 2002. In 2006, ] was given the role for ] (2006), which rebooted the series.<ref>{{cite news|last=Robey|first=Tim|title=Sam Mendes may have problems directing new James Bond movie|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/8255072/Sam-Mendes-may-have-problems-directing-new-Bond-movie.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/8255072/Sam-Mendes-may-have-problems-directing-new-Bond-movie.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=4 November 2011|date=12 January 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Craig appeared for a total of five films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/08/16/media/daniel-craig-james-bond-stephen-colbert/index.html|title=Daniel Craig confirms return as James Bond|last=Pallotta|first=Frank|work=CNNMoney|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> The series has grossed well over $7&nbsp;billion to date, making it the ].<ref name="Numbers: Franchises">{{cite web|title=Movie Franchises|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/franchises/sort/World|website=The Numbers|publisher=Nash Information Services|access-date=12 March 2021|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216183108/https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/franchises/sort/World|url-status=live}}</ref>
There's also lively debate on the best Bond movie, with most major film critics giving the top mark to either ''From Russia With Love'' (Connery's favourite, as he re-asserted in a 2002 ] interview with ]) or its brassy followup, ''Goldfinger.'' Despite George Lazenby's short tenure in the tuxedo, some reviewers have also warmed up to ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'' as a quality Bond film.


<gallery>
.
File:Sean Connery as James Bond at Switzerland 1964 (two thirds crop).jpg|{{center|] <br /> (1962–67; 1971)}}
File:On Her Majesty's Secret Service (17) (Lazenby crop).jpg|{{center|] <br /> (1969)}}
File:Sir Roger Moore 3 b.jpg|{{center|] <br /> (1973–85)}}
File:Timothy Dalton 1987 b.jpg|{{center|] <br /> (1987–89)}}
File:PierceBrosnanCannesPhoto2 b.jpg|{{center|] <br /> (1995–2002)}}
File:Daniel Craig - Film Premiere "Spectre" 007 - on the Red Carpet in Berlin (22387409720) (cropped).jpg|{{center|] <br /> (2006–21)}}
</gallery>


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<br style="clear: left"/>

===Films===
<!--DO NOT add Never Say Never Again or the 1967 Casino Royale to this list. They are unofficial films and are listed in the unofficial films list, below!-->
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|-
!No.
!width="225"|Title ! style="width:240px;"|Title
!Year !Year
! style="width:110px;"|Actor
!width="150"|James Bond
! style="width:180px;"|Director
!U.S. Box Office Gross
!Total Box Office Gross

|- |-
|'']''
|1
|1962
|'']''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|]
|]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|]
|''']'''
|$16,100,000
|$59,600,000
|- |-
|'']''
|2
|1963
||'']''
|]
|Sean Connery
|$24,800,000
|$78,900,000
|- |-
|'']''
|3
|1964
|'']''
| style="text-align:center;"|]
|]
|Sean Connery
|$51,100,000
|$124,900,000
|- |-
|'']''
|4
|1965
|'']''
| style="text-align:center;"|]
|]
|Sean Connery
|$63,600,000
|$141,200,000
|- |-
<!--DO NOT add The 1967 Casino Royale to this list. It is an unofficial film and is listed in the unofficial films list, below!--> <!--DO ''not'' add The 1967 Casino Royale to this list. It is a non-Eon film and is listed in the non-Eon films list, below!-->
|'']''
|5
|1967
|'']''
| style="text-align:center;"|]
|]
|Sean Connery
|$43,100,000
|$111,600,000
|- |-
|'']''
|6
|1969
|'']''
| style="text-align:center;"|]
|]
| style="text-align:center;"|]
|''']'''
|$22,800,000
|$87,400,000
|- |-
|'']''
|7
|1971
|'']''
| style="text-align:center;"|]
|]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|]
|Sean Connery
|$43,800,000
|$116,000,000
|- |-
|'']''
|8
|1973
|'']''
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|]
|]
|''']'''
|$35,400,000
|$161,800,000
|- |-
|'']''
|9
|1974
|'']''
|]
|Roger Moore
|$21,000,000
|$97,600,000
|- |-
|'']''
|10
|1977
|'']''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|]
|]
|Roger Moore
|$46,800,000
|$185,400,000
|- |-
|'']''
|11
|1979
|'']''
|]
|Roger Moore
|$70,300,000
|$210,300,000
|- |-
|'']''
|12
|1981
|'']''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|]
|]
|Roger Moore
|$54,800,000
|$195,300,000
|- |-
|13
|'']'' |'']''
|] |1983
|Roger Moore
|$67,900,000
|$187,500,000
|- |-
<!--DO NOT add Never Say Never Again to this list. It is an unofficial film and is listed in the unofficial films list, below!--> <!--DO ''not'' add Never Say Never Again to this list. It is a non-Eon film and is listed in the non-Eon films list, below!-->
|14
|'']'' |'']''
|] |1985
|Roger Moore
|$50,300,000
|$152,400,000
|- |-
|15
|'']'' |'']''
|] |1987
|''']''' | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|]
|$51,200,000
|$191,200,000
|- |-
|16
|'']'' |'']''
|] |1989
|Timothy Dalton
|$34,700,000
|$156,200,000
|- |-
|17
|'']'' |'']''
|] |1995
|''']''' | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|]
| style="text-align:center;"|]
|$106,400,000
|$353,400,000
|- |-
|18
|'']'' |'']''
|] |1997
| style="text-align:center;"|]
|Pierce Brosnan
|$125,300,000
|$346,600,000
|- |-
|19
|'']'' |'']''
|] |1999
| style="text-align:center;"|]
|Pierce Brosnan
|$126,900,000
|$390,000,000
|- |-
|20
|'']'' |'']''
|] |2002
| style="text-align:center;"|]
|Pierce Brosnan
|$160,900,000
|$456,000,000
|- |-
|21
|'']'' |'']''
|] |2006
|''']''' | rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|]
| style="text-align:center;"|]
|
| |-
|'']''
|2008
| style="text-align:center;"|]
|-
|'']''
|2012
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|]
|-
|'']''
|2015
|-
| '']''
|2021
| style="text-align:center;"|]
|} |}


===Music=== ==== Non-Eon films ====
In 1967, ] was adapted into a ] Bond film starring ] as Sir James Bond and ] as Vesper Lynd. Niven had been Fleming's preference for the role of Bond.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=202}} The result of a court case in the ] in London in 1963 allowed ] to produce a remake of ] titled '']'' in 1983.<ref name="Poliakoff (2000)">{{cite journal|last=Poliakoff |first=Keith |title=License to Copyright – The Ongoing Dispute Over the Ownership of James Bond |journal=Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal |publisher=] |year=2000 |volume=18 |pages=387–436 |url=http://www.cardozoaelj.net/issues/00/Poliakoff.pdf |access-date=3 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331161856/http://www.cardozoaelj.net/issues/00/Poliakoff.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2012 }}</ref> The film, produced by ]'s Taliafilm production company and starring Sean Connery as Bond, was not part of the Eon series of Bond films. In 1997, the Sony Corporation acquired all or some of McClory's rights in an undisclosed deal,<ref name="Poliakoff (2000)" /> which were then subsequently acquired by ], whilst on 4 December 1997, MGM announced that the company had purchased the rights to ''Never Say Never Again'' from Taliafilm.<ref>{{cite press release | title = Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc. announces acquisition of Never Say Never Again James Bond assets | publisher = ] | date = 4 December 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505213137/http://mgm.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=47&printable|archive-date=5 May 2008| url = http://mgm.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=47&printable | access-date =4 November 2011}}</ref> {{as of|2015}}, Eon holds the full adaptation rights to all of ].<ref name="Poliakoff (2000)" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Shprintz|first=Janet|title=Big Bond-holder|url=https://variety.com/1999/film/news/big-bond-holder-1117492814/|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=]|quote=Judge Rafeedie&nbsp;... found that McClory's rights in the "Thunderball" material had reverted to the estate of Fleming|date=29 March 1999|archive-date=9 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109023433/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117492814?refCatId=13|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{main|James Bond music}}
"]" was written by ] and was first orchestrated by the ] Orchestra for 1962's ''Dr. No'', although the actual authorship of the music has been a matter of controversy for many years. Barry went on to compose the ] for eleven Bond films in addition to his uncredited contribution to ''Dr. No'', and is credited with the creation of "]", which was used as an alternate Bond theme in several films, and the popular orchestrated theme "]". Both "The James Bond Theme" and "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" have been ]ed a number of times by popular artists, including ], ], ], and the ].


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
Barry's legacy was followed by ], in addition to other well-known composers and record producers such as ], ], ], ], and ]. Arnold is the series' current composer of choice, and was recently signed to compose the score for the his fourth consecutive Bond film, ''Casino Royale''.
|-
! Title
! Year
! Actor
! Director(s)
|-
|'']''
|1967
|]
|]<br />]<br />]<br />]<br />]<br />]
|-
|'']''
|1983
|]
|]
|}


==== Music ====
The Bond films are known for their theme songs heard during the title credits, sung by well-known popular singers (which have included ], ], ], ], and ], among many others.) ] performed three themes in total, and is the only singer to have been associated with more than one film. ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'' is the only Bond film with a solely instrumental theme. The main theme for ''Dr. No'' is the "James Bond Theme", although the opening credits also include an untitled ] interlude, and concludes with a vocal ]-flavoured rendition of "]" entitled "Kingston Calypso" that sets the scene. '']'' also opens with an instrumental version over the title credits (which then segues into the ''James Bond Theme''), but Matt Monro's vocal version also appears twice in the film, including the closing credits; the Monro version is generally considered the film's main theme, even though it doesn't appear during the opening credits.
{{Main|James Bond music}}
{{quote box|align=right|width=25em|quote="&nbsp;cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable."|source=—]|on the "]"<ref name="Burlingame" />}}
] (composer of the 2021 film ''No Time to Die'') with the ] at the ] in London in 2022 during ''The Sound of 007 in Concert'' to mark 60 years of the Bond series.]]


The "]" was written by ] and was first orchestrated by the ] Orchestra for 1962's ''Dr. No'', although the actual authorship of the music has been a matter of controversy for many years.{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=122}} In 2001, Norman won £30,000 in libel damages from '']'' newspaper, which suggested that Barry was entirely responsible for the composition.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1229406.stm |title= Monty Norman sues for libel |work= Bond theme writer wins damages |access-date= 4 November 2011 |date= 19 March 2001 |publisher= BBC News |archive-date= 19 July 2004 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040719045328/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1229406.stm |url-status= live }}</ref> The theme, as written by Norman and arranged by Barry, was described by another Bond film composer, ], as "bebop-swing vibe coupled with that vicious, dark, distorted electric guitar, definitely an instrument of rock 'n' roll&nbsp;... it represented everything about the character you would want: It was cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable. And he did it in two minutes."<ref name="Burlingame">{{cite news|last=Burlingame|first=Jon|title=Bond scores establish superspy template|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=]|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/markets-festivals/john-barry-invented-the-spy-movie-score-1117995119/|date=3 November 2008|archive-date=9 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109012425/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117995119?refcatid=3313&printerfriendly=true|url-status=live}}</ref> Barry composed the ] for eleven Bond films{{sfn|Chapman|2009|pp=97–98}} and had an uncredited contribution to ''Dr. No'' with his arrangement of the Bond Theme.<ref name="Burlingame" />
===Trivia===
* Many people assume the Bond producers would never hire an American to portray the character in the official film series, and that only European and British men can be selected to play the role. American actors have been hired on two occasions, however, and approached about playing Bond on several others. ] was offered the chance to appear in '']'' when Connery chose not to return to the role, but turned down the offer. ] was hired in ] to replace Lazenby, but Connery was lured back at the eleventh hour and it was he who appeared in ''Diamonds Are Forever'' instead of Gavin. ] was also asked by Cubby Broccoli in the early '70s to replace Connery after ''Diamonds Are Forever'', but turned him down. ] was hired in ] to replace Moore, and was preparing to shoot '']'' when the producers convinced Moore to return. Several other American actors, including ], and ], have been offered the role only to turn it down. To date, the only American to play the role is ], albeit unofficially in the Americanised version of the character in the 1954 TV adaptation of ''Casino Royale''.
* ], who co-starred with current Bond actor Daniel Craig in '']'' and '']'', was asked by Cubby Broccoli to audition for the role in 1970 to replace Lazenby. Gambon spoke of the situation in an interview: ''When he told me he was considering me for the part of 007 himself, I was amazed. I objected, "But I'm bald." "So was Sean &mdash; we'll get around it." he replied. "But I've got breasts like a woman," I continued. "Then we'll use ice packs before the love scenes like we did with Sean," he replied.''
* Roger Moore is the only English actor who was born in ] to have played Bond in the official film series to date, although Daniel Craig will become the second with the release of ''Casino Royale''. Timothy Dalton is English but was born in ]. Sean Connery was born in Scotland, George Lazenby was born in Australia, and Pierce Brosnan (now an American citizen) was born in Ireland.
* While initially skeptical about Connery being chosen to play Bond (at one point dismissing him as an "overgrown stuntman"), Fleming liked his portrayal so much that he eventually added background to the character in the novels so that his father was Scottish. Moore was reportedly Fleming's initial first choice for the Bond role, although other sources have suggested that Fleming favored ] or ].
* Dalton was originally contracted for three films, with the third film planned for release in 1991. Although never officially confirmed, numerous sources have suggested the title was to be ''The Property of a Lady'', after the short story from the collection '']''. Legal wranglings over ownership of the Bond franchise, however, led to the series being put on hiatus until ].
* With the release of ''Casino Royale'', Craig will become the first actor with blond hair to have portrayed Bond; although Roger Moore did sport sandy colored hair in his first few Bond films, he is not considered a blonde.
* Five Ian Fleming titles have thus far never been used as film titles: ''The Property of a Lady'', ''Quantum of Solace'', ''Risico'', ''The Hildebrand Rarity'', and ''007 in New York''.


A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their ]s sung by well-known popular singers.{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=224}} ] performed three Bond theme songs, with her 1964 song "]" inducted into the ] in 2008.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707235113/http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame |date=7 July 2015 }}. ''Grammy.org''. Retrieved 28 July 2022</ref> Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for ] for ], including ]'s "]",<ref>{{cite web|title=The 46th Academy Awards (1974) Nominees and Winners|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1974|work=Oscar Legacy|publisher=]|access-date=27 October 2011|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402003953/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1974|url-status=live}}</ref> ]'s "]",<ref>{{cite web|title=The 50th Academy Awards (1978) Nominees and Winners|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1978|work=Oscar Legacy|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|access-date=27 October 2011|archive-date=5 September 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/50th-winners.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ]'s "]",<ref name="54th Oscars">{{cite web|title=The 54th Academy Awards (1982)|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1982|work=Oscar Legacy|access-date=27 October 2011|archive-date=11 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111072059/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1982|url-status=live}}</ref> ]'s "]",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oscar.go.com/nominees |title=2013 Oscars Nominees |date=January 2013 |publisher=oscars |access-date=10 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229222408/http://oscar.go.com/nominees |archive-date=29 December 2012 }}</ref> ]'s "]",<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/oscar-nominations-complete-list-855398 |title=Oscar Nominations: The Complete List |work=The Hollywood Reporter |last=Ford |first=Rebecca |date=14 January 2016 |access-date=7 May 2016 |archive-date=21 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121121016/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/oscar-nominations-complete-list-855398 |url-status=live }}</ref> and
==Unofficial films==
]'s "]".<ref name="Eilish"/> Adele won the award at the ], Smith won at the ], and Eilish won at the ].<ref name="Eilish">{{cite web |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2022 |title=The 94th Academy Awards {{!}} 2022 |publisher=] |access-date=28 March 2022 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325152056/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/sam-smith-wins-oscar-for-his-james-bond-spectre-theme-song-writings-on-the-wall__13954/|title=Sam Smith wins Oscar for his James Bond Spectre theme song|last=Copsey|first=Rob|date=29 February 2016|publisher=]|access-date=7 May 2016|archive-date=2 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302011319/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/sam-smith-wins-oscar-for-his-james-bond-spectre-theme-song-writings-on-the-wall__13954/|url-status=live}}</ref> For the non-Eon produced ''Casino Royale'', ]'s score included "]" (sung by ]), which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song.<ref name="40th Oscars">{{cite web|title=The 40th Academy Awards (1968)|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1968|work=Oscar Legacy|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402003842/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1968|url-status=live}}</ref>
In ], ] paid Ian Fleming $1,000 ] for the rights to adapt ''Casino Royale'' into a one hour ] adventure as part of their '']'' series. The episode featured ] ] in the role of "Jimmy Bond", an agent for the fictional "Combined Intelligence" agency. The rights to ''Casino Royale'' were subsequently sold to producer ] who turned Fleming's first novel into a ] featuring actor ] as one of ''six'' James Bonds. The instrumental theme music was a hit for ]. For more information, see ].


=== Video games ===
When plans for a James Bond film were scrapped in the late 1950s, a story treatment entitled ''Thunderball'', written by Ian Fleming, ] and ], was adapted as Fleming's ninth Bond novel. Initially the novel only credited Fleming. McClory filed a lawsuit that would eventually award him the film rights to the novel in 1963. Afterwards McClory made a deal with EON Productions to produce a film adaptation starring Sean Connery. The deal specifically stated that McClory couldn't reproduce another adaptation until a set period of time had elapsed. McClory did so in ] by producing the film ''Never Say Never Again'', which featured Sean Connery for a seventh time as 007. ''Never Say Never Again'' was not made by Broccoli's production company, ], and is, therefore, not considered a part of the official film series. A second attempt by McClory to remake ''Thunderball'' in the 1990s with ] was halted by legal action which resulted in Sony Pictures abandoning their aspirations for a rival James Bond series. McClory to this day still claims to own the film rights to ''Thunderball'', though MGM and EON claim those rights have expired. For more in-depth information, see ].
{{Main|James Bond in video games}}


In 1983, the first Bond video game, developed and published by ], was released for the ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web|last=Backe|first=Hans-Joachim|title=Narrative Feedback: Computer games, comics, and the James Bond Franchise|url=http://homepage.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/hans-joachim.backe/docs/Backe_Narrative%20Feedback_online.pdf|publisher=]|access-date=14 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414214600/http://homepage.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/hans-joachim.backe/docs/Backe_Narrative%20Feedback_online.pdf|archive-date=14 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Since then, there have been numerous video games either based on the films or using original storylines. In 1997, the ] ] ] was developed by ] for the ], based on '']''.<ref name="Gaming Age review">{{cite web |access-date=4 November 2011|url=http://www.gaming-age.com/reviews/archive/old_reviews/n64/goldeneye/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065421/http://www.gaming-age.com/reviews/archive/old_reviews/n64/goldeneye/|archive-date=6 October 2010 |title=GoldenEye 007 review |publisher=Gaming Age Online |author=Greg Sewart}}</ref> The game received highly positive reviews,<ref>{{cite web|title=GoldenEye 007 Reviews|publisher=gamerankings.com|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/197462.asp|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-date=29 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129201452/http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/197462.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> won the BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Award for UK Developer of the Year in 1998,<ref>{{cite web|title=Rare: Company |url=http://rare.co.uk/company |publisher=Microsoft Corporation |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216184326/http://www.rare.co.uk/company |archive-date=16 December 2011 }}</ref> and sold over eight million copies worldwide,<ref name="hollis-speech">{{cite web |url=http://www.zoonami.com/briefing/2004-09-02.php |title=The Making of GoldenEye 007 |publisher=Zoonami |author=Martin Hollis |date=2 September 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718160021/http://www.zoonami.com/briefing/2004-09-02.php |archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=usurped |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Microsoft-Rare">{{cite web |url=https://news.microsoft.com/2002/09/24/microsoft-acquires-video-game-powerhouse-rare-ltd/ |title=Microsoft Acquires Video Game Powerhouse Rare Ltd. |date=24 September 2002 |publisher=] News Center |access-date=28 August 2011 |archive-date=21 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221113108/http://news.microsoft.com/2002/09/24/microsoft-acquires-video-game-powerhouse-rare-ltd/ |url-status=live }}</ref> grossing $250&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Crandall |first1=Robert W. |last2=Sidak |first2=J. Gregory |title=Video Games: Serious Business for America's Economy |url=http://theesa.com/newsroom/seriousbusiness.pdf |publisher=] |access-date=4 November 2011 |pages=39–40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203134407/http://www.theesa.com/newsroom/seriousbusiness.pdf |archive-date= 3 February 2013 }}</ref> making it the third-].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/86590/10-game-changing-facts-about-nintendo-64 |title=10 Game-Changing Facts About the Nintendo 64 |last=Serafino |first=Jay |work=] |publisher=] |date=26 September 2016 |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-date=25 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425030131/http://mentalfloss.com/article/86590/10-game-changing-facts-about-nintendo-64 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is frequently cited as one of the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/livewire/the-50-best-games/2005/10/04/1128191720699.html |title=The 50 best games |date=6 October 2005 |newspaper=] |access-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310135541/https://www.theage.com.au/news/livewire/the-50-best-games/2005/10/04/1128191720699.html |archive-date=10 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The 100 Greatest Games Of All Time|date=2009|url=http://www.empireonline.com/100greatestgames/|publisher=]|website=www.empireonline.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515221956/http://www.empireonline.com/100greatestgames/|archive-date=15 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=We rank the 100 greatest videogames|date=13 May 2003|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2003/05/13/we-rank-100-greatest-videogames/|magazine=]|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309120251/http://www.ew.com/article/2003/05/13/we-rank-100-greatest-videogames/|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
{|
|]]]
|]]]
|]]]
|}


In 1999, ] acquired the licence and released ] on 16 December 1999.<ref>{{cite web|title=007: Tomorrow Never Dies |url=http://uk.psx.ign.com/objects/002/002310.html |website=IGN |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701202801/http://uk.psx.ign.com/objects/002/002310.html |archive-date= 1 July 2011 }}</ref> In October 2000, they released ]{{sfn|King|Krzywinska|2002|p=183}} for the ]<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Is Not Enough |url=http://www.eurocom.co.uk/index.php/video-games/the-world-is-not-enough |work=Video Games |publisher=] |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930054908/https://www.eurocom.co.uk/index.php/video-games/the-world-is-not-enough |archive-date=30 September 2011 }}</ref> followed by ''007 Racing'' for the ] on 21 November 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title=007 Racing Review |url=http://uk.psx.ign.com/objects/014/014712.html |website=IGN |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404055912/http://uk.psx.ign.com/objects/014/014712.html |archive-date= 4 April 2012 }}</ref> In 2003, the company released '']'',<ref>{{cite web|title=James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing |url=http://uk.xbox.ign.com/objects/566/566595.html |website=IGN |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425092431/http://uk.xbox.ign.com/objects/566/566595.html |archive-date=25 April 2012 }}</ref> which included the likenesses and voices of Pierce Brosnan, ], ], ] and ], amongst others.<ref>{{cite web|title=James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing Review|url=http://uk.xbox.ign.com/articles/492/492864p1.html|website=IGN|access-date=4 November 2011|date=18 February 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425092437/http://uk.xbox.ign.com/articles/492/492864p1.html|archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> In November 2005, Electronic Arts released a video game adaptation of '']'',<ref name="FRWL IGN">{{cite web|title=From Russia With Love Review|url=http://uk.ps2.ign.com/objects/726/726488.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816013614/http://uk.ps2.ign.com/objects/726/726488.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2009|website=IGN|access-date=4 November 2011}}</ref> which involved Sean Connery's image and voice-over for Bond.<ref name="FRWL IGN" /> In 2006, Electronic Arts announced a game based on then-upcoming film ''Casino Royale'': the game was cancelled because it would not be ready by the film's release in November of that year. With MGM losing revenue from lost licensing fees, the franchise was moved from EA to ].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://variety.com/2006/digital/features/action-traction-1200506308/ | title=Bond, Superman games on the move | access-date=4 November 2011 | work=] | first=Ben | last=Fritz | date=3 May 2006 | archive-date=20 November 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120222547/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117942524?categoryid=18&cs=1 | url-status=live }}</ref> Activision subsequently released the '']'' game on 31 October 2008, based on the film of the same name.<ref>{{cite web|title=James Bond: Quantum of Solace Reviews |url=http://uk.gamespot.com/quantum-of-solace/reviews/james-bond-quantum-of-solace-review-6200423?tag=summary%3Bread-review |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718161848/http://uk.gamespot.com/quantum-of-solace/reviews/james-bond-quantum-of-solace-review-6200423?tag=summary;read-review |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2012 |publisher=] |access-date=11 December 2011 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!width="200"|Title
!Year
!width="150"|James Bond
!U.S. Box Office Gross
!Total Box Office Gross
|-
|'']'' &mdash; TV episode
|]
|''']'''
|not applicable
|not applicable
|-
||'']'' &mdash; Film spoof
|]
|''']'''
|$25,000,000
|$44,000,000
|-
|'']''
|]
|''']'''
|$55,400,000
|$160,000,000
|}


A new version of ] featuring Daniel Craig was released for the ] and a handheld version for the ] in November 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wii.ign.com/articles/109/1097593p1.html |title=GoldenEye Reimagined for Wii |last=Harris |first=Craig |website=IGN |access-date=16 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618125726/http://wii.ign.com/articles/109/1097593p1.html |archive-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A year later a new version was released for ] and ] under the title '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/ps3/action/goldeneye-reloaded/news/6324521/goldeneye-007-reloaded-first-impressions?sid=6324521&mode=previews|title=GoldenEye 007: Reloaded First Impressions|first=Mark|last=Walton|website=]|date=20 July 2011|access-date=21 July 2011}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Robinson |first=Andy |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/312335/goldeneye-hd-is-official-move-online-confirmed-trailer/ |title=News: GoldenEye HD is official: Move, Online Confirmed – Trailer |publisher=ComputerAndVideoGames.com |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=19 September 2012 |archive-date=22 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922122744/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/312335/goldeneye-hd-is-official-move-online-confirmed-trailer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2012 '']'' was released, which featured one mission from each of the Bond actors of the Eon Productions' series.<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson |first=Leif |title=007 Legends Review |url=http://uk.gamespot.com/007-legends/reviews/007-legends-review-6398765/ |work=] |access-date=10 November 2012 |date=24 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028081511/http://uk.gamespot.com/007-legends/reviews/007-legends-review-6398765/ |archive-date=28 October 2012 }}</ref> In November 2020, ] announced ''Project 007'', an original James Bond video game, working closely with licensors ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/hitman-developer-announces-new-bond-game-project-007 |title=Hitman Developer Announces New Bond Game, Project 007 |first=Joe |last=Skrebels |date=19 November 2020 |website=] |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119140855/https://www.ign.com/articles/hitman-developer-announces-new-bond-game-project-007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-11-19-hitman-developer-io-reveals-fresh-project | title = Hitman developer IO is making a James Bond game | first = Tom | last = Phillips | date = 19 November 2020 | access-date = 19 November 2020 | work = ] | archive-date = 19 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201119141134/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-11-19-hitman-developer-io-reveals-fresh-project | url-status = live }}</ref>
==Bond characters==
:''Main articles: ]''', ''']''', ''']''


=== Role-playing game ===
The James Bond series of novels and films have a plethora of interesting allies and villains. Bond's superiors and other officers of ] are generally known by letters such as ] and ]. In the novels (but not in the films), Bond has had two secretaries, ] and ], who in the films typically have their roles and lines transferred to M's secretary ]. Occasionally Bond is assigned to work a case with his good friend, ] of the ]. Indeed, during many of the novels and early films, Leiter was the most prominently featured recurring character other than Bond himself, appearing fairly regularly. However, he was almost always played by a different actor.
From 1983 to 1987, a licensed ], '']'', was published by ] (a branch of ]) and designed by ]. It was the most popular espionage role-playing game for its time.<ref name="Bond game">{{Cite book|author=Lawrence Schick|title=Heroic Worlds: A History and Guide to Role-Playing Games|publisher=Prometheus Books |year=1991|isbn= 978-0879756536| location=New York|page=63}}</ref> In addition to providing materials for players to create original scenarios, the game also offered players the opportunity to have adventures modelled after many of the Eon Productions film adaptations, albeit with modifications to provide challenges by preventing players from slavishly imitating Bond's actions in the stories.<ref name="Bond game"/>


== Guns, vehicles, skills and gadgets ==
Bond's women, particularly in the films, often have ] names, leading to coy jokes, for example, "]" in ''Goldfinger'' (a name invented by Fleming), "Plenty O'Toole" in '']'', and "]" (a villainess sexually excited by ] men with her thighs) in '']''. The aggressiveness of Bond's sexual conquests occasionally approaches ]; while his lovers eventually return his advances, he does not take the initial "no" for an answer. Despite Bond's male ] towards women, most end up, if not in love with him, at least subdued by him. Since Brosnan's tenure, however, the character has taken on a (relatively) more progressive outlook on women; he respects the new, female M (played by ]) and has let a few women, particularly ] and Elektra King, get under his skin.
{{Main|List of James Bond vehicles|List of James Bond gadgets}}


=== Guns ===
Throughout both the novels and the films there have only been a handful of recurring characters. Some of the more memorable ones include ], ], and ].
For the first five novels, Fleming armed Bond with a ]{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=265}} until he received a letter from a thirty-one-year-old Bond enthusiast and gun expert, ], criticising Fleming's choice of firearm for Bond,{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=160}} calling it "a lady's gun—and not a very nice lady at that!"<ref>{{cite news|title=Bond's unsung heroes: Geoffrey Boothroyd, the real Q|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/5320024/Bonds-unsung-heroes-Geoffrey-Boothroyd-the-real-Q.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/5320024/Bonds-unsung-heroes-Geoffrey-Boothroyd-the-real-Q.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=6 November 2011|newspaper=]|date=21 May 2009}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Boothroyd suggested that Bond should swap his ] for a ] ] and this exchange of arms made it to ''Dr. No''.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=132}} Boothroyd also gave Fleming advice on the ] triple draw shoulder holster and a number of the weapons used by SMERSH and other villains.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=15}} In thanks, Fleming gave the MI6 Armourer in his novels the name Major Boothroyd and, in ''Dr. No'', ], the ], introduces him to Bond as "the greatest small-arms expert in the world".{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=132}} Bond also used a variety of ]s, including the ] in "For Your Eyes Only" and a Winchester .308 target rifle in "The Living Daylights".{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=265}} Other handguns used by Bond in the Fleming books included the ] and a long-barrelled ].{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=265}}


The first Bond film, ''Dr. No'', saw M ordering Bond to leave his Beretta behind and take up the Walther PPK,{{sfn|Black|2005|p=94}} which Bond used in eighteen films.{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=265}} In ''Tomorrow Never Dies'' and the two subsequent films, Bond's main weapon was the ] ].{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=265}}
==Vehicles & gadgets==
{{main2|List of James Bond vehicles|List of James Bond gadgets}}
] is the most famous and recognised Bond car]]
Exotic espionage equipment and vehicles are very popular elements of James Bond's literary and cinematic missions; these items often prove critically important to Bond removing obstacles to the success of his missions.


=== Vehicles ===
Fleming's novels and early screen adaptations presented minimal equipment such as ''From Russia With Love's'' booby-trapped ]; in ''Dr. No'', Bond's sole gadgets were a ] and a wristwatch with a luminous (and ]!) face. The gadgets, however, assumed a higher, spectacular profile in the 1964 film ''Goldfinger''; its success encouraged further espionage equipment from Q Branch to be supplied to 007. Some films, in the opinion of many critics and fans, have had excessive amounts of gadgets or extremely outlandish gadgets and vehicles, specifically 1979's ]-oriented ''Moonraker'' and 2002's ''Die Another Day'' in which Bond's Aston Martin could ] itself. Since ''Moonraker'' subsequent productions struggled with balancing gadget content against the story's capacities, without implying a technology-dependent man, to mixed results.
] as seen in '']'']]


In the early Bond stories Fleming gave Bond a battleship-grey ] with an ] ].{{sfn|Benson|1988|pp=62–63}} After Bond's car was written off by Hugo Drax in ''Moonraker'', Fleming gave Bond a Mark II Continental Bentley, which he used in the remaining books of the series.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=63}} During ''Goldfinger'', Bond was issued an ] with a homing device, which he used to track Goldfinger across France. Bond returned to his Bentley for the subsequent novels.{{sfn|Benson|1988|p=63}}
Bond's most famous car is the silver grey ] seen in ''Goldfinger'', ''Thunderball'', ''GoldenEye'', and ''Tomorrow Never Dies''. In Fleming's books, Bond has a penchant for "battleship grey" ]s, while Gardner awarded the agent a modified ] Turbo nicknamed the ] and later a ] Turbo.


The Bond of the films has driven a number of cars, including the ],{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=183}} during the 1980s, the ]{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=183}} and ]{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=182}} during the 2000s, as well as the ];{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=202}} the ],{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=186}} ]{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=186}} and the ].{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=186}} He has, however, also needed to drive a number of other vehicles, ranging from a ] to a ] Bus, amongst others.{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=175}}
==Video games==
{{main|James Bond games}}
]'' was Pierce Brosnan's final appearance as James Bond]]


Bond's most famous car is the silver grey ], first seen in ''Goldfinger'';{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=180}} it later featured in ''Thunderball'', ''GoldenEye'', ''Tomorrow Never Dies'', ''Casino Royale'', '']'' and ''Spectre''.{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|pp=180–181}}<ref name="Obs: french">{{cite news|last=French|first=Philip|title=Skyfall – review|newspaper=]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/oct/28/skyfall-james-bond-review|date=28 October 2012|author-link=Philip French|location=London|page=32|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119010218/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/oct/28/skyfall-james-bond-review|url-status=live}}</ref> The films have used a number of different Aston Martins for filming and publicity, one of which was sold in January 2006 at an auction in the US for $2.1&nbsp;million to an unnamed European collector.<ref>{{cite news|title=James Bond car sold for over £1m|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4633986.stm|access-date=6 November 2011|newspaper=]|date=21 January 2006|archive-date=18 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518142832/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4633986.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, another DB5 used in Goldfinger was sold at auction for $4.6m million (£2.6&nbsp;million).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/classiccars/8092441/James-Bond-Aston-Martin-DB5-sells-for-2.6m.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/classiccars/8092441/James-Bond-Aston-Martin-DB5-sells-for-2.6m.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=James Bond Aston Martin DB5 sells for 拢2.6m|author=Andrew English|date=28 October 2010|work=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
In ], the first Bond video game, developed and published by ], was released for the ], the ], the ], and the ]. Since then, there have been numerous video games either based on the films or using original storylines.


=== Skills ===
Bond video games, however, didn't reach their popular stride until ]'s '']'' by ] for the ]. Subsequently, virtually every Bond video game has attempted to copy ''GoldenEye 007''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s accomplishment and features to varying degrees of success. In ], ] released a game entitled '']'' that had nothing to do with either the video game ''GoldenEye'' or the film of the same name, and Bond himself plays only a minor role in which he is killed in the beginning during a virtual mission similar to the climax at Fort Knox in the film ''Goldfinger''.
James Bond possesses a diverse set of skills that contribute to his effectiveness as a secret agent:


* Marksmanship: Bond demonstrates exceptional proficiency with firearms, particularly handguns and rifles, showcasing remarkable accuracy and quick reflexes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stutz |first=Collin |title=James Bond Encyclopedia |publisher=DK Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-1465424730 |pages=83}}</ref>
Electronic Arts has to date released seven games, including the popular '']'', which broke away from the ] element found in ''GoldenEye'' and went to a ] perspective. It was also the first game to feature well known actors including ], ] and ] as James Bond, although several previous games have used Brosnan's likeness as Bond. In 2005, Electronic Arts released another game in the same vein as ''Everything or Nothing'', this time a video game adaptation of '']'', which allowed the player to play as Bond with the likeness of ]. This was the second game based on a Connery Bond film (the first was a 1980s ] adaptation of ''Goldfinger'') and the first to use the actor's likeness as agent 007. Connery himself recorded new voiceovers for the game, the first time the actor has played Bond in 22 years.
* Hand-to-hand combat: He is skilled in various forms of unarmed combat, including judo and boxing, allowing him to defeat opponents in close quarters.{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=240}}
* Espionage techniques: As a top MI6 agent, Bond excels in espionage methods such as infiltration, surveillance, and intelligence gathering.{{sfn|Macintyre|2008|p=147}}


=== Gadgets ===
==Comic strips and comic books==
]]]
{{main2|James Bond comic strips|James Bond comic books}}
In ] the '']'', a newspaper owned by ], approached Ian Fleming to adapt his stories into comic strips. After initial reluctance by Fleming who felt the strips would lack the quality of his writing, agreed and the first strip '']'' was published in ]. Since then many illustrated adventures of James Bond have been published, including every Ian Fleming novel as well as Kingsley Amis' '']'', and most of Fleming's short stories. Later, the comic strip produced original stories, continuing until ].


Fleming's novels and early screen adaptations presented minimal equipment such as the booby-trapped ] in ''From Russia, with Love'', although this situation changed dramatically with the films.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Tricia|title=James Bond's "Pussy" and Anglo-American Cold War Sexuality|journal=The Journal of American Culture|date=September 2005|volume=28|issue=3|pages=309–317|doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.2005.00215.x|issn = 1542-7331 }}</ref> However, the effects of the two Eon-produced Bond films ''Dr. No'' and ''From Russia with Love'' had an effect on the novel ''The Man with the Golden Gun'', through the increased number of devices used in Fleming's final story.{{sfn|Chancellor|2005|p=234}}
Several ] adaptations of the James Bond films have been published through the years, as well.


For the film adaptations of Bond, the pre-mission briefing by Q Branch became one of the motifs that ran through the series.{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=112}} ''Dr. No'' provided no spy-related gadgets, but a ] was used; industrial designer Andy Davey observed that the first ever onscreen spy-gadget was the attaché case shown in ''From Russia with Love'', which he described as "a classic 007 product".<ref name="Davey">{{cite journal|last=Davey|first=Andy|title=Left to his own devices|format=abridged from print copy|journal=]|date=3 October 2002|url=http://www.designweek.co.uk/news/left-to-his-own-devices/1103407.article|access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> The gadgets assumed a higher profile in the 1964 film ''Goldfinger''. The film's success encouraged further espionage equipment from Q Branch to be supplied to Bond, although the increased use of technology led to an accusation that Bond was over-reliant on equipment, particularly in the later films.{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=169}}
==Other films pertaining to James Bond==
{{main|James Bond parodies}}
The James Bond films and novels have been repeatedly parodied and copied since the introduction of the onscreen character in 1962. Some of these parodies have been successful box office draws such as the '']'' series of films by writer and actor ] and the "Flint" series starring ] as Derek Flint in films such as '']'' (1966) and '']'' (1967).


{{Quote box|quote="If it hadn't been for Q Branch, you'd have been dead long ago!"|source=—Q, to Bond, ''Licence to Kill''|width = 20em||align =left}}
There have also been various films that have attempted to copy Bond's successful features such as the most recent '']''. The ] series of movies, based on the novels by ], have also been compared to James Bond, although the Bourne films do not share many elements of the Bond formula.


Davey noted that "Bond's gizmos follow the ] more closely than any other&nbsp;... nuance in the films"<ref name="Davey" /> as they moved from the potential representations of the future in the early films, through to the brand-name obsessions of the later films.<ref name="Davey" /> It is also noticeable that, although Bond uses a number of pieces of equipment from Q Branch, including the Little Nellie ],{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|pp=200–201}} a ]{{sfn|Jütting|2007|p=128}} and the exploding attaché case,{{sfn|Cork|Stutz|2007|p=221}} the villains are also well-equipped with custom-made devices,<ref name="Davey" /> including Scaramanga's golden gun,{{sfn|Jütting|2007|p=77}} Rosa Klebb's poison-tipped shoes,{{sfn|Griswold|2006|p=41}} Oddjob's steel-rimmed bowler hat{{sfn|Black|2005|p=117}} and Blofeld's communication devices in his agents' vanity case.<ref name="Davey" />
A reunion television movie, '']'' (]) featured a cameo by George Lazenby as James Bond from ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service''; (for legal reasons, his character was credited as "JB"). Ian Fleming helped create the original '']'' TV series in the ], so "JB's" appearance is a tribute.

== Cultural impact ==
{{See also|List of James Bond parodies and spin-offs}}
], Thailand)]]

Cinematically, Bond has been a major influence within the spy genre since the release of ''Dr. No'' in 1962,{{sfn|Smith|Lavington|2002|p=21}} with 22 secret agent films released in 1966 alone attempting to capitalise on the Bond franchise's popularity and success.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Moniot|first=Drew|title=James Bond and America in the Sixties: An Investigation of the Formula Film in Popular Culture|journal=Journal of the University Film Association|date=Summer 1976|volume=28|issue=3|publisher=]|jstor=20687331|pages=25–33}}</ref> The first parody was the 1964 film '']'', which shows the villain Dr. Crow being overcome by agents who included James Bind (]) and Daphne Honeybutt (]).<ref>{{cite web|last=Angelini|first=Sergio|title=Carry On Spying (1964)|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/466477/|work=BFI Screenonline|publisher=British Film Institute|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-date=10 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010000556/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/466477/|url-status=live}}</ref> One of the films that reacted against the portrayal of Bond was the ] series, whose first film, ], starring ], was released in 1965. The eponymous hero is a rough-edged, petty crook turned spy, and was what academic Jeremy Packer called an "anti-Bond",{{sfn|Packer|2009|p=26}} or what Christoph Lindner calls "the thinking man's Bond".{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=128}} The Palmer series were produced by Harry Saltzman, who also used key crew members from the Bond series, including designer ], editor ] and composer John Barry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ipcress File, The (1965)|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/459866/credits.html|work=Screenonline|publisher=British Film Institute|access-date=10 November 2011|archive-date=4 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804154450/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/459866/credits.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The four "]" films starring ] (released between 1966 and 1969),<ref>{{cite journal|last=Allegretti|first=Joseph|title=James Bond and Matt Helm: The Moral Universe of Literature's Most Famous Spy and His Chief American Rival|journal=The Mid-Atlantic Almanack|url=http://www.mapaca.net/almanack/archive/2008/jamesNmatt.pdf |access-date=5 November 2011|publisher=Mid-Atlantic Popular/American Culture Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108042418/http://www.mapaca.net/almanack/archive/2008/jamesNmatt.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> the "]" series starring ] (comprising two films, one each in 1966 and 1967),{{sfn|Pfeiffer|Worrall|1998|p=210}} while '']'' also moved onto the cinema screen, with eight films released: all were testaments to Bond's prominence in popular culture.{{sfn|Chapman|2009|pp=97–98}} More recently, the '']'' series by writer, producer and comedian ],{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=76}} and other parodies such as the '']'' trilogy of films,<ref>{{cite news|last=Howell|first=Peter|title=Thunderbollocks|newspaper=]|date=21 October 2011|page=E2}}</ref> have also used elements from or parodied the Bond films.

]]]

Following the release of the film ''Dr. No'' in 1962, the line "Bond&nbsp;... James Bond", became a ] that entered the ] of Western popular culture: writers Cork and Scivally said of the introduction in ''Dr. No'' that the "signature introduction would become the most famous and loved film line ever".{{sfn|Cork|Scivally|2002|p=6}} In 2001, it was voted as the "best-loved one-liner in cinema" by British cinema goers,<ref>{{cite news|title=James Bond tops motto poll|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1383350.stm|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=11 June 2001|archive-date=5 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305191459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1383350.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2005, it was honoured as the 22nd greatest quotation in cinema history by the ] as part of their ].<ref>{{cite web|title=100 Years Series: "Movie Quotes" |url=http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/quotes100.pdf?docID=242 |work=AFI 100 Years Series |publisher=] |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070844/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/quotes100.pdf?docID=242 |archive-date=16 July 2011 }}</ref> A 2024 survey by online ] and digital ] company ] found that 70 per cent of Brits said they associated the word "bond" with James Bond, rather than the savings product of ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cityam.com/the-names-bond-savings-bond-but-most-brits-still-think-of-007/|title=The name's bond. Savings bond. But most Brits still think of 007|last=Gulliver-Needham|first=Elliot|date=28 August 2024|work=]|accessdate=25 November 2024}}</ref>

The 2005 ]'s '100 Years' series recognised the character of James Bond himself as the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=100 years series: 100 heroes and villains |url=http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/handv100.pdf?docID=246 |work=AFI 100 Years Series |publisher=American Film Industry |access-date=8 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807135547/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/handv100.pdf?docID=246 |archive-date=7 August 2011 }}</ref> He was also placed at number 11 on a similar list by '']''<ref>{{cite web|title=The 100 Greatest Movie Characters: 11. James Bond|url=https://www.empireonline.com/100-greatest-movie-characters/default.asp?c=11|work=]|access-date=8 June 2011|archive-date=11 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011020449/http://www.empireonline.com/100-greatest-movie-characters/default.asp?c=11|url-status=live}}</ref> and as the fifth greatest movie character of all time by ].<ref>{{cite magazine|title=100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time|url=http://www.filmsite.org/100characters4.html|magazine=]|access-date=8 June 2011|archive-date=13 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413135948/http://www.filmsite.org/100characters4.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1965, '']'' magazine observed "James Bond has developed into the biggest mass-cult hero of the decade".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chapman |first1=James |title=Licence to Thrill A Cultural History of the James Bond Films |date=2007 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |page=92}}</ref>

], the most recent 007, at ], London]]

The 25 James Bond films produced by ] are the longest continually running film series of all time, and including the two non Eon produced films, the 27 Bond films have grossed over $7.04&nbsp;billion in total, making it the ] to date. It is estimated that since ''Dr. No'', a quarter of the world's population have seen at least one Bond film.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dodds|first=Klaus|title=Screening Geopolitics: James Bond and the Early Cold War films (1962–1967)|journal=Geopolitics|year=2005|volume=10|issue=2|pages=266–289|doi=10.1080/14650040590946584|s2cid=144363319}}</ref> The UK Film Distributors' Association have stated that the importance of the Bond series of films to the British film industry cannot be overstated, as they "form the backbone of the industry".<ref>{{cite news|title=British film classics: Dr No|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/2787017.stm|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=]|date=21 February 2003|archive-date=16 December 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031216162228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/2787017.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Television also saw the effect of Bond films, with the ] series '']'',<ref>{{cite journal|last=Grigg|first=Richard|title=Vanquishing Evil without the Help of God: The Man from U.N.C.L.E. and a World Come of Age|journal=Journal of Communication & Religion|date=November 2007|volume=30|issue=2|pages=308–339|doi=10.5840/jcr200730210 }}</ref> which was described as the "first network television imitation" of Bond,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Worland|first=Rick|title=The Man From U.N.C.L.E. and TV espionage in the 1960s|journal=]|date=Winter 1994|volume=21|issue=4|pages=150–162|doi=10.1080/01956051.1994.9943983}}</ref> largely because Fleming provided advice and ideas on the development of the series, even giving the main character the name ].{{sfn|Pfeiffer|Worrall|1998|p=209}} Other 1960s television series inspired by Bond include '']'',{{sfn|Pfeiffer|Worrall|1998|p=210}} and '']''.{{sfn|Pfeiffer|Worrall|1998|p=211}}

Considered a British cultural icon, James Bond had become such a symbol of the United Kingdom that the character, played by Craig, appeared in the ] of the ] as Queen ]'s escort.<ref name="brown20120727">{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Nic|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19018666|title=How James Bond whisked the Queen to the Olympics|work=]|date=27 July 2012|access-date=27 July 2012|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419193112/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19018666|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Action & Mystery exhibition inspired by GREAT British icons|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/world-location-news/action-mystery-exhibition-inspired-by-great-british-icons|agency=Gov.uk|date=1 November 2016|access-date=1 November 2016|archive-date=3 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103222307/https://www.gov.uk/government/world-location-news/action-mystery-exhibition-inspired-by-great-british-icons|url-status=live}}</ref> From 1968 to 2003, and since 2016, the ] chocolate box ] has been advertised by the 'Milk Tray Man', a tough James Bond–style figure who undertakes daunting 'raids' to surreptitiously deliver a box of Milk Tray chocolates to a lady.<ref>{{cite news |title=As Cadbury's Milk Tray Man returns, which other TV ad characters are ripe for a makeover? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/picture-galleries/11921585/As-Cadburys-Milk-Tray-Man-returns-which-other-TV-ad-characters-are-ripe-for-a-makeover.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/picture-galleries/11921585/As-Cadburys-Milk-Tray-Man-returns-which-other-TV-ad-characters-are-ripe-for-a-makeover.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=8 August 2019 |work=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Milk Tray man to swing back into action for new Cadbury campaign |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/oct/09/milk-tray-man-cadbury-campaign |access-date=8 August 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Bond has been commemorated numerous times on a UK postage stamp issued by the ], most recently in their ] to mark the 25th Bond film release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/51533469|title=Royal Mail: James Bond stamps released for new movie|website=]|date=18 February 2020|accessdate=1 October 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001102726/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/51533469|url-status=live}}</ref>

Throughout the life of the film series, a number of ] have been released.{{sfn|Simpson|2002|p=273}} "Bondmania", a term deriving from the adjacent "]" and initiated in 1964 following the enormous success of ''Goldfinger'', described the clamour for Bond films and their related products, from soundtrack LPs to children's toys, board games, alarm clocks playing the Bond theme, and 007-branded shirts.{{sfn|Lindner|2009|p=127}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stephen |first1=Glynn |title=The British Pop Music Film The Beatles and Beyond |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=100}}</ref> In 2018, a James Bond museum opened atop the Austrian Alps.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.today.com/video/james-bond-museum-opens-atop-the-austrian-alps-1275453507541|title=James Bond museum opens atop the Austrian Alps|work=TODAY.com|access-date=18 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718051746/https://www.today.com/video/james-bond-museum-opens-atop-the-austrian-alps-1275453507541|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ] museum is constructed on the summit of Gaislachkogl Mountain in ] at 10,000&nbsp;ft (3,048&nbsp;m) above sea level.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://traveltriangle.com/blog/new-james-bond-museum-007-elements-to-open-in-austrian-alps/|title='Die Another Day', As This New James Bond Museum On The Austrian Alps Is Too Good To Be Missed|last=TravelTriangle|date=15 June 2018|access-date=18 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718144756/https://traveltriangle.com/blog/new-james-bond-museum-007-elements-to-open-in-austrian-alps/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/james-bond-museum-opens-atop-the-austrian-alps-1275453507541|title=James Bond museum opens atop the Austrian Alps|work=NBC News|access-date=18 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805043145/https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/james-bond-museum-opens-atop-the-austrian-alps-1275453507541|url-status=live}}</ref>

The real MI6 has an ambiguous relationship with Bond. The films may attract job applicants who may be unsuited for espionage, while dissuading more-qualified candidates.{{r|warren20211220}} While serving as Chief of SIS, ] said that were Bond to apply for an MI6 job "he would have to change his ways". Younger said, however, that the franchise had "created a powerful brand for MI6 ... Many of our counterparts envy the sheer global recognition of our acronym",<ref name="macaskill20161208">{{Cite news |last=MacAskill |first=Ewen |date=8 December 2016 |title=James Bond would not get job with real MI6, says spy chief |language=en |work=The Guardian |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/dec/08/james-bond-would-not-get-job-with-real-mi6-says-spy-chief |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> and that being depicted to global audiences as a "ubiquitous intelligence presence" was "quite a force multiplier". The Russian ] so envied Bond that it created an annual award for fictional depictions of Russian spies.<ref name="warren20211220">{{Cite news |last=Warren |first=Helen |date=20 December 2021 |title=The spies who struggle to love James Bond |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/18ded85b-557e-4380-8d5f-4d50fa3f5881 |access-date=15 December 2022 |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215202408/https://www.ft.com/content/18ded85b-557e-4380-8d5f-4d50fa3f5881 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Public reception ==
{{main|James Bond fandom}}

The James Bond franchise enjoys widespread popularity across the world. In 2014, it was estimated that approximately 20% of the world's population has watched at least one Bond film.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lewis|first=Noah Jacoby|magazine=Liberated Arts: A Journal for Undergraduate Research|publisher=Western University|title=Shaken Not Stirred: The Cold War Politics of James Bond, From Novel to Film|volume=4|issue=1|page=7|date=2018}}</ref>

In 2012, the polling organisation ] conducted a survey of American Bond fans, categorising responses by age, sex and political affiliation. All groups selected Sean Connery as their favourite Bond actor.<ref>{{cite news|title=He Last Played James Bond In 1983, But Americans Say Sean Connery Is Still The Best|url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/society/articles-reports/2012/11/15/he-last-played-james-bond-1983-americans-say-sean-|work=YouGov|date=15 November 2012|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303004932/https://today.yougov.com/topics/society/articles-reports/2012/11/15/he-last-played-james-bond-1983-americans-say-sean-|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2018 poll found that 47% of American adults had seen at least one Bond film, with 27% having seen every film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Share of adults who have ever watched the James Bond movie franchise in the United States as of November 2018|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/946911/james-bond-movie-franchise-viewers/|work=Statisa|date=5 January 2023|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303004931/https://www.statista.com/statistics/946911/james-bond-movie-franchise-viewers/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Queen ] met the first six actors to play James Bond on the screen. She met Connery at the world premiere of ''You Only Live Twice'' in 1967, and, according to the royal biographer ]: "She really did love all the early James Bond films", preferring the earlier films, "before they got so loud".<ref>{{cite news |author=MI6 Staff |title=For Queen & Country |url=https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/movies-queen-elizabeth-ii-ties-to-james-bond?id=05113 |date=8 September 2022 |access-date=14 March 2023 |agency=MI6 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314222217/https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/articles/movies-queen-elizabeth-ii-ties-to-james-bond?id=05113 |url-status=live }}</ref> Several prominent politicians have also been fans of the franchise, including ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite news|last=Rothman|first=Lily|title=JFK and Reagan Were Both Bond Fans|url=https://entertainment.time.com/2012/10/04/james-bond-declassified-50-things-you-didnt-know-about-007/slide/presidential-bond/|work=]|date=25 September 2015|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303004932/https://entertainment.time.com/2012/10/04/james-bond-declassified-50-things-you-didnt-know-about-007/slide/presidential-bond/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Blitzer|first=Wolf|title=North Korean leader loves Hennessey, Bond movies|url=https://www.cnn.com/2003/US/01/08/wbr.kim.jong.il/|work=]|date=8 January 2003|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303004931/https://www.cnn.com/2003/US/01/08/wbr.kim.jong.il/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Criticisms ===
The James Bond character and related media have received a number of criticisms and reactions across the political spectrum, and are still highly debated in ].<ref>{{Cite book|title = The James Bond Phenomenon: A Critical Reader|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=x9-1QY5boUsC&q=james%2520bond%2520criticism&pg=PA6|publisher = Manchester University Press|year= 2003|isbn = 978-0-7190-6541-5|first = Christoph|last = Lindner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Ian Fleming & James Bond: The Cultural Politics of 007|url={{Google books|MzWajYxgfOkC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|publisher = Indiana University Press|year= 2005|isbn = 978-0-253-34523-3|first1 = Edward P.|last1 = Comentale|first2 = Stephen|last2 = Watt|first3 = Skip|last3 = Willman}}</ref> Some observers accuse the Bond novels and films of ] and ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Why I'm Still Shaken and Stirred by James Bond |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/why-im-still-shaken-and-stirred-by-james-bond |access-date=13 November 2021 |work=Vogue |quote=I understand the criticisms levied at the franchise. Bond is a caveman with an Omega, a misogynist with gadgets, a brute in a tux. |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113200414/https://www.vogue.com/article/why-im-still-shaken-and-stirred-by-james-bond |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Shaking and Stirring James Bond: Age, Gender, and Resilience in Skyfall (2012)|journal = Journal of Popular Film and Television|date = 3 July 2014|issn = 0195-6051|pages = 116–130|volume = 42|issue = 3|doi = 10.1080/01956051.2013.858026|first = Klaus|last = Dodds|s2cid = 145499529}}</ref> In September 2021, '']'' director ] described Sean Connery's version of Bond as 'basically a rapist'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 September 2021|title=James Bond was 'basically' a rapist in early films, says No Time to Die director|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/sep/23/james-bond-no-time-to-die-cary-fukunaga-thunderball|access-date=24 September 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> The franchise has on occasion also been a target of religious criticism. In 1962, ]'s official newspaper '']'' condemned the film '']'', referring to it as "a dangerous mixture of violence, vulgarity, sadism and sex".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/109137216/ |title=Shame, James |date=18 May 1965 |work=The Courier-Journal |location=Louisville |page=16 |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825233639/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/109137216/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |via=] }}</ref> However, in 2012, the newspaper went on to give positive reviews to the film '']''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Squires|first=Nick|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/9645296/Vatican-lauds-human-James-Bond-licence-to-cry.html|title=Vatican lauds 'human' James Bond, 'licence to cry'|work=]|date=31 October 2012|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227195837/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/jamesbond/9645296/Vatican-lauds-human-James-Bond-licence-to-cry.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Geographers have considered the role of exotic locations in the movies in the dynamics of the ], with power struggles among blocs playing out in the peripheral areas.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Screening Geopolitics: James Bond and the Early Cold War films (1962–1967)|journal = Geopolitics|date = 1 July 2005|issn = 1465-0045|pages = 266–289|volume = 10|issue = 2|doi = 10.1080/14650040590946584|first = Klaus|last = Dodds|s2cid = 144363319}}</ref> Other critics claim that the Bond films reflect ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Müller|first=Timo|chapter=The Bonds of Empire: (Post-)Imperial Negotiations in the 007 Film Series |editor1-first=Barbara |editor1-last=Buchenau |editor2-first=Virginia |editor2-last=Richter |title=Post-Empire Imaginaries? Anglophone Literature, History, and the Demise of Empires|publisher=Rodopi|location=Amsterdam|year=2015|pages=305–326|doi=10.1163/9789004302280_014|isbn=978-9004302280}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Skyfall, James Bond's Resurrection, and 21st-Century Anglo-American Imperial Nostalgia|journal = Communication Quarterly|date = 20 October 2014|issn = 0146-3373|pages = 569–588|volume = 62|issue = 5|doi = 10.1080/01463373.2014.949389|first = Marouf Jr.|last = Hasian|s2cid = 143363641}}</ref>

==Censorship and alterations==
===Bans and censorship by country===
Several James Bond novels, films, and video games have been banned, censored, or altered in several countries.

{|width=75% class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Release year
! Title
! Country
! Notes
|-
!colspan="4"| Novels
|-
| 1954
| '']''
| ]
| Banned in 1954.<ref>{{cite news|last=Simpson|first=Craig|title=James Bond books edited to remove racist references|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/02/25/james-bond-books-edited-remove-racist-references/|work=]|date=25 February 2023|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227084310/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/02/25/james-bond-books-edited-remove-racist-references/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1957
| '']''
| ]
| Under Francoist Spain, the final pages of ''Dr. No'' were cut entirely, due to sexual references. The censored editions are still sometimes reproduced in Spain today, often unknowingly.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spain fails to turn page on Franco's legacy of censorship|url=https://www.ft.com/content/dbb4f3d6-80e6-11e6-8e50-8ec15fb462f4|work=]|date=23 September 2016|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=3 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303000719/https://www.ft.com/content/dbb4f3d6-80e6-11e6-8e50-8ec15fb462f4|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Various
| All titles
| ]
| All Bond novels were banned during the existence of the Soviet Union. Russian newspaper the '']'' condemned the series, describing it as being set in a "nightmarish world where laws are written at the point of a gun, where coercion and rape is considered valour and murder is a funny trick".<ref name="Soviet">{{cite news|last=Connik|first=Michael|url=https://literary007.com/2017/09/14/james-bond-vs-the-ussr/|title=James Bond vs. the USSR|date=14 September 2007|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227192659/https://literary007.com/2017/09/14/james-bond-vs-the-ussr/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="4" | Films
|-
| Various
| All titles
| ]
| All Bond films were banned during the existence of the Soviet Union.<ref name="Soviet"/>
|-
| 1964
| '']''
| ]
| In December 1965, shortly after its release in the country, ] banned the film '']'', after discovering actor ] past association with the ].<ref>{{cite news|last=Feron|first=James|title=Israel Bans 'Goldfinger' Movie Because of Frobe's Nazi Past|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/12/15/archives/israel-bans-goldfinger-movie-because-of-frobes-nazi-past.html|work=]|date=15 December 1995|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227192243/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/12/15/archives/israel-bans-goldfinger-movie-because-of-frobes-nazi-past.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The ban was lifted two months later, in February 1966, after the ] found evidence that Fröbe had quit the Nazi Party in 1937. Additionally, the film's producers were believed to have made appeals to Israel to lift the ban, and because Israeli public demand to see the popular film was high, the reversal on the ban was made.<ref>{{cite news|title='Goldfinger' Allowed To Play in Israel; Ban on Actor Lifted|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/02/13/archives/goldfinger-allowed-to-play-in-israel-ban-on-actor-lifted.html|work=]|date=13 February 1966|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227192244/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/02/13/archives/goldfinger-allowed-to-play-in-israel-ban-on-actor-lifted.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| '']''
| ]
| In 2007, ] gave permission for the 2006 film '']'' to play uncensored in the nation. It was the first Bond film to gain a release unaltered in the country,<ref>{{cite magazine|title=James Bond ban lifted in China|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/james-bond-ban-lifted-in-china/|magazine=Games Radar|date=22 January 2007|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227194025/https://www.gamesradar.com/james-bond-ban-lifted-in-china/|url-status=live}}</ref> followed by '']''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chinese censors give 007 a 'Quantum of Solace' and no cuts though|url=https://www.mi6-hq.com/news/index.php?itemid=6930|work=MI6-HQ|date=28 October 2008|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227194026/https://www.mi6-hq.com/news/index.php?itemid=6930|url-status=live}}</ref>
However, ''Skyfall'' was released in an edited version, after cutting a torture scene, altering subtitles, and removing references to prostitution in the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Censored Bond film Skyfall opens in China|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-21115987|work=]|date=21 January 2013|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=26 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626175834/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-21115987|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| '']''
| ]
| In 2015, ''Spectre'' was released censored in ], after the ] ordered kissing scenes in the film be trimmed by 50%.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Li|first=Shirley|title=India censors James Bond's kisses in 'Spectre'|url=https://ew.com/article/2015/11/19/spectre-kisses-censored-india/|magazine=]|date=19 November 2015|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227232238/https://ew.com/article/2015/11/19/spectre-kisses-censored-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="4" | Video games
|-
| 1997
| '']''
| ]
| In 1997, ] banned the video game ''GoldenEye 007'', with the German Federal Review Board placing it on their ''List of Media Harmful to Minors''. The ban was lifted in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bankhurst|first=Adam|title=Goldeneye 007 German Ban Removal Raises Some Interesting Questions About Its Future On Switch Online|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/goldeneye-007-german-ban-removal-raises-some-interesting-questions-about-its-future-on-switch-online|work=]|date=30 October 2021|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227193114/https://www.ign.com/articles/goldeneye-007-german-ban-removal-raises-some-interesting-questions-about-its-future-on-switch-online|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}


==See also== ===2023 changes===
In February 2023, Ian Fleming Publications (which administers all Fleming's literary works), edited the Bond series as part of a sensitivity review. The April 2023 re-releases of the series are planned to tie into the 70th anniversary of ''Casino Royale''. The new editions remove a number of references to race, including some slurs, along with some disparagements of women and homosexuality.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Simpson |first1=Craig |date=25 February 2023 |title=James Bond books edited to remove racist references |work=] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/02/25/james-bond-books-edited-remove-racist-references/ |access-date=27 February 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227084310/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/02/25/james-bond-books-edited-remove-racist-references/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They include a disclaimer added at the beginning of each book, reading:
{{portal}}
*] (Asteroid named after the character)


<blockquote>This book was written at a time when terms and attitudes which might be considered offensive by modern readers were commonplace. A number of updates have been made in this edition, while keeping as close as possible to the original text and the period in which it is set.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Haring |first1=Bruce |title=James Bond Books Edited To Avoid Offense To Modern Audiences – Report |url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/james-bond-books-rewritten-to-avoid-offense-to-modern-audiences-1235271892/ |website=] |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228050958/https://deadline.com/2023/02/james-bond-books-rewritten-to-avoid-offense-to-modern-audiences-1235271892/ |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>
==References==
* {{Note|filmfranchise}} {{Web reference | URL = http://www.forbes.com/2005/06/15/batman-movies-franchises-cx_lh_lr_0615batman.html | title = James Bond the second highest grossing film franchise of all time. | work = Most Lucrative Movie Franchises | date = June 15 | year = 2005}}
* {{Note|AFI}} {{Web reference | URL = http://www.afi.com/tvevents/100years/quotes.aspx | title = "Bond. James Bond" 22nd greatest line in cinema history | work = AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes | date = July 13 | year = 2005}}
*{{Book reference | Author = Benson, Raymond | Year = 1984 | Title = The James Bond Bedside Companion | Publisher = Dodd, Mead | ID = ISBN 1401102840 }}
*{{Book reference | Author = Chapman, James | Year = 1999 | Title = Licence To Thrill: A Cultural History Of The James Bond Films | Publisher = I.B. Tauris | ID = ISBN 1860643876 }}
*{{Book reference | Author = Cork, John | Year = 2002 | Title = James Bond: The Legacy | Publisher = Boxtree/Macmillan | ID = ISBN 0810932962 }}
*{{Book reference | Author = Lindner, Christoph | Year = 2003 | Title = The James Bond Phenomenon: A Critical Reader | Publisher = Manchester University Press | ID = ISBN 0719065410 }}
*{{Web reference | URL = http://www.commanderbond.net/?action=Story&SID=2677 | title = Charlie Higson interview with CommanderBond.net | work = The Charlie Higson CBn Interview | date = February 23 | year = 2005}}


The decision was met with strong criticism by media outlets and public commentators, who condemned the changes as ].{{refn|<ref>{{cite news|last=Kerridge|first=Jake|title='Sensitivity' be damned – James Bond is a killer|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/authors/james-bond-cold-blooded-killer-should-never-written-sensitivity/|work=]|date=27 February 2023|access-date=2 March 2023|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302231553/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/authors/james-bond-cold-blooded-killer-should-never-written-sensitivity/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lowry|first=Rich|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2023/02/dont-rewrite-books/|title=Don't Rewrite Books|work=]|date=28 February 2023|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301012405/https://www.nationalreview.com/2023/02/dont-rewrite-books/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Crow|first=David|title=Rewriting Ian Fleming's James Bond Books: What Is Even the Point?|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/rewriting-ian-fleming-james-bond-books-what-is-the-point/|work=]|date=28 February 2023|access-date=2 March 2023|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302231554/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/rewriting-ian-fleming-james-bond-books-what-is-the-point/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chilton|first=Louis|title=Censoring Roald Dahl and Ian Fleming has nothing to do with 'sensitivity'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/james-bond-censored-offensive-roald-dahl-b2290856.html|work=]|date=27 February 2023|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301012401/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/james-bond-censored-offensive-roald-dahl-b2290856.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ladan|first=Luke|title=I've read all the James Bond books and write for a living. Censoring them is just plain wrong|url=https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/read-james-bond-books-write-living-censoring-wrong|work=]|date=2 March 2023|access-date=2 March 2023|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302231553/https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/read-james-bond-books-write-living-censoring-wrong|url-status=live}}</ref>}} '']'' host ] expressed her opposition, arguing that offensive historical literature should be left unaltered;<ref>{{cite news|last=Nungesser|first=Samantha|title=Whoopi Goldberg Says She's Against Editing Offensive Books on 'The View': "Kids Should Have the Right to Read How People Thought"|url=https://decider.com/2023/02/27/the-view-whoopi-goldberg-sunny-hostin-clash-censorship/|work=]|date=27 February 2023|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227225524/https://decider.com/2023/02/27/the-view-whoopi-goldberg-sunny-hostin-clash-censorship/|url-status=live}}</ref> while '']'' contributors ] and ] attacked the changes as excessive ].<ref>{{cite news|last=Cooke|first=Charles C. W.|title=Why Not Censor Shakespeare Next?|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2023/02/why-not-censor-shakespeare-next/|work=]|date=27 February 2023|access-date=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227230528/https://www.nationalreview.com/2023/02/why-not-censor-shakespeare-next/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Murray|first=Douglas|title=Sensitivity Readers Are Distorting the Pages of the Past|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2023/05/01/sensitivity-readers-are-distorting-the-pages-of-the-past/|work=]|date=13 April 2023|access-date=19 April 2023|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419032424/https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2023/05/01/sensitivity-readers-are-distorting-the-pages-of-the-past/|url-status=live}}</ref> Fleming biographer ] also opposed the changes, writing that "what an author commits to paper is sacrosanct and shouldn't be altered...The only changes to the text should come from the author."<ref>{{cite news|author=]|title=I'm Ian Fleming's biographer – there's no way James Bond can be made 'PC'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/james-bond-ian-fleming-books-edited-b2290563.html|work=]|date=27 February 2023|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301012405/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/james-bond-ian-fleming-books-edited-b2290563.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* , ,


==External links== == See also ==
{{Main|Outline of James Bond}}
===Official sites===
* ], asteroid named after the character
*
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*


===Fan sites=== == References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
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== Bibliography ==
{{JamesBond}}
{{Bond movies}} {{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bennett|first1=Tony|last2=Woollacott|first2=Janet|contribution=The Moments of Bond|editor-last=Lindner|editor-first=Christoph|title=The James Bond Phenomenon: a Critical Reader|year=2003|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6541-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Benson|first=Raymond|author-link=Raymond Benson|title=]|year=1988|publisher=Boxtree Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-85283-233-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Black|first=Jeremy|author-link=Jeremy Black (historian)|title=The Politics of James Bond: from Fleming's Novel to the Big Screen|url={{Google books|g4-sFrU8Xw0C|page=PA101|keywords=|text=Clarence Leiter|plainurl=yes}}|year=2005|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-6240-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chancellor|first= Henry|title=James Bond: The Man and His World|year=2005|publisher=John Murray|location=London|isbn=978-0-7195-6815-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chapman|first=James|title=Licence to Thrill: A Cultural History of the James Bond Films|year=2009|publisher=I.B. Tauris |location=New York|isbn=978-1-84511-515-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Conroy|first=Mike|title=500 Great Comicbook Action Heroes|url={{Google books|t7XB6pkvISAC|page=PA1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2004|publisher=Chrysalis Books Group|location=London|isbn=978-1-84411-004-9}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cork |first1=John |author1-link=John Cork |last2=Scivally |first2=Bruce |year=2002 |title=James Bond: The Legacy |publisher=Boxtree |location=London |isbn=978-0-7522-6498-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesbondlegacy0000cork }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cork |first1= John|last2= Stutz |first2=Collin |title=James Bond Encyclopedia|year=2007 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location=London |isbn=978-1-4053-3427-3 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Feeney Callan|first=Michael|title=Sean Connery|year=2002|publisher=Virgin Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-85227-992-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/seanconnery0000call}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fleming|first1=Ian|author-link1=Ian Fleming|last2=Gammidge|first2=Henry|author-link2=Henry Gammidge|last3= McLusky|first3=John|author-link3=John McLusky|title=Octopussy|year=1988|publisher=Titan Books|location=London|isbn=1-85286-040-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Griswold|first=John|title=Ian Fleming's James Bond: Annotations And Chronologies for Ian Fleming's Bond Stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uariyzldrJwC&q=Ian%20Fleming%27s%20James%20Bond%3A%20Annotations%20And%20Chronologies%20For%20Ian%20Fleming%27s%20Bond%20Stories&pg=PA2|publisher=AuthorHouse|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4259-3100-1|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323205738/https://books.google.com/books?id=uariyzldrJwC&q=Ian%20Fleming%27s%20James%20Bond%3A%20Annotations%20And%20Chronologies%20For%20Ian%20Fleming%27s%20Bond%20Stories&pg=PA2|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last= Jütting |first= Kerstin |title= "Grow Up, 007!" – James Bond Over the Decades: Formula Vs. Innovation |url= {{Google books|MzuVat9N7bQC|page=PP1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher= GRIN Verlag |year= 2007 |isbn= 978-3-638-85372-9 }}
* {{Cite book |last1= King|first1= Geoff|last2= Krzywinska|first2= Tanya|title= Screenplay: cinema/videogames/interfaces|url= {{Google books|qruZ2UOp_WAC|page=PR1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|publisher= Wallflower Press|year= 2002|isbn= 978-1-903364-23-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lindner|first=Christoph|title=The James Bond Phenomenon: a Critical Reader|url={{Google books|x9-1QY5boUsC|page=PP1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7190-6541-5}}
* {{Cite book |last= Lycett|first= Andrew|author-link=Andrew Lycett|title= Ian Fleming|year=1996|publisher=Phoenix|location=London|isbn= 978-1-85799-783-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Macintyre|first=Ben|author-link=Ben Macintyre|title=For Your Eyes Only|year=2008|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=London|isbn=978-0-7475-9527-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Packer|first=Jeremy|title=Secret agents: popular icons beyond James Bond|url={{Google books|5BxRm5cnUU8C|page=PP1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8204-8669-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pearson|first=John|author-link=John Pearson (author)|title=James Bond: The Authorized Biography|url={{Google books|WdBHOXLA6hYC|page=PP1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Random House|year=2008|isbn=978-0-09-950292-0}}
* {{Cite book |last1= Pfeiffer |first1= Lee |last2= Worrall |first2=Dave |title=The Essential Bond |year=1998 |publisher=Boxtree Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-0-7522-2477-0 }}
* {{Cite book |last= Simpson |first= Paul |title= The Rough Guide to James Bond |url= {{Google books|BikCz7XZijEC|page=PA1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher= Rough Guides |year= 2002 |isbn= 978-1-84353-142-5 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Jim |last2=Lavington |first2=Stephen |title=Bond Films |year=2002 |publisher=Virgin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-7535-0709-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bondfilms0000smit }}
* {{Cite book |last1= Thompson |first1= Maggie |last2= Frankenhoff |first2= Brent |last3= Bickford |first3= Peter |title= Comic Book Price Guide 2010 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=thFjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2 |year= 2010 |publisher= Krause Publications |isbn= 978-1-4402-1399-1 |access-date= 26 February 2023 |archive-date= 24 April 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230424004414/https://books.google.com/books?id=thFjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2 |url-status= live }}
{{Refend}}


== External links ==
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* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819171646/http://www.ianfleming.com/ |date=19 August 2020 }}
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* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731070232/http://www.youngbond.com/ |date=31 July 2008 }}
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* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930160508/http://www.007stage.com/ |date=30 September 2011 }}
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{{James Bond books}}
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Latest revision as of 14:09, 27 December 2024

Media franchise about a British spy

This article is about the series. For the character, see James Bond (literary character). For other uses, see James Bond (disambiguation). "007" redirects here. For other uses, see 007 (disambiguation).

James Bond
Ian Fleming's image of James Bond; commissioned to aid the Daily Express comic strip artists
Created byIan Fleming
Original workCasino Royale (1953)
OwnerDanjaq
Years1953–present
Print publications
Novel(s)List of novels
Short storiesSee list of novels
ComicsList of comic books
Comic strip(s)James Bond (1958–1983)
Films and television
Film(s)List of films
Short film(s)Happy and Glorious (2012)
Television series"Casino Royale" (Climax! season 1 – episode 3) (1954)
Animated seriesJames Bond Jr. (1991–1992)
Games
TraditionalVarious
Role-playingJames Bond 007: Role-Playing In Her Majesty's Secret Service
Video game(s)List of video games
Audio
Radio program(s)Radio dramas
Original musicMusic
Miscellaneous
Toy(s)Various
Portrayers

The James Bond franchise focuses on the titular character, a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelisations: Kingsley Amis, Christopher Wood, John Gardner, Raymond Benson, Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver, William Boyd, and Anthony Horowitz. The latest novel is With a Mind to Kill by Anthony Horowitz, published in May 2022. Additionally, Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny.

The character—also known by the code number 007 (pronounced "double-oh-seven")—has also been adapted for television, radio, comic strips, video games and film. The films constitute one of the longest continually running film series and have grossed over US$7.04 billion in total at the box office, making James Bond the fifth-highest-grossing film series to date, which started in 1962 with Dr. No, starring Sean Connery as Bond. As of 2021, there have been twenty-five films in the Eon Productions series. The most recent Bond film, No Time to Die (2021), stars Daniel Craig in his fifth portrayal of Bond; he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also been two independent Bond film productions: Casino Royale (a 1967 spoof starring David Niven) and Never Say Never Again (a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film, 1965's Thunderball, both starring Connery). The James Bond franchise is one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time. Casino Royale has also been adapted for television, as a one-hour show in 1954 as part of the CBS series Climax!.

The Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including their soundtracks, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and three wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond's cars, his guns, and the gadgets with which he is supplied by Q Branch. The films are also noted for Bond's relationships with various women, who are popularly referred to as "Bond girls".

Publication history

Creation and inspiration

Main articles: James Bond (literary character) and Inspirations for James Bond

Ian Fleming created the fictional character of James Bond as the central figure for his works. Bond is an intelligence officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond is known by his code number, 007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander. Fleming based his fictional creation on a number of individuals he came across during his time in the Naval Intelligence Division and 30 Assault Unit during the Second World War, admitting that Bond "was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war". Among those types were his brother, Peter, who had been involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway and Greece during the war. Aside from Fleming's brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bond's make up, including Conrad O'Brien-ffrench, Patrick Dalzel-Job, Bill "Biffy" Dunderdale and Duško Popov.

The name James Bond came from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies. Fleming, a keen birdwatcher himself, had a copy of Bond's guide and he later explained to the ornithologist's wife that "It struck me that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born". He further explained that:

When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument ... when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, is the dullest name I ever heard.

— Ian Fleming, The New Yorker, 21 April 1962

On another occasion, Fleming said: "I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, 'James Bond' was much better than something more interesting, like 'Peregrine Carruthers'. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, blunt instrument wielded by a government department."

Hoagy Carmichael—Fleming's view of James Bond

Fleming decided that Bond should resemble both American singer Hoagy Carmichael and himself and in Casino Royale, Vesper Lynd remarks, "Bond reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael, but there is something cold and ruthless." Likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is "certainly good-looking ... Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way. That black hair falling down over the right eyebrow. Much the same bones. But there was something a bit cruel in the mouth, and the eyes were cold."

Fleming endowed Bond with many of his own traits, including sharing the same golf handicap, the taste for scrambled eggs, and using the same brand of toiletries. Bond's tastes are also often taken from Fleming's own as was his behaviour, with Bond's love of golf and gambling mirroring Fleming's own. Fleming used his experiences of his career in espionage and all other aspects of his life as inspiration when writing, including using names of school friends, acquaintances, relatives and lovers throughout his books.

It was not until the penultimate novel, You Only Live Twice, that Fleming gave Bond a sense of family background. The book was the first to be written after the release of Dr. No in cinemas, and Sean Connery's depiction of Bond affected Fleming's interpretation of the character, henceforth giving Bond both a dry sense of humour and Scottish antecedents that were not present in the previous stories. In a fictional obituary, purportedly published in The Times, Bond's parents were given as Andrew Bond, from the village of Glencoe, Scotland, and Monique Delacroix, from the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. Fleming did not provide Bond's date of birth, but John Pearson's fictional biography of Bond, James Bond: The Authorized Biography of 007, gives Bond a birth date on 11 November 1920, while a study by John Griswold puts the date at 11 November 1921.

Novels and related works

Main article: List of James Bond novels and short stories

Ian Fleming novels

Goldeneye, in Jamaica, where Fleming wrote all the Bond novels

Whilst serving in the Naval Intelligence Division, Fleming had planned to become an author and had told a friend, "I am going to write the spy story to end all spy stories." On 17 February 1952, he began writing his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale, at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica, where he wrote all his Bond novels during the months of January and February each year. He started the story shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend, Ann Charteris, in order to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials.

After completing the manuscript for Casino Royale, Fleming showed it to his friend (and later editor) William Plomer to read. Plomer liked it and submitted it to the publishers, Jonathan Cape, who did not like it as much. Cape finally published it in 1953 on the recommendation of Fleming's older brother Peter, an established travel writer. Between 1953 and 1966, two years after his death, twelve novels and two short-story collections were published, with the last two books—The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights—published posthumously. All the books were published in the UK through Jonathan Cape.

Post-Fleming novels

After Fleming's death, a continuation novel, Colonel Sun, was written by Kingsley Amis (as Robert Markham) and published in 1968. Amis had already written a literary study of Fleming's Bond novels in his 1965 work The James Bond Dossier. Although novelisations of two of the Eon Productions Bond films appeared in print, James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me and James Bond and Moonraker, both written by screenwriter Christopher Wood, the series of novels did not continue until the 1980s. In 1981, the thriller writer John Gardner picked up the series with Licence Renewed. Gardner went on to write sixteen Bond books in total; two of the books he wrote were novelisations of Eon Productions films of the same name: Licence to Kill and GoldenEye. Gardner moved the Bond series into the 1980s, although he retained the ages of the characters as they were when Fleming had left them. In 1996, Gardner retired from writing James Bond books due to ill health.

In 1996, the American author Raymond Benson became the author of the Bond novels. Benson had previously been the author of The James Bond Bedside Companion, first published in 1984. By the time he moved on to other, non-Bond related projects in 2002, Benson had written six Bond novels, three novelisations and three short stories.

After a gap of six years, Sebastian Faulks was commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to write a new Bond novel, which was released on 28 May 2008, the 100th anniversary of Fleming's birth. The book—titled Devil May Care—was published in the UK by Penguin Books and by Doubleday in the US. American writer Jeffery Deaver was then commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to produce Carte Blanche, which was published on 26 May 2011. The book turned Bond into a post-9/11 agent, independent of MI5 or MI6. On 26 September 2013, Solo by William Boyd, set in 1969, was published. In October 2014, it was announced that Anthony Horowitz was to write a Bond continuation novel. Set in the 1950s two weeks after the events of Goldfinger, it contains material written, but previously unreleased, by Fleming. Trigger Mortis was released on 8 September 2015. Horowitz's second Bond novel, Forever and a Day, tells the origin story of Bond as a 00 agent prior to the events of Casino Royale. The novel, also based on unpublished material from Fleming, was released on 31 May 2018. Horowitz's third Bond novel, With a Mind to Kill, was published on 26 May 2022. Charlie Higson's first adult Bond novel, On His Majesty's Secret Service, was published on 4 May 2023 to celebrate the Coronation of King Charles III and support the National Literacy Trust.

Young Bond

Main article: Young Bond

The Young Bond series of novels was started by Charlie Higson and, between 2005 and 2009, five novels and one short story were published. The first Young Bond novel, SilverFin was also adapted and released as a graphic novel on 2 October 2008 by Puffin Books. In October 2013 Ian Fleming Publications announced that Stephen Cole would continue the series, with the first edition scheduled to be released in Autumn 2014.

The Moneypenny Diaries

Main article: The Moneypenny Diaries

The Moneypenny Diaries are a trilogy of novels chronicling the life of Miss Moneypenny, M's personal secretary. The novels are written by Samantha Weinberg under the pseudonym Kate Westbrook, who is depicted as the book's "editor". The first instalment of the trilogy, subtitled Guardian Angel, was released on 10 October 2005 in the UK. A second volume, subtitled Secret Servant was released on 2 November 2006 in the UK, published by John Murray. A third volume, subtitled Final Fling was released on 1 May 2008.

Adaptations

Television

In 1954, CBS paid Ian Fleming $1,000 ($11,346 in 2023 dollars) to adapt his novel Casino Royale into a one-hour television adventure, "Casino Royale", as part of its Climax! series. The episode aired live on 21 October 1954 and starred Barry Nelson as "Card Sense" James Bond and Peter Lorre as Le Chiffre. The novel was adapted for American audiences to show Bond as an American agent working for "Combined Intelligence", while the character Felix Leiter—American in the novel—became British onscreen and was renamed "Clarence Leiter".

In 1964 Roger Moore appeared as "James Bond" in an extended comedy sketch opposite Millicent Martin in her ATV TV series Mainly Millicent, which also makes reference to "007". It was written by Dick Hills and Sid Green. Undiscovered for several years, it reappeared as an extra in the DVD and Blu-ray release of Live and Let Die.

In 1973, a BBC documentary Omnibus: The British Hero featured Christopher Cazenove playing a number of such title characters (e.g. Richard Hannay and Bulldog Drummond). The documentary included James Bond in dramatised scenes from Goldfinger—notably featuring 007 being threatened with the novel's circular saw, rather than the film's laser beam—and Diamonds Are Forever.

In 1991, a spin-off animated series, James Bond Jr., was produced with Corey Burton in the role of Bond's nephew, James Bond Jr.

In 2022, a reality competition show based on the franchise, 007: Road to a Million, was released on Amazon Prime Video.

Radio

In 1958, the novel Moonraker was adapted for broadcast on South African radio, with Bob Holness providing the voice of Bond. According to The Independent, "listeners across the Union thrilled to Bob's cultured tones as he defeated evil master criminals in search of world domination".

The BBC have adapted five of the Fleming novels for broadcast: in 1990 You Only Live Twice was adapted into a 90-minute radio play for BBC Radio 4 with Michael Jayston playing James Bond. The production was repeated a number of times between 2008 and 2011. On 24 May 2008 BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation of Dr. No. The actor Toby Stephens, who played Bond villain Gustav Graves in the Eon Productions version of Die Another Day, played Bond, while Dr. No was played by David Suchet. Following its success, a second story was adapted and on 3 April 2010 BBC Radio 4 broadcast Goldfinger with Stephens again playing Bond. Sir Ian McKellen was Goldfinger and Stephens' Die Another Day co-star Rosamund Pike played Pussy Galore. The play was adapted from Fleming's novel by Archie Scottney and was directed by Martin Jarvis. In 2012, the novel From Russia, with Love was dramatised for Radio 4; it featured a full cast again starring Stephens as Bond. In May 2014 Stephens again played Bond, in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, with Alfred Molina as Blofeld, and Joanna Lumley (who appeared in the 1969 film adaptation) as Irma Bunt.

Comics

Main articles: James Bond (comic strip) and James Bond comic books
John McLusky's rendition of James Bond

In 1957, the Daily Express approached Ian Fleming to adapt his stories into comic strips, offering him £1,500 per novel and a share of takings from syndication. After initial reluctance, Fleming, who felt the strips would lack the quality of his writing, agreed. To aid the Daily Express in illustrating Bond, Fleming commissioned an artist to create a sketch of how he believed James Bond looked. The illustrator, John McLusky, however, felt that Fleming's 007 looked too "outdated" and "pre-war" and changed Bond to give him a more masculine look. The first strip, Casino Royale was published from 7 July 1958 to 13 December 1958 and was written by Anthony Hern and illustrated by John McLusky.

Most of the Bond novels and short stories have since been adapted for illustration, as well as Kingsley Amis's Colonel Sun; the works were written by Henry Gammidge or Jim Lawrence (except for the adaptation of Dr. No which was written by future Modesty Blaise creator Peter O'Donnell) with Yaroslav Horak replacing McClusky as artist in 1966. After the Fleming and Amis material had been adapted, original stories were produced, continuing in the Daily Express and Sunday Express until May 1977.

Several comic book adaptations of the James Bond films have been published through the years: at the time of Dr. No's release in October 1962, a comic book adaptation of the screenplay, written by Norman J. Nodel, was published in Britain as part of the Classics Illustrated anthology series. It was later reprinted in the United States by DC Comics as part of its Showcase anthology series, in January 1963. This was the first American comic book appearance of James Bond and is noteworthy for being a relatively rare example of a British comic being reprinted in a fairly high-profile American comic. It was also one of the earliest comics to be censored on racial grounds (some skin tones and dialogue were changed for the American market).

With the release of the 1981 film For Your Eyes Only, Marvel Comics published a two-issue comic book adaptation of the film. When Octopussy was released in the cinemas in 1983, Marvel published an accompanying comic; Eclipse also produced a one-off comic for Licence to Kill, although Timothy Dalton refused to allow his likeness to be used. New Bond stories were also drawn up and published from 1989 onwards through Marvel, Eclipse Comics, Dark Horse Comics and Dynamite Entertainment.

Films

Main article: List of James Bond films

Eon Productions films

Franchise logo, 1995–present

Eon Productions, the company of Canadian Harry Saltzman and American Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli, released the first cinema adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel, Dr. No (1962), based on the eponymous 1958 novel and featuring Sean Connery as 007. Connery starred in a further four films before leaving the role after You Only Live Twice (1967), which was taken up by George Lazenby for On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969). Lazenby left the role after just one appearance and Connery was brought back for his last Eon-produced film Diamonds Are Forever.

Roger Moore was appointed to the role of 007 for Live and Let Die (1973). He played Bond a further six times over twelve years, before being replaced by Timothy Dalton for two films. After a six-year hiatus, during which a legal wrangle threatened Eon's productions of the Bond films, Irish actor Pierce Brosnan was cast as Bond in GoldenEye (1995); he remained in the role for a total of four films through 2002. In 2006, Daniel Craig was given the role for Casino Royale (2006), which rebooted the series. Craig appeared for a total of five films. The series has grossed well over $7 billion to date, making it the fifth-highest-grossing film series.

Title Year Actor Director
Dr. No 1962 Sean Connery Terence Young
From Russia with Love 1963
Goldfinger 1964 Guy Hamilton
Thunderball 1965 Terence Young
You Only Live Twice 1967 Lewis Gilbert
On Her Majesty's Secret Service 1969 George Lazenby Peter R. Hunt
Diamonds Are Forever 1971 Sean Connery Guy Hamilton
Live and Let Die 1973 Roger Moore
The Man with the Golden Gun 1974
The Spy Who Loved Me 1977 Lewis Gilbert
Moonraker 1979
For Your Eyes Only 1981 John Glen
Octopussy 1983
A View to a Kill 1985
The Living Daylights 1987 Timothy Dalton
Licence to Kill 1989
GoldenEye 1995 Pierce Brosnan Martin Campbell
Tomorrow Never Dies 1997 Roger Spottiswoode
The World Is Not Enough 1999 Michael Apted
Die Another Day 2002 Lee Tamahori
Casino Royale 2006 Daniel Craig Martin Campbell
Quantum of Solace 2008 Marc Forster
Skyfall 2012 Sam Mendes
Spectre 2015
No Time to Die 2021 Cary Joji Fukunaga

Non-Eon films

In 1967, Casino Royale was adapted into a parody Bond film starring David Niven as Sir James Bond and Ursula Andress as Vesper Lynd. Niven had been Fleming's preference for the role of Bond. The result of a court case in the High Court in London in 1963 allowed Kevin McClory to produce a remake of Thunderball titled Never Say Never Again in 1983. The film, produced by Jack Schwartzman's Taliafilm production company and starring Sean Connery as Bond, was not part of the Eon series of Bond films. In 1997, the Sony Corporation acquired all or some of McClory's rights in an undisclosed deal, which were then subsequently acquired by MGM, whilst on 4 December 1997, MGM announced that the company had purchased the rights to Never Say Never Again from Taliafilm. As of 2015, Eon holds the full adaptation rights to all of Fleming's Bond novels.

Title Year Actor Director(s)
Casino Royale 1967 David Niven Ken Hughes
John Huston
Joseph McGrath
Robert Parrish
Val Guest
Richard Talmadge
Never Say Never Again 1983 Sean Connery Irvin Kershner

Music

Main article: James Bond music

" cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable."

—David Arnold
Hans Zimmer (composer of the 2021 film No Time to Die) with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra at the Royal Albert Hall in London in 2022 during The Sound of 007 in Concert to mark 60 years of the Bond series.

The "James Bond Theme" was written by Monty Norman and was first orchestrated by the John Barry Orchestra for 1962's Dr. No, although the actual authorship of the music has been a matter of controversy for many years. In 2001, Norman won £30,000 in libel damages from The Sunday Times newspaper, which suggested that Barry was entirely responsible for the composition. The theme, as written by Norman and arranged by Barry, was described by another Bond film composer, David Arnold, as "bebop-swing vibe coupled with that vicious, dark, distorted electric guitar, definitely an instrument of rock 'n' roll ... it represented everything about the character you would want: It was cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable. And he did it in two minutes." Barry composed the scores for eleven Bond films and had an uncredited contribution to Dr. No with his arrangement of the Bond Theme.

A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their title sequences sung by well-known popular singers. Shirley Bassey performed three Bond theme songs, with her 1964 song "Goldfinger" inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2008. Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song, including Paul McCartney's "Live and Let Die", Carly Simon's "Nobody Does It Better", Sheena Easton's "For Your Eyes Only", Adele's "Skyfall", Sam Smith's "Writing's on the Wall", and Billie Eilish's "No Time to Die". Adele won the award at the 85th Academy Awards, Smith won at the 88th Academy Awards, and Eilish won at the 94th Academy Awards. For the non-Eon produced Casino Royale, Burt Bacharach's score included "The Look of Love" (sung by Dusty Springfield), which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song.

Video games

Main article: James Bond in video games

In 1983, the first Bond video game, developed and published by Parker Brothers, was released for the Atari 2600, Atari 5200, Atari 8-bit computers, Commodore 64, and ColecoVision. Since then, there have been numerous video games either based on the films or using original storylines. In 1997, the first-person shooter video game GoldenEye 007 was developed by Rare for the Nintendo 64, based on GoldenEye. The game received highly positive reviews, won the BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Award for UK Developer of the Year in 1998, and sold over eight million copies worldwide, grossing $250 million, making it the third-best-selling Nintendo 64 game. It is frequently cited as one of the greatest video games of all time.

In 1999, Electronic Arts acquired the licence and released Tomorrow Never Dies on 16 December 1999. In October 2000, they released The World Is Not Enough for the Nintendo 64 followed by 007 Racing for the PlayStation on 21 November 2000. In 2003, the company released James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing, which included the likenesses and voices of Pierce Brosnan, Willem Dafoe, Heidi Klum, Judi Dench and John Cleese, amongst others. In November 2005, Electronic Arts released a video game adaptation of 007: From Russia with Love, which involved Sean Connery's image and voice-over for Bond. In 2006, Electronic Arts announced a game based on then-upcoming film Casino Royale: the game was cancelled because it would not be ready by the film's release in November of that year. With MGM losing revenue from lost licensing fees, the franchise was moved from EA to Activision. Activision subsequently released the 007: Quantum of Solace game on 31 October 2008, based on the film of the same name.

A new version of GoldenEye 007 featuring Daniel Craig was released for the Wii and a handheld version for the Nintendo DS in November 2010. A year later a new version was released for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 under the title GoldenEye 007: Reloaded. In October 2012 007 Legends was released, which featured one mission from each of the Bond actors of the Eon Productions' series. In November 2020, IO Interactive announced Project 007, an original James Bond video game, working closely with licensors MGM and Eon Productions.

Role-playing game

From 1983 to 1987, a licensed tabletop role-playing game, James Bond 007: Role-Playing In Her Majesty's Secret Service, was published by Victory Games (a branch of Avalon Hill) and designed by Gerard Christopher Klug. It was the most popular espionage role-playing game for its time. In addition to providing materials for players to create original scenarios, the game also offered players the opportunity to have adventures modelled after many of the Eon Productions film adaptations, albeit with modifications to provide challenges by preventing players from slavishly imitating Bond's actions in the stories.

Guns, vehicles, skills and gadgets

Main articles: List of James Bond vehicles and List of James Bond gadgets

Guns

For the first five novels, Fleming armed Bond with a Beretta 418 until he received a letter from a thirty-one-year-old Bond enthusiast and gun expert, Geoffrey Boothroyd, criticising Fleming's choice of firearm for Bond, calling it "a lady's gun—and not a very nice lady at that!" Boothroyd suggested that Bond should swap his Beretta for a 7.65mm Walther PPK and this exchange of arms made it to Dr. No. Boothroyd also gave Fleming advice on the Berns-Martin triple draw shoulder holster and a number of the weapons used by SMERSH and other villains. In thanks, Fleming gave the MI6 Armourer in his novels the name Major Boothroyd and, in Dr. No, M, the Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service, introduces him to Bond as "the greatest small-arms expert in the world". Bond also used a variety of rifles, including the Savage Model 99 in "For Your Eyes Only" and a Winchester .308 target rifle in "The Living Daylights". Other handguns used by Bond in the Fleming books included the Colt Detective Special and a long-barrelled Colt .45 Army Special.

The first Bond film, Dr. No, saw M ordering Bond to leave his Beretta behind and take up the Walther PPK, which Bond used in eighteen films. In Tomorrow Never Dies and the two subsequent films, Bond's main weapon was the Walther P99 semi-automatic pistol.

Vehicles

An Aston Martin DB5 as seen in Goldfinger

In the early Bond stories Fleming gave Bond a battleship-grey Bentley 4+1⁄2 Litre with an Amherst Villiers supercharger. After Bond's car was written off by Hugo Drax in Moonraker, Fleming gave Bond a Mark II Continental Bentley, which he used in the remaining books of the series. During Goldfinger, Bond was issued an Aston Martin DB Mark III with a homing device, which he used to track Goldfinger across France. Bond returned to his Bentley for the subsequent novels.

The Bond of the films has driven a number of cars, including the Aston Martin V8 Vantage, during the 1980s, the V12 Vanquish and DBS during the 2000s, as well as the Lotus Esprit; the BMW Z3, BMW 750iL and the BMW Z8. He has, however, also needed to drive a number of other vehicles, ranging from a Citroën 2CV to a Routemaster Bus, amongst others.

Bond's most famous car is the silver grey Aston Martin DB5, first seen in Goldfinger; it later featured in Thunderball, GoldenEye, Tomorrow Never Dies, Casino Royale, Skyfall and Spectre. The films have used a number of different Aston Martins for filming and publicity, one of which was sold in January 2006 at an auction in the US for $2.1 million to an unnamed European collector. In 2010, another DB5 used in Goldfinger was sold at auction for $4.6m million (£2.6 million).

Skills

James Bond possesses a diverse set of skills that contribute to his effectiveness as a secret agent:

  • Marksmanship: Bond demonstrates exceptional proficiency with firearms, particularly handguns and rifles, showcasing remarkable accuracy and quick reflexes.
  • Hand-to-hand combat: He is skilled in various forms of unarmed combat, including judo and boxing, allowing him to defeat opponents in close quarters.
  • Espionage techniques: As a top MI6 agent, Bond excels in espionage methods such as infiltration, surveillance, and intelligence gathering.

Gadgets

Small, one man, open-cockpit helicopter on a lawn about the size of a car next to it, with a man sitting in it.
The Little Nellie autogyro with its creator and pilot, Ken Wallis

Fleming's novels and early screen adaptations presented minimal equipment such as the booby-trapped attaché case in From Russia, with Love, although this situation changed dramatically with the films. However, the effects of the two Eon-produced Bond films Dr. No and From Russia with Love had an effect on the novel The Man with the Golden Gun, through the increased number of devices used in Fleming's final story.

For the film adaptations of Bond, the pre-mission briefing by Q Branch became one of the motifs that ran through the series. Dr. No provided no spy-related gadgets, but a Geiger counter was used; industrial designer Andy Davey observed that the first ever onscreen spy-gadget was the attaché case shown in From Russia with Love, which he described as "a classic 007 product". The gadgets assumed a higher profile in the 1964 film Goldfinger. The film's success encouraged further espionage equipment from Q Branch to be supplied to Bond, although the increased use of technology led to an accusation that Bond was over-reliant on equipment, particularly in the later films.

"If it hadn't been for Q Branch, you'd have been dead long ago!"

—Q, to Bond, Licence to Kill

Davey noted that "Bond's gizmos follow the zeitgeist more closely than any other ... nuance in the films" as they moved from the potential representations of the future in the early films, through to the brand-name obsessions of the later films. It is also noticeable that, although Bond uses a number of pieces of equipment from Q Branch, including the Little Nellie autogyro, a jet pack and the exploding attaché case, the villains are also well-equipped with custom-made devices, including Scaramanga's golden gun, Rosa Klebb's poison-tipped shoes, Oddjob's steel-rimmed bowler hat and Blofeld's communication devices in his agents' vanity case.

Cultural impact

See also: List of James Bond parodies and spin-offs
James Bond Island (Khao Phing Kan, Thailand)

Cinematically, Bond has been a major influence within the spy genre since the release of Dr. No in 1962, with 22 secret agent films released in 1966 alone attempting to capitalise on the Bond franchise's popularity and success. The first parody was the 1964 film Carry On Spying, which shows the villain Dr. Crow being overcome by agents who included James Bind (Charles Hawtry) and Daphne Honeybutt (Barbara Windsor). One of the films that reacted against the portrayal of Bond was the Harry Palmer series, whose first film, The Ipcress File, starring Michael Caine, was released in 1965. The eponymous hero is a rough-edged, petty crook turned spy, and was what academic Jeremy Packer called an "anti-Bond", or what Christoph Lindner calls "the thinking man's Bond". The Palmer series were produced by Harry Saltzman, who also used key crew members from the Bond series, including designer Ken Adam, editor Peter R. Hunt and composer John Barry. The four "Matt Helm" films starring Dean Martin (released between 1966 and 1969), the "Flint" series starring James Coburn (comprising two films, one each in 1966 and 1967), while The Man from U.N.C.L.E. also moved onto the cinema screen, with eight films released: all were testaments to Bond's prominence in popular culture. More recently, the Austin Powers series by writer, producer and comedian Mike Myers, and other parodies such as the Johnny English trilogy of films, have also used elements from or parodied the Bond films.

Model of Connery next to an Aston Martin DB5 at the London Film Museum

Following the release of the film Dr. No in 1962, the line "Bond ... James Bond", became a catch phrase that entered the lexicon of Western popular culture: writers Cork and Scivally said of the introduction in Dr. No that the "signature introduction would become the most famous and loved film line ever". In 2001, it was voted as the "best-loved one-liner in cinema" by British cinema goers, and in 2005, it was honoured as the 22nd greatest quotation in cinema history by the American Film Institute as part of their 100 Years Series. A 2024 survey by online investment advisor and digital wealth management company MoneyFarm found that 70 per cent of Brits said they associated the word "bond" with James Bond, rather than the savings product of the same name.

The 2005 American Film Institute's '100 Years' series recognised the character of James Bond himself as the third greatest film hero. He was also placed at number 11 on a similar list by Empire and as the fifth greatest movie character of all time by Premiere. In 1965, Time magazine observed "James Bond has developed into the biggest mass-cult hero of the decade".

Waxwork of Daniel Craig, the most recent 007, at Madame Tussauds, London

The 25 James Bond films produced by Eon are the longest continually running film series of all time, and including the two non Eon produced films, the 27 Bond films have grossed over $7.04 billion in total, making it the sixth-highest-grossing franchise to date. It is estimated that since Dr. No, a quarter of the world's population have seen at least one Bond film. The UK Film Distributors' Association have stated that the importance of the Bond series of films to the British film industry cannot be overstated, as they "form the backbone of the industry".

Television also saw the effect of Bond films, with the NBC series The Man from U.N.C.L.E., which was described as the "first network television imitation" of Bond, largely because Fleming provided advice and ideas on the development of the series, even giving the main character the name Napoleon Solo. Other 1960s television series inspired by Bond include I Spy, and Get Smart.

Considered a British cultural icon, James Bond had become such a symbol of the United Kingdom that the character, played by Craig, appeared in the opening ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics as Queen Elizabeth II's escort. From 1968 to 2003, and since 2016, the Cadbury chocolate box Milk Tray has been advertised by the 'Milk Tray Man', a tough James Bond–style figure who undertakes daunting 'raids' to surreptitiously deliver a box of Milk Tray chocolates to a lady. Bond has been commemorated numerous times on a UK postage stamp issued by the Royal Mail, most recently in their March 2020 series to mark the 25th Bond film release.

Throughout the life of the film series, a number of tie-in products have been released. "Bondmania", a term deriving from the adjacent "Beatlemania" and initiated in 1964 following the enormous success of Goldfinger, described the clamour for Bond films and their related products, from soundtrack LPs to children's toys, board games, alarm clocks playing the Bond theme, and 007-branded shirts. In 2018, a James Bond museum opened atop the Austrian Alps. The futuristic museum is constructed on the summit of Gaislachkogl Mountain in Sölden at 10,000 ft (3,048 m) above sea level.

The real MI6 has an ambiguous relationship with Bond. The films may attract job applicants who may be unsuited for espionage, while dissuading more-qualified candidates. While serving as Chief of SIS, Alex Younger said that were Bond to apply for an MI6 job "he would have to change his ways". Younger said, however, that the franchise had "created a powerful brand for MI6 ... Many of our counterparts envy the sheer global recognition of our acronym", and that being depicted to global audiences as a "ubiquitous intelligence presence" was "quite a force multiplier". The Russian Federal Security Service so envied Bond that it created an annual award for fictional depictions of Russian spies.

Public reception

Main article: James Bond fandom

The James Bond franchise enjoys widespread popularity across the world. In 2014, it was estimated that approximately 20% of the world's population has watched at least one Bond film.

In 2012, the polling organisation YouGov conducted a survey of American Bond fans, categorising responses by age, sex and political affiliation. All groups selected Sean Connery as their favourite Bond actor. A 2018 poll found that 47% of American adults had seen at least one Bond film, with 27% having seen every film.

Queen Elizabeth II met the first six actors to play James Bond on the screen. She met Connery at the world premiere of You Only Live Twice in 1967, and, according to the royal biographer Gyles Brandreth: "She really did love all the early James Bond films", preferring the earlier films, "before they got so loud". Several prominent politicians have also been fans of the franchise, including John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan and Kim Jong Il.

Criticisms

The James Bond character and related media have received a number of criticisms and reactions across the political spectrum, and are still highly debated in popular culture studies. Some observers accuse the Bond novels and films of misogyny and sexism. In September 2021, No Time to Die director Cary Fukunaga described Sean Connery's version of Bond as 'basically a rapist'. The franchise has on occasion also been a target of religious criticism. In 1962, Vatican City's official newspaper L'Osservatore Romano condemned the film Dr. No, referring to it as "a dangerous mixture of violence, vulgarity, sadism and sex". However, in 2012, the newspaper went on to give positive reviews to the film Skyfall.

Geographers have considered the role of exotic locations in the movies in the dynamics of the Cold War, with power struggles among blocs playing out in the peripheral areas. Other critics claim that the Bond films reflect imperial nostalgia.

Censorship and alterations

Bans and censorship by country

Several James Bond novels, films, and video games have been banned, censored, or altered in several countries.

Release year Title Country Notes
Novels
1954 Live and Let Die Republic of Ireland Banned in 1954.
1957 Dr. No Francoist Spain Under Francoist Spain, the final pages of Dr. No were cut entirely, due to sexual references. The censored editions are still sometimes reproduced in Spain today, often unknowingly.
Various All titles Soviet Union All Bond novels were banned during the existence of the Soviet Union. Russian newspaper the Komsomolskaya Pravda condemned the series, describing it as being set in a "nightmarish world where laws are written at the point of a gun, where coercion and rape is considered valour and murder is a funny trick".
Films
Various All titles Soviet Union All Bond films were banned during the existence of the Soviet Union.
1964 Goldfinger Israel In December 1965, shortly after its release in the country, Israel banned the film Goldfinger, after discovering actor Gert Fröbe's past association with the Nazi Party. The ban was lifted two months later, in February 1966, after the Israel Film Censorship Board found evidence that Fröbe had quit the Nazi Party in 1937. Additionally, the film's producers were believed to have made appeals to Israel to lift the ban, and because Israeli public demand to see the popular film was high, the reversal on the ban was made.
2012 Skyfall People's Republic of China In 2007, China gave permission for the 2006 film Casino Royale to play uncensored in the nation. It was the first Bond film to gain a release unaltered in the country, followed by Quantum of Solace.

However, Skyfall was released in an edited version, after cutting a torture scene, altering subtitles, and removing references to prostitution in the film.

2015 Spectre India In 2015, Spectre was released censored in India, after the Central Board of Film Certification ordered kissing scenes in the film be trimmed by 50%.
Video games
1997 GoldenEye 007 Germany In 1997, Germany banned the video game GoldenEye 007, with the German Federal Review Board placing it on their List of Media Harmful to Minors. The ban was lifted in 2021.

2023 changes

In February 2023, Ian Fleming Publications (which administers all Fleming's literary works), edited the Bond series as part of a sensitivity review. The April 2023 re-releases of the series are planned to tie into the 70th anniversary of Casino Royale. The new editions remove a number of references to race, including some slurs, along with some disparagements of women and homosexuality. They include a disclaimer added at the beginning of each book, reading:

This book was written at a time when terms and attitudes which might be considered offensive by modern readers were commonplace. A number of updates have been made in this edition, while keeping as close as possible to the original text and the period in which it is set.

The decision was met with strong criticism by media outlets and public commentators, who condemned the changes as literary censorship. The View host Whoopi Goldberg expressed her opposition, arguing that offensive historical literature should be left unaltered; while National Review contributors Charles C. W. Cooke and Douglas Murray attacked the changes as excessive political correctness. Fleming biographer Andrew Lycett also opposed the changes, writing that "what an author commits to paper is sacrosanct and shouldn't be altered...The only changes to the text should come from the author."

See also

Main article: Outline of James Bond

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