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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see ] -->
In ], as with most countries, there are ] and ] networks. For the most part, television networks were established based on the capital contribution from existing radio networks at that time. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the capital relationship between the media (such as the relationship between newspaper, radio and TV networks).
{{Redirect|Japanese media|popular entertainment media|Japanese popular culture}}
{{Culture of Japan}}


The '''mass media in Japan''' include numerous ] and ] networks as well as ]s and ]s in ]. For the most part, television networks were established based on capital investments by existing radio networks. ], ], and news constitute a large percentage of Japanese ].
Since around 70% of the country's terrain is mountainous, transmitting TV and radio signals proves to be a large challenge. Government regulations for broadcasting are also extremely complicated and strict. Nationwide there are about 89 ] stations and 215 ] stations. The other 855 stations are low power repeaters to reach valleys and secluded areas. With television this is even more so, with 211 stations and 7341 repeaters. Japanese AM is the same as in many Western nations (530 to 1600 kHz), but their FM is from 76 to 90 MHz, resulting not only in a very limited number of possible stations, but any FM radio receivers from outside Japan are all but useless.


Western movies are also shown, many with a ] for English. There are all-English television channels on cable and satellite (with Japanese subtitles).
For the most part, variety shows, serial dramas, and news constitute a large percentage of Japanese evening shows. Western movies are also shown, many with a subchannel for English.


==Television networks==
There are no all-English TV channels except for cable and satellite. In areas near US military bases there is often the ] radio which anyone can tune in to.
{{main|Television in Japan}}
There are 6 nationwide television networks, as follows:
* ] is a ]. The company is financed through "viewer fees," similar to the ] system used in the ] to fund the ]. NHK deliberately maintains neutral reporting as a public broadcast station, even refusing to mention commodity brand names.<ref>, p41</ref> NHK has 2 terrestrial TV channels, unlike the other TV networks (in the Tokyo region—channel 1 (]) and channel 3 (])).
* ] (NNS)/] (NNN) headed by ] (NTV). In the Tokyo region, channel 4. Affiliated with the '']'' newspaper.
* The ] holding company owns the ] (TBS) station (which is broadcast nationally) and the ] (JNN) which supplies news programming to TBS and other affiliates. In the Tokyo region, channel 6. Affiliated with{{how|date=April 2016}} the '']'' newspaper. ], a quasi-key station in Nagoya, is related to the ''Chunichi Shimbun'' newspaper.
* ] (FNS) and the ] (FNN) share the flagship station ]. In the Tokyo region, channel 8. Part of the ], a ]. ], a quasi-key station in Nagoya, is related to the ''Chunichi Shimbun'' newspaper.
* ]/] (ANN) headed by ]. Affiliated with the '']'' newspaper, which owns Nearly 25% of the station. In the Tokyo region, channel 5.
* ] (TXN) headed by ]. Owned by ] In the Tokyo region, channel 7.


In addition, there is the ] (JAITS), which consists of independent stations in the three major metropolitan areas (excluding Ibaraki, Shizuoka, and Osaka), and includes TV stations affiliated with the '']'' newspaper such as ] and ].
== TV networks ==
Threre are 6 nationwide television networks, as follows:
# ] (&#26085;&#26412;&#25918;&#36865;&#21332;&#20250; Nippon H&#333;s&#333; Ky&#333;kai). NHK is a Japanese ]. The company is financed through "viewer fees", similar to the licence fee system used in the ] to fund the ]. Because NHK is a publical broadcast network, the standpoint of NHK is impartial. In reality, NHK deliberately avoids making political comments. NHK has 2 terrestrial TV channnels, unlike the other TV networks (in the Tokyo region - channel 1 ("S&#333;g&#333;" (General)) and channel 3 ("Kyoiku" (Education)).
# ] (&#26085;&#26412;&#12486;&#12524;&#12499;&#25918;&#36865;&#32178;/&#26085;&#12486;&#12524; Nihon-Terebi/Nittere). Conservative. In Tokyo region, channel 4. Affiliated with the ]. In recent years, NTV has been plagued by a ratings bribery scandal, in which its Chairman, Seiichiro Ujiie, was forced to step down, and scandals over staging of news broadcasts.
# ] (&#26481;&#20140;&#25918;&#36865; T&#333;ky&#333; H&#333;s&#333;, Tokyo Broadcasting System). Liberal. However, the famous news program "Chikushi Tetsuya's News 23" is sometimes regarded as a "Left-wing" program. The main anchor of this program, "Chikushi Tetsuya," is the translator of ]'s "]." He is also influenced by the attitude of ], e.g. ]). In Tokyo region, channel 6.
# ] (&#12501;&#12472;&#12486;&#12524;&#12499;&#12472;&#12519;&#12531;). Right-wing or conservative. Affiliated with the ] conglomerate, which includes the ]. In Tokyo region, channel 8.
# ] (&#12486;&#12524;&#12499;&#26397;&#26085;). Left-wing or liberal. Affiliated with the ]. It had a famous TV news program titled "News Station" led by main caster ] for 18 years. It aired last on March 26, 2004. In Tokyo region, channel 10.
# ] (&#12486;&#12524;&#12499;&#26481;&#20140;). Focuses on economic news. Also known for its ] programs. Has ties with the ] newspaper. In Tokyo region, channel 12.

The political views of the networks can be summarized as follows:

{| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|+Summary of the Political Standpoint of TV Networks
|-
! Left
! Liberal
! Middle
! Conservative
! Right
|-
! <BR>
! ]
]
! ]
] (or conservative)
! ]
]
! <BR>
|}

N.B.: Opinion could especially be different on the absolute degree in respect to liberal or conservative. In this sense, this chart serves to show relative (political) position of TV networks. This disclaimer could also apply to the charts for newspapers and magazines mentioned below. Definitions of liberal/conservative have been formed based on US ideologies and may not conform to Liberal/conservative – Left/right boundaries in other countries.

In Japan, cable TV and multi-channnel satellite TV are less popular than in the United States. Therefore, these 6 TV networks share almost the whole of the viewers in Japan (population 120 million, and 45 million households). As a consequence of this oligopoly, it is not unusual when a specific TV program gets 20% of audience appreciation rating. As well, advertisements and other messages are very effective at reaching citizens. In this sense, TV as a medium has a strong power.

Despite this, Japan does have both cable television (in many communities) and satellite television. The latter includes broadcasts by NHK, ], and ].

There are local TV stations (most of them are affiliated or owned companies of the above-mentioned nationwide TV networks), but in light of their small presence, they are not of significant note.

=== See also ===
*]
*]


== Radio networks == == Radio networks ==
{{main|List of radio stations in Japan}}

=== AM radio === === AM radio ===
# NHK Radio 1, NHK Radio 2 # ], ]
# Japan Radio Network --- ]&#65288;TBS&#12521;&#12472;&#12458;) # ] (JRN)—Flagship Station: ] (TBSラジオ)
# National Radio Network --- ]. inc (&#25991;&#21270;&#25918;&#36865;) and ] (&#12491;&#12483;&#12509;&#12531;&#25918;&#36865;) # ] (NRN)—Flagship Stations: ] (文化放送) and ] (ニッポン放送)
# ] is an independent shortwave station broadcasts nationwide with two services.


=== FM radio === === FM radio ===
# ]-FM # ]
# Japan FM Network --- ] Broadcasting Co.,ltd. # ] (JFN)—] Broadcasting Co.,ltd.
# Japan FM League --- ] Inc. # ]—] Inc.
# Mega net --- FM Interwave (Inter-FM) # ]—FM Interwave (])


=== See also === === See also ===
*] * ]


== Magazines == == Social media ==
], ], ], and ], are the leading used media platforms in the Japanese industry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.infocubic.co.jp/en/blog/social-media/social-media-evolution-prediction-japan/|title=Social Media Landscape in Japan {{!}} Info Cubic Japan|date=2018-01-07|work=Info Cubic Japan Blog|access-date=2018-10-22|language=en-US}}</ref> ] is an app used for instant communication on electronic devices. Statistics show that Facebook use in Japan is at 47.75%, X (formerly ]) use is at 19.33%, ] use is at 13.9%, ] use is at 10.69%, Instagram use is at 4.93%, and ] use is at 2.29%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gs.statcounter.com/social-media-stats/all/japan|title=Social Media Stats Japan {{!}} StatCounter Global Stats|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2018-10-22}}</ref> In Japan, as of 2017, nearly 100% of residents are online, smartphone use is reaching 80%, and some form of social media is being used by over half of the population.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kitsune.pro/social-media-in-japan-2018-current-stage-and-upcoming-trends/|title=Social Media in Japan 2018: Current Stage and Upcoming Trends|date=2018-01-30|work=kitsune.pro|access-date=2018-10-22|language=en-US}}</ref>


== Magazines ==
=== Weekly magazines === === Weekly magazines ===
{{main|Shūkanshi}}
# ] (&#12450;&#12456;&#12521;).
# ] (&#12501;&#12521;&#12452;&#12487;&#12540;). Photo magazine. # '']'' (アエラ) – Centre-left
# ''Friday'' (フライデー) – photo magazine
# ] (&#22899;&#24615;&#33258;&#36523;). For women.
# ''Josei Jishin'' (女性自身) – for women
# ] (&#26085;&#32076;&#12499;&#12472;&#12493;&#12473;). Economic magazine.
# ''Nikkei Business'' (日経ビジネス) – economic
# ] (&#36913;&#21002;&#26397;&#26085;).
# Shūkan Asahi (週刊朝日). Liberal.
# ] (&#36913;&#21002;&#12456;&#12467;&#12494;&#12511;&#12473;&#12488;). Economic magazine.
# Shūkan Economist (週刊エコノミスト). Economic
# ] (&#36913;&#21002;&#37329;&#26332;&#26085;). Strong liberal.
# Shūkan Kinyoubi (週刊金曜日). Far-left.
# ] (&#36913;&#21002;&#25991;&#26149;). Conservative.
# ] (週刊文春). Conservative
# ] (&#36913;&#21002;&#12480;&#12452;&#12516;&#12514;&#12531;&#12489;). Economic magazine.
# Shūkan Diamond (週刊ダイヤモンド). Economic
# ] (&#36913;&#21002;&#29694;&#20195;).
# '']'' (週刊現代)　Liberal.
# ] (&#36913;&#21002;&#22899;&#24615;). For women.
# Shūkan Josei (週刊女性). For women
# ] (&#36913;&#21002;&#12509;&#12473;&#12488;).
# Shūkan Post (週刊ポスト). Conservative
# ] (&#36913;&#21002;&#26032;&#28526;). Strong conservative.
# ] (週刊新潮). Conservative
# ] (&#36913;&#21002;&#26481;&#27915;&#32076;&#28168;). Economic magazine.
# Shūkan Toyo Keizai (週刊東洋経済). Economic
# ] (&#12473;&#12497;!).
# Spa! (スパ!). Conservative
# ] (&#12469;&#12531;&#12487;&#12540;&#27598;&#26085;).&#12288;Liberal.
# Sunday Mainichi (サンデー毎日).　Liberal
# ] (&#26481;&#27915;&#32076;&#28168;). Economic magazine. It has long history and reliable.
# ] (&#12520;&#12511;&#12454;&#12522;&#12454;&#12451;&#12540;&#12463;&#12522;&#12540;).


=== Monthly magazines === === Monthly magazines ===
# ] (&#25991;&#34269;&#26149;&#31179;). Conservative, although some say this magazine is middle. # '']'' (文藝春秋). Conservative.
# ] (&#20013;&#22830;&#20844;&#35542;). Middle or Conservative. # ''Chuuou Kouron'' (中央公論). Affiliated with the ]. Conservative.
# ''Seiron'' (正論). Published by the ] Company. Conservative.
# ] (&#29694;&#20195;). Middle.
# ] (&#19990;&#30028;). Strong Liberal. # '']'' (世界). Progressive.

# ] (&#35576;&#21531;!, Gentleman!). Strong Conservative.
===Manga magazines===
# ] (&#28526;). It has a strong connection with ].
{{Main|List of manga magazines}}


== Newspapers == == Newspapers ==
{{main|Japanese newspapers}}
{{see also|List of newspapers in Japan}}


===Major papers===
{| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" border="1"
# ] (読売新聞). Conservative. First ranked in daily circulation at around 7 million per day. The Yomiuri exchanged a special contract with ]. Affiliated with ]. ] Film is a grandchild company.
|+Summary of the Political Standpoint of Newspapers
# ] (朝日新聞). Liberal, ]. Second ranked in daily circulation at around 5 million copies per day. Group companies include ] (de facto), ], ], and ].
|-
# ] (毎日新聞). Centre-left, ]. Fifth ranked in daily circulation—around 2 million per day. Although the capital tie-up with ] / ] has been dissolved, it is still a friendship company that exchanges employees and cooperates with the press. In 2020, the circulation was overtaken by the Chunichi Shimbun alone (] version), which does not include the Tokyo Shimbun. Deep relationship with ] and ].
! Left
# ] (日本経済新聞). Conservative, Economic liberal with more centre-right. Fourth ranked in daily circulation at around 2 million copies per day. Economic paper in the style of ]. Affiliated with ].
! Liberal
# ] (産経新聞). Right-wing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Japanese right wing is muzzling liberal media, presenting threat to democracy, say analysts |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/japanese-right-wing-is-muzzling-liberal-media-presenting-threat-to-democracy-say |website=The Straits Times |access-date=2 May 2024 |date=30 Jan 2016}}</ref> Sankei Shimbun also publishes ] and the tabloid ]. It belongs to the ], a ].
! Middle
! Conservative
! Right
|-
! ]
! ]
! ]
(The editorial writers and leading writers tend to convey a more conservative sense of values.)
! ]
! ]
|}


===Regional papers===
# ] (&#35501;&#22770;&#26032;&#32862;). Conservative. 1st ranked in daily circulation -- around 10 million per day. The Yomiuri Shimbun, being very widely circulated, takes the most popular stance. The Yomiuri exchanged a special contract with British ]. Affiliated with ].
# ] (&#26397;&#26085;&#26032;&#32862;). Left-wing or liberal. 2nd ranked in daily circulation -- around 8 million per day. Known for its preeminent writers as well as the frequency with which its articles are used for university admission examinations. Affiliated with ]. * ]/] (中日新聞/東京新聞). Center-left to left-wing. Largest regional paper. Third ranked in daily circulation at around 2 million copies per day. In the Kanto region, the group publishes ](東京新聞). ] is published in most of the ] and ] regions, and is a leading newspaper based in ].
# ] (&#27598;&#26085;&#26032;&#32862;). Liberal. 3rd ranked in daily circulation -- around 4 million per day. Affiliated with ].
# ] (&#26085;&#26412;&#32076;&#28168;&#26032;&#32862;). Economic paper similar to the ]. 4th ranked in daily circulation -- around 3 million per day. Affiliated with ].
# ] (&#29987;&#32076;&#26032;&#32862;). Right-wing or conservative. 6th ranked in daily circulation -- around 2 million per day. Known as the nationalist's newspaper and upheld formidably by the right. Affiliated with ].


There are also regional newspapers like the ] (&#26481;&#20140;&#26032;&#32862;) in ], ] (&#20013;&#26085;&#26032;&#32862;) in ], ] (&#35199;&#26085;&#26412;&#26032;&#32862;) in ], ](&#21271;&#28023;&#36947;&#26032;&#32862;) in ], ] (&#27827;&#21271;&#26032;&#22577;) in ], and English versions of the 5 major newspapers. ] is the only newspaper exclusively for English speakers. Other nationally known regional papers include ] (西日本新聞) in ], ] (北海道新聞) in ], ] (中国新聞) in ].

As with other countries, surveys tend to show that the number of newspaper subscribers is declining. This trend will probably continue for some time.
===Specialty papers===
Among niche newspapers are publications like the widely circulated ] (The Business and Technology Daily News), or ], the daily organ of the ]. Other niches include papers devoted entirely to predicting the results of horse races. One of the best-known papers in the genre is Keiba Book ({{nihongo2|競馬ブック}}). Shūkan Go ({{nihongo2|週刊碁}}) is a weekly newspaper that covers the results of professional ] tournaments and contains hints on Go strategy.

As in other countries, surveys tend to show that the number of newspaper subscribers is declining, a trend which is expected to continue.

===Claims of media bias===
Claims of media bias in Japanese newspapers and the mainstream media in general are often seen on blogs and ] Internet forums, where the "mass media" (''masu-komi'' (abbreviation of ]) in Japanese) are often referred to as "mass garbage" (''masu-gomi''). S igns with this epithet were carried by demonstrators in Tokyo on 24 October 2010, at what was reportedly the first demonstration in Japan to be organized on ].<ref name=nico2010>{{cite web|author1=nico|title=1st Demonstration called for by Internet against Prosecutors & Mass Media held in Tokyo|url=http://nicoasia.wordpress.com/2010/10/26/1st-%e2%80%9cinternet-demonstration%e2%80%9d-against-prosecutors-mass-media-held-in-tokyo/|website=nicoasia.wordpress.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911213430/http://nicoasia.wordpress.com/2010/10/26/1st-%E2%80%9Cinternet-demonstration%E2%80%9D-against-prosecutors-mass-media-held-in-tokyo/|archive-date=2014-09-11|date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Among the general public, the credibility of the press suffered after the ] crisis, when reporters failed to press government and industry sources for more information, and official reports turned out to be inaccurate or simply wrong.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fackler |first=Martin |editor-last1=Cleveland |editor-first1=Kyle |editor-last2=Knowles |editor-first2=Scott |editor-last3=Shineha |editor-first3=Ryuma |title=Legacies of Fukushima: 3-11 in Context |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |date=May 2021 |pages=112–126 |chapter=Chapter 7: Media Capture: The Japanese Press and Fukushima |url=https://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/16235.html |isbn=9780812252989 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="ejc.net">{{cite web|last1=Kobayashi|first1=Ginko|title=After Tsunami, Japanese Media Swept up in Wave of Distrust|url=http://www.ejc.net/magazine/article/two_years_after_fukushima_Are_japanese_journalists_still_lost_at_sea/|publisher=European Journalism Centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424105301/http://www.ejc.net/magazine/article/two_years_after_fukushima_Are_japanese_journalists_still_lost_at_sea/|archive-date=2013-04-24|date=15 March 2013}}</ref> ], a journalist turned lawyer, details structural problems in his book, 「マスコミはなぜマスゴミと呼ばれるのか？」, ''"Masukomi wa naze masugomi to yobareru no ka?"'', (''"Why is mass media called mass garbage?"''), which argues that a complex network of institutions, such as elite bureaucrats, judiciary, education system, law enforcement, and large corporations, all of whom stand to gain from maintaining the status quo, shapes the mass media and communication in a way that controls Japanese politics and discourages critical thinking.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2012/06/16/editorials/a-champion-of-independent-media/#.UZw6lisS2ao |title=A champion of independent media |access-date=2014-09-12|publisher=Japan Times}}</ref>

==Key stations: television and radio==
{{See also|Radio in Japan}}
In Japan, there are five ] which take the lead in the network of ]. The five stations are ], ], ], ], and ]. Their head offices are in ], and they are called '''zaikyō kī kyoku''' ({{lang|ja|在京キー局}}, Key stations in Tokyo) or '''kī kyoku''' ({{lang|ja|キー局}}, Key stations).

The key stations make ]s and entertainment programs, and wholesale them to local broadcasting stations through the networks. Although local broadcasting stations also manufacture programs, the usage of the key stations is very large, and 55.7% of the TV program total sales in the 2002 fiscal year (April 2002 to March 2003) were sold by the key stations. Furthermore, the networks are strongly connected with newspaper publishing companies, and they influence the media very strongly. For this reason, they are often criticized.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://business.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/tech/20060512/102117/ |title=【第7回】ネット進出より"おいしい"キー局と地方局の関係 (ネット狂騒時代、テレビ局の憂鬱)：NBonline(日経ビジネス オンライン)<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2011-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719012321/http://business.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/tech/20060512/102117/ |archive-date=2011-07-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In addition, there is ] and ] distribution by the subsidiaries of the key stations. The definition of key station has changed a little in recent years.

===Outline===
In Japan, every broadcasting company (except ] and ]) which performs ] broadcasts has an appointed broadcast region. In Article 2 of the Japanese Broadcasting Law (]), the ] defines the fixed zone where the broadcast of the same program for every classification of broadcast is simultaneously receivable. So, the broadcasting company constructs a network with other regions, and with this network establishes the exchange of ] or programs. The broadcasting companies which send out many programs to these networks are called key stations.

Presently the broadcasting stations located in Tokyo send out the programs for the whole country. However, although ] is in the Tokyo region, it is only a ] ] ].

Broadcasting stations in ] and other areas are older than those in Tokyo. However, in order to meet the large costs of making programs key stations were established in Tokyo to sell programs nationwide. Some local stations have a higher profit ratio since they can merely buy programs from the networks.

====Sub-key stations====
Since the broadcasting stations which assign the head offices in ] (especially in ]) have a program supply frame at ] etc. and sent out many programs subsequently to kī kyoku, they are called '''jun kī kyoku''' ({{lang|ja|準キー局}},sub-key stations).

===List of key stations===
{| class="wikitable"
! Media !! Network !! ''Kī kyoku'' (]) !! ''Jun kī kyoku'' (]) !! ''Kikan kyoku'' (]) !! Ref.
|-
!rowspan=5|]
!]<br />(NNN)
|] (NTV)
|] (ytv)
|] (CTV)
|<ref>*一般番組供給は''']'''がある。</ref>
|-
!]<br />(JNN)
|] (TBS)
|] (MBS)
|] (CBC)
|<ref name="gyakuten">*1975年までJNNとANNの準キー局が互いに逆であった(]を参照)。一般番組供給はJNNには'''TBSネットワーク'''、ANNには'''テレビ朝日ネットワーク'''がある。</ref>
|-
!]<br />(FNN)
|] (CX)
|] (KTV)
|] (THK)
|<ref>*一般番組供給は''']'''がある。</ref>
|-
!]<br />(ANN)
|] (EX)
|] (ABC)
|] (Mētere・NBN)
|<ref name="gyakuten"/>
|-
!]<br />(TXN)
|] (TX)
|] (TVO)
|] (TVA)
|<ref>*テレビ大阪およびテレビ愛知は県域局。なお、テレビ大阪が]に番組供給枠を有しているのは1番組(「]」- 2007年6月18日をもって放送終了)のみ。</ref>
|-
!rowspan=2|]
!]<br />(JRN)
|] (TBS R&C)
|Mainichi Broadcasting System (MBS) <br />Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)
|] (CBC)
|<ref name="subete">*キー局が全てを取り仕切る一方通行方式である為、準キー局は厳密には存在しない。</ref>
|-
!]<br />(NRN)
|] (QR) <br />] (LF)
|Mainichi Broadcasting System (MBS) <br />Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) <br />] (Radio Osaka, OBC)
|] (SF)
|<ref name="subete"/>
|-
!rowspan=3|]
!]
|]
|]
|]
|<ref>*各局とも県域局。番組制作会社である](JFNC)はキー局に近い形態で、地方局に多数の番組を供給している。</ref>
|-
!]
|]
|]
|]
|<ref>*各局とも県域局。なおJFLはキー局を置いていない(事実上の幹事局はJ-WAVE)。また、ネットワークとして密なものでなく、情報交換や一部番組交換にとどまる。</ref>
|-
!]
|]
|]
|]
|<ref>*各局とも放送地域は、各広域圏内の外国語放送実施地域。ネットワークとして密なものでなく、情報交換や一部番組交換にとどまる。</ref>
|}


== Advertising agencies == == Advertising agencies ==
# ] (電通). The largest advertising agency in Japan, and the fourth-largest worldwide. Dentsu has an enormous presence in television and other media, and has strong ties to the legislative branch of government.{{Citation needed|reason=Description and documentation of governmental ties are lacking.|date=July 2012}}
These play an important role in the Japanese mass media. There are two big advertisement agencies in Japan.
# ] (博報堂). The second-largest Japanese advertising agency. Advertisement agencies under its umbrella include ] (大広) and ] (読売広告社, Yomiuri Kōkokusha). Also known as ], the film production division.
# ] (サイバーエージェント, Saibā Ējento) The third-largest Japanese advertising agency, that is mainly Internet advertising.
# ] (アサツー ディ・ケイ). The fourth-largest Japanese advertising agency. a subsidiary of ], LP.

== Wire services ==
# ] (時事通信).
# ] (共同通信).
# ] (ラヂオプレス)

==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


== References ==
# ] (&#38651;&#36890;). Largest Japanese advertising agency (4th worldwide). It has an enormous presence, especially in TV media. This company went public in November 2001. This company also has a strong connection to the legislative branch of Japan. Website:
{{Reflist}}
# ] (&#21338;&#22577;&#22530;). 2nd largest Japanese advertising agency.


== Wire service == == Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
# ] (&#26178;&#20107;&#36890;&#20449;).
* {{in lang|en}} Kondo, Motohiro (近藤 大博 ''Kondō Motohiro'') (], Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies (大学院総合社会情報研究科)). "." (総合雑誌の誕生とその発展) (." (総合雑誌の誕生とその発展) () ] (日本国際情報学会).
# ] (&#20849;&#21516;&#36890;&#20449;).
{{refend}}


== External links == == External links ==
* *
* , discussion paper by David McNeill in the , 27 March 2001.
*
* , discussion paper by Barbara Gatzen in the , 17 April 2001.
* to the book ''A Public Betrayed: An Inside Look at Japanese Media Atrocities and Their Warnings to the West'' (ISBN 0895260468)
* by NHK
*, discussion paper by David McNeill in the , 27 March 2001.
*
*, discussion paper by Barbara Gatzen in the , 17 April 2001.


{{Japan topics}}
{{Media of Japan}}
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Latest revision as of 06:50, 21 November 2024

"Japanese media" redirects here. For popular entertainment media, see Japanese popular culture.
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The mass media in Japan include numerous television and radio networks as well as newspapers and magazines in Japan. For the most part, television networks were established based on capital investments by existing radio networks. Variety shows, serial dramas, and news constitute a large percentage of Japanese evening shows.

Western movies are also shown, many with a subchannel for English. There are all-English television channels on cable and satellite (with Japanese subtitles).

Television networks

Main article: Television in Japan

There are 6 nationwide television networks, as follows:

In addition, there is the Japanese Association of Independent Television Stations (JAITS), which consists of independent stations in the three major metropolitan areas (excluding Ibaraki, Shizuoka, and Osaka), and includes TV stations affiliated with the Chunichi Shimbun newspaper such as Tokyo MX and TV Kanagawa.

Radio networks

Main article: List of radio stations in Japan

AM radio

  1. NHK Radio 1, NHK Radio 2
  2. Japan Radio Network (JRN)—Flagship Station: TBS radio (TBSラジオ)
  3. National Radio Network (NRN)—Flagship Stations: Nippon Cultural Broadcasting (文化放送) and Nippon Broadcasting System (ニッポン放送)
  4. Radio Nikkei is an independent shortwave station broadcasts nationwide with two services.

FM radio

  1. NHK-FM
  2. Japan FM Network (JFN)—Tokyo FM Broadcasting Co.,ltd.
  3. Japan FM League—J-Wave Inc.
  4. MegaNet—FM Interwave (InterFM)

See also

Social media

Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Line, are the leading used media platforms in the Japanese industry. Line is an app used for instant communication on electronic devices. Statistics show that Facebook use in Japan is at 47.75%, X (formerly Twitter) use is at 19.33%, YouTube use is at 13.9%, Pinterest use is at 10.69%, Instagram use is at 4.93%, and Tumblr use is at 2.29%. In Japan, as of 2017, nearly 100% of residents are online, smartphone use is reaching 80%, and some form of social media is being used by over half of the population.

Magazines

Weekly magazines

Main article: Shūkanshi
  1. Aera (アエラ) – Centre-left
  2. Friday (フライデー) – photo magazine
  3. Josei Jishin (女性自身) – for women
  4. Nikkei Business (日経ビジネス) – economic
  5. Shūkan Asahi (週刊朝日). Liberal.
  6. Shūkan Economist (週刊エコノミスト). Economic
  7. Shūkan Kinyoubi (週刊金曜日). Far-left.
  8. Shūkan Bunshun (週刊文春). Conservative
  9. Shūkan Diamond (週刊ダイヤモンド). Economic
  10. Shūkan Gendai (週刊現代)　Liberal.
  11. Shūkan Josei (週刊女性). For women
  12. Shūkan Post (週刊ポスト). Conservative
  13. Shūkan Shinchō (週刊新潮). Conservative
  14. Shūkan Toyo Keizai (週刊東洋経済). Economic
  15. Spa! (スパ!). Conservative
  16. Sunday Mainichi (サンデー毎日).　Liberal

Monthly magazines

  1. Bungei Shunjuu (文藝春秋). Conservative.
  2. Chuuou Kouron (中央公論). Affiliated with the Yomiuri Shimbun. Conservative.
  3. Seiron (正論). Published by the Sankei Shimbun Company. Conservative.
  4. Sekai (世界). Progressive.

Manga magazines

Main article: List of manga magazines

Newspapers

Main article: Japanese newspapers See also: List of newspapers in Japan

Major papers

  1. Yomiuri Shimbun (読売新聞). Conservative. First ranked in daily circulation at around 7 million per day. The Yomiuri exchanged a special contract with The Times. Affiliated with Nippon Television. Nikkatsu Film is a grandchild company.
  2. Asahi Shimbun (朝日新聞). Liberal, Third way. Second ranked in daily circulation at around 5 million copies per day. Group companies include Toei (de facto), Asahi Broadcasting Company, TV Asahi, and Asahi Net.
  3. Mainichi Shimbun (毎日新聞). Centre-left, Keynesian. Fifth ranked in daily circulation—around 2 million per day. Although the capital tie-up with Mainichi Broadcasting System / Tokyo Broadcasting System has been dissolved, it is still a friendship company that exchanges employees and cooperates with the press. In 2020, the circulation was overtaken by the Chunichi Shimbun alone (Tōkai version), which does not include the Tokyo Shimbun. Deep relationship with Kodansha and Shochiku Film.
  4. Nikkei Shimbun (日本経済新聞). Conservative, Economic liberal with more centre-right. Fourth ranked in daily circulation at around 2 million copies per day. Economic paper in the style of The Wall Street Journal. Affiliated with TV Tokyo.
  5. Sankei Shimbun (産経新聞). Right-wing. Sankei Shimbun also publishes Sankei Sports and the tabloid Yukan Fuji. It belongs to the Fujisankei Communications Group, a media conglomerate.

Regional papers

Other nationally known regional papers include Nishinippon Shimbun (西日本新聞) in Kyushu, Hokkaido Shimbun (北海道新聞) in Hokkaido, Chugoku Shimbun (中国新聞) in Chugoku.

Specialty papers

Among niche newspapers are publications like the widely circulated Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun (The Business and Technology Daily News), or Shimbun Akahata, the daily organ of the Japanese Communist Party. Other niches include papers devoted entirely to predicting the results of horse races. One of the best-known papers in the genre is Keiba Book (競馬ブック). Shūkan Go (週刊碁) is a weekly newspaper that covers the results of professional Go tournaments and contains hints on Go strategy.

As in other countries, surveys tend to show that the number of newspaper subscribers is declining, a trend which is expected to continue.

Claims of media bias

Claims of media bias in Japanese newspapers and the mainstream media in general are often seen on blogs and right-leaning Internet forums, where the "mass media" (masu-komi (abbreviation of mass communication) in Japanese) are often referred to as "mass garbage" (masu-gomi). S igns with this epithet were carried by demonstrators in Tokyo on 24 October 2010, at what was reportedly the first demonstration in Japan to be organized on Twitter. Among the general public, the credibility of the press suffered after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant crisis, when reporters failed to press government and industry sources for more information, and official reports turned out to be inaccurate or simply wrong. Kazuo Hizumi, a journalist turned lawyer, details structural problems in his book, 「マスコミはなぜマスゴミと呼ばれるのか？」, "Masukomi wa naze masugomi to yobareru no ka?", ("Why is mass media called mass garbage?"), which argues that a complex network of institutions, such as elite bureaucrats, judiciary, education system, law enforcement, and large corporations, all of whom stand to gain from maintaining the status quo, shapes the mass media and communication in a way that controls Japanese politics and discourages critical thinking.

Key stations: television and radio

See also: Radio in Japan

In Japan, there are five broadcasting stations which take the lead in the network of commercial broadcasting. The five stations are Nippon Television, Tokyo Broadcasting System, Fuji Television, TV Asahi, and TV Tokyo. Their head offices are in Tokyo, and they are called zaikyō kī kyoku (在京キー局, Key stations in Tokyo) or kī kyoku (キー局, Key stations).

The key stations make news shows and entertainment programs, and wholesale them to local broadcasting stations through the networks. Although local broadcasting stations also manufacture programs, the usage of the key stations is very large, and 55.7% of the TV program total sales in the 2002 fiscal year (April 2002 to March 2003) were sold by the key stations. Furthermore, the networks are strongly connected with newspaper publishing companies, and they influence the media very strongly. For this reason, they are often criticized.

In addition, there is CS broadcasting and Internet distribution by the subsidiaries of the key stations. The definition of key station has changed a little in recent years.

Outline

In Japan, every broadcasting company (except NHK and Radio Nikkei) which performs terrestrial television broadcasts has an appointed broadcast region. In Article 2 of the Japanese Broadcasting Law (放送法), the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications defines the fixed zone where the broadcast of the same program for every classification of broadcast is simultaneously receivable. So, the broadcasting company constructs a network with other regions, and with this network establishes the exchange of news or programs. The broadcasting companies which send out many programs to these networks are called key stations.

Presently the broadcasting stations located in Tokyo send out the programs for the whole country. However, although Tokyo MX is in the Tokyo region, it is only a Tokyo region UHF independent station.

Broadcasting stations in Nagoya and other areas are older than those in Tokyo. However, in order to meet the large costs of making programs key stations were established in Tokyo to sell programs nationwide. Some local stations have a higher profit ratio since they can merely buy programs from the networks.

Sub-key stations

Since the broadcasting stations which assign the head offices in Kansai region (especially in Osaka) have a program supply frame at prime time etc. and sent out many programs subsequently to kī kyoku, they are called jun kī kyoku (準キー局,sub-key stations).

List of key stations

Media Network Kī kyoku (Kantō) Jun kī kyoku (Kansai) Kikan kyoku (Tōkai) Ref.
Terrestrial television Nippon News Network
(NNN) 		Nippon Television (NTV) Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation (ytv) Chūkyō Television Broadcasting (CTV)
Japan News Network
(JNN) 		Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) Mainichi Broadcasting System (MBS) Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting (CBC)
Fuji News Network
(FNN) 		Fuji Television (CX) Kansai Telecasting Corporation (KTV) Tōkai Television Broadcasting (THK)
All-Nippon News Network
(ANN) 		TV Asahi (EX) Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) Nagoya Broadcasting Network (Mētere・NBN)
TV Tokyo Network
(TXN) 		TV Tokyo (TX) Television Osaka (TVO) Aichi Television Broadcasting (TVA)
AM Radio Japan Radio Network
(JRN) 		TBS Radio & Communications (TBS R&C) Mainichi Broadcasting System (MBS)
Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) 		Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting (CBC)
National Radio Network
(NRN) 		Nippon Cultural Broadcasting (QR)
Nippon Broadcasting System (LF) 		Mainichi Broadcasting System (MBS)
Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)
Osaka Broadcasting Corporation (Radio Osaka, OBC) 		Tokai Radio Broadcasting (SF)
FM Radio JFN Tokyo FM fm osaka FM Aichi
JFL J-WAVE FM802 ZIP-FM
MegaNet InterFM FM Cocolo Radio-i

Advertising agencies

  1. Dentsu (電通). The largest advertising agency in Japan, and the fourth-largest worldwide. Dentsu has an enormous presence in television and other media, and has strong ties to the legislative branch of government.
  2. Hakuhodo (博報堂). The second-largest Japanese advertising agency. Advertisement agencies under its umbrella include Daiko (大広) and Yomiko Advertising (読売広告社, Yomiuri Kōkokusha). Also known as Showgate, the film production division.
  3. CyberAgent (サイバーエージェント, Saibā Ējento) The third-largest Japanese advertising agency, that is mainly Internet advertising.
  4. Asatsu-DK (アサツー ディ・ケイ). The fourth-largest Japanese advertising agency. a subsidiary of Bain Capital, LP.

Wire services

  1. Jiji Press (時事通信).
  2. Kyodo News (共同通信).
  3. Radio Press (ラヂオプレス)

See also

References

  1. NHK 新放送ガイドライン, p41
  2. "Social Media Landscape in Japan | Info Cubic Japan". Info Cubic Japan Blog. 7 January 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  3. "Social Media Stats Japan | StatCounter Global Stats". StatCounter Global Stats. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  4. "Social Media in Japan 2018: Current Stage and Upcoming Trends". kitsune.pro. 30 January 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  5. "Japanese right wing is muzzling liberal media, presenting threat to democracy, say analysts". The Straits Times. 30 January 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  6. nico (26 October 2010). "1st Demonstration called for by Internet against Prosecutors & Mass Media held in Tokyo". nicoasia.wordpress.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014.
  7. Fackler, Martin (May 2021). "Chapter 7: Media Capture: The Japanese Press and Fukushima". In Cleveland, Kyle; Knowles, Scott & Shineha, Ryuma (eds.). Legacies of Fukushima: 3-11 in Context. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 112–126. ISBN 9780812252989.
  8. Kobayashi, Ginko (15 March 2013). "After Tsunami, Japanese Media Swept up in Wave of Distrust". European Journalism Centre. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013.
  9. "A champion of independent media". Japan Times. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  10. "【第7回】ネット進出より"おいしい"キー局と地方局の関係 (ネット狂騒時代、テレビ局の憂鬱)：NBonline(日経ビジネス オンライン)". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  11. *一般番組供給はNNSがある。
  12. ^ *1975年までJNNとANNの準キー局が互いに逆であった(ネットチェンジを参照)。一般番組供給はJNNにはTBSネットワーク、ANNにはテレビ朝日ネットワークがある。
  13. *一般番組供給はFNSがある。
  14. *テレビ大阪およびテレビ愛知は県域局。なお、テレビ大阪がプライムタイムに番組供給枠を有しているのは1番組(「発進!時空タイムス」- 2007年6月18日をもって放送終了)のみ。
  15. ^ *キー局が全てを取り仕切る一方通行方式である為、準キー局は厳密には存在しない。
  16. *各局とも県域局。番組制作会社であるジャパンエフエムネットワーク(JFNC)はキー局に近い形態で、地方局に多数の番組を供給している。
  17. *各局とも県域局。なおJFLはキー局を置いていない(事実上の幹事局はJ-WAVE)。また、ネットワークとして密なものでなく、情報交換や一部番組交換にとどまる。
  18. *各局とも放送地域は、各広域圏内の外国語放送実施地域。ネットワークとして密なものでなく、情報交換や一部番組交換にとどまる。

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