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{{Short description|Defence of being elsewhere when a crime happened}}
{{otheruses}}
{{other uses}}

{{Criminal defenses}} {{Criminal defenses}}
An '''alibi''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|ə|b|aɪ|}}, from the ], '']'', meaning "somewhere else") is a statement by a person under suspicion in a crime that they were in a different place when the offence was committed. During a police investigation, all suspects are usually asked to provide details of their whereabouts during the relevant time period, which, where possible, would usually be confirmed by other persons or in other ways (such as by checking phone records, or credit card receipts, use of ], etc.).


⚫ During a criminal trial, an alibi is a ] raised by the accused as proof that they could not have committed the crime because they were in some other place at the time the alleged offence was committed. The ''Criminal Law Deskbook'' of Criminal Procedure<ref>1988; {{ISBN|0-8205-1217-6}}</ref> states: "Alibi is different from all of the other defences; it is based upon the premise that the defendant is truly innocent."
An '''alibi'' is a type of defence found in ] by demonstrating that the defendant was not in the place where an alleged offence was committed. There may be legal ramifications for not disclosing a true alibi defence, as well as penalties for providing a false alibi.


==Alibi Defence== ==Duty to disclose==
In some ] there may be a requirement that the accused disclose an alibi defence prior to the trial. This is to enable the investigators to verify whether or not such a claim is true. This is an exception to the rule that a criminal defendant cannot normally be compelled to furnish information to the prosecution. Since the alibi involves evidence of innocence rather than guilt, the privilege against self-incrimination is not implicated.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
⚫ An alibi is a judicial mode of defense under which a defendant proves or attempts to prove that the person was in another place when the alleged act was committed; as, to set up an alibi; to prove an alibi. The ''Criminal Law Deskbook'' of Criminal Procedure <ref>1988; ISBN 0-8205-1217-6</ref> states: "Alibi is different from all of the other defenses...it is based upon the premise that the defendant is truly innocent." In the ] language "alibi" means "somewhere else".


⚫ In Canada, the defence must disclose an alibi defence with sufficient time for the authorities to investigate the alibi, and with sufficient particularization to allow for a meaningful investigation. Failure to comply with the two requirements will result in the court making an ] against the alibi defence (but will not result in the exclusion of the alibi defence).<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130115132507/http://www.canlii.ca/en/ca/scc/doc/1995/1995canlii63/1995canlii63.html |date=2013-01-15 }}, S.C.R. 175 at para. 3</ref>
===Duty to Disclose===
In some ] there may be a requirement that the defence disclose an alibi defence prior to a trial.


Conversely, some judges in other jurisdictions have held the opinion that the mandatory early disclosure of alibis is unfair, possibly even unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0399_0078_ZX.html |title=''Williams v. Florida'', USSC, Dissenting opinion |access-date=2017-06-27 |archive-date=2013-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804201221/http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0399_0078_ZX.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
⚫ In ], the defence must disclose an alibi defence with sufficient time for the authorities to investigate the alibi, and with sufficient particularization to allow for a meaningful investigation. Failure to comply with the two requirements will result in the court making an ] against the alibi defence (but will not result in the exclusion of the alibi defence).<ref>, S.C.R. 175 at para. 3</ref>


==False alibi== ==False alibi==
The giving of a false alibi, beside resulting in possible subsequent ]s (], ], etc.), may, in some jurisdictions, result in negative ramifications for the trial itself. The giving of a false alibi, beside resulting in possible subsequent ]s (], ], etc.), may, in some jurisdictions, result in negative ramifications for the trial itself, as it may be considered evidence of ].


In Canada, the giving of a false alibi may be used by the court as actual evidence of guilt, provided certain requirements are met.<ref>, 2 S.C.R. 445</ref><ref>, (2002) 170 C.C.C. (3d) 365 (Ont. C.A.)</ref> In Canada, the giving of a false alibi may be used by the court as actual evidence of guilt, provided certain requirements are met.<ref>, 2 S.C.R. 445</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120724002601/http://www.canlii.ca/en/on/onca/doc/2002/2002canlii3540/2002canlii3540.html |date=2012-07-24 }}, (2002) 170 C.C.C. (3d) 365 (Ont. C.A.)</ref>
Specifically: Specifically:
*The alibi must not be believed; *The alibi must not be believed;
*There is evidence of an intention to ] the alibi that is independent from the evidence used to show the alibi is false; and *There is evidence of an intention to ] the alibi that is independent from the evidence used to show the alibi is false; and
*The court must reject all innocent explanations offered that would explain why a false alibi was fabricated. *The court must reject all innocent explanations offered that would explain why a false alibi was fabricated.


==Alibi Agency== ==Alibi agency==
An '''alibi agency''', also called an '''alibi network''',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schumacher |first1=Elizabeth |title=Lies for sale: Alibi agency helps Germans out of sticky situations {{!}} DW {{!}} 17.11.2016 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/lies-for-sale-alibi-agency-helps-germans-out-of-sticky-situations/a-36428779 |access-date=20 June 2021 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=17 November 2016 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201906/https://www.dw.com/en/lies-for-sale-alibi-agency-helps-germans-out-of-sticky-situations/a-36428779 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alibinetwork.com/index.jsp |title=Alibi services for married and looking for discreet relationships and discreet affairs |access-date=2011-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110422131937/http://alibinetwork.com/index.jsp |archive-date=2011-04-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> forges explanations for unexcused absences, e.g. due to an ] or adultery. In other words, alibi agencies are paid to ] for their customers.<ref>]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130104439/http://www.boingboing.net/2006/11/12/pro_excusemakers_hel.html |date=2010-01-30 }}. '']'' via ] 12 November 2006. Accessed: 2011-04-18. (Archived by WebCite at)</ref> Originating in 1990s Japan, such services appeared in Europe in 2004,<ref>Bonnie Malkin: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704202417/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1562937/Agency-offers-cheaters-12-alibi.html |date=2019-07-04 }}, '']'', 12 September 2007</ref><ref>John Hooper: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709070823/http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/infidelity-finds-a-faithful-friend-in-alibi-agency/2007/03/13/1173722468004.html |date=2010-07-09 }}, '']'', 14 March 2007</ref> where they were condemned as immoral by the ] in Germany.<ref>Helen Nugent, Allan Hall: , '']'', 30 August 2004</ref> They are the subject of the 2006 movie '']''.
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2009}}

An '''alibi agency''' provides fictional explanations for unexcused absences, eg. due to an ]. Originating in 1990s ], such services appeared in ] in ca. 2004, where they were condemned as immoral by the ] in ]. They are the subject of the 2006 movie '']''.


== References == == References ==
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Latest revision as of 00:39, 20 October 2024

Defence of being elsewhere when a crime happened For other uses, see Alibi (disambiguation).
Criminal defenses
Part of the common law series
See also
Criminal law and procedure
Other common law areas
Portals

An alibi (/ˈæləbaɪ/, from the Latin, alibī, meaning "somewhere else") is a statement by a person under suspicion in a crime that they were in a different place when the offence was committed. During a police investigation, all suspects are usually asked to provide details of their whereabouts during the relevant time period, which, where possible, would usually be confirmed by other persons or in other ways (such as by checking phone records, or credit card receipts, use of CCTV, etc.).

During a criminal trial, an alibi is a defence raised by the accused as proof that they could not have committed the crime because they were in some other place at the time the alleged offence was committed. The Criminal Law Deskbook of Criminal Procedure states: "Alibi is different from all of the other defences; it is based upon the premise that the defendant is truly innocent."

Duty to disclose

In some legal jurisdictions there may be a requirement that the accused disclose an alibi defence prior to the trial. This is to enable the investigators to verify whether or not such a claim is true. This is an exception to the rule that a criminal defendant cannot normally be compelled to furnish information to the prosecution. Since the alibi involves evidence of innocence rather than guilt, the privilege against self-incrimination is not implicated.

In Canada, the defence must disclose an alibi defence with sufficient time for the authorities to investigate the alibi, and with sufficient particularization to allow for a meaningful investigation. Failure to comply with the two requirements will result in the court making an adverse inference against the alibi defence (but will not result in the exclusion of the alibi defence).

Conversely, some judges in other jurisdictions have held the opinion that the mandatory early disclosure of alibis is unfair, possibly even unconstitutional.

False alibi

The giving of a false alibi, beside resulting in possible subsequent criminal offences (obstruction of justice, perjury, etc.), may, in some jurisdictions, result in negative ramifications for the trial itself, as it may be considered evidence of consciousness of guilt.

In Canada, the giving of a false alibi may be used by the court as actual evidence of guilt, provided certain requirements are met. Specifically:

  • The alibi must not be believed;
  • There is evidence of an intention to fabricate the alibi that is independent from the evidence used to show the alibi is false; and
  • The court must reject all innocent explanations offered that would explain why a false alibi was fabricated.

Alibi agency

An alibi agency, also called an alibi network, forges explanations for unexcused absences, e.g. due to an extramarital affair or adultery. In other words, alibi agencies are paid to lie for their customers. Originating in 1990s Japan, such services appeared in Europe in 2004, where they were condemned as immoral by the Catholic Church in Germany. They are the subject of the 2006 movie The Alibi.

References

  1. 1988; ISBN 0-8205-1217-6
  2. R. v. Cleghorn Archived 2013-01-15 at archive.today, S.C.R. 175 at para. 3
  3. "Williams v. Florida, USSC, Dissenting opinion". Archived from the original on 2013-08-04. Retrieved 2017-06-27.
  4. R. v. Hibbert, 2 S.C.R. 445
  5. R. v. O'Connor Archived 2012-07-24 at archive.today, (2002) 170 C.C.C. (3d) 365 (Ont. C.A.)
  6. Schumacher, Elizabeth (17 November 2016). "Lies for sale: Alibi agency helps Germans out of sticky situations | DW | 17.11.2016". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  7. "Alibi services for married and looking for discreet relationships and discreet affairs". Archived from the original on 2011-04-22. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  8. Doctorow, Cory. "Pro. Excuse Makers Help You Live A Lie" Archived 2010-01-30 at the Wayback Machine. Boing Boing via kottke.org 12 November 2006. Accessed: 2011-04-18. (Archived by WebCite at)
  9. Bonnie Malkin: "Agency offers cheaters £12 alibi" Archived 2019-07-04 at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Telegraph, 12 September 2007
  10. John Hooper: "Infidelity finds a faithful friend in alibi agency" Archived 2010-07-09 at the Wayback Machine, The Age, 14 March 2007
  11. Helen Nugent, Allan Hall: "Now sex cheats can buy an alibi for £800 a day", The Times, 30 August 2004
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