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{{short description|Persian-speaking ethnic group mainly in Afghanistan}} | |||
{{Infobox Ethnic group | |||
{{About-distinguish-text|the ethnic group of Afghanistan|the Hindko-speaking ] people of the ] region in Pakistan, or with the historic ]}} | |||
|caption = A Hazara old man in ] | |||
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=March 2024}} | |||
|group = Hazāra<br><big>هزاره</big> | |||
{{pp|small=yes}} | |||
|image = ] | |||
{{Infobox ethnic group | |||
|pop = ] 6.5 to 8.10 million | |||
| group = Hazara<br />{{lang|fa|{{Nastaliq|هزاره}}}} | |||
|region1 = {{flagcountry|Afghanistan}} | |||
| native_name = Azra<br />{{lang|haz|{{Nastaliq|آزره}}}} | |||
|pop1 = 6,994,000 | |||
| image = Hazara schoolgirls in Bamyan, Afghanistan.jpg | |||
|ref1 = {{lower|<ref name="CIA-af">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html |title= Afghanistan|dateformat= mdy|accessdate= December 26 2007|date= December 13, 2007|work= ]|publisher= ]}}</ref>}} | |||
| caption = Hazara school girls in Bamyan | |||
|region2 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} | |||
| population = | |||
|pop2 = 1,634,000 <br>''(not including post 1979 war refugees)'' | |||
| region1 = {{flag|Afghanistan}} | |||
|ref2 = {{lower|<ref name=Ethnologue>Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. ], Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: ]. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/.</ref>}} | |||
| pop1 = 6,000,000 | |||
|region3 = {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} | |||
| ref1 = <ref>{{Cite news|title=سرور دانش درصد جمعیت شیعه و هزاره را در گزارش دولت آمریکا نادرست خواند|language=fa|work=BBC News فارسی|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-53047853|access-date=2023-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Garrison |first=V. David |title=Global Peoples Profiles:: Hazara of Afghanistan and Deccanis of India |url=https://www.missionfrontiers.org/issue/article/global-peoples-profiles |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.missionfrontiers.org |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
|pop3 = 545,000 | |||
| region2 = {{flag|Pakistan}} | |||
|ref3 = {{lower|<ref name=Ethnologue/><ref name="UNHCR">, ''] Statistical Summary Report'' (retrieved December 27, 2007)</ref>}} | |||
| pop2 = 900,000 | |||
|region4 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | |||
| ref2 = <ref>{{cite news|title=Hazaras of Pakistan|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=21 February 2013 |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pakistan-hazaras-sectarian-crossfire/24908361.html|access-date=22 Dec 2022 |last1=Siddique |first1=Abubakar }}</ref><ref name="UNHCR">, ''] Statistical Summary Report'' (retrieved August 14, 2016)</ref><ref name="whoarethehaz">{{cite news|last1=Yusuf|first1=Imran|title=Who are the Hazara?|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/267225/who-are-the-hazara/|access-date=1 September 2016|newspaper=Tribune|date=5 October 2011}}</ref> | |||
|pop4 = 36,376 | |||
| |
| region3 = {{flag|Iran}} | ||
| |
| pop3 = 500,000 | ||
| ref3 = <ref name="W.I.Smyth">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/irans-afghan-shiite-fighters-in-syria|title=Iran's Afghan Shiite Fighters in Syria|first=Phillip|last=Smyth|date=3 June 2014|publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> | |||
|region6 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | |||
| region4 = {{flag|Europe}} | |||
|pop6 = 19,200 | |||
| pop4 = 130,000 | |||
|region7 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} | |||
| ref4 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-29/young-hazara-refugees-make-dangerous-journey-to-europe/7206420|title=Austria holds refugee talks as young Hazaras flee persecution to make 'dangerous' journey to Europe – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)|date=2016-02-29|website=mobile.abc.net.au|access-date=2017-08-19}}</ref> | |||
|pop7 = 25,380 | |||
| |
| region6 = {{flag|Turkey}} | ||
| |
| pop6 = 26,000 | ||
| ref6 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hazara.net/2014/06/afghan-hazara-refugees-seek-justice-in-turkey/|title=Afghan Hazara Refugees Seek Justice in Turkey|date=3 June 2014}}</ref> | |||
|region8 = {{flagcountry|India}} (In ]) | |||
| |
| region5 = {{flag|Australia}} | ||
| pop5 = 41,766 | |||
|ref4 = {{lower|<ref>The population of people with descent from Afghanistan in Canada is 48,090. Hazaras make up an estimated 15-20% of the population of Afghanistan. The Hazara population in Canada is estimated form these two figures. </ref>}} | |||
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021|title=Cultural Diversity|date=2021-08-10|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> | |||
|languages = ] (] and ] dialects)<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/Hazaragi</ref> | |||
| region7 = {{flag|Indonesia}} | |||
|religions = ] (] and ]), with a ] minority | |||
| pop7 = 3,800 | |||
|related-c= Neighboring ]; also ] and ] | |||
| ref7 = <ref>{{citation |title=Afghan Hazaras' new life in Indonesia: Asylum-seeker community in West Java is large enough to easily man an eight-team Afghan football league |date=21 March 2014 |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=5 August 2016 |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/03/afghan-hazaras-new-life-indonesia-201436121639956520.html}}</ref> | |||
| region8 = {{flag|Canada}} | |||
| pop8 = 3,580 | |||
| ref8 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035501&geocode=A000011124 | title=Census Profile, 2021 Census – Ethnic or Cultural Background – Canada – provinces & territories | date=14 July 2024}}</ref> | |||
| languages = {{hlist|''']'''<br />(], ])}} | |||
| religions = {{hlist|''']'''<br />(], ])}}<ref name="culturalorientation" /><ref name=":2" /> | |||
| related = {{hlist|], ], ], ], ]}}<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 23345249|title = Ethnic Brother or Artificial Namesake? The Construction of Tajik Identity in Afghanistan and Tajikistan|last1 = Brasher|first1 = Ryan|journal = Berkeley Journal of Sociology|year = 2011|volume = 55|pages = 97–120}}</ref><ref>B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in: Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bolaq.org/2020/09/sunni-hazaras-of-afghanistan/|title=Sunni Hazaras of Afghanistan|date=September 17, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=دلجو |first=عباس |title=تاریخ باستانی هزارهها |date=2018 |publisher=موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل |isbn=978-9936-624-00-9 |location=کابل، افغانستان |pages=37, 167, 257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Babur |first=(Emperor of Hindustan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ztbAAAAQAAJ&q=turkoman+hazaras&pg=PA173 |title=Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan |date=1826 |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |pmid=20823912 |pmc=3025785 |issn=1476-5438|quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Pengyu |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Zou |first5=Xing |last6=Mo |first6=Xiaodan |last7=He |first7=Guanglin |date=2019-08-18 |title=Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |journal=Annals of Human Biology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |issn=0301-4460 |pmid=31559868 |s2cid=203569169 |quote=Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.}}</ref><ref name="Temirkhanov"/><ref name="Bacon"/><ref name="bigenc">. bigenc.ru. In Russian: ''"Упоминаются с 16 в. До 19 в. говорили на монг. языке."''</ref> | |||
| footnotes = | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{History of Afghanistan}} | |||
<p align=justify> | |||
The '''Hazāra''' ({{lang-fa|هزاره}}) are a ] ethnic group who live mainly in the central region of ]. They are overwhelmingly ] ]s, with a ] minority, and comprise the third largest ] of the country with about 10%<ref name="Iranica2">L. Dupree, ''"Af<u>gh</u>ānistān: (iv.) ethnocgraphy"'', in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 2006, ().</ref><ref name="CIA">.</ref><ref name="survey">''"A survey of the Afghan people - Afghanistan in 2006"'', ''The Asia Foundation'', technical assistance by the ''Centre for the Study of Developing Societies'' (CSDS; India) and ''Afghan Center for Socio-economic and Opinion Research'' (ACSOR), Kabul, 2006, .</ref> of its population. Hazaras are also found in large numbers in neighboring ], especially in the city of ], and also in ], mainly as refugees. | |||
The '''Hazaras''' ({{langx|fa|هزاره|Hazāra}}; {{langx|haz|آزره|Āzrə}}) are an ] and a principal component of ]’s population. They are one of the largest ], primarily residing in the ] (Hazarajat) region in central Afghanistan. Hazaras also form significant minority communities in ], mainly in ], and in ], primarily in ]. They speak the ] and ] dialects of ]. Dari, also known as ], is one of the two ]. | |||
==Etymology== | |||
The name Hazara comes from the Persian word ''hazār'', which means "thousand". Originally, the term was used to refer to a ] military unit of 1,000 but was later applied to a distinct group of people.<ref name=Iranica1>{{cite encyclopedia |editor= ]|encyclopedia= ]|title= HAZĀRA|url= http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v12f1/v12f1080.html|accessdate=2007-12-23 |edition= Online Edition|publisher= ]|location= United States}}</ref> | |||
The Hazaras are one of the most persecuted groups in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Emadi |first1=Hafizullah |title=The Hazaras and their role in the process of political transformation in Afghanistan |journal=Central Asian Survey |date=September 1997 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=363–387 |doi=10.1080/02634939708400997 |quote=Hazaras are one of the oppressed and dispossessed national minority communities of the country.| issn = 0263-4937}}</ref> More than half of the Hazara population was ] by the ] ],<ref name="Iranica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-2|title=HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|date=15 December 2003 |author=Alessandro Monsutti |access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref> and they have faced ] at various times over the past decades.<ref>{{cite book |author=Mousavi |first=S. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXl0DwAAQBAJ&q=Tulai+Hazaras&pg=PT59 |title=The Hazaras of Afghanistan |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-80016-0}}</ref> Widespread ethnic discrimination,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hazaras in Afghanistan |url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/hazaras/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-14 |title=Hazaras and Shias: Violence, Discrimination, and Exclusion Under the Taliban |url=https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2024/05/hazaras-and-shias-violence-discrimination-and-exclusion-under-taliban/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.jurist.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Plight of Hazaras Under the Taliban Government |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/01/the-plight-of-hazaras-under-the-taliban-government/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ]<ref>{{Cite web |last=KabulNow |date=2024-10-27 |title=Taliban Intensifies Campaign Against "Banned" Books in Central Afghanistan |url=https://kabulnow.com/2024/10/taliban-intensifies-campaign-against-banned-books-in-central-afghanistan/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=KabulNow |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/Hazaras(AfghanistanAndPakistan) |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2014-09-01/debates/14090127000001/Hazaras(AfghanistanAndPakistan)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-06 |title=Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/09/06/afghanistan-isis-group-targets-religious-minorities |access-date=2024-06-20 |language=en}}</ref> organized attacks by terrorist groups,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deliberate Attacks On Civilians And Hazaras Are War Crimes, Says HRW |url=https://www.afintl.com/en/202405049862 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Afghanistan International |date=4 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-06 |title=Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/09/06/afghanistan-isis-group-targets-religious-minorities |access-date=2024-06-20 |language=en}}</ref> harassment, and arbitrary arrest for various reasons have affected Hazaras.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taj |first=Zareen |date=2024-04-10 |title=Taliban Gender Apartheid: Genocide of Hazara Women |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/taliban-gender-apartheid-genocide-of-hazara-women |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=genocidewatch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Zan |date=2024-01-22 |title='I was arrested for the crime of being a Hazara and a woman': The Taliban's 'bad hijab' campaign targets Hazara women |url=https://zantimes.com/2024/01/22/i-was-arrested-for-the-crime-of-being-a-hazara-and-a-woman-the-talibans-bad-hijab-campaign-targets-hazara-women/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Zan Times |language=en-US}}</ref> There have been numerous cases of torture of Hazara women,<ref>{{Cite web |title=/8am.media/eng/one-experience-two-perspectives-inside-the-lives-of-women-in-talibans-detention-centers-in-kabul/ |url=https://8am.media/eng/one-experience-two-perspectives-inside-the-lives-of-women-in-talibans-detention-centers-in-kabul/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manish |first=Abdul Wahed |date=2023-09-18 |title=The Taliban Abducted a Hazara Girl from Islamic Darul Uloom for Forced Marriage. |url=https://www.voc-news.com/en/2023/09/19/the-taliban-abducted-a-hazara-girl-from-islamic-darul-uloom-for-forced-marriage/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Voice of Citizen News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-16 |title=Strange Exiles; Taliban Tortured Hazara Girls under the Name of Unbelievers and Rejectionists {{!}} Jade Abresham |url=https://jade-abresham.com/english/?p=6553 |access-date=2024-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> land and home seizures,<ref>{{Cite web |last=rmasumi1 |date=2023-10-13 |title=Taliban Confiscate Hazara Land |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/statement-on-forcible-displacement-and-land-confiscation-of-hazaras-by-taliban |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=genocidewatch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-22 |title=Afghanistan: Taliban Forcibly Evict Minority Shia {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/22/afghanistan-taliban-forcibly-evict-minority-shia |access-date=2024-06-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Watch |first=Genocide |date=2024-07-19 |title=Intensifying persecution of Hazaras in Afghanistan |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/intensifying-persecution-of-hazaras-in-afghanistan |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=genocidewatch |language=en}}</ref> deliberate economic restrictions, economic marginalization of the Hazara region<ref>{{Cite web |title=#6: Life under the Taliban |url=https://www.vidc.org/en/detail/6-life-under-the-taliban |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.vidc.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Iltaf |first=Maisam |date=2024-01-23 |title=Taliban's Disruption of Aid Programs Push Hazaras To the Brink |url=https://kabulnow.com/2023/09/talibans-disruption-of-aid-programs-push-hazaras-to-the-brink/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=KabulNow |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Unfair Distribution of Humanitarian Aid in Afghanistan |url=https://bamyanfoundation.org/unfair-distribution-of-humanitarian-aid |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Bamyan Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> and appropriation of Hazara agricultural fields and pastures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qazi |first=Shereena |title=Why are Hazaras being evicted from their homes in Afghanistan's Daikundi? |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/why-are-hazaras-being-evicted-from-their-homes-in-afghanistan-s-daikundi-50324 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Why are Hazaras being evicted from their homes in Afghanistan's Daikundi? |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=8am.media/eng/the-massacre-of-hazaras-in-oruzgan-ethnic-prejudice-and-land-grab-politics/ |url=https://8am.media/eng/the-massacre-of-hazaras-in-oruzgan-ethnic-prejudice-and-land-grab-politics/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-23 |title=Law of the Gun |url=https://kabulnow.com/2024/01/law-of-the-gun/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=KabulNow |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=www.landinfo.no.The conflict between Hazaras and Kuchis over the pasture and land |url=https://www.landinfo.no/asset/2057/1/2057_1.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=/kuchi-land-grabbers-speed-up-construction-works-on-hazara-settlements-in-ghaznis-jaghatu-district/ |url=https://8am.media/eng/kuchi-land-grabbers-speed-up-construction-works-on-hazara-settlements-in-ghaznis-jaghatu-district/}}</ref> These and many other human rights violations have led to the displacement and forced migration of many Hazaras from Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opinion: The gradual genocide of Hazara in Afghanistan |url=https://www.massey.ac.nz/about/news/opinion-the-gradual-genocide-of-hazara-in-afghanistan/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.massey.ac.nz |language=en-NZ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Between a rock and a hard place: The Hazaras in Afghanistan |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place-the-hazaras-in-afghanistan |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=orfonline.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Who are the Hazaras and what are they escaping By Reuters". |website=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN11S0Z4/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Baloch |first=Shah Meer |date=2021-08-29 |title=Hazara Shias flee Afghanistan fearing Taliban persecution |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/29/hazara-shias-flee-afghanistan-fearing-taliban-persecution |access-date=2024-06-20 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> | |||
==Origin theories== | |||
The origins of the Hazaras are not fully reconstructible and thus debatable.<ref name=Iranica2/> | |||
== Etymology == | |||
At least partial Mongol descent is difficult to rule out, because the Hazaras' physical attributes and parts of their culture and language resemble those of Mongolians. Thus, it is widely accepted that Hazaras do have Mongolian ancestry, if not direct male-line descent from ], as some Hazaras allege.<ref> Genetics: Analysis Of Genes And Genomes By Daniel L. Hartl, Elizabeth W. Jones, pg. 308</ref> Some Hazara tribes are named after famous Mongol generals, including the Tulai Khan Hazara named after ], the youngest son of Genghis Khan. Theories of Mongol or partially Mongol descent, are plausible, given that the ] Mongol rulers, beginning with ], embraced ]. Today, almost all Hazaras adhere to Shiism, whereas Afghanistan's other ethnic groups are mostly ]. | |||
The etymology of the word "Hazara" is disputed, with differing opinions on its origin. | |||
*Historian ] considers the word "Hazara" ({{transliteration|fa|Hazāra}} {{lang|fa|هزاره}}) is very old, derived from "Hazala" ({{transliteration|fa|həzālə}} {{lang|fa|هزاله}}), which evolved into "Hazara" over time and originally meant "good-hearted."<ref>یزدانی، حسینعلی. پژوهشی در تاریخ هزارهها. چاپخانه مهتاب. ص 96</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=هزاله – لغتنامهٔ دهخدا |trans-title=Dehkhoda Dictionary |url=https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87/<!--|url-status=live--> |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=abadis.ir}}</ref> | |||
Another theory proposes that Hazaras are descendants of the ]<ref></ref>, the ancient dwellers of Afghanistan famous for constructing the ]. Its proponents find the location of the Hazara homeland, and the similarity in facial features of Hazaras with those on frescoes and Buddha's statues in Bamiyan, suggestive. However, this belief is contrary not only to the fact that the Kushans were Indo-European ], but also to historical records which mention that in a particularly bloody battle around ], Genghis Khan's grandson, Mutugen, was killed, and he ordered Bamiyan to be burnt to the ground in retribution,<ref>Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991) ''Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy'' Blackwell, Oxford, UK, page 164, ISBN 0-631-18949-1</ref> renaming it ''Ma-Obaliq'' ("Uninhabitable Abode") while replacing the local population with his armies and settlers. | |||
*Some believe that in ancient times, the Hazara people were called "Hazara" ({{transliteration|fa|Hazāra}} {{lang|fa|هزاره}}) due to their large population. The name "Hazara" is thought to derive from the ] word "Hazar" ({{transliteration|fa|həzār}} {{lang|fa|هزار}}), meaning "thousand," as a metaphor for a population numbering over a thousand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=هزاره |url=https://abadis.ir/translator/fa-en/ |website=}}</ref> | |||
*The name "Hazara" ({{transliteration|fa|Hazāra}} {{lang|fa|هزاره}}) is thought to derive from the Persian word "Hazar" ({{transliteration|fa|Hazār}} {{lang|fa|هزار}}), meaning "thousand." It may be a translation of the ] word {{transliteration|mn|]}}, which referred to a military unit of 1,000 soldiers during the time of ].<ref>{{cite book |first=H. F. |last=Schurmann |title=The Mon-gols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan |publisher=La Haye |year=1962 |page=115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Poladi, Hassan |title=The Hazâras |publisher=Stockton |year=1989 |page=22|title-link=The Hazaras (book) |author-link=Hassan Poladi }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Mousavi, Sayed Askar |title=The Hazaras of Afghanistan |trans-title=An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study |publisher=Richmond |year=1998 |pages=23–25|title-link=The Hazaras of Afghanistan |author-link=Syed Askar Mousavi }}</ref> The term might have been used as a substitute for the Mongolic word to represent the group of people.<ref name="hazara-1">{{cite encyclopedia |first1=Arash |last1=Khazeni |first2=Alessandro |last2=Monsutti |first3=Charles M. |last3=Kieffer |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=HAZĀRA |url=http://iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-1 |date=December 15, 2003 |access-date=December 23, 2007}}</ref> In their ], the Hazara people refer to themselves as '''"Azra"''' ({{transliteration|haz|āzrə}} {{lang|haz|آزره}}) or ({{transliteration|haz|əzrə}} {{lang|haz|ازره}}).<ref>{{Cite book|last=دلجو|first=عباس|script-title=fa:تاریخ باستانی هزارهها|date=2018 |publisher=موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل|isbn=978-9936-624-00-9|location=کابل، افغانستان|page=199}}</ref> | |||
A third theory, and the one accepted by most scholars,<ref name=Iranica2/> maintains that Hazaras are a very mixed race. This is not entirely inconsistent with descent from Mongol military forces. For example, ] Mongols settled in eastern Persia and mixed with native populations who spoke various ].<ref name=Iranica2/> A second wave of mostly ] came from Central Asia and were followed by other Turko-Mongols, associated with the ] (driven out of Persia) and the ], all of whom settled in Hazarajat and mixed with the local ] population, forming a distinct group.<ref name=Iranica2/> | |||
== |
==Origin== | ||
Genetically, the Hazara are primarily a mixture of ] and ] peoples.<ref> | |||
*"The Hazara Tribes in Afghanistan" ''In'' (1959) ''Collection of papers presented: International Symposium on History of Eastern and Western Cultural Contacts (1957 : Tokyo and Kyoto)'' Japanese National Commission for Unesco, Tokyo, p. 61 | |||
*Quintana-Murci, Lluís ''et al.'' (May 2004) "Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor" ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' 74(5): pp. 827-845, on pages 834 and 835 | |||
*Debets, G. F. (1970) ''Physical Anthropology of Afghanistan: I-II'' (translated from Russian) Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass., | |||
*Rubin, Barnett R. (2002) ''The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the international system'' Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., page 30, ISBN 0-300-05963-9</ref><ref name = "Jochelson"/> Genetic research suggests that they are related to neighboring peoples, while there also seems to be a distant relation to ] of ],<ref>Genetics: Analysis Of Genes And Genomes By Daniel L. Hartl, Elizabeth W. Jones, pg. 309</ref> such as the ] of ].<ref>Rosenberg, Noah A. ''et al.'' (December 2002) "Genetic Structure of Human Populations" ''Science (New Series)'' 298(5602): pp. 2381-2385</ref> A Mongol element in the ancestry is supported by studies in ] as well, which have identified a particular lineage of the ] characteristic of people of Mongolian descent ("]"). This ] is virtually absent outside the limits of the ] except among the Hazara, where it reaches its highest frequency anywhere. About two thirds of the Hazara males sampled carry a Y-chromosome of this lineage.<ref>{{cite journal |year= 2003|month= |title=The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=717–721 |id= |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/367774 |accessdate=December 28, 2007 | author = ZERJAL T | doi = 10.1086/367774}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,906044,00.html |title=We owe it all to superstud Genghis |dateformat= mdy |accessdate=December 29 2007 |last=McKie |first=Robin |date= March 2, 2003 |publisher= ]}}</ref> | |||
Despite being one of the principal population groups in Afghanistan,<ref>{{Citation |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title=Hazāras |date=2017-07-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/hazaras-COM_30419 |encyclopedia=], THREE |publisher=Brill |language=en |quote=The Hazāras are a principal component of the population of Afghanistan. |access-date=2022-05-07}}</ref> the origins of the Hazara people have not been fully reconstructed. Genetic and linguistic analyses describe Hazaras as an ethnically ],<ref>{{Citation |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=Hazāras |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/hazaras-SIM_8617?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.cluster.Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&s.q=Hazaras |encyclopedia=], Second Edition |publisher=Brill |language=en |quote=The Hazāras are almost certainly an Ethnically mixed group, whose components may or may not be related to each other. |access-date=2022-05-08}}</ref> with varying degrees of ancestry linked to contemporary ], ], and ] populations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=دلجو |first=عباس |title=تاریخ باستانی هزارهها |date=2018 |publisher=موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل |isbn=978-9936-624-00-9 |location=کابل، افغانستان |pages=37, 167, 257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Babur |first=(Emperor of Hindustan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ztbAAAAQAAJ&q=turkoman+hazaras&pg=PA173 |title=Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan |date=1826 |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hartl |first1=Daniel L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfvILxY9tCIC |title=Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes |last2=Jones |first2=Elizabeth W. |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7637-5868-4 |page=262}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Pengyu |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Zou |first5=Xing |last6=Mo |first6=Xiaodan |last7=He |first7=Guanglin |date=2019-08-18 |title=Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |journal=Annals of Human Biology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |issn=0301-4460 |pmid=31559868 |s2cid=203569169 |quote=Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.}}</ref><ref name="Temirkhanov">Temirkhanov L. (1968). . Советская этнография. 1. P. 86. In Russian: ''"...монгольские отряды, оставленные в Афганистане Чингиз-ханом или его преемниками, стали исходным пластом, основой хазарейского этногенеза. "''</ref><ref name="Bacon">{{cite book |last=Bacon |first=Elizabeth Emaline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkVIAQAAMAAJ |title=The Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan: A Study in Social Organization |date=1951 |publisher=University of California |location=Berkeley}}</ref><ref name="bigenc" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=Hazāras |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/hazaras-SIM_8617?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.cluster.Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&s.q=Hazaras |access-date=2022-05-08 |publisher=Brill |language=en |encyclopedia=], Second Edition}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web |title=HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-2 |access-date=2021-03-12 |publisher=Iranicaonline.org}}</ref> The physical characteristics of some Hazaras and ] are Mongolian, likely a legacy of the ].<ref name="Babur"/> Additionally, Hazaras share a common racial structure and physical resemblance with the Turkic people of ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref><ref name="Pengyu Chen2">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Pengyu |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Zou |first5=Xing |last6=Mo |first6=Xiaodan |last7=He |first7=Guanglin |date=2019-08-18 |title=Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |journal=Annals of Human Biology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |issn=0301-4460 |pmid=31559868 |s2cid=203569169 |quote=Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=دلجو |first=عباس |title=تاریخ باستانی هزارهها |date=2018 |publisher=موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل |isbn=978-9936-624-00-9 |location=کابل، افغانستان |page=257}}</ref> ], the founder of the ] in the early 16th century, mentioned the Hazaras in the ''],'' referring to some as "]."<ref>{{cite book |last=Babur |first=Z. M. |title=Babur-nama |year=1987 |location=Lahore |pages=300, 207, 214, 218, 221, 251–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Babur |first=Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ztbAAAAQAAJ&q=turkoman+hazaras&pg=PA173 |title=Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |year=1826 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
==History== | |||
Over the centuries, various ] (]) and ] groups, notably the ], ], ], and ], merged with local ] Turkic and Iranian populations. Scholars agree that the Hazaras are ultimately the result of a blend of several Turkic, Mongolic, and ].<ref>B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007</ref> | |||
===Emergence of the Hazara=== | |||
Although the Hazaras are a mix of multiple distinct ethnicities, many researchers focus on their Mongolic component. Some authors, including Elizabeth Emaline Bacon,<ref name="Bacon" /><ref name=BaconSWJA>Elizabeth E. Bacon. (1951). . Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. Vol. 7. No. 3. pp. 230–247.</ref> Barbara A. West,<ref name="Barbara A. West">{{cite book |last= West |first= Barbara A. West |title = Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |location= New York |date= 2010 |publisher= Infobase Publishing |page= 272 |isbn= 978-1-4381-1913-7}}</ref> Yuri Averyanov,<ref name="Averyanov">Аверьянов Ю. А. (2017). . Мир Центральной Азии. pp. 110–117.</ref> and Elbrus Sattsayev,<ref name="Sattsayev">Сатцаев Э. Б. (2009). . Единая Калмыкия в единой России: через века в будущее. pp. 413–415.</ref> refer to them as "Hazara Mongols." According to historian Lutfi Temirkhanov, Mongolian detachments left in Afghanistan by ] or his successors became the foundational layer of Hazara ethnogenesis,<ref name="Temirkhanov" /> with Turkic elements playing a secondary role.<ref name="Temirkhanov1968"> Temirkhanov L. (1968). . Советская этнография. 1. P. 94. In Russian: ''"тюркские элементы ... по сравнению с монгольскими ... играли второстепенную роль."''</ref> In the ] neighborhood, Hazaras are called Mongols.<ref name="TemirkhanovL">Temirkhanov L. (1968). . Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: ''"Ближайшие соседи хазарейцев – гильзаи – называли и называют их «монголы»."''</ref> Evidence for the Mongol influence in Hazara ethnogenesis includes linguistic data, historical sources, ],<ref name="TemirkhanovLutfi">Temirkhanov L. (1968). . Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: ''"Об участии монголов в этногенезе хазарейцев свидетельствуют и данные лингвистики... также исторические источники (например, «Записки Бабура») и данные топонимики"''</ref> and population genetics studies.<ref name="Sabitov">Sabitov Zh. M. (2011).. The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2 (1): pp. 37–40.</ref> Scholars such as ],<ref name="Bartold">Бартольд. В. В. (2022). Москва: Litres. p. 162. In Russian: ''"...еще в XVI веке говорили хазарейцы по-монгольски в северной части Афганистана..."''</ref> ],<ref name="Vámbéry">Ármin Vámbéry (2003). Москва: Восточная литература. In Russian: ''"Говорят, что хазарейцы ... были перевезены Чингисханом из Монголии, своей прародины, на юг Средней Азии и благодаря влиянию шаха Аббаса II обращены в шиизм. Поразительно, что они заменили свой родной язык персидским, который даже в населенных ими областях не повсеместно распространен, и лишь небольшая часть, оставшаяся изолированной в горах поблизости от Герата и уже несколько столетий занимающаяся выжиганием угля, говорит на некоем жаргоне монгольского языка."''</ref> Vadim Masson, Vadim Romodin,<ref name="Массон, Ромодин">Массон В. М., Ромодин В. А. (1964). Москва: Наука. pp. 289–290. In Russian: ''"Еще в XVI в., по сообщению Бабура, среди хазарейцев был распространен монгольский язык, а небольшая часть их, по-видимому, и в XIX в. говорила на языке, близком к монгольскому."''</ref> ],<ref name="Petrushevsky">Петрушевский И. П. (1952). Москва/Ленинград: Издательство Академии Наук СССР. P. 29. In Russian: ''"Как известно, большой массив монгольского населения (хезарейцы), отчасти сохранявшего свой язык еще в XIX в., сложился на территории Афганистана..."''</ref> Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, and Yong-Gang Yao have written about the historical use of the Mongolian language by the Hazaras.<ref name="Forensic Science International">Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, Yong-Gang Yao (2017).. Forensic Science International: Genetics. Volume 30: Pages e1-e5. In English: ''"Moreover, there are also lines of evidence that some of the remote tribes of Hazaras spoke Mongol language till last century. Their central Asian facial features including sparse beards, high cheekbones and epicanthic eye folds further supports their Mongol origin."''</ref> | |||
In the late 1500s, the first mention of Hazaras are made by the court historians of ] of the ] and by ] (Emperor of the ]) in his ], referring to the people living from west of ] to ], and south to ].<ref name=Iranica2/> | |||
== |
== Genetics == | ||
{{multiple image | |||
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| image1 = Hazaras men.jpg | |||
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| caption1 = Hazara men in ]. These farmers' skin has darkened due to constant work under the sun at an altitude of 2500 to 3,000 meters above sea level | |||
| image2 = Hazara people on the anniversary of Abdul Ali Mazari's death in Kabul.jpg | |||
| alt2 = Colored dice with checkered background | |||
| caption2 = Hazaras on the anniversary of ]'s death on 2021 in Kabul | |||
}} | |||
Genetically, the Hazaras have a mix of ] and ] components. Genetic data shows that Hazaras in Afghanistan cluster closely with the ] population, while both groups are notably distinct from Afghanistan's ] and ] populations.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite journal |last1=Haber |first1=M |last2=Platt |first2=DE |last3=Ashrafian Bonab |first3=M |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e34288 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...734288H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 |pmc=3314501 |pmid=22470552 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref> There is evidence of both paternal and maternal connections to ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Noah A. |display-authors=etal |date=December 2002 |title=Genetic Structure of Human Populations |journal=Science |series=New Series |volume=298 |issue=5602 |pages=2381–85 |bibcode=2002Sci...298.2381R |doi=10.1126/science.1078311 |pmid=12493913 |s2cid=8127224}}</ref> | |||
The frequency of ancestral components among the Hazaras varies according to tribal affiliation. They show a high genetic affinity to present-day ] populations of ] and ], as well as to ] populations. In terms of their overall genetic makeup, approximately 49% of the average gene pool of the Hazaras is derived from East Asian sources, around 48% from European sources, and approximately 0.17%, 0.47%, and 2.30% from African, Oceanian, and Amerindian sources, respectively. The ] of the Hazaras is similar to that of ], ], ], ], and ] populations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref><ref name="Pengyu Chen">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Pengyu |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Zou |first5=Xing |last6=Mo |first6=Xiaodan |last7=He |first7=Guanglin |date=2019-08-18 |title=Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |journal=Annals of Human Biology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |issn=0301-4460 |pmid=31559868 |s2cid=203569169 |quote=Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuhua |last2=Wang |first2=Sijia |last3=Tang |first3=Kun |last4=Guan |first4=Yaqun |last5=Khan |first5=Asifullah |last6=Li |first6=Jing |last7=Zhang |first7=Xi |last8=Wang |first8=Xiaoji |last9=Tian |first9=Lei |date=2017-10-01 |title=Genetic History of Xinjiang's Uyghurs Suggests Bronze Age Multiple-Way Contacts in Eurasia |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=2572–2582 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msx177 |issn=0737-4038 |pmid=28595347 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="SabitovZh."/><ref name="Жабагин"/><ref name="Guanglin He">{{Cite journal |last1=He |first1=Guanglin |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Yeh |first4=Hui-Yuan |last5=Wang |first5=Mengge |last6=Zou |first6=Xing |last7=Guo |first7=Jianxin |last8=Rehman |first8=Muhammad |last9=Fawad |first9=Abulhasan |last10=Chen |first10=Pengyu |last11=Wang |first11=Chuan-Chao |date=September 2019 |title=A comprehensive exploration of the genetic legacy and forensic features of Afghanistan and Pakistan Mongolian-descent Hazara |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |volume=42 |pages=e1–e12 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.06.018 |issn=1872-4973 |pmid=31257046 |s2cid=195761020 |quote=The results from pairwise genetic distances, MDS, PCA, and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction demonstrate that present-day Hazaras are genetically closer to the Turkic-speaking populations (Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz) residing in northwest China than with other Central/South Asian populations and Mongolian. Outgroup and admixture f3, f4, f4-ratio, qpWave, and qpAdm results further demonstrate that Hazara shares more alleles with East Asians than with other Central Asians and carries 57.8% Mongolian-related ancestry. Overall, our findings suggest that Hazaras have experienced genetic admixture with the local or neighboring populations and formed the current East-West Eurasian admixed genetic profile after their separation from the Mongolians.}}</ref> | |||
Some analyses suggest that the Hazaras are more closely related to the Turkic populations of Central Asia than to ], ], or ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref> | |||
In their modern history, Hazaras have faced several wars and forced displacements. Since the beginnings of modern Afghanistan in the mid 18th century, Hazaras have faced persecution from the ] and have been forced to flee from many parts of today's Afghanistan to ].<ref name=Iranica2>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Monsutti|first= Alessandro|editor= ]|encyclopedia= ]|title= HAZĀRA: ii. HISTORY|url= http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v12f1/v12f1080b.html|accessdate=2007-12-26 |edition= Online Edition|publisher= ]|location= United States}}</ref> In the mid 18th century they were forced out of ] and the ] basin of ].<ref name=Iranica2/> During ]'s rule, Hazaras in Bamiyan and the Hazarajat area were heavily taxed. However, for the most part they still managed to keep their regional autonomy in Hazarajat.<ref name=Iranica2/> This would soon change as the new Emir, ], was brought to power. | |||
In another study, results from pairwise genetic distances, MDS, PCA, and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction demonstrate that present-day Hazaras are genetically closer to Turkic-speaking populations (such as Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz) residing in northwest China than to other Central and South Asian populations or Mongolians. Outgroup and admixture analyses, including f3, f4, f4-ratio, qpWave, and qpAdm results, further show that Hazaras share more alleles with East Asians than with other Central Asians, carrying approximately 57.8% Mongolian-related ancestry. The Hazaras have undergone genetic admixture with local or neighboring populations, forming their current East-West Eurasian admixed genetic profile after their separation from the Mongolians.<ref name="Guanglin He" /><ref name="Atif Adnan">{{cite journal | last1=Adnan | first1=Atif | last2=Rakha | first2=Allah | last3=Nazir | first3=Shahid | last4=Alghafri | first4=Rashed | last5=Hassan | first5=Qudsia | last6=Wang | first6=Chuan-Chao | last7=Lu | first7=Jie | title=Forensic features and genetic legacy of the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across Durand line revealed by Y-chromosomal STRs | journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine | volume=135 | issue=5 | date=2021 | issn=0937-9827 | doi=10.1007/s00414-021-02591-2 | pages=1777–1784| pmid=33818632 |biorxiv=10.1101/2020.11.21.392456}}</ref> | |||
===Subjugation by Abdur Rahman Khan=== | |||
As the new Emir, Abdur Rahman set out a goal to bring Hazarajat under his control. After facing resistance from the Hazaras, he launched several campaigns in Hazarajat with many atrocities and ethnic polarization.<ref name=Iranica2/> The southern part of Hazarajat was spared as they accepted Abdur Rahman's rule while the other parts of Hazarajat rejected Abdur Rahman and were supporting his uncle ] and as a result Abdur Rahman waged war against Hazaras who reject his policies and ruling. <ref name=Iranica2/> | |||
=== Paternal haplogroups === | |||
In 1881 Abdur Rahman arrested Syed Jafar who was chief of ] Hazara and jailed him in ]. '''The first Hazara uprising''' was during 1888 - 1890. When Abdur Rahman cousin, Mohammad Eshaq, revolted against him and the Sheikh Ali Hazaras joined the revolt. The revolt was short lived and crushed as the Emir extended his control over large parts of Hazarajat. Sheikh Ali Hazaras were in two different group ] and ]. Abdur Rahman take the advantage of the situation and revolt ] Hazaras against ] Hazaras and made parts among Hazaras. | |||
The most common paternal DNA haplogroups among Hazaras from Afghanistan are the East Eurasian haplogroup C-M217 (33.33%) and the West Eurasian haplogroup R1a1a-M17 (6.67%), followed by the West Eurasian haplogroups J2-M172 and L-M20. Some Hazaras were also found to belong to the haplogroups E1b1b1-M35, L-M20, and H-M69, which they share with ], ], and ]. Additionally, one individual with the haplogroup B-M60, typically found in ], was identified.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haber |first1=Marc |last2=Platt |first2=Daniel E. |last3=Bonab |first3=Maziar Ashrafian |last4=Youhanna |first4=Sonia C. |last5=Soria-Hernanz |first5=David F. |last6=Martínez-Cruz |first6=Begoña |last7=Douaihy |first7=Bouchra |last8=Ghassibe-Sabbagh |first8=Michella |last9=Rafatpanah |first9=Hoshang |last10=Ghanbari |first10=Mohsen |last11=Whale |first11=John |date=28 March 2012 |title=Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e34288 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...734288H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 |pmc=3314501 |pmid=22470552 |doi-access=free |first12=Oleg |last12=Balanovsky |first13=R. Spencer |last13=Wells |first14=David |last14=Comas |first15=Chris |last15=Tyler-Smith |first16=Pierre A. |last16=Zalloua |first17=The Genographic |last17=Consortium}}</ref><ref>John William Whale. Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Four Ethnic Groups of Afghanistan. http://eprints.port.ac.uk/9862/1/John_Whale_MPhil_Thesis_2012.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802122703/http://eprints.port.ac.uk/9862/1/John_Whale_MPhil_Thesis_2012.pdf|date=2017-08-02}}</ref> | |||
After all the Sheikh Ali Hazara chief were sent to ], Oppositions within the leadership of Sawar Khan and Syed Jafar khan could succeed over government troops but at last was defeated. Heavy ]es were imposed and Pashtun administrators were sent to occupied places, where they subjugated the people with many abuses.<ref name=Iranica2/> The people were disarmed, villages were looted, local tribal chiefs were imprisoned or executed, and the best lands were confiscated and given to Pashtun ]s (]).<ref name=Iranica2/><ref name=Mousavi/> | |||
Haplogroup C2 (previously known as the C3-Star cluster) is the most frequent haplogroup among Pakistani and Afghan Hazaras.<ref name="Atif Adnan" /> Pakistani Hazaras have a high frequency of ] at approximately 40% (10/25) and ] at around 32% (8/25). A relatively high frequency of R1b has also been found among Eastern Russian ] and ], and all three groups are thought to be associated with the ].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lkhagvasuren |first1=Gavaachimed |last2=Shin |first2=Heejin |last3=Lee |first3=Si Eun |last4=Tumen |first4=Dashtseveg |last5=Kim |first5=Jae-Hyun |last6=Kim |first6=Kyung-Yong |last7=Kim |first7=Kijeong |last8=Park |first8=Ae Ja |last9=Lee |first9=Ho Woon |last10=Kim |first10=Mi Jin |last11=Choi |first11=Jaesung |date=14 September 2016 |title=Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=e0161622 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1161622L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0161622 |pmc=5023095 |pmid=27627454 |doi-access=free |last12=Choi |first12=Jee-Hye |last13=Min |first13=Na Young |last14=Lee |first14=Kwang-Ho}} | |||
'''The Second uprising''' occurred in 1890s - 1893. The cause of the uprising was the ] of the wife of a Hazara chief by 33 ] soldiers. The soldiers had entered their house under the pretext of searching for weapons and raped the chief's wife in front of him.<ref name=Mousavi>{{cite book |last= Mousavi|first= Sayed Askar|title= The Hazaras of Afghanistan: An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study|origyear= 1997|year= 1998|month= |publisher= St. Martin's Press|location= Richmond, New York|language= |isbn= 0-312-17386-5}}</ref> The families of the Hazara chief and his wife retaliated against the humiliation and killed the soldiers and attacked the local garrison, where they took back their weapons. Several other tribal chiefs who supported Abdur Rahman now turned against him and joined the rebellion which rapidly spread through the entire Hazarajat. In response to the rebellion, the Emir declared a "]" against the Shiites and raised an army of 40,000 soldiers, 10,000 mounted troops, and 100,000 armed civilians (most of which were Pashtun nomads).<ref name=Mousavi/> He also brought in ] military advisers to assist his army.<ref name=Mousavi/> | |||
"Eastern Russian Tatars, Bashkirs, and Pakistani Hazara were found to carry R1b-M343 at unusually high frequencies of 12.65%, 46.07%, and 32%, respectively, compared to other regions of Eastern Asia, which rarely have this haplotype"</ref> Haplogroup C-M217, or C2, is the most common haplogroup in Mongol and Kazakh populations.<ref name="Atif Adnan" /> Studies indicate that Y-DNA haplogroup C2 among Hazaras is linked to the expansion of the Mongols<ref name="SabitovZh.">Sabitov Zh. M. (2011).. The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2 (1): pp. 37–40. In Russian: ''"Гаплогруппа СЗ безусловно связана с экспансией монголов..."''</ref> and supports the Mongolian origin of the Hazaras.<ref name="Жабагин"> Жабагин М. К. (2017). Москва. p. 71. In Russian: ''"...за счет высокой частоты гаплогруппы С2-М217, что согласуется с монгольским происхождением хазарейцев."''</ref> | |||
The large army defeated the rebellion at its center, in ], by 1892 and the local population was severely ]. According to S. A. Mousavi, | |||
{{quote|thousands of Hazara men, women, and children were moved to Mountain area from their land and Kabul and Qandahar, while numerous towers of human heads were made from the defeated rebels as a warning to others who might challenge the rule of the Amir}} | |||
]'s court, pleading for mercy.]] | |||
=== Maternal haplogroups === | |||
'''The third upraising''' of Hazaras was in response to the harsh repression, the Hazaras revolted again by early 1893s. This revolt had taken the government forces by surprise and the Hazaras managed to take most of ] back. However even after months of fighting, they were eventually defeated due to a shortage of food. Small pockets of resistance continued to the end of the year as government troops committed atrocities against civilians and deported entire villages.<ref name=Mousavi/> | |||
The Hazaras share approximately 35% of their maternal haplogroups with contemporary East Asian populations, while about 65% are shared with West Eurasian populations.<ref name="Allah Rakha">Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, Yong-Gang Yao (2017).. Forensic Science International: Genetics. Volume 30: Page 3.</ref> Overall, the Hazaras predominantly have West Eurasian mtDNA.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Quintana-Murci |first1=L |last2=Chaix |first2=R |last3=Wells |first3=RS |display-authors=etal |date=May 2004 |title=Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=827–45 |doi=10.1086/383236 |pmc=1181978 |pmid=15077202}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318343710 |access-date=2021-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Quintana-Murci |first1=L |last2=Chaix |first2=R |last3=Wells |first3=RS |display-authors=etal |date=May 2004 |title=Figure 1: Where west meets east: the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=827–45 |doi=10.1086/383236 |pmc=1181978 |pmid=15077202}}</ref> | |||
== History == | |||
Abdur Rahman's subjugation of the Hazaras due to fierce rebellion against the Afghan king gave birth to strong hatred between the Pashtuns and Hazaras for years to come.<ref name=Mousavi/> Massive forced displacements, especially in ] and ], continued as lands were confiscated and populations were expelled or fled.<ref name=Mousavi/> Some 35,000 families fled to northern Afghanistan, ] (Iran), ] (Pakistan), and even as far as ]. It is estimated that more than 60% of the Hazara population were massacred or displaced during Abdur Rahman's campaign against them. Hazara farmers were often forced to give up their property to Pashtuns and as a result many Hazara families had to leave seasonally to the ], Iran, or Pakistan in order to find jobs and a source of income. Pakistan is now home to one of the largest settlements of Hazara particularly in and around the city of ].<ref name=Mousavi/> | |||
The first mention of the Hazaras appears in ]'s '']'' in the early 16th century, particularly referring to ] such as the ],<ref name="Babur">Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad Babur (1921).. Oxford University Press. Pages 44, 243, 279."''</ref> ],<ref>{{cite book |last=Babur |first=Z. M. |title=Babur-nama |year=1987 |location=Lahore |pages=300, 207, 214, 218, 221, 251–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Babur |first=Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ztbAAAAQAAJ&q=turkoman+hazaras&pg=PA173 |title=Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan |year=1826 |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |language=en}}</ref> and Kedi Hazaras.<ref name="Babur" /> Later, the Hazaras were referenced by the court historians of ] of the ].{{cn|date=May 2024}} | |||
It is reported that the Hazaras embraced ] between the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century, during the Safavid period.<ref name="Monsutti">{{cite web |work=Alessandro Monsutti |date=December 15, 2003 |publisher=] |title=HAZĀRA: ii. HISTORY |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-2 |edition=Online |access-date=9 August 2012 |location=United States}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Politics and Modern History of Hazara |trans-title=Sectarian Politics in Afghanistan |first=Humayun |last=Sarabi |date=2005 |url=http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Congratulations/faces/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/congratulations/PDFs/Sarabi.ashx |publisher=] |access-date=2011-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918105254/http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Congratulations/faces/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/congratulations/PDFs/Sarabi.ashx |archive-date=2011-09-18}}</ref> Hazara men, along with those from other ethnic groups, were recruited into the army of ] in the 18th century.<ref name="LoC">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0010) |title=Ahmad Shah and the Durrani Empire |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=] on Afghanistan |year=1997}}</ref> | |||
===Hazaras in the 20th century=== | |||
], The father of Afghanistan historian.]] | |||
In 1901, ], Abdur Rahman's successor, granted amnesty to all people who were exiled by his predecessor. However, the division between the Afghan government and the Hazara people was already made too deep under Abdur Rahman and as a result Hazaras continued to face severe social, economic and political ] through most of the 20th century.<ref name=Iranica2/> | |||
=== 19th century === | |||
Mistrust of the central government continued by the Hazaras and local uprisings also continued. In particular, in the 1940s, during ]'s rule, a revolt took place against new taxes that were exclusively imposed on the Hazaras.<ref name=Iranica2/> The Pashtun nomads meanwhile not only were exempted from taxes, but also received allowances from the Afghan government.<ref name=Iranica2/> The angry rebels began capturing and killing government officials. In response, the central government sent a force to subdue the region and later removed the taxes. | |||
{{Further|1888–1893 Hazara uprisings|Battle of Uruzgan|Persecution of Hazaras|List of massacres against Hazaras}} | |||
During the second reign of ] in the 19th century, Hazaras from Hazarajat were taxed for the first time. However, for the most part, they managed to maintain their regional ] until the 1892 ]<ref>{{Cite news |date=1892-10-02 |title=THE AMEER CAPTURES URZAGHAN. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1892/10/02/archives/the-ameer-captures-urzaghan.html |access-date=2022-08-21 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the subsequent subjugation by ], which began in the late 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mousavi |first=Sayed Askar |title=The Hazaras of Afghanistan: an historical, cultural, economic and political study |date=1998 |publisher=Curzon |isbn=978-1-315-02693-0 |location=Richmond, Surrey |oclc=1100424512}}</ref> | |||
When the ] was signed and the ] ended in 1880, Abdur Rahman set a goal to bring ], ], and ] under his control. He launched several campaigns in Hazaristan in response to resistance from the Hazaras, during which his forces committed atrocities. The southern part of Hazaristan was spared, as its inhabitants accepted his rule, while other regions rejected Abdur Rahman and supported his uncle, ]. In response, Abdur Rahman waged war against the tribal leaders who opposed his policies and rule. This conflict is known as the ].<ref name="Monsutti" /> | |||
===Soviet invasion to the Taliban era=== | |||
<p align=justify> | |||
During the ], the Hazarajat region did not see as much heavy fighting like other regions of Afghanistan. However, rival Hazara political factions had internal conflicts during this period. The division was across the ''Tanzáim-e nasl-e naw-e Hazara'', a party based in Quetta of Hazara nationalists and secular intellectuals, and the pro-] ] parties backed by the new ''Islamic Republic of Iran''.<ref name=Iranica2/> By 1979, the Iran backed Islamist groups liberated Hazarajat from the central ] and later these Islamist groups took entire control of Hazarajat away from the secularist groups. By 1984, after severe fighting, the secularist groups lost all their power to the Islamist groups. Later as the Soviets withdrew in 1989, the Islamist groups felt the need to broaden their political appeal and turned their focus to Hazara ethnic nationalism.<ref name=Iranica2/> This led to establishment of the ], an alliance of all the Hazara resistance groups (except the ''Harakat-e Islami''). In 1992, with the fall of ], the ''Harakat-e Islami'' took sides with ]'s government while the Hezb-e Wahdat took sides with the opposition. The Hezb-e Wahdat was eventually forced out of Kabul in 1995 when the Pashtun ] movement captured and killed their leader ]. | |||
] ]] | |||
With the Taliban's capture of Kabul in 1996, all the Hazara groups united with the new ] against the common new enemy. However, it was too late and despite the fierce resistance Hazarajat fell to the Taliban by 1998. The Taliban had Hazarajat totally isolated from the rest of the world going as far as not allowing the ] to deliver food to the provinces of ], ], ], and ].<ref name=Rashid>{{cite book |last= Rashid|first= Ahmed|authorlink= Ahmed Rashid|title=Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia |edition= Paperback|date= March 1, 2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |location= New Haven, CT|isbn=978-0300089028}}</ref>. | |||
These campaigns had a catastrophic impact on the demographics of the Hazaras, resulting in the ] of over sixty percent of the total Hazara population, with many being displaced and exiled from their own lands. The Hazara lands were distributed among loyalist villagers from nearby non-Hazara communities. The repression following the uprising has been characterized as ] or ] in the history of modern Afghanistan.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title = تاریخ باستانی هزارهها|last = دلجو|first = عباس| date=2013 |publisher = انتشارات امیری|isbn = 978-9936-8015-0-9|location = کابل}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=کاتب |first=فیضمحمد |title=سراجالتواریخ |publisher=مطبعه دارالسلطنته |year=1913 |location=کابل}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zamani |first1=Ezzatullah |date=September 2019 |title=The 'Genocide of the Hazaras' in Afghanistan from 1884 to 1905 and subsequent genocidal campaigns and target killings against them in the 21st century |journal=Genocide of the Hazaras of Afghanistan |url=https://www.academia.edu/40786500}}</ref> | |||
During the years that followed, Hazaras suffered severe oppression and many large ethnic massacres were carried out by the predominately ethnic Pashtun Taliban and are documented by such groups as the ].<ref name=HRW>{{cite web |url=http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghanistan/ |title= AFGHANISTAN: MASSACRES OF HAZARAS IN AFGHANISTAN|dateformat= mdy|accessdate= December 27 2007|author= Human Rights Watch|authorlink= Human Rights Watch|year=2001 |month=February |work= |publisher= hrw.org}}</ref> These human rights abuses not only occurred in Hazarajat, but across all areas controlled by the Taliban. Particularly after their capture of ] in 1998, where after a massive killing of some 8000 civilians, the Taliban openly declared that the Hazaras would be targeted. Mullah ], the commander of the attack and governor of Mazar after the attack, similar to Abdur Rahman Khan over 100 years ago, declared the Shia Hazara as infidels: | |||
<i> | |||
{{quote|Hazaras are not Muslim, they are Shi’a. They are ] . The Hazaras killed our force here, and now we have to kill Hazaras... If you do not show your loyalty, we will burn your houses, and we will kill you. You either accept to be Muslims or leave Afghanistan... wherever you go we will catch you. If you go up, we will pull you down by your feet; if you hide below, we will pull you up by your hair.|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hrw.org/reports98/afghan/Afrepor0-03.htm#P186_38364 |title=INCITEMENT OF VIOLENCE AGAINST HAZARAS BY GOVERNOR NIAZI |dateformat= mdy|accessdate=December 27 2007 |author= Human Rights Watch|authorlink= Human Rights Watch|year= 1998|month= November|work=AFGHANISTAN: THE MASSACRE IN MAZAR-I SHARIF |publisher= hrw.org}}</ref>}}</i> | |||
After these massacres, Abdul Rahman forced many Hazara families from the Hazara areas of ] and other parts of Hazaristan to leave their hometowns and ancestral lands, prompting many Hazaras to flee to neighboring countries such as Central Asia, ], ], ], and ]. Those Hazaras living in the northern ] migrated to ], primarily settling in the southern cities, while some moved to Iran. Over time, many Hazaras living in Tsarist Russian regions lost their ], ], and ] due to the similarities in ] and ] of the local population, leading them to assimilate. The fleeing Hazaras settled in former Tsarist Russia regions, including ], ], ], ], and ]. Meanwhile, the Hazaras from northwestern Afghanistan migrated to Iran, settling in neighborhoods in and around ], where they later became known as Khawari or Barbari. Another group of Hazaras from the southeastern regions of Afghanistan moved to British India, where they reside in ] (present-day ]) and parts of present-day ]. Additionally, some Hazaras settled in Syria and Iraq. Unlike those who migrated to Tsarist Russia, the Hazaras in Pakistan, India, Iran, Syria, and Iraq were unable to integrate fully due to differences in physical appearance, allowing them to retain their language, culture, and ethnic identity.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=کوچ اجباری و اثرات فرهنگی واجتماعی آن بر جامعه هزاره |url=http://archive.mashal.org/content.php?c=hejtemahi&id=00115 |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=archive.mashal.org}}</ref> | |||
== Society== | |||
===Education=== | |||
The Hazara people is the leading tribe in the education sector. They have tried hard to enhance the quality of education and increase the number of literate Afghans. Because of past discrimination, there were insufficient numbers of schools and colleges in their area. | |||
=== 20th and 21st century === | |||
===Hazaras in post-Taliban Afghanistan=== | |||
{{Tone|section|date=October 2018}} | |||
], an ethnic Hazara, ''Chairperson of Independent Human Rights Commission of Afghanistan'']] | |||
], a Hazara school student who assassinated ], the king of Afghanistan]] | |||
Following the ] on the ], British and American forces chose to invade Afghanistan, and removed the Taliban from power and effectively saved the Hazaras from ] at the hands of the Taliban.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} Since then, the situation for Hazaras in Afghanistan has changed drastically and has much improved in a very short time. Today, due to the ] involvement, Hazaras enjoy much more freedom and equality than ever before. Hazaras can now pursue higher education, enroll in the army, and have top government positions.<ref name=cs>{{cite web |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0806/p06s02-wosc.html?page=2 |title=Afghanistan's success story: The liberated Hazara minority |dateformat= mdy|accessdate= December 27 2007|last=Sappenfield |first=Mark |date= August 6, 2007|publisher= ]}}</ref> For example, ], a Hazara from the Hezb-e Wahdat party, was able to run in the ]. However, discrimination still lingers.<ref name=cs/> A clear indication of such discrimination is the current trend of allocating international help by the Afghan government. Hazarajat historically has been kept from any improvement by past governments. Since ousting the Taliban, there have been several billions of dollars poured into Afghanistan for reconstruction and numerous mega scale reconstruction projects took place in Afghanistan. But effectively a very small portion of international aid was allocated in central regions of Afghanistan Hazarajat. | |||
In 1901, ], Abdur Rahman's eldest son and successor, granted amnesty to the Hazaras and invited those exiled by his predecessor to return. However, few returned, settling instead in ] and ], as they had lost their previous lands. The Hazaras continued to face social, economic, and political ] throughout most of the 20th century. In 1933, ], the ], was assassinated by ], a ]. The ] later captured and executed him, along with several of his family members.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The History of Afghanistan, 2nd edition|last=Runion|first=Meredith L.|publisher=ABC-CLIO-LLC|year=2017|isbn=978-1-61069-778-1|page=124}}</ref> | |||
Mistrust of the central government among the Hazaras and local uprisings persisted. In particular, from 1945 to 1946, during ]'s rule, a ] led by ], known as "Ibrahim Gawsawar," erupted in response to new taxes that were imposed exclusively on the Hazaras. Meanwhile, the ] were not only exempted from these taxes but also received allowances from the Afghan government.<ref name="Monsutti" /> The angry rebels began capturing and killing government officials. In response, the central government sent a force to subdue the region and subsequently removed the taxes.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} | |||
For example, there have been more than 5000 kilometers of road pavement and construction in Afghanistan, of which almost none happened in central Afghanistan Hazarajat. Another indication of such discrimination is that Kochis (Afghan nomads from western Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan) are allowed now to use Hazarajat pastures in summer time. This practice started during the rule of Amir Abdurahman Khan for punishing Hazaras. | |||
] known as "Ibrahim Gawsawar", The leader of the armed uprising of Hazaras in protest against taxes during ]'s rule]] | |||
], the leader of Hazaras during and following the ]]] | |||
The repressive policies{{clarify|date=April 2022}} of the ] (PDPA) after the ] in 1978 led to uprisings throughout the country. Fearing Iranian influence, the Hazaras were particularly persecuted. In October 1979, President ] published a list of 12,000 victims of the ], among whom were 7,000 Hazaras who had been shot in the notorious ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Dorronsoro |first=Gilles |date=2005 |title=Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FApipiENsgwC&pg=PA104 |location=London |publisher=Hurst & Company |isbn=1-85065-703-3 |page=104}}</ref> | |||
Living in mountainous Hazarajat where little farm land exists, Hazara people rely on these pasture lands for their livelihood and survival during long and harsh winters. In 2007 heavily armed Kochis moved into Hazarajat for grazing their livestock, and when the local people resisted, it is reported that they killed several Hazara people, mostly women and children, looted and burned several villages.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} Such a practice happened in 2008, and the government appears to approve this practice by disarming local Hazaras and allowing Kochis to remain heavily armed.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} It is also reported that Kochis acted for the Taliban army when they defeated Hazara resistance against Taliban in Hazarajat and massacred the local Hazaras.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} Hazaras suspect that Kochis have ties with the Taliban. Kochis like Taliban belong to the Pashtun ethnicity. Traveling with heavy armor and automatic weapons, and using military tactics like Taliban, support this theory.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} | |||
One of The young Hazara research Scholar of ] ] has written a book in ] in 2003 named " ] aur rai-aama" (Osama and Public Opinion), The Book which is published by one of leading publisher of Pakistan "Book Home" ] is highly appreciated by Urdu Readership in Pakistan and abroad. | |||
During the ], the Hazarajat region did not experience as much heavy fighting as other parts of Afghanistan. Most of the Hazara ] engaged in combat against the Soviets in regions on the periphery of Hazarajat. There was a division between the ], a party based in Quetta comprising Hazara nationalists and secular intellectuals, and the ] parties in Hazarajat.<ref name="Monsutti" /> By 1979, the Hazara Islamist groups had already liberated Hazarajat from the central ] and subsequently took full control of the region away from the secularists. By 1984, the Islamist dominance in Hazarajat was complete. As the Soviets withdrew in 1989, the Islamist groups recognized the need to broaden their political appeal and shifted their focus toward ].<ref name="Monsutti" /> This shift led to the establishment of ], an alliance of all Hazara resistance groups, except for ]. | |||
==Geographic distribution== | |||
===Diaspora=== | |||
] argues, in his recent ] book<ref>Monsutti, Alessandro (2005) ''War and migration: Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan'' Routledge, New York, ISBN 0-415-97508-5</ref>, that ] is in fact the traditional way of life of the Hazara people, referring to the seasonal and historical migrations which have never ceased and do not seem to be dictated only by emergency situations such as ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title= War and migration: Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan|edition= |series= |year= 2005|publisher= Routledge|location= Routledge, New York|language= English, translated by Patrick Camiller|isbn= 0-415-97508-5}}</ref> | |||
In 1992, with the fall of ], Harakat-e Islami sided with ]'s government, while Hizb-e Wahdat aligned with the opposition. Hizb-e Wahdat was eventually forced out of Kabul in 1995 when the ] captured the city and killed their leader, ]. Following the Taliban's capture of Kabul in 1996, all Hazara groups united with the ] against this common enemy. However, despite fierce resistance, Hazarajat fell to the Taliban in 1998. The Taliban isolated Hazarajat from the rest of the world, even preventing the ] from delivering food to the provinces of ], ], ], and ].<ref name="Rashid">{{cite book|last=Rashid|first=Ahmed |author-link=Ahmed Rashid|title=Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia|edition=Paperback|date=March 1, 2001|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, CT|isbn=978-0-300-08902-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/talibanmilitant000rash}}</ref> | |||
Besides the major populations of Hazaras in Quetta (]) where many have achieved considerably high positions within the government and police force and ], there are significant communities in ], ], ], the ], the ] and particularly the ]an countries such as ] and ]. Many young Hazara are studying in ] such as Australia, legally through education or work ]. There are many ] Hazara who have migrated to developed countries especially in Australia as ]. The notable case was the ] in which a shipload of refugees, mostly Hazaras, was rescued by the ] freighter '']'' and subsequently sent to ].<ref></ref> Many refugee claims were rejected by Australia and forwarded to ], where all claims but one were approved. | |||
====Hazaras in Pakistan==== | |||
Hazara refugees from Afghanistan in Quetta and Peshawar Pakistan, along with their Pakistani Hazara (native, 3rd and 4th generation) brethren, have set up a ] economy which has led to the opening of foreign money exchange places to handle the currency coming in. In Pakistan most of the Hazaras live in and around the city of ], ] and ] where they hold high positions in the government of ], the federal government, and the Police force. A Hazara girl named Saira Batool became the first women pilot in the Pakistan Airforce. In Pakistan, Hazaras are mostly in business and have high education levels. They are integrated into the local social dynamics of the respective areas they have settled into and operated several successful trades and business. Hazaras are also politically active in Quetta and have a political party known as the ].<ref></ref> Other notable Hazara settlements can be found in ], ] and more recently in ].<ref></ref> The current Minister of Quality Education & Clean Drinking Water in Balochistan is a Hazara and having a Member in the National Assembly. The most notable Hazara in Pakistan was General ], who served as ] between 1958 to 1966. On January 26, 2009, ], chairman of the ], was shot dead by ] in the southwestern city of Quetta.<ref> ''BBC News'', 26 January, 2009</ref> | |||
In 1997, a revolt broke out among the Hazaras in Mazar-e Sharif when they refused to be disarmed by the Taliban, resulting in the deaths of 600 Taliban fighters in the subsequent fighting.<ref>Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, London and New Haven, 2000, p. 58</ref> In retaliation, the Taliban adopted the genocidal policies reminiscent of ]'s era. In 1998, six thousand Hazaras were killed in the north, with the intent of carrying out ethnic cleansing against the Hazara population.<ref>Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, London and New Haven, 2000, pp. 67–74</ref> In March 2001, the two giant ] were destroyed, despite widespread international condemnation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/mar/03/afghanistan.lukeharding |title=Taliban blow apart 2,000 years of Buddhist history |website=The Guardian |date=3 March 2001}}</ref> | |||
==Culture== | |||
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The Hazara, outside of Hazarajat, have adopted the cultures of the cities where they dwell, and in many cases are quite ]. Traditionally the Hazara are highland farmers and although sedentary like the ], in the Hazarajat, they have retained many of their own customs and traditions, some of which are more closely related to those of ] than to Iran.<ref name="Jochelson">Jochelson, Waldemar (1928) ''Peoples of Asiatic Russia'' American Museum of Natural History, New York, page 33, , also available in microfiche edition</ref><ref>] (1962) ''The Mongols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan'' Mouton, The Hague, Netherlands, </ref><ref>Mousavi, Sayed Askar (1991) "The Hazaras of Afghanistan: An Historical, Cultural, Economic, and Political Study'' University of Oxford, Oxford, England, ISBN 0-312-17386-5 </ref> For instance, many Hazara musicians are widely hailed as being skilled in playing the ], a lute instrument similarly found in other Central Asian nations such as ] and ]. Interestingly, a skilled Hazara dambura musician, ] sang a traditional Hazara folk song entitled, "Moghul Dokhtar," ] for "Mongol Girl."<ref></ref> | |||
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], ] close associate and a key figure of the All-India Muslim League in Balochistan, Pakistan]] | |||
==Language== | |||
Hazaras have also played a significant role in the creation of ]. One notable Hazara was ] of the ], who was a close friend of ]; they met for the first time while studying in London. Qazi Muhammad Isa was the first person from his native province of ] to obtain a Bar-at-Law degree and played a key role in establishing the ] in Balochistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1486499|title=Who is Justice Qazi Faez Isa?|date=June 19, 2020|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/626799/qazi-muhammad-isa-and-the-reference-against-justice-qazi-faez-isa/|title=Qazi Muhammad Isa and the reference against Justice Qazi Faez Isa|date=June 14, 2020}}</ref> | |||
{{Main|Persian language|Eastern Persian|Hazaragi}} | |||
Hazaras living in rural areas speak ], an ] of the ]<ref>Mongols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan'' Mouton, The Hague, Netherlands, - page 17, </ref> and containing a significant number of ] and some ] loan words.<ref name=Iranica2/><ref>Malistani, A. H. Tariq and Gehring, Roman (compilers) (1993) '' Farhang-i ibtidal-i milli-i Hazarah : bi-inzimam-i tarjamah bih Farsi-i Ingilisi = Hazaragi - Dari/Persian- English: a preliminary glossary'' A. H. Tariq Malistani, Quetta, </ref><ref name=Farhadi>Farhadi, A. G. Ravan (1955). ''Le persan parle‚ en Afghanistan: Grammaire du kâboli accompagne‚e d'un recuil de quatrains populaires de re‚gion de Kâbol''. Paris.</ref> In particular, Hazaragi in the ] regions has a significant admixture of ] influence in the language. | |||
Though Hazaras played a role in the anti-Soviet movement, some Hazaras also participated in the new communist government, which actively courted Afghan minorities. ], a Hazara, served as the Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 1981 to 1990, with a brief interruption in 1988.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5i5WAAAAYAAJ&q=sultan |title=Pg 33. ''Sultan Ali Kishtmand had remained Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 10 January 1981 to 26 May 1990, with a brief break of about nine months, when Dr Hassan Sharq replaced him from 20 June 1988 to ...'' |access-date=2012-07-30|year=2008 |last1=Fida Yunas |first1=S.}}</ref> The Ismaili Hazaras of Baghlan Province likewise supported the communists, and their '']'' (religious leader), ], led a pro-Communist militia in the region.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYtXJhByzoEC&q=naderi+hazara&pg=PA37 |title=Afghanistan Declassified: A Guide to America's Longest War – Brian Glyn Williams – Google Books |date= 2011-09-22|access-date=2012-07-30|isbn=978-0-8122-0615-9 |last1=Williams |first1=Brian Glyn|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press }}</ref> | |||
Many of the urban Hazaras in the larger cities such as ] and ] no longer speak Hazaragi but speak standard literary Persian (usually the ''Kābolī'' dialect) or regional varieties of Persian (for example the ''Khorāsānī'' dialect in the western region of ]). | |||
During the following years, the Hazaras suffered severe oppression, and numerous ethnic massacres, genocides, and pogroms were carried out by the predominantly Pashtun Taliban. These events have been documented by organizations such as ].<ref name=HRW>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghanistan/ |title=Afghanistan: massacres of Hazaras |access-date= December 27, 2007 |publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=February 2001}}</ref> | |||
Until recently, a small number of Hazaras near ] still spoke the ], a dialect of the ] and once spoken by the army of Genghis Khan. It is probably extinct by now.<ref>Michael Weiers. 2003. "Moghol," The Mongolic Languages. Ed. Juha Janhunen. Routledge Language Family Series 5. London: Routledge. Pages 248-264.</ref> | |||
Following the ] in the ], ]. After the ], many Hazaras emerged as important figures in the country.<ref name="ngm">{{cite magazine |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/geopedia/Hazara_People |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302170049/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/geopedia/Hazara_People |archive-date=March 2, 2008 |title=Hazara People |access-date=August 9, 2012 |last=Larson |first=Marisa |date=June 17, 2008|magazine=]}}</ref> Hazaras pursued higher education, enrolled in the ], and held various top government positions.<ref name=cs>{{cite journal |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0806/p06s02-wosc.html?page=2 |title=Afghanistan's success story: The liberated Hazara minority |journal=Christian Science Monitor |access-date=December 27, 2007|last=Sappenfield |first=Mark |date=August 6, 2007}}</ref> Notable Hazaras in leadership roles included ], ], and ], such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. ], the mayor of ], became the first female mayor in Afghanistan. Other notable Hazaras include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/01/22/many-karzai-rivals-find-way-parliament |title=Many Karzai rivals find way to Parliament |publisher=Pajhwok.com |date=2011-01-22 |access-date=2012-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313035046/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/01/22/many-karzai-rivals-find-way-parliament |archive-date=2012-03-13}}</ref> | |||
==Religion== | |||
Hazaras are predominantly ] ]s, mostly of the ] sect.<ref name="EncBrit">]</ref> Most Afghans are not of the Twelver Shi'a denomination and this fact has probably contributed to the discrimination against the Hazaras.<ref name="Iranica1"/> Some Hazaras are also Shi'as of the ] denomination. Hazaras probably converted from ] to Shi'aism during the reign (1304 to 1316) of the ] ruler ]. Nonetheless, a small number of Hazaras are ],<ref name=Iranica1/> primarily among the ] Hazara and the Hazara ].<ref>Brice, William Charles (ed.) (1981) "Hazāras" ''An Historical Atlas of Islam'' (under the patronage of the Encyclopaedia of Islam) E. J. Brill, Leiden, p. 367, ISBN 90-04-06116-9</ref> Sunni Hazaras have been attached to non-Hazara tribes while the Ismaili Hazaras have always been kept separate from the rest of the Hazaras on account of religious beliefs and political purposes. ] and ] are largely populated by Sunni Hazaras. | |||
Although Afghanistan has historically been one of the poorest countries in the world, the Hazarajat region has remained underdeveloped due to past government neglect. Since the ousting of the Taliban in late 2001, billions of dollars have been invested in Afghanistan for reconstruction, and several large-scale projects began in August 2012. For instance, more than 5,000 kilometers of road pavement have been completed across the country, with little done in central Afghanistan (Hazarajat). Conversely, the ] in ] became the first ] in Afghanistan. A road from Kabul to ] was also constructed, along with new police stations, government institutions, hospitals, and schools in ], ], and other provinces predominantly inhabited by Hazaras. Additionally, the first ] in Afghanistan was established in Bamyan Province.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wanderlust.co.uk/magazine/news/afghanistan-hosts-second-national-ski-race|title=(27 February 2012) Afghanistan set to host second national ski race. wanderlust.co.uk|website=Wanderlust.co.uk|access-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804053617/http://www.wanderlust.co.uk/magazine/news/afghanistan-hosts-second-national-ski-race|archive-date=4 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203458604577263343870606130.html|title=Since Skiing Came to Afghanistan, It Has Been Pretty Much All Downhill|first=Charles|last=Levinson|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=March 7, 2012}}</ref> | |||
==Hazara tribes== | |||
Discrimination is evident in the treatment of ] (Pashtun nomads who historically migrate from region to region depending on the season), who are allowed to use the pastures of Hazarajat during the summer months. It is believed that this practice began during the rule of Abdur Rahman Khan.<ref name=yahoo>{{cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/306419/afghan-nomad-clashes-raise-fears-of-ethnic-strife|title=Afghan nomad clashes raise fears of ethnic strife |agency=Agence France-Presse |work=Bangkok Post |date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Living in mountainous Hazarajat, where arable farmland is scarce, the Hazara people rely on these pasture lands for their livelihood during the long and harsh winters. In 2007, some Kuchi nomads entered parts of Hazarajat to graze their livestock. When the local Hazaras resisted, a clash ensued, resulting in several deaths on both sides from gunfire. Such events continue to occur, even after the central government, including President ], was compelled to intervene. In late July 2012, a Hazara police commander in Uruzgan Province reportedly rounded up and killed nine Pashtun civilians in retaliation for the deaths of two local Hazaras. The Afghan government is currently investigating this matter.<ref name="yahoo" /> | |||
]]] | |||
President Hamid Karzai's efforts after the ] to negotiate a deal with Taliban leaders caused deep unease among Afghanistan's minority communities, who had fought the Taliban the longest and suffered the most during their rule. Leaders of the ], ], and Hazara communities vowed to resist any return of the Taliban to power, recalling the large-scale massacres of Hazara civilians during the Taliban's previous rule.<ref> '']'', 27 June 2010.</ref> The ] targeted a girls' school in ], a predominantly Shia Hazara area in western ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Death toll rises to 85 in Afghanistan girls’ school bomb attack |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/05/09/asia/afghanistan-girls-school-attack-intl-hnk/index.html |work=CNN |date=10 May 2021}}</ref> The Dashte Barchi district had frequently been attacked by the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/8/blasts-kill-dozens-near-school-in-afghan-capital-kabul|title=Blasts kill dozens near school in Afghan capital Kabul|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=8 May 2021 |access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> | |||
Following the ] to the Taliban in 2021, which marked the end of the war in Afghanistan, concerns were raised about whether the Taliban would reimpose the persecution of Hazaras as they did in the 1990s. An academic at ]'s ] stated that "The Hazaras are very fearful that the Taliban will likely reinstate the policies of the 1990s," despite Taliban reassurances that they would not revert to their previous oppressive practices.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan's minority Hazaras see gains of past two decades 'falling apart' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210823-afghanistan-s-minority-hazaras-see-gains-of-past-two-decades-falling-apart |access-date=31 August 2021 |publisher=] |date=23 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |title=Afghanistan's religious minorities live in fear of Taliban, brace for persecution |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/afghanistan-s-religious-minorities-live-fear-taliban-brace-persecution-n1277249 |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=] |date=29 August 2021}}</ref> On 6 September 2022, ] reported that since the Taliban took over Afghanistan in August 2021, ISIS–K has claimed responsibility for 13 attacks against Hazaras and has been linked to at least three more, resulting in the deaths and injuries of at least 700 people. The Islamic State affiliate has repeatedly targeted Hazaras and other religious minorities at mosques, schools, and workplaces.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 September 2022 |title=Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/09/06/afghanistan-isis-group-targets-religious-minorities |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> | |||
== Demographics == | |||
{{Further|Demographics of Afghanistan|Ethnic groups in Afghanistan}} | |||
] in Afghanistan]] | |||
Some sources claim that Hazaras comprise about 20 to 30 percent of the total ].<ref name=":4">The population of people with descent from Afghanistan in Canada is 48,090. Hazara make up an estimated 30% of the population of Afghanistan depending to the source. The Hazara population in Canada is estimated from these two figures. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224213742/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |date=2018-12-24 }}</ref><ref name="hazara-1" /><ref name="ngm" /><ref name="Iranica-Afghanistan" /> They were, by far, the largest ethnic group in the past. During the ], over sixty percent of Hazaras were massacred, and many were displaced. Meanwhile, they lost a significant portion of their territory to non-Hazaras, which could have doubled their land size today.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
== Geographic distribution == | |||
=== Afghanistan === | |||
{{Further|Hazaristan|Demographics of Afghanistan|Ethnic groups in Afghanistan}} | |||
{{Expand section|date=October 2023}} | |||
] | |||
The Hazaras are one of the largest ], primarily residing in the ] region in central Afghanistan, with a significant presence throughout the country.<ref>{{Citation |last=Dames |first=M. Longworth |title=Hazāra |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/hazara-SIM_2782 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913–1936) |access-date=2023-08-09 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}</ref> | |||
Until the 1880s, the Hazaras were completely autonomous and controlled the entire Hazaristan region. Today, the vast majority of Hazaras reside in Hazaristan, while many others live in various cities across the country.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} | |||
=== Central Asia === | |||
{{Further|Demographics of Central Asia}} | |||
After the massacre and genocide of the Hazaras by ] from ], many Hazaras migrated to ] regions under ] occupation, including ], ], ], and ], with a significant number settling in ] and ]. Over time, many Hazaras living in these regions lost their accent, language, and ethnic identity due to the similarities in racial structure and appearance with the local populations, leading to their assimilation.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=موسوی |first=سید عسکر |title=هزارههای افغانستان |pages=204–205}}</ref> | |||
=== Pakistan === | |||
{{Further|Demographics of Pakistan|Ethnic groups in Pakistan}} | |||
], who served as Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army]] | |||
During the period of ] in the ] in the 19th century, Hazaras worked in coal mines, road construction, and other ] jobs during the winter months in various cities of what is now ]. The earliest record of Hazaras in Pakistan dates back to Broadfoot's Sappers Company, which was established in 1835 in ] and also participated in the ]. Additionally, some Hazaras worked on agricultural farms in ] and contributed to the construction of the Sukkur Barrage.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} In 1962, the ] officially recognized the Hazaras as one of the ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=پولادی|first=حسن|title=هزارهها|year=1387}}</ref> | |||
Most Pakistani Hazaras are native to ]. Localities in the city of ] with prominent Hazara populations include ] and ]. The literacy level among the Hazara community in Pakistan is relatively high compared to that of Hazaras in Afghanistan, and they have integrated well into the local society's social dynamics. Saira Batool, a Hazara woman, was one of the first female pilots in the ]. Other notable Hazaras include ], ], who served as the fourth ] from 1958 to 1968, ] ], who served in the ] from 1949 to 1987, ], the slain chairman of the ],<ref>, '']'', 26 January 2009</ref> and ], a Member of the National Assembly from Quetta, along with his father ], who was a senator and member of the ] during the ] era.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} | |||
Despite this, Hazaras are often targeted by militant groups such as ] and others. Activists report that at least 800 to 1,000 Hazaras have been killed since 1999, and the pace is quickening. According to ], more than one hundred have been murdered in and around Quetta since January.<ref name="Bigg" /> The political representation of the community is served by the ], a secular liberal democratic party headed by ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/provinces/balochistans-hazaras-speak-out--qs |title=Balochistan's Hazaras speak out — Qurat ul ain Siddiqui interviews Secretary-General of the Hazara Democratic Party, Abdul Khaliq Hazara |publisher=] |access-date=2012-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hazarapress.com/political_parties/index.htm |title=List of Political parties |publisher=Hazarapress.com |access-date=2012-07-30}}</ref> | |||
=== Iran === | |||
{{Further|Demographics of Iran|Ethnic groups in Iran}} | |||
], the leader of Hazaras and the first Sunni representative member in the Iranian Parliament]] | |||
The Hazara people in ] are also referred to as '''Barbari''' ({{langx|fa|بربری}}),<ref>{{Citation |last=Ed |title=Berberi |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/berberi-SIM_1374 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |access-date=2023-08-13 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}</ref> or '''Khāwari''' ({{lang|fa|خاوری}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=اینترنشنال |first=هزاره |date=2014-05-11 |title=ایل هزاره در خراسان و فرهنگ جعلی جلیل آریایی |url=https://www.hazarainternational.com/fa/?p=20262 |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=هزاره اینترنشنال |language=fa-IR}}</ref> Over many years, due to political unrest in Afghanistan, some Hazaras have migrated to Iran. The local Hazara population is estimated to be around 500,000, with at least one-third having spent more than half their lives in Iran.<ref name="W.I.Smyth" /> Before Iran was forced to relinquish the ] region according to the ] in 1857 during the reign of ], the country possessed a much larger part of ]. One of the tribes that roamed this area prior to the cession was the Hazaras. After the border between Iran and Afghanistan was drawn, the tribe settled on both sides of the border. The leadership of this tribe at the end of the ] and during the ] was held by ], known as "Sulat al-Sultanah Hazara." He was a ] Hazara, a politician, and the first Sunni representative in the ], as well as the only Sunni Iranian to represent Mashhad in the history of Iran's ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zamandaily.ir/attachments/article/787/3404-2.pdf |title="«شورش خراسان» در کتابفروشیها شکل میگیرد" |access-date=2022-12-29 |archive-date=2018-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223108/http://zamandaily.ir/attachments/article/787/3404-2.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= بیات|first= کاوه|title= شورش خراسان و صولتالسلطنه هزاره (زمستان 1320)|year= 2016|url= https://www.iranketab.ir/book/32616-khorasan-uprising|publisher= موسسه فرهنگی هنری جهان کتاب|isbn=978-600-6732-68-8}}</ref> | |||
=== India === | |||
{{Main|Attarwala}} | |||
{{Expand section|date=October 2023}} | |||
The ] claim to be Hazaras who mainly inhabit the state of ], ]. They are descended from a group of ] soldiers who were initially settled in ] during the rule of Mughal Emperor ].<ref name=":8">{{cite book |last=Mohideen |first=AM |title=Gujarat |date=2003 |publisher=] |isbn=978-81-7991-104-4 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=KS |series=People of India Part One |volume=XXI |pages=78–81 |chapter=Attarwalla |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC&pg=PA78}}</ref> According to their recorded documents, they then migrated to ] via ], ], and ]. This migration followed their participation in the community during the 1857 ]. Once settled in Gujarat, the community took up the occupation of manufacturing perfumes known as ]s.<ref name=":8" /> The term "attarwala" means "manufacturer of perfumes." A second migration occurred in 1947 from Agra after the ], with some members immigrating to ], while others joined their co-ethnics in Ahmedabad.<ref name=":8" /> | |||
=== Diaspora === | |||
{{Main|Hazara diaspora|Afghan diaspora|Hazaras in Europe|Hazara Australians}} | |||
] argues in his recent ] book<ref>{{cite book |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |year=2005 |title=War and migration: Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-97508-7}}</ref> that ] is a traditional way of life for the Hazara people, referring to the seasonal and historical migrations that have never ceased and do not seem to be dictated solely by emergencies such as war.<ref>{{cite book |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title= War and migration: Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan|year= 2005|publisher= Routledge|location= Routledge, New York|language= en |translator=Patrick Camiller|isbn= 978-0-415-97508-7}}</ref> Due to decades of conflict in Afghanistan and ], many Hazaras have left their communities and settled in ], ], ], the ], the ], and particularly the ]an countries such as ] and ]. Some migrate as exchange students, while others do so through human smuggling, which sometimes costs them their lives. Since 2001, about 1,000 people have died at sea while attempting to reach Australia by boat from Indonesia, many of whom were Hazaras.<ref name="Bigg">{{cite news|last=Bigg |first=Matthew |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-hazaras-idUSBRE89N1LP20121025 |title=Insight: Pakistani death squads spur desperate voyage to Australia |newspaper=Reuters |access-date=8 December 2013|date=2012-10-25}}</ref> A notable case was the ], in which a shipload of refugees, mostly Hazaras, was rescued by the ] freighter ] and subsequently sent to ].<ref> BBC News.</ref> | |||
== Culture and society == | |||
{{Main|Hazara culture}} | |||
{{Further|Culture of Afghanistan}} | |||
]. Painting by ]|left|270x270px]] | |||
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Hazara culture is a combination of customs, traditions, behaviors, beliefs, and norms that have developed over many years through interactions with and confrontations against surrounding phenomena. Today, it is displayed as a distinct cultural identity. The Hazara culture is rich in heritage, featuring many unique elements and sharing common influences with various cultures of ] and ]. Outside of Hazarajat, the Hazaras have adopted aspects of the cultures of the cities where they reside, resembling the traditions of ] and ]. Traditionally, the Hazaras are highland farmers. In Hazarajat, they have retained many of their own customs and traditions, which are more closely related to those of Central Asians than to those of Afghan Tajiks. Historically, Hazaras have lived in houses, but some groups, such as the ] and a few others, are ] and primarily reside in ] ] rather than traditional homes.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last1=Latham|first1=Robert Gordon|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiveethn00lathgoog|title=Eastern and northern Asia Europe|publisher=J. van Voorst|year=1859|page=|access-date=2013-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=افغانستان |first=روزنامه |title=استقبال گسترده از روز فرهنگ هزارگی در کشور – روزنامه افغانستان |url=http://www.dailyafghanistan.com/entertainment_detail.php?post_id=156528 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=www.dailyafghanistan.com |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Spuler|first=B.|title=Aymak|date=2012-04-24|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/aymak-SIM_0904?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Aymak|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|publisher=Brill|language=en|access-date=2023-08-15}}</ref> | |||
=== Attire === | |||
{{Main|Hazara clothing}} | |||
{{Further|Clothing in Afghanistan|Central Asian clothing|Islamic clothing}} | |||
Hazara clothing plays an important role in supporting the ], traditional, and social identity of the Hazara ethnicity. Hazara garments are produced both manually and by machine. In Afghanistan, these types of clothing are sewn in various parts of the country, especially in the central provinces.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=tebyan.net |first=موسسه فرهنگی واطلاع رسانی تبیان {{!}} |date=2017-06-09 |title=لباس های سنتی زنان و مردان هزاره |url=https://article.tebyan.net/361566 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=fa}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Clothing of the Hazāra Tribes|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-xiv|access-date=31 August 2022|website=]}}</ref> | |||
==== Male clothing ==== | |||
{{Further|Barak (cloth)}} | |||
Hazara men traditionally wear a ], also called a barag, along with a ]. The barak is an important component of Hazara clothing. It is a soft, thick garment made from the first wool of special sheep raised in Hazarajat. In addition to being stylish and regal, the Hazara barak is also a warm winter garment that is resistant to moisture, allowing it to remain dry in snow and rain. Furthermore, the barak has unique properties; its softness helps reduce ] and can provide relief for ]. Nowadays, the most common attire among Hazara men is the ], often paired with a hat or ].<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Barak|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/barak-a-kind-of-firm-and-durable-woven-cloth-used-for-coats-overcoats-labbada-shawls-in-afghanistan-cukas-surcoa|access-date=31 August 2022|website=]}}</ref> | |||
==== Female clothing ==== | |||
The traditional clothing of Hazara women includes a pleated skirt with a ] or ]. The lower tunbans are made from fabrics such as flowered chits, while the upper skirts are crafted from finer materials like ], ], or ], often adorned with a border or decoration at the bottom. The women's shirt is calf-length, with a close collar and long sleeves, featuring slits on both sides that fit over the skirts, which are appreciated for their modesty in accordance with Islamic customs. | |||
Hazara women's clothing varies according to social, economic, and age factors. Young Hazara women typically wear outfits made from different fabrics in vibrant colors and cheerful designs, complemented by beautiful and colorful ]. In contrast, older women prefer darker fabrics with simple black and white patterns. Hazara women's chadors or head coverings are often embellished with ], typically made of silver or gold, and sometimes paired with a hat. The adornments on their clothing include silver or gold ] with colorful ]s, ]s, ]s, and silver or gold ]s.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":11" /> | |||
==== Headgear ==== | |||
{{Further|Headgear}} | |||
Hazaras traditionally wear headgear or hats, which differ for men and women. There are various types of Hazara hats and caps; some are made from animal skin, while others are crafted from barak. Additionally, some Hazara men wear the ] of ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Clothing of the Hazāra tribes |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-xiv |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=iranicaonline.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=tebyan.net |first=موسسه فرهنگی واطلاع رسانی تبیان {{!}} |date=2017-06-09 |title=لباس های سنتی زنان و مردان هزاره |url=https://article.tebyan.net/361566 |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=fa |language=fa}}</ref> | |||
=== Cuisine === | |||
{{Main|Hazara cuisine}} | |||
{{Further|Central Asian cuisine|South Asian cuisine|Persian cuisine}} | |||
The Hazara cuisine is strongly influenced by ], ], and ] cuisines. However, there are unique foods, cooking methods, and styles that are specific to the Hazara people. They also have a hospitable dining etiquette, where it is customary to prepare special food for guests.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} | |||
=== Language === | |||
{{Main|Dari|Hazaragi}} | |||
The Hazaras speak ] and the ] ] of the ].<ref name="Attitudes Towards Hazaragi">{{cite web|url=http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1224&context=theses|title=Attitudes towards Hazaragi|access-date=June 5, 2014 |pages=1–2}}</ref><ref name="hazara-4">{{cite encyclopedia |first=Charles M. |last=Kieffer |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=HAZĀRA |trans-title=iv. Hazāragi dialect |url=http://iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-4 |access-date=August 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title=Hazāras |date=2017-07-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/hazaras-COM_30419 |encyclopedia=], THREE |publisher=Brill |language=en |quote=They speak a Persian dialect with many Turkic and a few Mongolian words. |access-date=2022-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=Hazāras |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/hazaras-SIM_8617?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.cluster.Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&s.q=Hazaras |encyclopedia=], Second Edition |publisher=Brill |language=en |access-date=2022-05-08}}</ref> | |||
According to the '']'', Hazaragi is a dialect of Persian infused with many Turkic and some ] words or loanwords.<ref>{{Citation |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title=Hazāras |date=2017-07-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/hazaras-COM_30419 |encyclopedia=], THREE |publisher=Brill |language=en |quote=They speak a Persian dialect with many Turkic and a few Mongolian words. |access-date=2022-05-07}}</ref> The '']'' describes Hazaragi as an eastern variety of Persian containing numerous ] and ] words.<ref name="britannica"> In English: ''"The Hazara speak an eastern variety of Persian called Hazaragi with many Mongolian and Turkic words."''</ref> Similarly, '']'' notes that Hazaras speak a Persian dialect with many Turkic and some Mongolic words.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=HAZĀRA |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-1 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=iranicaonline.org |language=en-US |quote=The Hazāras speak a Persian dialect with many Turkish and some Mongolian words.}}</ref><ref name="Iranica-Afghanistan">{{cite web |work=] |date=December 15, 1983 |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=AFGHANISTAN iv. Ethnography |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-iv-ethnography |edition=Online |location=United States}}</ref><ref>Malistani, A. H. Tariq and Gehring, Roman (compilers) (1993) '' Farhang-i ibtidal-i milli-i Hazarah : bi-inzimam-i tarjamah bih Farsi-i Ingilisi = Hazaragi – Dari/Persian- English: a preliminary glossary'' A. H. Tariq Malistani, Quetta, {{OCLC|33814814}}</ref><ref name="Farhadi">Farhadi, A. G. Ravan (1955). ''Le persan parlé en Afghanistan: Grammaire du kâboli accompagnée d'un recuil de quatrains populaires de la région de Kâbol''. Paris.</ref> Other sources describe the Hazara population as speaking Persian with some Mongolian words.<ref name="Atif Adnan" /><ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/> An ''Iranica'' article on the language of Hazaras states that the dialect consists of three linguistic layers: (1) pre-Mongol Persian, with its own substratum; (2) Mongolian; and (3) modern Tajiki, preserving elements of both (1) and (2).<ref name="hazara-4" /> The primary difference between Persian and Hazaragi lies in the accent.<ref name="hazara-4" /> Despite these variations, Hazaragi remains mutually intelligible with Dari,<ref name="Attitudes Towards Hazaragi" /> the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Languages in Afghanistan|url=https://swedishcommittee.org/afghanistan/language|access-date=2021-02-14|website=The Swedish Committee for Afghanistan (SCA)}}</ref> | |||
According to Dr. Lutfi Temirkhanov, a Doctor of Sciences, the ancestors of the Hazaras were originally Mongol-speaking<ref name="Temirkhanov"/><ref name="TemirkhanovLutfi"/> and only after resettling did they begin to mix with Persian-speaking and Turkic-speaking populations. Temirkhanov explains, "Hordes of Mongol princes and feudal lords found themselves in a Persian-speaking environment; they mixed with them, were influenced by Persian-Tajik culture, and gradually adopted the Persian language."<ref name="TemirkhanovLanguage">Temirkhanov L. (1968). . Советская этнография. 1. P. 93-94. In Russian: ''"орды монгольских царевичей и феодалов оказались в таджикском окружении; они смешивались с таджиками, подвергались влиянию персидско-таджикской культуры и постепенно принимали язык таджиков, отсюда и таджикская речь хазарейцев"''.</ref> Some sources indicate that in the 16th century, during the time of ], some Hazaras still spoke a ].<ref name="Массон, Ромодин" /><ref name="Bartold" /><ref name="Iranica" /> According to the '']'' and other sources, some Hazaras continued to speak Mongolian until the 19th century.<ref name="bigenc" /><ref name="Vámbéry" /><ref name="Petrushevsky" /><ref name="Forensic Science International" /> Temirkhanov notes that Mongolian elements make up about 10% of the Hazara vocabulary,<ref name="TemirkhanovVocabulary"> Temirkhanov L. (1968). . Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: ''"монгольские элементы составляют 10% хазарейской лексики"''.</ref> while Turkic and Mongolic words together constitute approximately 20% of the vocabulary of the Hazaragi dialect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=خاوری |first=محمد جواد |title=امثال و حِکم مردم هزاره |publisher=نشر عرفان |location=مشهد |page=16}}</ref> | |||
=== Religion === | |||
{{Further|Religion in Afghanistan|Islam in Afghanistan}} | |||
] in ]]] | |||
Hazaras predominantly practice ], with most adhering to ] Islam, a significant portion following ] Islam, and smaller groups practicing ] and ]. Estimates suggest that about 90% of Hazaras in Afghanistan are Shi'a, 5% are Sunni, and 1% are Isma'ili.<ref name="eHRAF World Cultures">{{Cite web|url=https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/cultures/au05/summary| title=Hazara Summary| publisher=eHRAF World Cultures|access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="culturalorientation">The Afghans, Their History and Culture, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228003012/http://www.cal.org/co/afghan/arelig.html |date=2010-12-28}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=شناسنامه الکترونیکی،آخرین فرصت تثبیت هویت هزارههای سنی و اسماعیلی {{!}} سایت طرح نو، باشگاه اندیشه و گفتوگو|url=http://tarhenaw.com/?p=1324|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref> The majority of ] practices Sunni Islam, which may have contributed to the ].<ref name="hazara-1" /> | |||
==== Shia Hazaras ==== | |||
{{Expand section|date=September 2023}} | |||
There is no definitive theory regarding the acceptance of ] Islam by the majority of Hazaras. It is possible that most Hazaras adopted Shi'a Islam in the early 16th century, during the initial years of the ].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DOuOSYR4PcC&q=safavid+persia+conversion&pg=PA44 |title=Revolution unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the present, By Gilles Dorronsoro, pg.44 |access-date=2012-07-30|isbn=978-1-85065-703-3 |year=2005 |last1=Dorronsoro |first1=Gilles|publisher=C. Hurst }}</ref><ref name="culturalorientation" /><ref name=":2" /> | |||
==== Sunni Hazaras ==== | |||
]]] | |||
A significant portion of the Hazara population are ]. Sunni Hazaras have practiced Sunni Islam for a long time, predating ]'s occupation of ]. However, some were forcefully converted from Shi'a to Sunni Islam following Abdur Rahman’s occupation and the ]. In Afghanistan, they primarily inhabit the provinces of ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=پولادی|first=حسن|title=هزارهها: تاریخ، سیاست، اقتصاد و فرهنگ. ترجمهٔ علی عالمی کرمانی.|year=1387|publisher=انتشارات عرفان|isbn=978--964-06-0527-1|pages=205–206}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=گیزابی|first=محمداکرم|title=هزارهها و هزارستان اثر گروه تحقیقی پیدی میتلند. ترجمهٔ محمداکرم گیزابی. مجمع نویسندگان افغانستان.|year= 1375|page=192}}</ref> | |||
Sher Muhammad Khan Hazara, a Sunni Hazara and ] of the Hazaras of ] in ], was a warlord who participated in the Sunni coalition that defended ]. He was also one of those who defeated British forces around ] and in the ] during the ] (1838–1842).<ref>{{Cite book |last=دلجو |first=عباس |title=تاریخ باستانی هزارهها |date=2018 |publisher=موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل |isbn=978-9936-624-00-9 |location=کابل، افغانستان |page=222}}</ref> | |||
During the ], the ] also forcefully converted Hazaras into Sunni Islam.<ref>How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban, and the Hijacking of Afghanistan, Roy Gutman, 2008, pp. 138-141</ref> | |||
==== Isma'ili Hazaras ==== | |||
] Hazaras primarily reside in the provinces of ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. They have historically been separated from other Hazaras due to religious beliefs and ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=خواتی|first=شفق|title=مجله طلوع|year= 1382|pages=52–68}}</ref> | |||
=== Hazara tribes === | |||
{{Main|List of Hazara tribes}} | {{Main|List of Hazara tribes}} | ||
] ]] | |||
The Hazara people have been organized by various ]s. However more recently and since the inclusion of the Hazaras into the "Afghan state", the tribal affiliations have been disappearing and former tribal names (e.g. ], ], or ]) today more commonly refer to territorial designations.<ref name=Iranica3>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Monsutti|first= Alessandro|editor= ]|encyclopedia= ]|title= HAZĀRA: iii. ETHNOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION|url=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v12f1/v12f1080c.html |edition= Online Edition|publisher= ]|location= United States}}</ref> | |||
The Hazara people are organized into various ]s. Some prominent Hazara tribes include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], Naiman, ], ], and others. These tribes originate from ] (Hazara regions) such as ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. They are spread across Afghanistan, parts of Pakistan and Iran, as well as other Hazara-populated areas.<ref>, Program for Culture and Conflict Studies, US Naval Postgraduate School</ref> | |||
<!--This section perhaps should note who the major tribes are (numerically) whilst a full listing be added to the List of Hazara tribes article--> | |||
== |
=== Art === | ||
], a folklore Hazara musician]] | |||
21-year-old ], an ethnic Hazara, won a bronze medal in ] in the ] 2008, beating world champion ] of Spain 4-1 in a play-off final. It was Afghanistan's first-ever Olympics medal. Other famous Hazara athletes are Syed Abdul Jalil Waiz (]) and Ali Hazara (]). Syed Abdul Jalil Waiz is the first Hazara Badminton-player who represented the country in Asian Junior Championships in 2005 where he produced the first win for the country against Iraq, winning 15/13 15/1. He participated in several international championships since 2005 and achieved victories against ], ] and ]. | |||
], a prominent writer and historian]] | |||
==== Writers and poets ==== | |||
Some well-known Hazara writers and poets include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ], among others. | |||
==== Music ==== | |||
{{Further|Music of Central Asia|Music of Afghanistan|Dambura|Ghaychak}} | |||
Many Hazara musicians are widely recognized for their skill in playing the ], a native lute instrument also found in other Central Asian countries such as ], ], and ]. Notable Hazara musicians and dambura players include ], ], ], and ], among others.<ref name=":1" /> ] are particularly common in Hazara dambura music, with Sarwar Sarkhosh being the first singer to popularize them. His main message centered on the uprising of the younger generation and the fight against oppression.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Hazara Nationalism: in Music and Historical Literature|date=24 December 2014 |url=https://www.hazarainternational.com/2014/12/25/the-hazara-nationalism-in-music-and-historical-literature/|language=en-US}}</ref> Additionally, the ], a traditional field instrument, is played similarly to a fiddle. Its resonance bowl is typically made from walnuts or berries, and its strings are metal, making it one of the ] in Hazara music.<ref>{{Cite web|title=قیچک – لغتنامه دهخدا |url=https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D9%82%DB%8C%DA%86%DA%A9/}}</ref> | |||
Renowned ] musician ] is also a descendant of the Hazara from the ] tribe. | |||
==== Cinema ==== | |||
], Actress]] | |||
Hazara ] artists do not have a long history, but some of their famous actors and actresses today include ], ], ], ], and others. | |||
=== Sports === | |||
{{Further|Sport in Afghanistan}} | |||
], two-time Olympic bronze medalist in the sport of Taekwondo]] | |||
], a martial artist and actor]] | |||
Many Hazaras engage in various sports, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and more. ], a 62 kg wrestler, was the national champion in Afghanistan for two decades. Another famous Hazara wrestler, ], was killed in the ] in ], Kabul, on 22 April 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/20/world/asia/kabul-wrestlers-maiwand-bombing.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/20/world/asia/kabul-wrestlers-maiwand-bombing.html |archive-date=2022-01-03 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title='Suicider!' Came the Warning. For Afghans, Wrestlers' Deaths Resound. (Published 2018)|first1=Rod|last1=Nordland|first2=Fatima|last2=Faizi|work=The New York Times |date=September 20, 2018|via=NYTimes.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mashal|first=Mujib|date=2018-04-23|title=After Each Attack He Carried the Wounded. Then He Became a Victim. (Published 2018)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/23/world/asia/afghanistan-shiite-wrestling-hero.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/23/world/asia/afghanistan-shiite-wrestling-hero.html |archive-date=2022-01-03 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2020-12-03|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> | |||
], won a ] in ] at the 2008 ], defeating world champion ] of Spain 4–1 in the playoff final. This achievement marked Afghanistan's first-ever Olympic medal. He then won a second Olympic medal for Afghanistan at the London 2012 Games.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} | |||
Another notable Hazara athlete, Sayed Abdul Jalil Waiz, was the first ] player to represent Afghanistan in the Asian Junior Championships in 2005, where he secured the first win for his country against Iraq with scores of 15–13 and 15–1. He has participated in several international championships since 2005, achieving victories against competitors from ], the ], and ]. ] is a Hazara boxer from Afghanistan who currently lives in Germany. ] is a ] martial artist who won an award for the best ] in an Australian-made action movie. | |||
Hazara football players include ], who currently plays for the ]; ], an ] footballer who plays for ]; ], a Hazara Australian footballer who plays as a ] for ] club ] and the ]; ], an Australian footballer who plays as a midfielder for ]. Other notable players include ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Islam Amiri Hazara – Afghan national football team captain and Fans "player of the year"|url=http://www.hazara.net/2013/09/islam-amiri-hazara-afghan-national-football-team-captain-and-fans-player-of-the-year/|date=24 September 2013|access-date=May 25, 2014|work=Hazara.net}}</ref> | |||
Some Hazaras from Pakistan have also excelled in sports and received numerous awards, particularly in boxing, football, and ]. | |||
Pakistani Hazara ], a former Olympic boxer, served as the deputy director-general of the ]. He represented Pakistan three times at the Olympics and won a gold medal at the ] in ]. Another Hazara boxer from Pakistan is ], a ] gold medalist and ] who is currently retired. | |||
Former captain of the ], ], was the second Pakistani footballer to score a hat trick in an international game.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyat |first=Kamila |date=2014-06-29 |title=The years of dreams {{!}} Special Report {{!}} thenews.com.pk |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/556573-the-years-of-dreams-1950s-1960s |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Ahsan |first=Ali |date=2010-12-23 |title=A history of football in Pakistan — Part I |url=https://www.dawn.com/2010/12/23/a-history-of-football-in-pakistan-part-i/ |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> New Hazara youngsters are emerging in football in Pakistan, mostly from ], including ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hazara.net/2013/09/rajab-ali-hazara-to-lead-under-16-pakistan-football-team-as-captain/ |title=Rajab Ali Hazara to lead under 16 Pakistan Football team as captain |publisher=www.hazara.net |access-date=2014-09-18|date=2013-09-24 }}</ref> | |||
Another notable figure is ], a Pakistani female karate champion who has won several gold, silver, and bronze medals on national and international stages, including the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adil |first=Hafsa |title='Role model': Pakistan's Hazara woman packing a punch |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/5/15/role-model-pakistans-hazara-woman-packing-a-punch |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Other notable Hazaras in karate include ], who became the first Pakistani woman to win an individual medal (a bronze) at the ] karate championship, and ].{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} | |||
=== Cultural sports === | |||
The cultural sports of the Hazara people are those that have been passed down through generations from their ancestors. | |||
==== Buzkashi ==== | |||
{{Main|Buzkashi}} | |||
] | |||
] is a Central Asian sport in which horse-mounted players attempt to place a ] or ] carcass into a goal. It is the national sport of Afghanistan and is one of the cultural sports of the Hazara people, who continue to practice this sport in Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=YJC|first=خبرگزاری باشگاه خبرنگاران {{!}} آخرین اخبار ایران و جهان {{!}}|date=9 May 2017|title=تاریخچه ورزش "بزکشی" در افغانستان + تصاویر |trans-title=History of "Buzkashi" sport in Afghanistan + Pictures|url=http://www.yjc.news/fa/news/6334929|access-date=2021-09-13|website=fa|language=fa}}</ref> | |||
==== Tirandāzi ==== | |||
{{Further|Archery}} | |||
] is a form of archery and an ancient cultural sport of the Hazaras.<ref>{{Cite web|title=مسابقات تیراندازی با کمان در بامیان، میدان و غزنی|url=https://www.kabulpress.org/article143773.html|access-date=2022-09-09|website=|date=3 February 2013 |language=fa}}</ref> | |||
==== Pahlawani ==== | |||
{{Further|Pahlawani|Wrestling}} | |||
], or ], is a traditional ] sport practiced by the Hazaras. It has a long history in Afghanistan and is particularly significant among the Hazara community. During holidays, Pahlawani fields are set up for competitions, which are held across different age groups. This cultural sport features its own unique techniques. Due to its ancient roots and familiarity, Pahlawani has been passed down from generation to generation among the Hazaras.<ref>{{Cite web|title=کشتی محلی افغانستان؛ ورزشی پرهیجان با علاقمندان فراوان+تصاویر|url=https://af.shafaqna.com/FA/69475|access-date=2022-09-10|website=af.shafaqna.com}}</ref> | |||
== Notable people == | |||
{{Main|List of Hazara people}} | |||
== Gallery == | |||
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" caption="Flags"> | |||
File:Hazaristan Flag.svg|] | |||
</gallery> | |||
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" caption="Pictures"> | |||
File:Hazara military in Afghanistan.jpg|Hazara men in the uniform of the ] | |||
File:Hazara people of Kabul, Afghanistan.jpg|Hazara young men in ] | |||
File:Hazara man.jpg|An elderly Hazara man | |||
File:Alauddini Hazaras.jpg|Hazaras in ] | |||
File:Hazaras men, Afghanistan.jpg|Hazara men on the anniversary of the death of ] in Kabul | |||
File:Hazara schoolboys in Afghanistan.jpg|Hazara schoolboys | |||
</gallery> | |||
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" caption="Cultural"> | |||
File:Schoolgirls in Ghazni, Afghanistan in March 8, 2011 (cropped).jpg|Hazara girls from Ghazni province | |||
File:Little young Hazara boy.jpg|A young Hazara boy | |||
File:Hazara girl (1).jpg|Hazara girl in traditional clothing | |||
</gallery> | |||
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" caption="Historical"> | |||
File:Wullie Mohammed a Dahzungi Hazara 1879.jpg|An 1879 portrait of a ] Hazara man | |||
File:Hazara men from villages near Ghazni, 1840 (1).jpg|Hazara men from villages near ], {{Circa|1840}}, painting by ] | |||
File:Sulat al-Sultanah Hazara (seated second from the right) next to his brothers and uncles.jpg| Il-e Hazara ({{langx|fa|ایل هزاره}}) of Iran </gallery> | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
{{Hazara people}} | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
== References == | |||
==Notes and references== | |||
{{Reflist |
{{Reflist}} | ||
==Further reading== | |||
== Further reading == | |||
* {{cite book |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title= War and migration: Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan|edition= |series= |year= 2005|publisher= Routledge|location= Routledge, New York|language= English, translated by Patrick Camiller|isbn= 0-415-97508-5}} | |||
* {{cite book |last= |
* {{cite book |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title= War and migration: Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan|year= 2005|publisher= Routledge|location= Routledge, New York|translator=Patrick Camiller |isbn= 978-0-415-97508-7}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Frederiksen |first= Birthe| |
* {{cite book |last=Frederiksen |first= Birthe|author2=Nicolaisen, Ida|title= Caravans and trade in Afghanistan: The changing life of the nomadic Hazarbuz|series= Carlsberg Foundation's Nomad Research Project|year=1996 |publisher= Thames and Hudson|location= London|isbn= 978-0-500-01687-9}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Poladi |first=Hassan |title= The Hazāras |
* {{cite book |last=Poladi |first=Hassan |title= The Hazāras|year= 1989|publisher= Mughal Publishing Company|location= Stockton, California|isbn= 978-0-929824-00-0}} | ||
* {{cite book |last= Kakar|first=M. Hasan |title=The pacification of the Hazaras of Afghanistan |year= 1973|publisher= Afghanistan Council, Asia Society|location= New York|oclc= 1111643}} | * {{cite book |last= Kakar|first=M. Hasan |title=The pacification of the Hazaras of Afghanistan |year= 1973|publisher= Afghanistan Council, Asia Society|location= New York|oclc= 1111643}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Harpviken |first=Kristian Berg |author-link=Kristian Berg Harpviken |title=Political Mobilization Among the Hazara of Afghanistan: 1978–1992 |url=http://www.prio.no/sptrans/-1404536104/Harpviken%20KB%20(1996)%20Political%20mobilization%20among%20the%20Hazara.pdf |series=Rapportserien ved Sosiologi, Nr. 9 1996 |publisher=Institutt for Sosiologi, Universitetet i Oslo |location=Oslo |isbn=978-82-570-0127-8 |access-date=2011-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927072308/http://www.prio.no/sptrans/-1404536104/Harpviken%20KB%20(1996)%20Political%20mobilization%20among%20the%20Hazara.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-27 |year=1996 }} | |||
== See also == | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] <!-- On persecution of Hazaras as sub theme in Afghanistan -->. | |||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
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{{Incubator|code= haz}} | ||
{{Commons category}} | |||
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Hazara (Race)}} | |||
* {{Iranica|hazara-1}} | |||
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* , Program for Culture and Conflict Studies, ] | |||
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* - a blog that focuses on the Hazara people (in Persian) | |||
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{{Hazara nationalism}} | ||
{{Iranian peoples}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 20:56, 9 January 2025
Persian-speaking ethnic group mainly in Afghanistan This article is about the ethnic group of Afghanistan. Not to be confused with the Hindko-speaking Hazarawal people of the Hazara region in Pakistan, or with the historic Khazar.This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Misplaced Pages's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Ethnic group
Azra آزره | |
---|---|
Hazara school girls in Bamyan | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Afghanistan | 6,000,000 |
Pakistan | 900,000 |
Iran | 500,000 |
Europe | 130,000 |
Australia | 41,766 |
Turkey | 26,000 |
Indonesia | 3,800 |
Canada | 3,580 |
Languages | |
Religion | |
Related ethnic groups | |
The Hazaras (Persian: هزاره, romanized: Hazāra; Hazaragi: آزره, romanized: Āzrə) are an ethnic group and a principal component of Afghanistan’s population. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan, primarily residing in the Hazaristan (Hazarajat) region in central Afghanistan. Hazaras also form significant minority communities in Pakistan, mainly in Quetta, and in Iran, primarily in Mashhad. They speak the Dari and Hazaragi dialects of Persian. Dari, also known as Dari Persian, is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan.
The Hazaras are one of the most persecuted groups in Afghanistan. More than half of the Hazara population was massacred by the Emirate of Afghanistan between 1888 and 1893, and they have faced persecution at various times over the past decades. Widespread ethnic discrimination, religious persecution, organized attacks by terrorist groups, harassment, and arbitrary arrest for various reasons have affected Hazaras. There have been numerous cases of torture of Hazara women, land and home seizures, deliberate economic restrictions, economic marginalization of the Hazara region and appropriation of Hazara agricultural fields and pastures. These and many other human rights violations have led to the displacement and forced migration of many Hazaras from Afghanistan.
Etymology
The etymology of the word "Hazara" is disputed, with differing opinions on its origin.
- Historian Abdul Hai Habibi considers the word "Hazara" (Hazāra هزاره) is very old, derived from "Hazala" (həzālə هزاله), which evolved into "Hazara" over time and originally meant "good-hearted."
- Some believe that in ancient times, the Hazara people were called "Hazara" (Hazāra هزاره) due to their large population. The name "Hazara" is thought to derive from the Persian word "Hazar" (həzār هزار), meaning "thousand," as a metaphor for a population numbering over a thousand.
- The name "Hazara" (Hazāra هزاره) is thought to derive from the Persian word "Hazar" (Hazār هزار), meaning "thousand." It may be a translation of the Mongolic word mingghan, which referred to a military unit of 1,000 soldiers during the time of Genghis Khan. The term might have been used as a substitute for the Mongolic word to represent the group of people. In their native language, the Hazara people refer to themselves as "Azra" (āzrə آزره) or (əzrə ازره).
Origin
Despite being one of the principal population groups in Afghanistan, the origins of the Hazara people have not been fully reconstructed. Genetic and linguistic analyses describe Hazaras as an ethnically mixed group, with varying degrees of ancestry linked to contemporary Iranian, Mongolic, and Turkic populations. The physical characteristics of some Hazaras and Aimaqs are Mongolian, likely a legacy of the Mongol invasion. Additionally, Hazaras share a common racial structure and physical resemblance with the Turkic people of Central Asia. Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire in the early 16th century, mentioned the Hazaras in the Baburnama, referring to some as "Turkoman Hazaras."
Over the centuries, various Mongol (Turco-Mongol) and Turkic groups, notably the Qara'unas, Chagatai Turco-Mongols, Ilkhanate, and Timurids, merged with local indigenous Turkic and Iranian populations. Scholars agree that the Hazaras are ultimately the result of a blend of several Turkic, Mongolic, and Iranian tribes.
Although the Hazaras are a mix of multiple distinct ethnicities, many researchers focus on their Mongolic component. Some authors, including Elizabeth Emaline Bacon, Barbara A. West, Yuri Averyanov, and Elbrus Sattsayev, refer to them as "Hazara Mongols." According to historian Lutfi Temirkhanov, Mongolian detachments left in Afghanistan by Genghis Khan or his successors became the foundational layer of Hazara ethnogenesis, with Turkic elements playing a secondary role. In the Ghilji neighborhood, Hazaras are called Mongols. Evidence for the Mongol influence in Hazara ethnogenesis includes linguistic data, historical sources, toponymy, and population genetics studies. Scholars such as Vasily Bartold, Ármin Vámbéry, Vadim Masson, Vadim Romodin, Ilya Petrushevsky, Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, and Yong-Gang Yao have written about the historical use of the Mongolian language by the Hazaras.
Genetics
Hazara men in Behsud, Maidan Wardak. These farmers' skin has darkened due to constant work under the sun at an altitude of 2500 to 3,000 meters above sea levelHazaras on the anniversary of Abdul Ali Mazari's death on 2021 in KabulGenetically, the Hazaras have a mix of West Eurasian and East Eurasian components. Genetic data shows that Hazaras in Afghanistan cluster closely with the Uzbek population, while both groups are notably distinct from Afghanistan's Tajik and Pashtun populations. There is evidence of both paternal and maternal connections to Turkic, Mongolic, and Iranian peoples.
The frequency of ancestral components among the Hazaras varies according to tribal affiliation. They show a high genetic affinity to present-day Turkic populations of Central Asia and East Asia, as well as to Mongolic populations. In terms of their overall genetic makeup, approximately 49% of the average gene pool of the Hazaras is derived from East Asian sources, around 48% from European sources, and approximately 0.17%, 0.47%, and 2.30% from African, Oceanian, and Amerindian sources, respectively. The genetic makeup of the Hazaras is similar to that of Uzbek, Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Mongol populations.
Some analyses suggest that the Hazaras are more closely related to the Turkic populations of Central Asia than to Mongolians, East Asians, or Indo-Iranians.
In another study, results from pairwise genetic distances, MDS, PCA, and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction demonstrate that present-day Hazaras are genetically closer to Turkic-speaking populations (such as Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz) residing in northwest China than to other Central and South Asian populations or Mongolians. Outgroup and admixture analyses, including f3, f4, f4-ratio, qpWave, and qpAdm results, further show that Hazaras share more alleles with East Asians than with other Central Asians, carrying approximately 57.8% Mongolian-related ancestry. The Hazaras have undergone genetic admixture with local or neighboring populations, forming their current East-West Eurasian admixed genetic profile after their separation from the Mongolians.
Paternal haplogroups
The most common paternal DNA haplogroups among Hazaras from Afghanistan are the East Eurasian haplogroup C-M217 (33.33%) and the West Eurasian haplogroup R1a1a-M17 (6.67%), followed by the West Eurasian haplogroups J2-M172 and L-M20. Some Hazaras were also found to belong to the haplogroups E1b1b1-M35, L-M20, and H-M69, which they share with Tajiks, Pashtuns, and Indian populations. Additionally, one individual with the haplogroup B-M60, typically found in Eastern Africa, was identified.
Haplogroup C2 (previously known as the C3-Star cluster) is the most frequent haplogroup among Pakistani and Afghan Hazaras. Pakistani Hazaras have a high frequency of haplogroup C-M217 at approximately 40% (10/25) and haplogroup R1b at around 32% (8/25). A relatively high frequency of R1b has also been found among Eastern Russian Tatars and Bashkirs, and all three groups are thought to be associated with the Golden Horde. Haplogroup C-M217, or C2, is the most common haplogroup in Mongol and Kazakh populations. Studies indicate that Y-DNA haplogroup C2 among Hazaras is linked to the expansion of the Mongols and supports the Mongolian origin of the Hazaras.
Maternal haplogroups
The Hazaras share approximately 35% of their maternal haplogroups with contemporary East Asian populations, while about 65% are shared with West Eurasian populations. Overall, the Hazaras predominantly have West Eurasian mtDNA.
History
The first mention of the Hazaras appears in Babur's Baburnama in the early 16th century, particularly referring to tribes such as the Sultan Masaudi Hazaras, Turkoman Hazaras, and Kedi Hazaras. Later, the Hazaras were referenced by the court historians of Shah Abbas of the Safavid dynasty.
It is reported that the Hazaras embraced Shia Islam between the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century, during the Safavid period. Hazara men, along with those from other ethnic groups, were recruited into the army of Ahmad Shah Durrani in the 18th century.
19th century
Further information: 1888–1893 Hazara uprisings, Battle of Uruzgan, Persecution of Hazaras, and List of massacres against HazarasDuring the second reign of Dost Mohammad Khan in the 19th century, Hazaras from Hazarajat were taxed for the first time. However, for the most part, they managed to maintain their regional autonomy until the 1892 Battle of Uruzgan and the subsequent subjugation by Abdur Rahman, which began in the late 19th century.
When the Treaty of Gandomak was signed and the Second Anglo-Afghan War ended in 1880, Abdur Rahman set a goal to bring Hazaristan, Turkistan, and Kafiristan under his control. He launched several campaigns in Hazaristan in response to resistance from the Hazaras, during which his forces committed atrocities. The southern part of Hazaristan was spared, as its inhabitants accepted his rule, while other regions rejected Abdur Rahman and supported his uncle, Sher Ali Khan. In response, Abdur Rahman waged war against the tribal leaders who opposed his policies and rule. This conflict is known as the Hazara Uprisings.
These campaigns had a catastrophic impact on the demographics of the Hazaras, resulting in the massacre of over sixty percent of the total Hazara population, with many being displaced and exiled from their own lands. The Hazara lands were distributed among loyalist villagers from nearby non-Hazara communities. The repression following the uprising has been characterized as genocide or ethnic cleansing in the history of modern Afghanistan.
After these massacres, Abdul Rahman forced many Hazara families from the Hazara areas of Uruzgan and other parts of Hazaristan to leave their hometowns and ancestral lands, prompting many Hazaras to flee to neighboring countries such as Central Asia, Iran, British India, Iraq, and Syria. Those Hazaras living in the northern Hindu Kush migrated to Tsarist Russia, primarily settling in the southern cities, while some moved to Iran. Over time, many Hazaras living in Tsarist Russian regions lost their language, culture, and ethnic identity due to the similarities in racial background and physical appearance of the local population, leading them to assimilate. The fleeing Hazaras settled in former Tsarist Russia regions, including Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and Dagestan. Meanwhile, the Hazaras from northwestern Afghanistan migrated to Iran, settling in neighborhoods in and around Mashhad, where they later became known as Khawari or Barbari. Another group of Hazaras from the southeastern regions of Afghanistan moved to British India, where they reside in Quetta (present-day Pakistan) and parts of present-day India. Additionally, some Hazaras settled in Syria and Iraq. Unlike those who migrated to Tsarist Russia, the Hazaras in Pakistan, India, Iran, Syria, and Iraq were unable to integrate fully due to differences in physical appearance, allowing them to retain their language, culture, and ethnic identity.
20th and 21st century
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In 1901, Habibullah Khan, Abdur Rahman's eldest son and successor, granted amnesty to the Hazaras and invited those exiled by his predecessor to return. However, few returned, settling instead in Turkistan and Balkh province, as they had lost their previous lands. The Hazaras continued to face social, economic, and political discrimination throughout most of the 20th century. In 1933, Muhammad Nadir Shah, the King of Afghanistan, was assassinated by Abdul Khaliq Hazara, a school student. The Afghan government later captured and executed him, along with several of his family members.
Mistrust of the central government among the Hazaras and local uprisings persisted. In particular, from 1945 to 1946, during Zahir Shah's rule, a revolt led by Ibrahim Khan, known as "Ibrahim Gawsawar," erupted in response to new taxes that were imposed exclusively on the Hazaras. Meanwhile, the Kuchis were not only exempted from these taxes but also received allowances from the Afghan government. The angry rebels began capturing and killing government officials. In response, the central government sent a force to subdue the region and subsequently removed the taxes.
The repressive policies of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) after the Saur Revolution in 1978 led to uprisings throughout the country. Fearing Iranian influence, the Hazaras were particularly persecuted. In October 1979, President Hafizullah Amin published a list of 12,000 victims of the Taraki government, among whom were 7,000 Hazaras who had been shot in the notorious Pul-e-Charkhi prison.
During the Soviet-Afghan War, the Hazarajat region did not experience as much heavy fighting as other parts of Afghanistan. Most of the Hazara mujahideen engaged in combat against the Soviets in regions on the periphery of Hazarajat. There was a division between the Tanzeem Nasle Nau Hazara, a party based in Quetta comprising Hazara nationalists and secular intellectuals, and the Islamist parties in Hazarajat. By 1979, the Hazara Islamist groups had already liberated Hazarajat from the central Soviet-backed Afghan government and subsequently took full control of the region away from the secularists. By 1984, the Islamist dominance in Hazarajat was complete. As the Soviets withdrew in 1989, the Islamist groups recognized the need to broaden their political appeal and shifted their focus toward Hazara nationalism. This shift led to the establishment of Hizbe-Wahdat, an alliance of all Hazara resistance groups, except for Harakat-e Islami.
In 1992, with the fall of Kabul, Harakat-e Islami sided with Burhanuddin Rabbani's government, while Hizb-e Wahdat aligned with the opposition. Hizb-e Wahdat was eventually forced out of Kabul in 1995 when the Taliban captured the city and killed their leader, Abdul Ali Mazari. Following the Taliban's capture of Kabul in 1996, all Hazara groups united with the Northern Alliance against this common enemy. However, despite fierce resistance, Hazarajat fell to the Taliban in 1998. The Taliban isolated Hazarajat from the rest of the world, even preventing the United Nations from delivering food to the provinces of Bamyan, Ghor, Maidan Wardak, and Daykundi.
In 1997, a revolt broke out among the Hazaras in Mazar-e Sharif when they refused to be disarmed by the Taliban, resulting in the deaths of 600 Taliban fighters in the subsequent fighting. In retaliation, the Taliban adopted the genocidal policies reminiscent of Abdur Rahman Khan's era. In 1998, six thousand Hazaras were killed in the north, with the intent of carrying out ethnic cleansing against the Hazara population. In March 2001, the two giant Buddhas of Bamiyan were destroyed, despite widespread international condemnation.
Taller Buddha of Bamiyan, 55 metres (180 ft) before and after destructionSmaller Buddha of Bamiyan, 38 metres (125 ft) before and after destructionHazaras have also played a significant role in the creation of Pakistan. One notable Hazara was Qazi Muhammad Isa of the Sheikh Ali tribe, who was a close friend of Muhammad Ali Jinnah; they met for the first time while studying in London. Qazi Muhammad Isa was the first person from his native province of Balochistan to obtain a Bar-at-Law degree and played a key role in establishing the All-India Muslim League in Balochistan.
Though Hazaras played a role in the anti-Soviet movement, some Hazaras also participated in the new communist government, which actively courted Afghan minorities. Sultan Ali Kishtmand, a Hazara, served as the Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 1981 to 1990, with a brief interruption in 1988. The Ismaili Hazaras of Baghlan Province likewise supported the communists, and their pir (religious leader), Jaffar Naderi, led a pro-Communist militia in the region.
During the following years, the Hazaras suffered severe oppression, and numerous ethnic massacres, genocides, and pogroms were carried out by the predominantly Pashtun Taliban. These events have been documented by organizations such as Human Rights Watch.
Following the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, American and Coalition forces invaded Afghanistan. After the fall of the Taliban, many Hazaras emerged as important figures in the country. Hazaras pursued higher education, enrolled in the army, and held various top government positions. Notable Hazaras in leadership roles included Vice Presidents, ministers, and governors, such as Karim Khalili, Sarwar Danish, Sima Samar, Muhammad Mohaqiq, Habiba Sarābi, Abdul Haq Shafaq, Sayed Anwar Rahmati, Qurban Ali Urozgani, Muhammad Arif Shah Jahan, Mahmoud Baligh, Mohammad Eqbal Munib, and Mohammad Asim Asim. Azra Jafari, the mayor of Nili, Daykundi, became the first female mayor in Afghanistan. Other notable Hazaras include Sultan Ali Keshtmand, Abdul Wahed Sarābi, Akram Yari, Ghulam Ali Wahdat, Sayed Mustafa Kazemi, Ghulam Husain Naseri, Abbas Noyan, Daoud Naji, Abbas Ibrahim Zada, Ramazan Bashardost, Ahmad Shah Ramazan, Ahmad Behzad, Nasrullah Sadiqi Zada Nili, Fahim Hashimy, Maryam Monsef, and others.
Although Afghanistan has historically been one of the poorest countries in the world, the Hazarajat region has remained underdeveloped due to past government neglect. Since the ousting of the Taliban in late 2001, billions of dollars have been invested in Afghanistan for reconstruction, and several large-scale projects began in August 2012. For instance, more than 5,000 kilometers of road pavement have been completed across the country, with little done in central Afghanistan (Hazarajat). Conversely, the Band-e Amir in Bamyan Province became the first national park in Afghanistan. A road from Kabul to Bamyan was also constructed, along with new police stations, government institutions, hospitals, and schools in Bamyan, Daykundi, and other provinces predominantly inhabited by Hazaras. Additionally, the first ski resort in Afghanistan was established in Bamyan Province.
Discrimination is evident in the treatment of Kuchis (Pashtun nomads who historically migrate from region to region depending on the season), who are allowed to use the pastures of Hazarajat during the summer months. It is believed that this practice began during the rule of Abdur Rahman Khan. Living in mountainous Hazarajat, where arable farmland is scarce, the Hazara people rely on these pasture lands for their livelihood during the long and harsh winters. In 2007, some Kuchi nomads entered parts of Hazarajat to graze their livestock. When the local Hazaras resisted, a clash ensued, resulting in several deaths on both sides from gunfire. Such events continue to occur, even after the central government, including President Hamid Karzai, was compelled to intervene. In late July 2012, a Hazara police commander in Uruzgan Province reportedly rounded up and killed nine Pashtun civilians in retaliation for the deaths of two local Hazaras. The Afghan government is currently investigating this matter.
President Hamid Karzai's efforts after the Peace Jirga to negotiate a deal with Taliban leaders caused deep unease among Afghanistan's minority communities, who had fought the Taliban the longest and suffered the most during their rule. Leaders of the Tajik, Uzbek, and Hazara communities vowed to resist any return of the Taliban to power, recalling the large-scale massacres of Hazara civilians during the Taliban's previous rule. The 2021 Kabul school bombing targeted a girls' school in Dashte Barchi, a predominantly Shia Hazara area in western Kabul. The Dashte Barchi district had frequently been attacked by the Islamic State – Khorasan Province.
Following the fall of Kabul to the Taliban in 2021, which marked the end of the war in Afghanistan, concerns were raised about whether the Taliban would reimpose the persecution of Hazaras as they did in the 1990s. An academic at Melbourne's La Trobe University stated that "The Hazaras are very fearful that the Taliban will likely reinstate the policies of the 1990s," despite Taliban reassurances that they would not revert to their previous oppressive practices. On 6 September 2022, Human Rights Watch reported that since the Taliban took over Afghanistan in August 2021, ISIS–K has claimed responsibility for 13 attacks against Hazaras and has been linked to at least three more, resulting in the deaths and injuries of at least 700 people. The Islamic State affiliate has repeatedly targeted Hazaras and other religious minorities at mosques, schools, and workplaces.
Demographics
Further information: Demographics of Afghanistan and Ethnic groups in AfghanistanSome sources claim that Hazaras comprise about 20 to 30 percent of the total population of Afghanistan. They were, by far, the largest ethnic group in the past. During the 1888–1893 uprisings, over sixty percent of Hazaras were massacred, and many were displaced. Meanwhile, they lost a significant portion of their territory to non-Hazaras, which could have doubled their land size today.
Geographic distribution
Afghanistan
Further information: Hazaristan, Demographics of Afghanistan, and Ethnic groups in AfghanistanThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to itadding to it or making an edit request. (October 2023) |
The Hazaras are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan, primarily residing in the Hazaristan region in central Afghanistan, with a significant presence throughout the country.
Until the 1880s, the Hazaras were completely autonomous and controlled the entire Hazaristan region. Today, the vast majority of Hazaras reside in Hazaristan, while many others live in various cities across the country.
Central Asia
Further information: Demographics of Central AsiaAfter the massacre and genocide of the Hazaras by Abdur Rahman from 1888 to 1893, many Hazaras migrated to Central Asian regions under Tsarist Russian occupation, including Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan, with a significant number settling in Samarkand and Bukhara. Over time, many Hazaras living in these regions lost their accent, language, and ethnic identity due to the similarities in racial structure and appearance with the local populations, leading to their assimilation.
Pakistan
Further information: Demographics of Pakistan and Ethnic groups in PakistanDuring the period of British colonial rule in the Indian subcontinent in the 19th century, Hazaras worked in coal mines, road construction, and other working-class jobs during the winter months in various cities of what is now Pakistan. The earliest record of Hazaras in Pakistan dates back to Broadfoot's Sappers Company, which was established in 1835 in Quetta and also participated in the First Anglo-Afghan War. Additionally, some Hazaras worked on agricultural farms in Sindh and contributed to the construction of the Sukkur Barrage. In 1962, the government of Pakistan officially recognized the Hazaras as one of the country's ethnic groups.
Most Pakistani Hazaras are native to Balochistan, Pakistan. Localities in the city of Quetta with prominent Hazara populations include Hazara Town and Mariabad. The literacy level among the Hazara community in Pakistan is relatively high compared to that of Hazaras in Afghanistan, and they have integrated well into the local society's social dynamics. Saira Batool, a Hazara woman, was one of the first female pilots in the Pakistan Air Force. Other notable Hazaras include Qazi Muhammad Isa, General Musa Khan, who served as the fourth Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army from 1958 to 1968, Air Marshal Sharbat Ali Changezi, who served in the Pakistan Air Force from 1949 to 1987, Hussain Ali Yousafi, the slain chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party, and Sayed Nasir Ali Shah, a Member of the National Assembly from Quetta, along with his father Haji Sayed Hussain Hazara, who was a senator and member of the Pakistan Parliament during the Zia-ul-Haq era.
Despite this, Hazaras are often targeted by militant groups such as Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and others. Activists report that at least 800 to 1,000 Hazaras have been killed since 1999, and the pace is quickening. According to Human Rights Watch, more than one hundred have been murdered in and around Quetta since January. The political representation of the community is served by the Hazara Democratic Party, a secular liberal democratic party headed by Abdul Khaliq Hazara.
Iran
Further information: Demographics of Iran and Ethnic groups in IranThe Hazara people in Iran are also referred to as Barbari (Persian: بربری), or Khāwari (خاوری). Over many years, due to political unrest in Afghanistan, some Hazaras have migrated to Iran. The local Hazara population is estimated to be around 500,000, with at least one-third having spent more than half their lives in Iran. Before Iran was forced to relinquish the Herat region according to the Treaty of Paris in 1857 during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah, the country possessed a much larger part of Greater Khorasan. One of the tribes that roamed this area prior to the cession was the Hazaras. After the border between Iran and Afghanistan was drawn, the tribe settled on both sides of the border. The leadership of this tribe at the end of the Qajar period and during the Pahlavi period was held by Muhammad Yusuf Khan Hazara, known as "Sulat al-Sultanah Hazara." He was a Sunni Hazara, a politician, and the first Sunni representative in the Iranian Parliament, as well as the only Sunni Iranian to represent Mashhad in the history of Iran's legislatures.
India
Main article: AttarwalaThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to itadding to it or making an edit request. (October 2023) |
The Attarwala claim to be Hazaras who mainly inhabit the state of Gujarat, India. They are descended from a group of Mughal soldiers who were initially settled in Agra during the rule of Mughal Emperor Jahangir. According to their recorded documents, they then migrated to Ahmedabad via Gwalior, Ratlam, and Godhra. This migration followed their participation in the community during the 1857 Indian War of Independence. Once settled in Gujarat, the community took up the occupation of manufacturing perfumes known as ittars. The term "attarwala" means "manufacturer of perfumes." A second migration occurred in 1947 from Agra after the partition of India, with some members immigrating to Pakistan, while others joined their co-ethnics in Ahmedabad.
Diaspora
Main articles: Hazara diaspora, Afghan diaspora, Hazaras in Europe, and Hazara AustraliansAlessandro Monsutti argues in his recent anthropological book that migration is a traditional way of life for the Hazara people, referring to the seasonal and historical migrations that have never ceased and do not seem to be dictated solely by emergencies such as war. Due to decades of conflict in Afghanistan and sectarian violence in Pakistan, many Hazaras have left their communities and settled in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and particularly the Northern European countries such as Sweden and Denmark. Some migrate as exchange students, while others do so through human smuggling, which sometimes costs them their lives. Since 2001, about 1,000 people have died at sea while attempting to reach Australia by boat from Indonesia, many of whom were Hazaras. A notable case was the Tampa affair, in which a shipload of refugees, mostly Hazaras, was rescued by the Norwegian freighter MV Tampa and subsequently sent to Nauru.
Culture and society
Main article: Hazara culture Further information: Culture of Afghanistan Hazara girls in traditional clothingHazara culture is a combination of customs, traditions, behaviors, beliefs, and norms that have developed over many years through interactions with and confrontations against surrounding phenomena. Today, it is displayed as a distinct cultural identity. The Hazara culture is rich in heritage, featuring many unique elements and sharing common influences with various cultures of Central Asia and South Asia. Outside of Hazarajat, the Hazaras have adopted aspects of the cultures of the cities where they reside, resembling the traditions of Afghan Tajiks and Pashtuns. Traditionally, the Hazaras are highland farmers. In Hazarajat, they have retained many of their own customs and traditions, which are more closely related to those of Central Asians than to those of Afghan Tajiks. Historically, Hazaras have lived in houses, but some groups, such as the Aimaq Hazara and a few others, are semi-nomadic and primarily reside in felt yurts rather than traditional homes.
Attire
Main article: Hazara clothing Further information: Clothing in Afghanistan, Central Asian clothing, and Islamic clothingHazara clothing plays an important role in supporting the cultural, traditional, and social identity of the Hazara ethnicity. Hazara garments are produced both manually and by machine. In Afghanistan, these types of clothing are sewn in various parts of the country, especially in the central provinces.
Male clothing
Further information: Barak (cloth)Hazara men traditionally wear a barak, also called a barag, along with a hat. The barak is an important component of Hazara clothing. It is a soft, thick garment made from the first wool of special sheep raised in Hazarajat. In addition to being stylish and regal, the Hazara barak is also a warm winter garment that is resistant to moisture, allowing it to remain dry in snow and rain. Furthermore, the barak has unique properties; its softness helps reduce muscle pain and can provide relief for joint pain. Nowadays, the most common attire among Hazara men is the perahan o tunban, often paired with a hat or turban.
Female clothing
The traditional clothing of Hazara women includes a pleated skirt with a tunban or undergarment. The lower tunbans are made from fabrics such as flowered chits, while the upper skirts are crafted from finer materials like velvet, zari, or net, often adorned with a border or decoration at the bottom. The women's shirt is calf-length, with a close collar and long sleeves, featuring slits on both sides that fit over the skirts, which are appreciated for their modesty in accordance with Islamic customs.
Hazara women's clothing varies according to social, economic, and age factors. Young Hazara women typically wear outfits made from different fabrics in vibrant colors and cheerful designs, complemented by beautiful and colorful chadors. In contrast, older women prefer darker fabrics with simple black and white patterns. Hazara women's chadors or head coverings are often embellished with ornaments, typically made of silver or gold, and sometimes paired with a hat. The adornments on their clothing include silver or gold necklace with colorful beads, buttons, bangles, and silver or gold bracelets.
Headgear
Further information: HeadgearHazaras traditionally wear headgear or hats, which differ for men and women. There are various types of Hazara hats and caps; some are made from animal skin, while others are crafted from barak. Additionally, some Hazara men wear the turban of Khorasan.
Cuisine
Main article: Hazara cuisine Further information: Central Asian cuisine, South Asian cuisine, and Persian cuisineThe Hazara cuisine is strongly influenced by Central Asian, South Asian, and Persian cuisines. However, there are unique foods, cooking methods, and styles that are specific to the Hazara people. They also have a hospitable dining etiquette, where it is customary to prepare special food for guests.
Language
Main articles: Dari and HazaragiThe Hazaras speak Dari and the Hazaragi dialect of the Persian language.
According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Hazaragi is a dialect of Persian infused with many Turkic and some Mongolic words or loanwords. The Encyclopædia Britannica describes Hazaragi as an eastern variety of Persian containing numerous Mongolian and Turkic words. Similarly, Encyclopaedia Iranica notes that Hazaras speak a Persian dialect with many Turkic and some Mongolic words. Other sources describe the Hazara population as speaking Persian with some Mongolian words. An Iranica article on the language of Hazaras states that the dialect consists of three linguistic layers: (1) pre-Mongol Persian, with its own substratum; (2) Mongolian; and (3) modern Tajiki, preserving elements of both (1) and (2). The primary difference between Persian and Hazaragi lies in the accent. Despite these variations, Hazaragi remains mutually intelligible with Dari, the official language of Afghanistan.
According to Dr. Lutfi Temirkhanov, a Doctor of Sciences, the ancestors of the Hazaras were originally Mongol-speaking and only after resettling did they begin to mix with Persian-speaking and Turkic-speaking populations. Temirkhanov explains, "Hordes of Mongol princes and feudal lords found themselves in a Persian-speaking environment; they mixed with them, were influenced by Persian-Tajik culture, and gradually adopted the Persian language." Some sources indicate that in the 16th century, during the time of Babur, some Hazaras still spoke a Mongolian language. According to the Great Russian Encyclopedia and other sources, some Hazaras continued to speak Mongolian until the 19th century. Temirkhanov notes that Mongolian elements make up about 10% of the Hazara vocabulary, while Turkic and Mongolic words together constitute approximately 20% of the vocabulary of the Hazaragi dialect.
Religion
Further information: Religion in Afghanistan and Islam in AfghanistanHazaras predominantly practice Islam, with most adhering to Shi'a Islam, a significant portion following Sunni Islam, and smaller groups practicing Isma'ili and Non-denominational Islam. Estimates suggest that about 90% of Hazaras in Afghanistan are Shi'a, 5% are Sunni, and 1% are Isma'ili. The majority of Afghanistan's population practices Sunni Islam, which may have contributed to the discrimination Hazaras face.
Shia Hazaras
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There is no definitive theory regarding the acceptance of Shi'a Islam by the majority of Hazaras. It is possible that most Hazaras adopted Shi'a Islam in the early 16th century, during the initial years of the Safavid dynasty.
Sunni Hazaras
A significant portion of the Hazara population are Sunni Muslims. Sunni Hazaras have practiced Sunni Islam for a long time, predating Abdul Rahman's occupation of Hazara lands. However, some were forcefully converted from Shi'a to Sunni Islam following Abdur Rahman’s occupation and the Hazara genocide. In Afghanistan, they primarily inhabit the provinces of Kabul, Baghlan, Badghis, Ghor, Kunduz, Panjshir, Bamyan, Badakhshan, and Parwan.
Sher Muhammad Khan Hazara, a Sunni Hazara and chieftain of the Hazaras of Qala e Naw in Badghis province, was a warlord who participated in the Sunni coalition that defended Herat in 1837. He was also one of those who defeated British forces around Qandahar and in the Maiwand desert during the First Anglo-Afghan War (1838–1842).
During the 1996-2001 Afghan Civil War, the Taliban also forcefully converted Hazaras into Sunni Islam.
Isma'ili Hazaras
Isma'ili Hazaras primarily reside in the provinces of Kabul, Parwan, Baghlan, Bamyan, Maidan Wardak, Samangan, and Zabul. They have historically been separated from other Hazaras due to religious beliefs and political reasons.
Hazara tribes
Main article: List of Hazara tribesThe Hazara people are organized into various tribes. Some prominent Hazara tribes include Sheikh Ali, Jaghori, Jaghatu, Qara Baghi, Ghaznichi, Muhammad Khwaja, Behsudi, Daimirdadi, Turkmani, Uruzgani, Daikundi, Daizangi, Daichopan, Daizinyat, Naiman, Qarlugh, Aimaq Hazara, and others. These tribes originate from Hazaristan (Hazara regions) such as Parwan, Bamyan, Ghazni, Ghor, Uruzgan, Daikundi, and Maidan Wardak. They are spread across Afghanistan, parts of Pakistan and Iran, as well as other Hazara-populated areas.
Art
Writers and poets
Some well-known Hazara writers and poets include Faiz Muhammad Kateb, Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, Ismael Balkhi, Hassan Poladi, Kazim Yazdani, Ali Mohaqiq Nasab, Kamran Mir Hazar, Basir Ahang, Sayed Askar Mousavi, Ali Baba Taj, Sayed Abutalib Mozaffari, Rahnaward Zaryab, and Aziz Royesh, among others.
Music
Further information: Music of Central Asia, Music of Afghanistan, Dambura, and GhaychakMany Hazara musicians are widely recognized for their skill in playing the dambura, a native lute instrument also found in other Central Asian countries such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Notable Hazara musicians and dambura players include Sarwar Sarkhosh, Dawood Sarkhosh, Safdar Tawakoli, and Sayed Anwar Azad, among others. Revolutionary hymns are particularly common in Hazara dambura music, with Sarwar Sarkhosh being the first singer to popularize them. His main message centered on the uprising of the younger generation and the fight against oppression. Additionally, the ghaychak, a traditional field instrument, is played similarly to a fiddle. Its resonance bowl is typically made from walnuts or berries, and its strings are metal, making it one of the stringed instruments in Hazara music.
Renowned Pakistani musician Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan is also a descendant of the Hazara from the Behsudi tribe.
Cinema
Hazara cinema artists do not have a long history, but some of their famous actors and actresses today include Hussain Sadiqi, Abid Ali Nazish, Shamila Shirzad, Nikbakht Noruz, and others.
Sports
Further information: Sport in AfghanistanMany Hazaras engage in various sports, including football, volleyball, wrestling, martial arts, boxing, karate, taekwondo, judo, wushu, Jujitsu, cricket, tennis, and more. Pahlawan Ebrahim Khedri, a 62 kg wrestler, was the national champion in Afghanistan for two decades. Another famous Hazara wrestler, Wakil Hussain Allahdad, was killed in the suicide bombing in Dashte Barchi, Kabul, on 22 April 2018.
Rohullah Nikpai, won a bronze medal in Taekwondo at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, defeating world champion Juan Antonio Ramos of Spain 4–1 in the playoff final. This achievement marked Afghanistan's first-ever Olympic medal. He then won a second Olympic medal for Afghanistan at the London 2012 Games.
Another notable Hazara athlete, Sayed Abdul Jalil Waiz, was the first badminton player to represent Afghanistan in the Asian Junior Championships in 2005, where he secured the first win for his country against Iraq with scores of 15–13 and 15–1. He has participated in several international championships since 2005, achieving victories against competitors from Australia, the Philippines, and Mongolia. Hamid Rahimi is a Hazara boxer from Afghanistan who currently lives in Germany. Hussain Sadiqi is a Hazara Australian martial artist who won an award for the best fight scene in an Australian-made action movie.
Hazara football players include Zohib Islam Amiri, who currently plays for the Afghanistan national football team; Moshtaq Yaqoubi, an Afghan-Finnish footballer who plays for HIFK; Mustafa Amini, a Hazara Australian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Danish Superliga club AGF and the Australian national team; Rahmat Akbari, an Australian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Brisbane Roar. Other notable players include Rohullah Iqbalzada, Omran Haydary, Zelfy Nazary, Moshtaq Ahmadi, and Zahra Mahmoodi.
Some Hazaras from Pakistan have also excelled in sports and received numerous awards, particularly in boxing, football, and field hockey.
Pakistani Hazara Abrar Hussain, a former Olympic boxer, served as the deputy director-general of the Pakistan Sports Board. He represented Pakistan three times at the Olympics and won a gold medal at the 1990 Asian Games in Beijing. Another Hazara boxer from Pakistan is Haider Ali, a Commonwealth Games gold medalist and Olympian who is currently retired.
Former captain of the Pakistan national football team, Qayyum Changezi, was the second Pakistani footballer to score a hat trick in an international game. New Hazara youngsters are emerging in football in Pakistan, mostly from Quetta, including Muhammad Ali and Rajab Ali Hazara.
Another notable figure is Kulsoom Hazara, a Pakistani female karate champion who has won several gold, silver, and bronze medals on national and international stages, including the Pride of Pakistan Award. Other notable Hazaras in karate include Nargis Hameedullah, who became the first Pakistani woman to win an individual medal (a bronze) at the Asian Games karate championship, and Shahida Abbasi.
Cultural sports
The cultural sports of the Hazara people are those that have been passed down through generations from their ancestors.
Buzkashi
Main article: BuzkashiBuzkashi is a Central Asian sport in which horse-mounted players attempt to place a goat or calf carcass into a goal. It is the national sport of Afghanistan and is one of the cultural sports of the Hazara people, who continue to practice this sport in Afghanistan.
Tirandāzi
Further information: ArcheryTirandāzi is a form of archery and an ancient cultural sport of the Hazaras.
Pahlawani
Further information: Pahlawani and WrestlingPahlawani, or Kushti, is a traditional wrestling sport practiced by the Hazaras. It has a long history in Afghanistan and is particularly significant among the Hazara community. During holidays, Pahlawani fields are set up for competitions, which are held across different age groups. This cultural sport features its own unique techniques. Due to its ancient roots and familiarity, Pahlawani has been passed down from generation to generation among the Hazaras.
Notable people
Main article: List of Hazara peopleGallery
- Flags
- Flag of Hazaristan
- Pictures
- Hazara men in the uniform of the National Army of Afghanistan
- Hazara young men in Kabul
- An elderly Hazara man
- Hazaras in Ghazni province
- Hazara men on the anniversary of the death of Abdul Ali Mazari in Kabul
- Hazara schoolboys
- Historical
- An 1879 portrait of a Daizangi Hazara man
- Hazara men from villages near Ghazni, c. 1840, painting by James Atkinson
- Il-e Hazara (Persian: ایل هزاره) of Iran
See also
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References
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- Babur, (Emperor of Hindustan) (1826). Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.
- Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912.
Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
- Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (2019-08-18). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 31559868. S2CID 203569169.
Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.
- ^ Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 86. In Russian: "...монгольские отряды, оставленные в Афганистане Чингиз-ханом или его преемниками, стали исходным пластом, основой хазарейского этногенеза. "
- ^ Bacon, Elizabeth Emaline (1951). The Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan: A Study in Social Organization. Berkeley: University of California.
- ^ "Хазарейцы • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия". bigenc.ru. In Russian: "Упоминаются с 16 в. До 19 в. говорили на монг. языке."
- Emadi, Hafizullah (September 1997). "The Hazaras and their role in the process of political transformation in Afghanistan". Central Asian Survey. 16 (3): 363–387. doi:10.1080/02634939708400997. ISSN 0263-4937.
Hazaras are one of the oppressed and dispossessed national minority communities of the country.
- ^ Alessandro Monsutti (15 December 2003). "HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- Mousavi, S. A. (2018). The Hazaras of Afghanistan. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-80016-0.
- "Hazaras in Afghanistan". Minority Rights Group. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- "Hazaras and Shias: Violence, Discrimination, and Exclusion Under the Taliban". www.jurist.org. 2024-05-14. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- "The Plight of Hazaras Under the Taliban Government". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- KabulNow (2024-10-27). "Taliban Intensifies Campaign Against "Banned" Books in Central Afghanistan". KabulNow. Retrieved 2024-11-01.
- "hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/Hazaras(AfghanistanAndPakistan)".
- "Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities | Human Rights Watch". 2022-09-06. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- "Deliberate Attacks On Civilians And Hazaras Are War Crimes, Says HRW". Afghanistan International. 4 May 2024. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- "Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities | Human Rights Watch". 2022-09-06. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- Taj, Zareen (2024-04-10). "Taliban Gender Apartheid: Genocide of Hazara Women". genocidewatch. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- Times, Zan (2024-01-22). "'I was arrested for the crime of being a Hazara and a woman': The Taliban's 'bad hijab' campaign targets Hazara women". Zan Times. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- "/8am.media/eng/one-experience-two-perspectives-inside-the-lives-of-women-in-talibans-detention-centers-in-kabul/".
- Manish, Abdul Wahed (2023-09-18). "The Taliban Abducted a Hazara Girl from Islamic Darul Uloom for Forced Marriage". Voice of Citizen News. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- "Strange Exiles; Taliban Tortured Hazara Girls under the Name of Unbelievers and Rejectionists | Jade Abresham". 2023-10-16. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- rmasumi1 (2023-10-13). "Taliban Confiscate Hazara Land". genocidewatch. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - "Afghanistan: Taliban Forcibly Evict Minority Shia | Human Rights Watch". 2021-10-22. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- Watch, Genocide (2024-07-19). "Intensifying persecution of Hazaras in Afghanistan". genocidewatch. Retrieved 2024-11-01.
- "#6: Life under the Taliban". www.vidc.org. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- Iltaf, Maisam (2024-01-23). "Taliban's Disruption of Aid Programs Push Hazaras To the Brink". KabulNow. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- "Unfair Distribution of Humanitarian Aid in Afghanistan". Bamyan Foundation. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- Qazi, Shereena. "Why are Hazaras being evicted from their homes in Afghanistan's Daikundi?". Why are Hazaras being evicted from their homes in Afghanistan's Daikundi?. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- "8am.media/eng/the-massacre-of-hazaras-in-oruzgan-ethnic-prejudice-and-land-grab-politics/".
- "Law of the Gun". KabulNow. 2024-01-23. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- "www.landinfo.no.The conflict between Hazaras and Kuchis over the pasture and land" (PDF).
- "/kuchi-land-grabbers-speed-up-construction-works-on-hazara-settlements-in-ghaznis-jaghatu-district/".
- "Opinion: The gradual genocide of Hazara in Afghanistan". www.massey.ac.nz. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- "Between a rock and a hard place: The Hazaras in Afghanistan". orfonline.org. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- ""Who are the Hazaras and what are they escaping By Reuters"". Reuters.
- Baloch, Shah Meer (2021-08-29). "Hazara Shias flee Afghanistan fearing Taliban persecution". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- یزدانی، حسینعلی. پژوهشی در تاریخ هزارهها. چاپخانه مهتاب. ص 96
- "هزاله – لغتنامهٔ دهخدا" [Dehkhoda Dictionary]. abadis.ir. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
- "هزاره".
- Schurmann, H. F. (1962). The Mon-gols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan. La Haye. p. 115.
- Poladi, Hassan (1989). The Hazâras. Stockton. p. 22.
- Mousavi, Sayed Askar (1998). The Hazaras of Afghanistan [An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study]. Richmond. pp. 23–25.
- ^ Khazeni, Arash; Monsutti, Alessandro; Kieffer, Charles M. (December 15, 2003). "HAZĀRA". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved December 23, 2007.
- دلجو, عباس (2018). تاریخ باستانی هزارهها. کابل، افغانستان: موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل. p. 199. ISBN 978-9936-624-00-9.
- Monsutti, Alessandro (2017-07-01), "Hazāras", Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Brill, retrieved 2022-05-07,
The Hazāras are a principal component of the population of Afghanistan.
- Bosworth, C. E. (2012-04-24), "Hazāras", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, retrieved 2022-05-08,
The Hazāras are almost certainly an Ethnically mixed group, whose components may or may not be related to each other.
- دلجو, عباس (2018). تاریخ باستانی هزارهها. کابل، افغانستان: موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل. pp. 37, 167, 257. ISBN 978-9936-624-00-9.
- Babur, (Emperor of Hindustan) (1826). Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.
- Hartl, Daniel L.; Jones, Elizabeth W. (2009). Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-7637-5868-4.
- Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912.
Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
- Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (2019-08-18). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 31559868. S2CID 203569169.
Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.
- Bosworth, C. E. (2012-04-24), "Hazāras", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, retrieved 2022-05-08
- "HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
- ^ Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad Babur (1921)."Memoirs Of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Babur. Volume 1.". Oxford University Press. Pages 44, 243, 279."
- Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912.
Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
- Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (2019-08-18). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 31559868. S2CID 203569169.
Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.
- دلجو, عباس (2018). تاریخ باستانی هزارهها. کابل، افغانستان: موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل. p. 257. ISBN 978-9936-624-00-9.
- Babur, Z. M. (1987). Babur-nama. Lahore. pp. 300, 207, 214, 218, 221, 251–53.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Babur, Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad (1826). Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.
- B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007
- Elizabeth E. Bacon. (1951). "The Inquiry into the History of the Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. Vol. 7. No. 3. pp. 230–247.
- West, Barbara A. West (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 272. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7.
- Аверьянов Ю. А. (2017). "Хазарейцы - ираноязычные монголы Афганистана"". Мир Центральной Азии. pp. 110–117.
- Сатцаев Э. Б. (2009). "Монголы-хазарейцы Афганистана и аспекты "народного шиизма"". Единая Калмыкия в единой России: через века в будущее. pp. 413–415.
- Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 94. In Russian: "тюркские элементы ... по сравнению с монгольскими ... играли второстепенную роль."
- Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: "Ближайшие соседи хазарейцев – гильзаи – называли и называют их «монголы»."
- ^ Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: "Об участии монголов в этногенезе хазарейцев свидетельствуют и данные лингвистики... также исторические источники (например, «Записки Бабура») и данные топонимики"
- Sabitov Zh. M. (2011)."Происхождение хазарейцев с точки зрения ДНК-генеалогии". The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2 (1): pp. 37–40.
- ^ Бартольд. В. В. (2022). Ислам. Культура мусульманства. Москва: Litres. p. 162. In Russian: "...еще в XVI веке говорили хазарейцы по-монгольски в северной части Афганистана..."
- ^ Ármin Vámbéry (2003). Путешествие по Средней Азии. Москва: Восточная литература. In Russian: "Говорят, что хазарейцы ... были перевезены Чингисханом из Монголии, своей прародины, на юг Средней Азии и благодаря влиянию шаха Аббаса II обращены в шиизм. Поразительно, что они заменили свой родной язык персидским, который даже в населенных ими областях не повсеместно распространен, и лишь небольшая часть, оставшаяся изолированной в горах поблизости от Герата и уже несколько столетий занимающаяся выжиганием угля, говорит на некоем жаргоне монгольского языка."
- ^ Массон В. М., Ромодин В. А. (1964). История Афганистана. Том I. С древнейших времен до начала XVI века. Москва: Наука. pp. 289–290. In Russian: "Еще в XVI в., по сообщению Бабура, среди хазарейцев был распространен монгольский язык, а небольшая часть их, по-видимому, и в XIX в. говорила на языке, близком к монгольскому."
- ^ Петрушевский И. П. (1952). Рашид-ад-дин и его исторический труд. Москва/Ленинград: Издательство Академии Наук СССР. P. 29. In Russian: "Как известно, большой массив монгольского населения (хезарейцы), отчасти сохранявшего свой язык еще в XIX в., сложился на территории Афганистана..."
- ^ Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, Yong-Gang Yao (2017)."mtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan". Forensic Science International: Genetics. Volume 30: Pages e1-e5. In English: "Moreover, there are also lines of evidence that some of the remote tribes of Hazaras spoke Mongol language till last century. Their central Asian facial features including sparse beards, high cheekbones and epicanthic eye folds further supports their Mongol origin."
- ^ Haber, M; Platt, DE; Ashrafian Bonab, M; et al. (2012). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
- Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912.
Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
- Rosenberg, Noah A.; et al. (December 2002). "Genetic Structure of Human Populations". Science. New Series. 298 (5602): 2381–85. Bibcode:2002Sci...298.2381R. doi:10.1126/science.1078311. PMID 12493913. S2CID 8127224.
- Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912.
Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
- Chen, Pengyu; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Mo, Xiaodan; He, Guanglin (2019-08-18). "Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (6): 514–518. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 31559868. S2CID 203569169.
Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.
- Xu, Shuhua; Wang, Sijia; Tang, Kun; Guan, Yaqun; Khan, Asifullah; Li, Jing; Zhang, Xi; Wang, Xiaoji; Tian, Lei (2017-10-01). "Genetic History of Xinjiang's Uyghurs Suggests Bronze Age Multiple-Way Contacts in Eurasia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (10): 2572–2582. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx177. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 28595347.
- ^ Sabitov Zh. M. (2011)."Происхождение хазарейцев с точки зрения ДНК-генеалогии". The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2 (1): pp. 37–40. In Russian: "Гаплогруппа СЗ безусловно связана с экспансией монголов..."
- ^ Жабагин М. К. (2017). Анализ связи полиморфизма Y-хромосомы и родоплеменной структуры в казахской популяции Москва. p. 71. In Russian: "...за счет высокой частоты гаплогруппы С2-М217, что согласуется с монгольским происхождением хазарейцев."
- ^ He, Guanglin; Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Guo, Jianxin; Rehman, Muhammad; Fawad, Abulhasan; Chen, Pengyu; Wang, Chuan-Chao (September 2019). "A comprehensive exploration of the genetic legacy and forensic features of Afghanistan and Pakistan Mongolian-descent Hazara". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 42: e1 – e12. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.06.018. ISSN 1872-4973. PMID 31257046. S2CID 195761020.
The results from pairwise genetic distances, MDS, PCA, and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction demonstrate that present-day Hazaras are genetically closer to the Turkic-speaking populations (Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz) residing in northwest China than with other Central/South Asian populations and Mongolian. Outgroup and admixture f3, f4, f4-ratio, qpWave, and qpAdm results further demonstrate that Hazara shares more alleles with East Asians than with other Central Asians and carries 57.8% Mongolian-related ancestry. Overall, our findings suggest that Hazaras have experienced genetic admixture with the local or neighboring populations and formed the current East-West Eurasian admixed genetic profile after their separation from the Mongolians.
- Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Vitalis, Renaud; Ségurel, Laure; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Georges, Myriam; Théry, Sylvain; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hegay, Tatyana; Aldashev, Almaz; Nasyrova, Firuza; Heyer, Evelyne (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (2): 216–223. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912.
Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.
- ^ Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Nazir, Shahid; Alghafri, Rashed; Hassan, Qudsia; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Lu, Jie (2021). "Forensic features and genetic legacy of the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across Durand line revealed by Y-chromosomal STRs". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 135 (5): 1777–1784. bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.21.392456. doi:10.1007/s00414-021-02591-2. ISSN 0937-9827. PMID 33818632.
- Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Whale, John; Balanovsky, Oleg; Wells, R. Spencer; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Consortium, The Genographic (28 March 2012). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
- John William Whale. Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Four Ethnic Groups of Afghanistan. http://eprints.port.ac.uk/9862/1/John_Whale_MPhil_Thesis_2012.pdf Archived 2017-08-02 at the Wayback Machine
- Lkhagvasuren, Gavaachimed; Shin, Heejin; Lee, Si Eun; Tumen, Dashtseveg; Kim, Jae-Hyun; Kim, Kyung-Yong; Kim, Kijeong; Park, Ae Ja; Lee, Ho Woon; Kim, Mi Jin; Choi, Jaesung; Choi, Jee-Hye; Min, Na Young; Lee, Kwang-Ho (14 September 2016). "Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161622. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161622L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161622. PMC 5023095. PMID 27627454. "Eastern Russian Tatars, Bashkirs, and Pakistani Hazara were found to carry R1b-M343 at unusually high frequencies of 12.65%, 46.07%, and 32%, respectively, compared to other regions of Eastern Asia, which rarely have this haplotype"
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Further reading
- Monsutti, Alessandro (2005). War and migration: Social networks and economic strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan. Translated by Patrick Camiller. Routledge, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-97508-7.
- Frederiksen, Birthe; Nicolaisen, Ida (1996). Caravans and trade in Afghanistan: The changing life of the nomadic Hazarbuz. Carlsberg Foundation's Nomad Research Project. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-01687-9.
- Poladi, Hassan (1989). The Hazāras. Stockton, California: Mughal Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-929824-00-0.
- Kakar, M. Hasan (1973). The pacification of the Hazaras of Afghanistan. New York: Afghanistan Council, Asia Society. OCLC 1111643.
- Harpviken, Kristian Berg (1996). Political Mobilization Among the Hazara of Afghanistan: 1978–1992 (PDF). Rapportserien ved Sosiologi, Nr. 9 1996. Oslo: Institutt for Sosiologi, Universitetet i Oslo. ISBN 978-82-570-0127-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-04-27.
External links
- "Hazaras" at Encyclopædia Iranica
- Hazara tribal structure, Program for Culture and Conflict Studies, US Naval Postgraduate School
- Peril and Persecution in Afghanistan
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