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{{Short description|Fictitious historical legal code}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2009}}
The '''Code of Kalantiaw''' was a mythical ] in the epic story ]. It is said to have been written in 1433 by Datu ], a chief on the island of ] in the ]. It was actually written in 1913 by ] as a part of his historical fiction ''Las antiguas leyendas de la Isla de Negros'' (], "The Ancient Legends of the Island of Negros"), which he attributed to a priest named ]. The '''Code of Rajah Kalantiaw''' was a supposed ] in the epic history ] that is said to have been written in 1433 by Datu ], a chief on the island of ] in the ]. It is now generally accepted by historians that the documents supporting the existence and history of the code, according to some sources, "appear to be deliberate fabrications with no historical validity" written in 1913 by a scholar named ] as a part of a historical fiction titled ''Las antiguas leyendas de la Isla de Negros'' ({{langx|en|The Ancient Legends of the Island of Negros}}).{{sfn|Justiniano|2011}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paulmorrow.ca/kalant_e.htm|title=Kalantiaw : The Hoax|website=paulmorrow.ca|accessdate=August 26, 2022}}</ref>


In 1990, Philippine historian ] described the code as "a disputed document."<ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=26}}.</ref> Despite doubts on its authenticity, some history textbooks continue to present it as historical fact.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zulueta|Nebres|2003|pp=28–33}}.</ref> In 2005, the ] officially recognized Kalantiaw and the Code of Kalantiaw to be a 20th-century fraudulent work by José Marco with no historical basis.{{sfn|Justiniano|2011|p=26}}
⚫ In 1917, the historian ] wrote about the Code of Kalantiaw in his book ''Historia Prehispana de Filipinas'' ("Prehispanic History of the Philippines") where he moved the location of the Code's origin from Negros to the ] province of ] because he suspected that it may be related to the ]. Other authors throughout the 20th century gave credence to the story and the code.


==History and authenticity dispute==
⚫ In 1965, then ] ] ] began an examination of prehispanic sources for the study of Philippine history. Scott eventually demonstrated that the code was a forgery committed by Marco. When Scott presented these conclusions in his doctoral dissertation, defended on 16 June 1968 before a panel of eminent Filipino historians which included ], ], ], ], ] and ], not a single question was raised about the chapter which he had called ''The Contrabutions of Jose E. Marco to Philippine historiography''. Scott later published his findings debunking the code in his book ''Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Scott|1992|pp=159-170}}</ref> Filipino historians later removed the code from future literature regarding Philippine history.<ref>{{Harvnb|Scott|1984|pp=132-133}}</ref> When ] published a Spanish version of his ''The Philippines Through the Centuries'' as ''Centuries as historia de Filipinas'' (Madrid, 1984), he replaced the Code with one sentence: "La tésis doctoral del historador Scott desbarate la existencia misma de dicho Código" (The doctoral dissertation of the historian Scott demolishes the very existence of the Code).<ref>{{Harvnb|Scott|1992|p=168}}</ref>
]
⚫ ] wrote about the Code of Kalantiaw in his 1917 book ''Historia Prehispana de Filipinas'' ("Prehispanic History of the Philippines") where he moved the location of the Code's origin from Negros to the ] province of ] because he suspected that it may be related to the ]. Other authors throughout the 20th century gave credence to the story and the code.


It first gained scholarly acceptance when Marco donated five manuscripts of the fraudulent documents to the American historian ]. Robertson presented it in ] in 1915 in a paper entitled ''Social structure of, and ideas of law among early Philippine peoples, in a recently discovered pre-Hispanic criminal code of the Philippine Islands''. Robertson was a notable proponent of ] propaganda and had also deliberately distorted translations of Spanish documents of the Philippines in the compilation '']'' (1903–1907) co-authored with ].<ref name="Cano">{{Cite journal |last=Cano |first=Glòria |date=2008 |title=Evidence for the Deliberate Distortion of the Spanish Philippine Colonial Historical Record in "The Philippine Islands 1493–1898" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20071868 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1017/S0022463408000015 |jstor=20071868 |s2cid=159759508 |issn=0022-4634}}</ref>
Philippine historian Teodoro Agoncillo describes the Code as "a disputed document".<ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=26}}.</ref> Some history texts continue to present it as historical fact.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zulueta|Nebres|2003|pp=28-33}}.</ref> ''Struggle for Freedom'' (subtitled ''A textbook on Philippine History'') says, "Reproduced herein is the entire Code of Klaintiaw for your critical examination and for you to decide on its veracity and accuracy.<ref>{{Harvnb|Duka|2008|p=]}}.</ref> The story is still believed by people in the central provinces due to mis-education.


⚫ In 1965, then ] ] ] began an examination of pre-hispanic sources for the study of Philippine history. Scott eventually demonstrated that the code was a forgery committed by Marco. When Scott presented these conclusions in his doctoral dissertation, defended on 16 June 1968 before a panel of eminent Filipino historians which included ], ], ], ], ] and ], not a single question was raised about the chapter which he had called ''The Contributions of Jose E. Marco to Philippine historiography''. However, in 1971 a decoration to be known as the ''Order of Kalantiao'' was created, to be awarded to any citizen of the Philippines for exceptional and meritorious services to the Republic in the administration of justice and in the field of law.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1, 1971 |title=Executive Order No. 294 s.1971: Creating a Decoration to Be Known as the Order of Kalantiao |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1971/03/01/executive-order-no-294/ |publisher=Government of the Philipplines |language=en |via=Official Gazette}}</ref>
⚫ == Laws of the Code of Kalantiaw==


Scott later published his findings debunking the code in his book ''Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Scott|1992|pp=159–170}}</ref> Filipino historians later removed the code from future literature regarding Philippine history.<ref>{{Harvnb|Scott|1984|pp=132–133}}</ref> When ] published a Spanish version of his ''The Philippines Through the Centuries'' as {{lang|es|Historia de Filipinas}} (Madrid, 1984),<ref name="Molina">{{Cite book |last=Molina |first=Antonio M. |title=Historia de Filipinas |date=1984 |publisher=Ediciones Cultura Hispánica del Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana |isbn=8472323226 |location=Madrid |language=es |trans-title=History of the Philippines}}</ref> he replaced the Code with one sentence: {{lang|es|La tesis doctoral del historador Scott desbarata la existencia misma de dicho Código.}} ("The doctoral dissertation of the historian Scott demolishes the very existence of the Code").<ref>{{Harvnb|Scott|1992|p=168}}</ref>
Below is the ] translation of the code.

The authenticity of the code had been questioned previously by other scholars,{{refn|e.g., in the 1950s and in 1968 by Mauro Garcia, a bibliographer and prominent Filipino scholar on ancient Philippine history, and by others.{{sfn|Justiniano|2011|pp=20–21}}}} However, despite this and despite Scott's findings, changes in textbooks and in academic ] were not forthcoming until almost thirty years following the release of Scott's publication in 1969. In the interim, the Code of Kalantiaw continued to be taught as a part of ancient Philippine history.{{sfn|Justiniano|2011|p=21}}

In 2004, ] (NHI) Resolution No. 12 "] as "The First Philippine Lawgiver" and declared a Hall of Fame and Library to be constructed in his honor in ] as a national shrine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 1957 |title=Executive Order No. 234 s.1957 |url=http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/1957/02feb/19570211-EO-0234-RM.pdf |publisher=Government of the Philipplines |via=Official Gazette}}</ref> This NHI resolution was approved by the Office of the President in 2005.{{sfn|Justiniano|2011|p=26}}

⚫ ==Laws of the Kalantiaw Code==
In his book, ''Struggle for Freedom'' (2008), Cecilio Duka provides a full reproduction of the code for the reader's "critical examination... to decide on its veracity and accuracy".<ref>{{Harvnb|Duka|2008|pp=}}, citing {{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990}}.</ref>


'''Article I''' '''Article I'''


You shall not kill, neither shall you steal, neither shall you do harm to the aged, lest you incur the danger of death. All those who infringe this order shall be condemned to death by being drowned in the river, or in boiling water. Ye shall not kill, neither shall ye steal nor shall ye hurt the aged, lest ye incur the danger of death. All those who this order shall infringe shall be tied to a stone and drowned in a river or in boiling water.


'''Article II''' '''Article II'''


You shall obey. Let all your debts with the headman be met punctually. He who does not obey shall receive for the first time one hundred lashes. If the debt is large, he shall be condemned to thrust his hand in boiling water thrice. For the second time, he shall be beaten to death. Ye shall punctually meet your debt with your headman. He who fulfils not, for the first time shall be lashed a hundredfold, and If the obligation is great, his hand shall be dipped threefold in boiling water. On conviction, he shall be flogged to death.


'''Article III''' '''Article III'''


Obey you: let no one have women that are very young nor more than he can support; nor be given to excessive lust. Obey ye: no one shall have wives that are too young, nor shall they be more than what he can take care of, nor spend much luxury. He who fulfils not, obeys not, shall be condemned to swim three hours and, for the second time, shall be scourged with spines to death.
He who does not comply with, obey, and observe this order shall be condemned to swim for three hours for the first time and for the second time, to be beaten to death with sharp thorns.


'''Article IV''' '''Article IV'''


Observe and obey; let no one disturb the quiet of the graves. When passing by the caves and trees where they are, give respect to them. He who does not observe this shall be killed by ants, or beaten to death with thorns. Observe and obey ye: Let not the peace of the graves be disturbed; due respect must be accorded them on passing by caves and trees where they are. He who observes not shall die by bites of ants or shall be flogged with spines till death.


'''Article V''' '''Article V'''


Obey ye: Exchange in food must be carried out faithfully. He who complies not shall be lashed for an hour. He who repeats the act shall, for a day be exposed to the ants.
You shall obey; he who exchanges for food, let it be always done in accordance with his word.
He who does not comply, shall be beaten for one hour, he who repeats the offense shall be exposed for one day among ants.


'''Article VI''' '''Article VI'''


You shall be obliged to revere sights that are held in respect, such as those of trees of recognized worth and other sights. He who fails to comply shall pay with one month's work in gold or in honey. Ye shall revere respectable places, trees of known value, and other sites. He shall pay a month's work, in gold or money, whoever fails to do this; and if twice committed, he shall be declared a slave.


'''Article VII''' '''Article VII'''


These shall be put to death; he who kills trees of venerable appearance; who shoot arrows at night at old men and women; he who enters the houses of the headmen without permission; he who kills a shark or a streaked cayman. They shall die who kill trees of venerable aspect; who at night shoot with arrows the aged men and the women; he who enters the house of the headman without permission; he who kills a fish or shark or striped crocodile.


'''Article VIII''' '''Article VIII'''


Slavery for a ''doam'' (a certain period of time) shall be suffered by those who steal away the women of the headmen; by him who keep ill-tempered dogs that bite the headmen; by him who burns the fields of another. They shall be slaves for a given time who steal away the women of the headmen; he who possesses dogs that bite the headmen; he who burns another man's sown field.


'''Article IX''' '''Article IX'''


All these shall be beaten for two days: who sing while traveling by night; kill the Manaul; tear the documents belonging to the headmen; are malicious liars; or who mock the dead. They shall be slaves for a given time, who sing in their night errands, kill manual birds, tear documents belonging to the headmen; who are evil-minded liars; who play with the dead.


'''Article X''' '''Article X'''


It is decreed an obligation; that every mother teach secretly to her daughters matters pertaining to lust and prepare them for womanhood; let not men be cruel nor punish their women when they catch them in the act of adultery. Whoever shall disobey shall be killed by being cut to pieces and thrown to the caymans. It shall be the obligation of every mother to show her daughter secretly the things that are lascivious, and prepare them for womanhood; men shall not be cruel to their wives, nor should they punish them when they catch them in the act of adultery. He who disobeys shall be torn to pieces and thrown to the caymans.


'''Article XI''' '''Article XI'''


These shall be burned: who by their strength or cunning have mocked at and escaped punishment or who have killed young boys; or try to steal away the women of the elders. They shall be burned, who by force or cunning have mocked at and eluded punishment, or who have killed two young boys, or shall try to steal the women of the old men (agurangs).


'''Article XII''' '''Article XII'''


These shall be drowned: all who interfere with their superiors, or their owners or masters; all those who abuse themselves through their lust; those who destroy their '']s'' (religious icons) by breaking them or throwing them down. They shall be drowned, all slaves who assault their superiors or their lords and masters; all those who abuse their luxury; those who kill their anitos by breaking them or throwing them away.


'''Article XIII''' '''Article XIII'''


All these shall be exposed to ants for half a day: who kill black cats during a new moon; or steal anything from the chiefs or ''agorang''s, however small the object may be. They shall be exposed to the ants for half a day, who kill a black cat during the new moon or steal things belonging to the headmen.


'''Article XIV''' '''Article XIV'''


These shall be made slave for life: who have beautiful daughters and deny them to the sons of chiefs, and with bad faith hide them away. They shall be slaves for life, who having beautiful daughters shall deny them to the sons of the headman, or shall hide them in bad faith.


'''Article XV''' '''Article XV'''


Concerning beliefs and traditions; these shall be beaten: who eat the diseased flesh of beasts which they hold in respect, or the herb which they consider good, who wound or kill the young of the ], or the white monkey. Concerning their beliefs and superstitions: they shall be scourged, who eat bad meat of respected insects or herbs that are supposed to be good; who hurt or kill the young manual bird and the white monkey.


'''Article XVI''' '''Article XVI'''


The fingers shall be cut-off: of all those who break ''anitos'' of wood and clay in their ''alangan''s and temples; of those who destroy the daggers of the ''catalonan''s(priest/priestess), or break the drinking jars of the latter. Their fingers shall be cut off, who break wooden or clay idols in their ''olangangs'' and places of oblation; he who breaks ''Tagalan's'' daggers for hog killing, or breaks drinking vases.


'''Article XVII''' '''Article XVII'''


These shall be killed: who profane sites where ''anitos'' are kept, and sites where are buried the sacred things of their ''diwata''s and headmen. He who performs his necessities in those places shall be burned. They shall be killed, who profane places where sacred objects of their ''diwatas'' or headmen are buried. He who gives way to the call of nature at such places shall be burned.


'''Article XVIII''' '''Article XVIII'''


Those who do not cause these rules to be obeyed: if they are headmen, they shall be put to death by being stoned and crushed; and if they are ''agorang''s they shall be placed in rivers to be eaten by sharks and caymans. Those who do not cause these rules to be observed, if they are headmen, shall be stoned and crushed to death, and if they are old men, shall be placed in rivers to be eaten by sharks and crocodiles.


==See also== ==See also==
*] *]
*] *]
*]
Commentary on Code of Kalantiaw

Code is a set of standards or norms with peculiarity character. Originally, it is a socio-political in nature and character to resolve conflicts in a certain community. The word itself came to its usage and existence during the primitive or prehistoric period of the Philiipines. The first written code was the Kalantiaw. According to the tarsila among Iranuns, the term Kalantiaw was a name of a datu who ruled ancient Aninipay now Panay. He was of Bornean (Burunai in Iranun terminology)


==Notes== ==Notes==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}


== References == ==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation
* {{Cite book |last=Agoncillo |first=Teodoro C. |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod |title=History of the Filipino People |date=1990 |publisher=Garotech Publishing |isbn=971-8711-06-6 |edition=8th |location=Quezon City |language=en |author-link=Teodoro Agoncillo |orig-year=first published 1960 |url-access=registration}}
|last=Agoncillo
* {{Cite book |last=Duka |first=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC |title=Struggle for Freedom |date=2008 |publisher=Rex Bookstore |isbn=978-971-23-5045-0 |location=Manila |language=en}}
|first=Teodoro C.
* {{Cite journal |last=Justiniano |first=Maureen Cristin S. |date=2011 |title=Jose E. Marco's Kalantiaw Code: Implications for Philippine Historiography and Filipinos' Historical Consciousness |journal=Explorations |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=19–30 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10125/20312 |url=https://www.academia.edu/5156413/Kalantiaw_Code_Readings_for_Histo_I_}}
|authorlink=Teodoro Agoncillo
* {{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |title=Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History |date=1984 |publisher=New Day Publishers |isbn=971-10-0226-4 |edition=revised |location=Quezon City |language=en |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |orig-year=first published 1968}}
|title=History of the Filipino People
* {{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6ZwAAAAMAAJ |title=Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino and Other Essays in Philippine History: And Other Essays in Philippine History |date=1992 |publisher=New Day Publishers |isbn=978-971-10-0524-5 |location=Quezon City |language=en |chapter=Kalantiaw: The Code That Never Was}}
|origyear=1960
* {{Cite book |last1=Zulueta |first1=Francisco M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izXBMAAACAAJ |title=Philippine History and Government Through the Years |last2=Nebres |first2=Abriel M. |date=2003 |publisher=National Book Store |isbn=971-08-6344-4 |location=Mandaluyong City |language=en}}
|edition=8th
{{refend}}
|year=1990
|publisher=Garotech Publishing
|location=Quezon City
|id=ISBN 971-8711-06-6
}}.
*{{Citation
|title=Struggle for Freedom
|last=Duka
|first=C.
|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.
|isbn=9789712350450
|year=2008
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC
}}.
*{{Citation
|last=Scott
|first=William Henry
|chapter=Kalintow: The Code That Never Was
|title=Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino and Other Essays in Philippine History: And Other Essays in Philippine History
|publisher=New Day Publishers
|year=1992
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Z6ZwAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1
|authorlink=William Henry Scott (historian)
}}, ISBN 9711005247, ISBN 9789711005245.
*{{Citation
|last=Scott
|first=William Henry
|title=Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History
|publisher=New Day Publishers
|year=1984
|isbn=9711002264
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ
|authorlink=William Henry Scott (historian)
}}, ISBN 9711002264, ISBN 9789711002268.
*{{Citation
|title=Philippine history and government through the years
|last1=Zulueta
|first1=Francisco M.
|last2=Nebres
|first2=Abriel M.
|publisher=National Book Store
|year=2003
|isbn=9710863444
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=izXBMAAACAAJ
}}.


{{Philippine mythology}} {{Philippine mythology}}


] ]
] ]
] ]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 01:58, 3 December 2024

Fictitious historical legal code

The Code of Rajah Kalantiaw was a supposed legal code in the epic history Maragtas that is said to have been written in 1433 by Datu Kalantiaw, a chief on the island of Negros in the Philippines. It is now generally accepted by historians that the documents supporting the existence and history of the code, according to some sources, "appear to be deliberate fabrications with no historical validity" written in 1913 by a scholar named Jose Marco as a part of a historical fiction titled Las antiguas leyendas de la Isla de Negros (English: The Ancient Legends of the Island of Negros).

In 1990, Philippine historian Teodoro Agoncillo described the code as "a disputed document." Despite doubts on its authenticity, some history textbooks continue to present it as historical fact. In 2005, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines officially recognized Kalantiaw and the Code of Kalantiaw to be a 20th-century fraudulent work by José Marco with no historical basis.

History and authenticity dispute

A woman at the Kalibo Ati-Atihan Festival.

Jose Marco wrote about the Code of Kalantiaw in his 1917 book Historia Prehispana de Filipinas ("Prehispanic History of the Philippines") where he moved the location of the Code's origin from Negros to the Panay province of Aklan because he suspected that it may be related to the Ati-atihan festival. Other authors throughout the 20th century gave credence to the story and the code.

It first gained scholarly acceptance when Marco donated five manuscripts of the fraudulent documents to the American historian James Alexander Robertson. Robertson presented it in San Francisco in 1915 in a paper entitled Social structure of, and ideas of law among early Philippine peoples, in a recently discovered pre-Hispanic criminal code of the Philippine Islands. Robertson was a notable proponent of Anti-Spanish "black legend" propaganda and had also deliberately distorted translations of Spanish documents of the Philippines in the compilation The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 (1903–1907) co-authored with Emma Helen Blair.

In 1965, then University of Santo Tomas doctoral candidate William Henry Scott began an examination of pre-hispanic sources for the study of Philippine history. Scott eventually demonstrated that the code was a forgery committed by Marco. When Scott presented these conclusions in his doctoral dissertation, defended on 16 June 1968 before a panel of eminent Filipino historians which included Teodoro Agoncillo, Horacio de la Costa, Marcelino Foronda, Mercedes Grau Santamaria, Nicolas Zafra and Gregorio Zaide, not a single question was raised about the chapter which he had called The Contributions of Jose E. Marco to Philippine historiography. However, in 1971 a decoration to be known as the Order of Kalantiao was created, to be awarded to any citizen of the Philippines for exceptional and meritorious services to the Republic in the administration of justice and in the field of law.

Scott later published his findings debunking the code in his book Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Filipino historians later removed the code from future literature regarding Philippine history. When Antonio M. Molina published a Spanish version of his The Philippines Through the Centuries as Historia de Filipinas (Madrid, 1984), he replaced the Code with one sentence: La tesis doctoral del historador Scott desbarata la existencia misma de dicho Código. ("The doctoral dissertation of the historian Scott demolishes the very existence of the Code").

The authenticity of the code had been questioned previously by other scholars, However, despite this and despite Scott's findings, changes in textbooks and in academic curriculum were not forthcoming until almost thirty years following the release of Scott's publication in 1969. In the interim, the Code of Kalantiaw continued to be taught as a part of ancient Philippine history.

In 2004, National Historical Institute (NHI) Resolution No. 12 "[declaring that Code of Kalantiao/Kalantiaw has no valid historical basis" called for: (1) the official affirmation that the Kalantiaw Code is a twentieth-century fraudulent work by Jose Marco, (2) the President of the Philippines cease to honor retiring Supreme justices and other international dignitaries with the ‘Order of Kalantiaw’, and (3) the revoking of Executive Order 234, which recognized Datu Bondahara Kalantiaw as "The First Philippine Lawgiver" and declared a Hall of Fame and Library to be constructed in his honor in Batan, Aklan as a national shrine. This NHI resolution was approved by the Office of the President in 2005.

Laws of the Kalantiaw Code

In his book, Struggle for Freedom (2008), Cecilio Duka provides a full reproduction of the code for the reader's "critical examination... to decide on its veracity and accuracy".

Article I

Ye shall not kill, neither shall ye steal nor shall ye hurt the aged, lest ye incur the danger of death. All those who this order shall infringe shall be tied to a stone and drowned in a river or in boiling water.

Article II

Ye shall punctually meet your debt with your headman. He who fulfils not, for the first time shall be lashed a hundredfold, and If the obligation is great, his hand shall be dipped threefold in boiling water. On conviction, he shall be flogged to death.

Article III

Obey ye: no one shall have wives that are too young, nor shall they be more than what he can take care of, nor spend much luxury. He who fulfils not, obeys not, shall be condemned to swim three hours and, for the second time, shall be scourged with spines to death.

Article IV

Observe and obey ye: Let not the peace of the graves be disturbed; due respect must be accorded them on passing by caves and trees where they are. He who observes not shall die by bites of ants or shall be flogged with spines till death.

Article V

Obey ye: Exchange in food must be carried out faithfully. He who complies not shall be lashed for an hour. He who repeats the act shall, for a day be exposed to the ants.

Article VI

Ye shall revere respectable places, trees of known value, and other sites. He shall pay a month's work, in gold or money, whoever fails to do this; and if twice committed, he shall be declared a slave.

Article VII

They shall die who kill trees of venerable aspect; who at night shoot with arrows the aged men and the women; he who enters the house of the headman without permission; he who kills a fish or shark or striped crocodile.

Article VIII

They shall be slaves for a given time who steal away the women of the headmen; he who possesses dogs that bite the headmen; he who burns another man's sown field.

Article IX

They shall be slaves for a given time, who sing in their night errands, kill manual birds, tear documents belonging to the headmen; who are evil-minded liars; who play with the dead.

Article X

It shall be the obligation of every mother to show her daughter secretly the things that are lascivious, and prepare them for womanhood; men shall not be cruel to their wives, nor should they punish them when they catch them in the act of adultery. He who disobeys shall be torn to pieces and thrown to the caymans.

Article XI

They shall be burned, who by force or cunning have mocked at and eluded punishment, or who have killed two young boys, or shall try to steal the women of the old men (agurangs).

Article XII

They shall be drowned, all slaves who assault their superiors or their lords and masters; all those who abuse their luxury; those who kill their anitos by breaking them or throwing them away.

Article XIII

They shall be exposed to the ants for half a day, who kill a black cat during the new moon or steal things belonging to the headmen.

Article XIV

They shall be slaves for life, who having beautiful daughters shall deny them to the sons of the headman, or shall hide them in bad faith.

Article XV

Concerning their beliefs and superstitions: they shall be scourged, who eat bad meat of respected insects or herbs that are supposed to be good; who hurt or kill the young manual bird and the white monkey.

Article XVI

Their fingers shall be cut off, who break wooden or clay idols in their olangangs and places of oblation; he who breaks Tagalan's daggers for hog killing, or breaks drinking vases.

Article XVII

They shall be killed, who profane places where sacred objects of their diwatas or headmen are buried. He who gives way to the call of nature at such places shall be burned.

Article XVIII

Those who do not cause these rules to be observed, if they are headmen, shall be stoned and crushed to death, and if they are old men, shall be placed in rivers to be eaten by sharks and crocodiles.

See also

Notes

  1. Justiniano 2011.
  2. "Kalantiaw : The Hoax". paulmorrow.ca. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  3. Agoncillo 1990, p. 26.
  4. Zulueta & Nebres 2003, pp. 28–33.
  5. ^ Justiniano 2011, p. 26.
  6. Cano, Glòria (2008). "Evidence for the Deliberate Distortion of the Spanish Philippine Colonial Historical Record in "The Philippine Islands 1493–1898"". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 39 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1017/S0022463408000015. ISSN 0022-4634. JSTOR 20071868. S2CID 159759508.
  7. "Executive Order No. 294 s.1971: Creating a Decoration to Be Known as the Order of Kalantiao". Government of the Philipplines. March 1, 1971 – via Official Gazette.
  8. Scott 1992, pp. 159–170
  9. Scott 1984, pp. 132–133
  10. Molina, Antonio M. (1984). Historia de Filipinas [History of the Philippines] (in Spanish). Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica del Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana. ISBN 8472323226.
  11. Scott 1992, p. 168
  12. Justiniano 2011, pp. 20–21.
  13. e.g., in the 1950s and in 1968 by Mauro Garcia, a bibliographer and prominent Filipino scholar on ancient Philippine history, and by others.
  14. Justiniano 2011, p. 21.
  15. "Executive Order No. 234 s.1957" (PDF). Government of the Philipplines. February 28, 1957 – via Official Gazette.
  16. Duka 2008, pp. 25–27, citing Agoncillo 1990.

References

Philippines Indigenous Philippine folk religions (including their mythologies and folklore)
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