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{{Short description|Annual event held on the last Friday of Ramadan}}
{{Infobox Holiday
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
|image =
{{About|the annual pro-Palestinian day of protest|the Israeli national holiday|Jerusalem Day|the march on the Israeli holiday|Jerusalem Day march}}
|caption = A parade in ].
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2018}}{{Infobox holiday
|Day_name = Quds Day
| image = File:2016 Quds International Day in Tehran.jpg
|official_name =
| caption = Quds Day in ], ], 2016
|observedby = ] and other ] and communities
| holiday_name = Quds Day
|begins = Last Friday of ]
| official_name = {{lang|fa|روز جهانی قدس}} (''Ruz Jahâni Quds'')
|type = Political
| duration = 1 day
|significance = Demonstrations against the ] and its control of ]; solidarity with the ]
|relatedto = ] | frequency = Annual
| observedby = ], ], ]
|
|date2008 = | type = International
| significance = Demonstrations against ], the ], and the ]; solidarity with the ]
|date2009 = September 18
| relatedto = ]<br />]<br />]
|date2010 =
| date2021 = May 7<ref name="nati_Al-Q">{{Cite web |title=Al-Quds Day to be marked tomorrow |author= |work=The Nation |date=6 May 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |url= https://nation.com.pk/06-May-2021/al-quds-day-to-be-marked-tomorrow}}</ref>
|date2011 =
| date2022 = April 29<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/ramadan-calendar/ |title=Ramadan Calendar {{CURRENTYEAR}} |website=IslamicFinder}}</ref>
|date2012 =
| date2023 = April 14<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan Calendar 2023, Sehar (Sahur) Time and Iftar Time {{!}} IslamicFinder |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/ramadan-calendar/ |website=IslamicFinder |access-date=14 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| date = ] of ]
| startedby = ]
| date2024 = April 5
}} }}
{{Jerusalem sidebar}}
{{otheruses4|the annual pro-Palestinian day of protest|the Israeli national holiday|Jerusalem Day}}
'''Quds Day''' (]: {{lang|fa|روز قدس}} ''rūz-e quds''), officially '''International al-Quds Day''' ({{lang|fa|روز جهانی قدس}}), is an annual event on the last Friday of ],<ref>, ]</ref> expressing solidarity with the ] and opposing ] as well as ] control of ] (both West Jerusalem and ]-]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Sokolski|first=Henry D.|coauthors=Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center|title=Gauging U.S.-Indian strategic cooperation|publisher=Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College|date=2007|pages=166|isbn=9781584872849|quote=Many Muslims commemorate Al Quds Day by protesting against the Israeli occupation of East Jerusalem where the Al Quds mosque is located.}}</ref><ref name=national1>, Abigail Fielding-Smith, The National, September 18, 2009.</ref><ref name="HundredsClash"> ''Metro.co.uk''. September 18, 2009. 18 September 2009.</ref> ] demonstrations are held on this day in some Muslim and Arab countries and by Muslim and Arab communities around the world, but particularly in ], where ] first introduced the event.<ref name=Reiterp154>{{cite book|title=Jerusalem and its role in Islamic solidarity|author=Yitzhak Reiter|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2008|ISBN=0230607829, 9780230607828|page=154}}</ref> The Iranian government sponsors and organizes the day's parades within Iran.<ref name=AJ>, ''aljazeera.net'', (September 18, 2009 )</ref><ref name=BBC>, BBC, ( September 18, 2009)</ref> In recent years, only a marginal proportion of young Iranians have attended.<ref name=Howard/>


'''Quds Day''' ({{Literal translation|Jerusalem Day}}), officially known as '''International Quds Day''' ({{langx|fa|روز جهانی قدس|Ruz Jahâni Quds}}), is an annual ] event held on the ] of the ] holy month of ] to express support for ] and oppose ] and ].<ref name="bbcpersian" /> It takes its name from the ] name for ]: {{Transliteration|ar|al-Quds}}.
==History==
], Sweden; Al-Quds Day 2008]]
The parade originated in ] after the 1979 ]. The observance was mandated by Ayatollah ], then ], in August of that year, proclaiming:


The event was first held in 1979 in ], shortly after the ]. The day exists partly in opposition to Israel's ], which has been celebrated by ] since May 1968 and was declared a national holiday by the ] in 1998.<ref name="Ceccarini">Francesca Ceccarini, FrancoAngeli, Milan 2016 p.166</ref> Today, rallies are held on Quds Day in various countries in the ], as well as in non-Muslim communities around the world,<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A239865415/GPS?sid=wikipedia|title = International Al-Quds Day in DC|last =C. Hanley |first =Delinda |date = 2010|journal = Washington Report on Middle East Affairs}}{{subscription required|via=General OneFile|page=56}}</ref> in protest against the ].<ref>* {{cite book|last1=Sokolski|first1=Henry D. |author2=Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute |author3=]|title=Gauging U.S.-Indian strategic cooperation|publisher=Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College|year=2007|isbn=978-1-58487-284-9|page=166|quote=Many Muslims commemorate Al Quds Day by protesting against the Israeli occupation of East Jerusalem where the Al Quds mosque is located}}
{{quote|I invite ] all over the globe to consecrate the last Friday of the holy month of ] as Al-Quds Day and to proclaim the international solidarity of Muslims in support of the legitimate rights of the Muslim people of ].
* {{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2008/09/20089261632384680.html|title=Iran warns West on al-Quds day|quote=Hundreds of thousands of Iranians rallied in cities across the country to protest against Israel's occupation and annexation of East Jerusalem.|date=September 26, 2008|work=Al-Jazeera}}</ref><ref name="Chicago Monitor">{{cite web|last1=Chambers|first1=Bill|title=Al-Quds Day Commemorated in Chicago|url=http://chicagomonitor.com/2015/07/al-quds-day-commemorated-in-chicago/|website=The Chicago Monitor|access-date=August 3, 2015|date=July 12, 2015}}</ref>


Critics of Quds Day have argued that it is ].<ref>{{cite web | last=Sommerlad | first=Joe | title=This is why people are burning effigies of Donald Trump in Iran today | website=The Independent | date=2018-06-08 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/quds-day-2018-iran-palestinians-israel-donald-trump-jerusalem-ramadan-a8389556.html | access-date=2018-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Küntzel |first=Matthias |title=Tehran's Efforts to Mobilize Antisemitism: The Global Impact |chapter=Tehran's Efforts to Mobilize Antisemitism |date=2015 |work=Deciphering the New Antisemitism |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253018656 |pages=508–532 |jstor=j.ctt18crxz7.22}}</ref> In Iran, the day is marked by widespread speeches and rallies that have been frequented by chants of "], ]", with crowds trampling and burning ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Seliktar |first=Ofira |date=2023-01-02 |title=Iran's antisemitism and anti-Zionism: eliminationist or performative? |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13537121.2023.2162260 |journal=Israel Affairs |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=137–154 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2162260 |issn=1353-7121}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wistrich |first=Robert S. |date= 2014|title=Gaza, Hamas, and the Return of Antisemitism |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23739770.2014.11446601 |journal=Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=35–48 |doi=10.1080/23739770.2014.11446601 |issn=2373-9770}}</ref> Quds Day rallies have also featured demonstrations against other countries and causes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Al Quds Day: Protesters burn flags and chant 'death to Israel' at annual rallies held across Iran |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/al-quds-day-2017-anti-israel-flag-burning-chants-rallies-tehran-a7804596.html |website=independent.co.uk |access-date=9 November 2023}}</ref><ref name=hindustantimes>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/chants-against-israeli-occupation-in-palestine-saudi-and-us-as-iran-marks-al-quds-day/story-Pj0mJOyS3Lf2rDVgjGD3CN.html|website=Hindustan Times|author=AFP|date=June 23, 2017|access-date=June 8, 2018|title=Chants against Israeli occupation in Palestine, Saudi and US as Iran marks Al Quds Day}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Mehr News|url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/134627/Today-s-Quds-rallies-in-opposition-of-Israel-US-Saudi-Arabia|title=Today's Quds rallies in opposition of Israel, US, Saudi Arabia|date=June 8, 2018|access-date=June 8, 2018|author=Marjohn Sheikhi}}</ref>
For many years, I have been notifying the Muslims of the danger posed by the usurper ] which today has intensified its savage attacks against the Palestinian brothers and sisters, and which, in the south of Lebanon in particular, is continually bombing Palestinian homes in the hope of crushing the Palestinian struggle. I ask all the Muslims of the world and the Muslim governments to join together to sever the hand of this usurper and its supporters. I call on all the Muslims of the world to select as Al-Quds Day the last Friday in the holy month of Ramadan - which is itself a determining period and can also be the determiner of the Palestinian people’s fate - and through a ceremony demonstrating the solidarity of Muslims world-wide, announce their support for the legitimate rights of the Muslim people. I ask God Almighty for the victory of the Muslims over the infidels.|]<ref>{{Dead link|date=September 2009}}</ref>}}


==History==
In solidarity with the Palestinians, Khomeini declared the liberation of Jerusalem a religious duty to all Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |title=Jihad for Jerusalem: identity and strategy in international relations |last=Khan |first=M.A. Muqtedar |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2004 |publisher= |location=Google Books |isbn= |oclc= |page=157 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SFcm8Z66kVQC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false |accessdate=19 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=To Rule Jerusalem |last=Friedland |first=Roger |authorlink= |coauthors=Richard Hecht |year=1996 |publisher= |location=Google Books |isbn= |oclc= |page=370 |pages= |url=
An annual ] day of protest was first suggested by ], the first foreign minister of the ], to ], the leader of the ]. At the time, its predominant context was related to ]. Khomeini adopted Yazdi's idea,<ref name="bbcpersian">{{cite news |date=August 1, 2013 |title=Iran's 'Jerusalem Day': Behind the rallies and rhetoric |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23448932 |publisher=BBC Persian}}</ref> and on 7 August 1979, he declared the ] of every ] as "Quds Day", in which ] worldwide would unite in solidarity against ] and in support of the ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Jerusalem and Its Role in Islamic Solidarity|url=https://archive.org/details/jerusalemitsrole00reit|url-access=limited|author=Yitzhak Reiter|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2008|isbn=9780230607828|page=}}</ref> Khomeini stated that the "liberation" of ] was a religious duty to all Muslims:<ref>
http://books.google.com/books?id=h27UQhGY9nwC&pg=PA370&dq=%22Jerusalem+day%22+khomeini&ei=Pm61SrWlD4a6zASL8vzlDg#v=onepage&q=%22Jerusalem%20day%22%20khomeini&f=false |accessdate=19 September 2009}}</ref>
* {{cite book |title=Jihad for Jerusalem: Identity and Strategy in International Relations |last=Khan |first=M.A. Muqtedar |year=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |location=Google Books |page=157 |isbn=9780275980146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFcm8Z66kVQC&pg=PA157 |access-date=September 19, 2009}}
* {{cite book |title=To Rule Jerusalem |last=Friedland |first=Roger |author2=Richard Hecht |year=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Google Books |page=370 |isbn=9780520220928 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKRlEPFc038C&pg=PA370}}</ref>


{{quote|I invite Muslims all over the globe to consecrate the last Friday of the holy month of Ramadan as Al-Quds Day and to proclaim the international solidarity of Muslims in support of the legitimate rights of the Muslim people of ].
Beyond events in Iran, events throughout the Arab-Muslim world are also initiated. There is a focus on countries with large Shi'ite populations, particularly in ] where ] directs Al-Quds Day. Events have also been held in ], ], and the ]. ] and ] endorse Al-Quds day and hold ceremonies. Outside of the Middle East, Al-Quds Day has taken place in ], ], ], ], ], the ] and Asian countries.<ref name="qudsday">{{cite web |title=Jerusalem Day |url=http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/html/iran_e023.htm |date=16 September 2009 |work= |publisher=Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center |accessdate=19 September 2009}}</ref>


For many years, I have been notifying the Muslims of the danger posed by the ] which today has intensified its savage attacks against the Palestinian brothers and sisters, and which, in the ] in particular, is continually bombing Palestinian homes in the hope of crushing the Palestinian struggle. I ask all the ] and the Muslim governments to join together to sever the hand of this usurper and its supporters. I call on all the Muslims of the world to select as Al-Quds Day the last Friday in the holy month of Ramadan—which is itself a determining period and can also be the determiner of the Palestinian people's fate—and through a ceremony demonstrating the solidarity of Muslims worldwide, announce their support for the legitimate rights of the Muslim people. I ask ] for the victory of the Muslims over the ].|], 1979<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irib.ir/occasions/Quds_Day/Quds%20dayEn.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031028225026/http://www.irib.ir/occasions/Quds_Day/Quds%20dayEn.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2003-10-28|title=Qudsday}}</ref>}}
==Events==
In Iran, the day's parades are sponsored and organized by the government.<ref name=AJ/><ref name=BBC/> Mass marches and rallies take place in Iran on Quds Day. Senior Iranian leaders give fiery speeches condemning Israel ("the regime occupying Jerusalem") as well as the United States. The crowds respond with chants of "Death to Israel" and "Death to the United States."<ref name="qudsday"/>


There have been recorded incidents of violence on Quds Day, including 28 people killed and 326 wounded by bombs in 1985 during the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/quds-day-2018-iran-palestinians-israel-donald-trump-jerusalem-ramadan-a8389556.html|title=This is why people are burning effigies of Donald Trump in Iran today|date=June 8, 2018|website=The Independent}}</ref> Iran celebrates the event characteristically by putting on public display poster images of the city of Jerusalem, thematic speeches, art exhibitions reflecting the issue, and folkloric events. In ], ] marks the occasion by organizing a substantive military parade for the last week of each Ramadan. Since 1989, ] has observed the event by hosting academic conferences, whose venue from university to university varies each year. Arab societies generally pay the occasion ] in order to make a show of solidarity with the cause of ].<ref>Yitzhak Reiter, , Springer, 2008 p.142.</ref>
Quds Day rallies continue to have many Iranians under the age of 30 participating, however recent rallies have not shown a proportionate percentage of young Iranians with many Iranian students saying that the ] has "nothing to do with us."<ref name=Howard>, Howard, Roger. Zed Books (2004). ISBN 978-1-84277-475-5. p. 49.</ref>


The day is also marked throughout Muslim and ]. In January 1988, during the ], the Jerusalem Committee of the ] decided that Quds Day should be commemorated in public events throughout the Arab world.<ref name=Reiter>{{cite book|title=Jerusalem and its role in Islamic solidarity|url=https://archive.org/details/jerusalemitsrole00reit|url-access=limited|author=Yitzhak Reiter|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2008|isbn=9780230607828|page=}}</ref> In countries with significant ] populations, particularly Lebanon, where Hezbollah organizes Quds Day observances, there is significant attendance at the day's events. Events are also held in ], the ], and ]. Both ] and ] endorse Quds Day and hold ceremonies. Outside of the ] and the wider Arab world, Quds Day protests have taken place in the ], ], ], ], ], the ], as well as some ].<ref name="qudsday">{{cite web |title=Jerusalem Day |url=http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/html/iran_e023.htm |date=September 16, 2009 |publisher=Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center |access-date=September 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923004326/http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/html/iran_e023.htm |archive-date=September 23, 2009 }}</ref> According to the ], while the original idea behind Quds Day was to gather all Muslims in opposition to the existence of Israel, the event has not developed beyond an Iranian experience. Apart from rallies, usually funded and organized by Iran itself in various capital cities, the ritual never took root among Muslims at large.<ref name="bbcpersian" />
===2005 Quds Day===
Over 1 million people, with over 100,000 in each of Iran's 8 largest cities, marched in the 2005 Quds Day protests in Tehran and other cities across Iran. Then newly elected President of Iran ] called for the destruction of Israel before a crowd of over 200,000 in Tehran.<ref name=ap_2006>, AP, October 29, 2005</ref>


==Quds Day events==
Protests were staged throughout the Middle East with over 30,000 Bahrainis marching in ] and 6,000 ] guerrillas marching in ].<ref name=ap_2006 />
{{Further|List of Quds Day demonstrations}}
In Iran, the day's parades are sponsored and organized by the government.<ref name="AJ">, aljazeera.net, (September 18, 2009 )</ref><ref name="BBC">, BBC, (September 18, 2009)</ref> Events include mass marches and rallies. Senior Iranian leaders give fiery speeches condemning Israel, as well as the U.S. government. The crowds respond with chants of "]" and "]".<ref name="qudsday" /> According to Roger Howard, many Iranians under the age of 30 continue to participate in Quds Day events, though proportionately less than those on the streets. He adds that many Iranian students on campus say in private that the ] has "nothing to do with us."<ref name="Howard">Roger Howard, , ] (2004). {{ISBN|978-1-84277-475-5}}. p. 49.</ref>


Quds Day protests have been held in parts of the Middle East and in London and Berlin and the United States. Marches in London have drawn up to 3,000 people, while Berlin saw 1,600 protestors in 2018. Rallies were held in at least 18 cities across the United States in 2017.<ref>{{cite web | last=Weinthal | first=Benjamin | title=Heavy turnout at al-Quds rally in Berlin calls for Israel's destruction | website=The Jerusalem Post &#124; JPost.com | date=2018-06-09 | url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Heavy-turnout-at-al-Quds-rally-in-Berlin-calls-for-Israels-destruction-559576 | access-date=2018-06-14}}</ref><ref name="Sommerlad 2018">{{cite web | last=Sommerlad | first=Joe | title=This is why people are burning effigies of Donald Trump in Iran today | website=The Independent | date=2018-06-08 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/quds-day-2018-iran-palestinians-israel-donald-trump-jerusalem-ramadan-a8389556.html | access-date=2018-06-14}}</ref><ref name="Anti-Defamation League 2017">{{cite web | title=ADL Raises Concern About Potential For Hate Speech at Anti-Israel Protests Taking Place in 18 U.S. Cities | website=Anti-Defamation League | date=2017-06-23 | url=https://www.adl.org/news/press-releases/adl-raises-concern-about-potential-for-hate-speech-at-anti-israel-protests | access-date=2018-06-14}}</ref>
===2007 Quds Day===
The 2007 Quds Day protest saw millions of Iranians march in support of the Palestinians During the rallies in Tehran, Ahmadinejad said that the "creation, continued existence and unlimited (Western) support for this regime is an insult to human dignity." The protests also featured signs denouncing the United States because of America's support for Israel.<ref name=ap_2007>, AP, October 05, 2007</ref>


In 2020, for the first time since the initiation four decades ago, the Quds day event was held virtually in Iran amid the ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fassihi |first1=Farnaz |title=Virus Lockdown Forces Iran Into Its First Virtual Quds Day |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/22/world/middleeast/virus-virtual-quds-day.html |access-date=23 May 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=22 May 2020}}</ref>
Over 3,000 people marched in ] carrying Palestinian flags. ] organized marches in the city's ].<ref name=ap_2007 />


===2009 Quds Day=== ==Gallery==
<gallery caption="Quds Day" mode=packed heights=150>
Supporters of the opposition used the 2009 Quds Day to stage protests against Ahmadinejad and the Iranian government in response to the disputed ]. Estimates put the opposition protest in the tens of thousands shouting slogans in support of ] and against Ahmadinejad.<ref>, Sep. 19, 2009</ref><ref name="NY Times"/> Rejecting the government's support of Palestinian militancy, opposition protesters chanted, "No to ] and ], I will give my life for Iran.”<ref name="NY Times"/><ref name="csmonitor">{{cite web|url=http://features.csmonitor.com/globalnews/2009/09/18/iran%E2%80%99s-opposition-protesters-reroute-jerusalem-day-march/|title= New protests surge in Iran as Ahmadinejad denies Holocaust again |last=Chick|first=Kristen |date=2009.09.19|publisher=The Christian Science Monitor|accessdate=2009-09-21}}</ref> There were reports of similar protests in Isfahan, Tabriz, Yazd and Shiraz.<ref name="NY Times">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/19/world/middleeast/19iran.html?bl|title=Despite Warning, Thousands Rally in Iran|last=WORTH|first=ROBERT F.|date=2009-09-19|pages=A1|accessdate=2009-09-19}}</ref>
File:Al-Quds 2014 Berlin 20140725 162233.jpg|], 2014

File:2018 London Quds day rally-2.jpg|], 2018
The State TV played down the unrest.<ref name= "Arab Times"/> State-funded ] reported that millions of Iranians marched for the Palestinian cause in Iran and different countries throughout the Middle East and the world;<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=106510&sectionid=351020101|title=Millions march in Al-Quds day 2009|accessdate=Sept 18, 2009}}</ref> with independent sources estimating "tens of thousands" to over 100,000 in Tehran, <ref name="Arab Times" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1115637.html|title=Reformist leaders attacked as thousands march in fresh Iran protests |date=19/09/2009 |work=The Associated Press and Reuters |publisher=Haaretz|accessdate=2009-09-21}}</ref><ref name="csmonitor"/> many of them were bused by the regime. <ref name="NY Times"/> At least ten anti-government protesters were arrested during the demonstrations. An angry crowd of hardliners attacked Mousavi's car while shouting "Death to the hypocrite Mousavi." In other cities ] militiamen attacked protesters.<ref name= "Arab Times">{{citeweb|url=http://www.arabtimesonline.com/client/pagesdetails.asp?nid=37287&ccid=11|title=Protests in Iran|accessdate=Sept 18, 2009}}</ref>
File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 34.jpg|], 2015

File:Shahab Missile in Quds Day 2017 in Tehran01.jpg|], 2017
On 2009 Quds Day, Ahmadinejad ], sparking international outcry. He stated, "The pretext (Holocaust) for the creation of the Zionist regime (Israel) is false ... It is a lie based on an unprovable and mythical claim."<ref name="denial">{{cite web |title=Ahmadinejad says Holocaust a lie, Israel has no future |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE58H17S20090918?rpc=64&sp=true |date=18 September 2009 |work= |publisher=] |accessdate=22 September 2009}}</ref> His statements drew immediate condemnation from the United States, Russia, and the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ahmadinejad's isolationism |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/sep/21/ahmadinejad-quds-day-protests |date=21 September 2009 |work= |publisher=] |accessdate=22 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EU condemns Ahmadinejad's comments on Holocaust |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/EU-condemns-Ahmadinejad-s-comments-on-Holocaust/H1-Article1-456277.aspx |date=21 September 2009 |work= |publisher=] |accessdate=22 September 2009}}</ref>
File:راهپیمایی روز قدس در تهران - ۶-۲۸.jpg|], 2016
</gallery>


==See also== ==See also==
* ], in Israel
*]
* ]
*], also on the last Friday in the month of Ramadan
* ], also on the last Friday in the month of Ramadan
* ]
* ]


==Notes== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist|30em}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category|Quds Day}}
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* , shouting slogans against the Iranian government * , shouting slogans against the Iranian government


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Latest revision as of 17:35, 10 December 2024

Annual event held on the last Friday of Ramadan

This article is about the annual pro-Palestinian day of protest. For the Israeli national holiday, see Jerusalem Day. For the march on the Israeli holiday, see Jerusalem Day march.
Quds Day
Quds Day in Tehran, Iran, 2016
Official nameروز جهانی قدس (Ruz Jahâni Quds)
Observed byArab world, Muslim world, anti-Zionists
TypeInternational
SignificanceDemonstrations against Zionism, the State of Israel, and the Israeli occupation of Jerusalem; solidarity with the Palestinian people
DateLast Friday of Ramadan
2024 dateApril 5
FrequencyAnnual
Started byRuhollah Khomeini
Related toIranian Revolution
Palestinian nationalism
Anti-Zionism
Part of a series on
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    Quds Day (lit. 'Jerusalem Day'), officially known as International Quds Day (Persian: روز جهانی قدس, romanized: Ruz Jahâni Quds), is an annual pro-Palestinian event held on the last Friday of the Islamic holy month of Ramadan to express support for Palestinians and oppose Israel and Zionism. It takes its name from the Arabic name for Jerusalem: al-Quds.

    The event was first held in 1979 in Iran, shortly after the Iranian Revolution. The day exists partly in opposition to Israel's Jerusalem Day, which has been celebrated by Israelis since May 1968 and was declared a national holiday by the Knesset in 1998. Today, rallies are held on Quds Day in various countries in the Muslim world, as well as in non-Muslim communities around the world, in protest against the Israeli occupation of East Jerusalem.

    Critics of Quds Day have argued that it is antisemitic. In Iran, the day is marked by widespread speeches and rallies that have been frequented by chants of "Death to Israel, Death to America", with crowds trampling and burning Israeli flags. Quds Day rallies have also featured demonstrations against other countries and causes.

    History

    An annual anti-Zionist day of protest was first suggested by Ebrahim Yazdi, the first foreign minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran, to Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the Iranian Revolution. At the time, its predominant context was related to deepening tensions between Israel and Lebanon. Khomeini adopted Yazdi's idea, and on 7 August 1979, he declared the last Friday of every Ramadan as "Quds Day", in which Muslims worldwide would unite in solidarity against Israel and in support of the Palestinians. Khomeini stated that the "liberation" of Jerusalem was a religious duty to all Muslims:

    I invite Muslims all over the globe to consecrate the last Friday of the holy month of Ramadan as Al-Quds Day and to proclaim the international solidarity of Muslims in support of the legitimate rights of the Muslim people of Palestine. For many years, I have been notifying the Muslims of the danger posed by the usurper Israel which today has intensified its savage attacks against the Palestinian brothers and sisters, and which, in the south of Lebanon in particular, is continually bombing Palestinian homes in the hope of crushing the Palestinian struggle. I ask all the Muslims of the world and the Muslim governments to join together to sever the hand of this usurper and its supporters. I call on all the Muslims of the world to select as Al-Quds Day the last Friday in the holy month of Ramadan—which is itself a determining period and can also be the determiner of the Palestinian people's fate—and through a ceremony demonstrating the solidarity of Muslims worldwide, announce their support for the legitimate rights of the Muslim people. I ask God Almighty for the victory of the Muslims over the infidels.

    — Ruhollah Khomeini, 1979

    There have been recorded incidents of violence on Quds Day, including 28 people killed and 326 wounded by bombs in 1985 during the Iran–Iraq War. Iran celebrates the event characteristically by putting on public display poster images of the city of Jerusalem, thematic speeches, art exhibitions reflecting the issue, and folkloric events. In Lebanon, Hezbollah marks the occasion by organizing a substantive military parade for the last week of each Ramadan. Since 1989, Jordan has observed the event by hosting academic conferences, whose venue from university to university varies each year. Arab societies generally pay the occasion lip service in order to make a show of solidarity with the cause of Palestinian aspirations for nationhood.

    The day is also marked throughout Muslim and Arab countries. In January 1988, during the First Intifada, the Jerusalem Committee of the Organization of the Islamic Conference decided that Quds Day should be commemorated in public events throughout the Arab world. In countries with significant Shia Muslim populations, particularly Lebanon, where Hezbollah organizes Quds Day observances, there is significant attendance at the day's events. Events are also held in Iraq, the Palestinian Gaza Strip, and Syria. Both Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad endorse Quds Day and hold ceremonies. Outside of the Middle East and the wider Arab world, Quds Day protests have taken place in the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Sweden, France, the United States, as well as some Muslim countries in Southeast Asia. According to the BBC, while the original idea behind Quds Day was to gather all Muslims in opposition to the existence of Israel, the event has not developed beyond an Iranian experience. Apart from rallies, usually funded and organized by Iran itself in various capital cities, the ritual never took root among Muslims at large.

    Quds Day events

    Further information: List of Quds Day demonstrations

    In Iran, the day's parades are sponsored and organized by the government. Events include mass marches and rallies. Senior Iranian leaders give fiery speeches condemning Israel, as well as the U.S. government. The crowds respond with chants of "Death to Israel" and "Death to America". According to Roger Howard, many Iranians under the age of 30 continue to participate in Quds Day events, though proportionately less than those on the streets. He adds that many Iranian students on campus say in private that the Arab–Israeli conflict has "nothing to do with us."

    Quds Day protests have been held in parts of the Middle East and in London and Berlin and the United States. Marches in London have drawn up to 3,000 people, while Berlin saw 1,600 protestors in 2018. Rallies were held in at least 18 cities across the United States in 2017.

    In 2020, for the first time since the initiation four decades ago, the Quds day event was held virtually in Iran amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Gallery

    See also

    References

    1. "Al-Quds Day to be marked tomorrow". The Nation. May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
    2. "Ramadan Calendar 2025". IslamicFinder.
    3. "Ramadan Calendar 2023, Sehar (Sahur) Time and Iftar Time | IslamicFinder". IslamicFinder. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
    4. ^ "Iran's 'Jerusalem Day': Behind the rallies and rhetoric". BBC Persian. August 1, 2013.
    5. Francesca Ceccarini, Al-Quds e Yerushalayim Un dialogo in due lingue. I Paesi arabi e la questione di Gerusalemme, FrancoAngeli, Milan 2016 p.166
    6. C. Hanley, Delinda (2010). "International Al-Quds Day in DC". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. – via General OneFile (subscription required)
    7. * Sokolski, Henry D.; Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute; Nonproliferation Policy Education Center (2007). Gauging U.S.-Indian strategic cooperation. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-58487-284-9. Many Muslims commemorate Al Quds Day by protesting against the Israeli occupation of East Jerusalem where the Al Quds mosque is located {{cite book}}: |author3= has generic name (help)
      • "Iran warns West on al-Quds day". Al-Jazeera. September 26, 2008. Hundreds of thousands of Iranians rallied in cities across the country to protest against Israel's occupation and annexation of East Jerusalem.
    8. Chambers, Bill (July 12, 2015). "Al-Quds Day Commemorated in Chicago". The Chicago Monitor. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
    9. Sommerlad, Joe (June 8, 2018). "This is why people are burning effigies of Donald Trump in Iran today". The Independent. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
    10. Küntzel, Matthias (2015). "Tehran's Efforts to Mobilize Antisemitism". Tehran's Efforts to Mobilize Antisemitism: The Global Impact. Indiana University Press. pp. 508–532. ISBN 9780253018656. JSTOR j.ctt18crxz7.22. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
    11. Seliktar, Ofira (January 2, 2023). "Iran's antisemitism and anti-Zionism: eliminationist or performative?". Israel Affairs. 29 (1): 137–154. doi:10.1080/13537121.2023.2162260. ISSN 1353-7121.
    12. Wistrich, Robert S. (2014). "Gaza, Hamas, and the Return of Antisemitism". Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 8 (3): 35–48. doi:10.1080/23739770.2014.11446601. ISSN 2373-9770.
    13. "Al Quds Day: Protesters burn flags and chant 'death to Israel' at annual rallies held across Iran". independent.co.uk. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
    14. AFP (June 23, 2017). "Chants against Israeli occupation in Palestine, Saudi and US as Iran marks Al Quds Day". Hindustan Times. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
    15. Marjohn Sheikhi (June 8, 2018). "Today's Quds rallies in opposition of Israel, US, Saudi Arabia". Mehr News. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
    16. Yitzhak Reiter (2008). Jerusalem and Its Role in Islamic Solidarity. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 88. ISBN 9780230607828.
    18. "Qudsday". Archived from the original on October 28, 2003.
    19. "This is why people are burning effigies of Donald Trump in Iran today". The Independent. June 8, 2018.
    20. Yitzhak Reiter, Jerusalem and Its Role in Islamic Solidarity, Springer, 2008 p.142.
    21. Yitzhak Reiter (2008). Jerusalem and its role in Islamic solidarity. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 142. ISBN 9780230607828.
    22. ^ "Jerusalem Day". Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. September 16, 2009. Archived from the original on September 23, 2009. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
    23. Iranians rally on 'al-Quds Day', aljazeera.net, (September 18, 2009 )
    24. Iran eyewitness: protest videos, BBC, (September 18, 2009)
    25. Roger Howard, Iran in Crisis?: The Future of the Revolutionary Regime and the US Response, Zed Books (2004). ISBN 978-1-84277-475-5. p. 49.
    26. Weinthal, Benjamin (June 9, 2018). "Heavy turnout at al-Quds rally in Berlin calls for Israel's destruction". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
    27. Sommerlad, Joe (June 8, 2018). "This is why people are burning effigies of Donald Trump in Iran today". The Independent. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
    28. "ADL Raises Concern About Potential For Hate Speech at Anti-Israel Protests Taking Place in 18 U.S. Cities". Anti-Defamation League. June 23, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
    29. Fassihi, Farnaz (May 22, 2020). "Virus Lockdown Forces Iran Into Its First Virtual Quds Day". The New York Times. Retrieved May 23, 2020.

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