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| The '''TM-Sidhi program''' is a ] technique that was introduced by ] in 1975, following the earlier introduction of the ] (TM) technique.<ref> Shear, Jonathan, Editor. The Experience of Meditation:Experts Introduce the Major Traditions. Paragon House, St Paul, MN, 2006</ref> Described as a natural extension of Transcendental Meditation, the purpose of the TM-Sidhi program is to accelerate the benefits gained from the Transcendental Meditation technique by training the mind to think from the level of Transcendental Consciousness, the mind's source. Yogic Flying, an aspect of the TM-Sidhi program, is said to develop mind-body coordination and create the Maharishi Effect. According to proponents, the Maharishi Effect is an influence of coherence on society which creates invincibility: a decrease in violence, crime, accidents, and other negative outcomes in the whole population.<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Origin and principles of the technique== | |||
| Transcendental Meditation is said to give the experience of pure consciousness found at the source of the mind.<ref name = AMC>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharishitm.org/ppaw/tmsidhi.htm|title=The TM-Sidhi Program|publisher=Arab Maharishi Health Center|accessdate=December 30, 2009}}</ref> The TM-Sidhi program, also called "Maharishi Technology of Unified Field", aims to train the practitioner's mind to operate without losing connection with that source.<ref name = AMC/><ref>{{cite news|title=100 yogic flyers could bring peace to Cyprus|first=Stefanos|last=Evripidou|work=Cyprus Mail|location=Nicosia|date=September 30, 2009}}</ref> By learning to function in this way, thinking is said to become increasingly coherent so that a practitioner's desires may be fulfilled more easily.<ref name = AMC/> | |||
| Derived from the ], the TM-Sidhi Program consists of formulas or ] (threads), the practice of which proponents say can lead to development of advanced human abilities, called ]. The essential aspect necessary to gain these powers is called ], a synthesis of three methods taught by ]. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's samyama includes the incorporation of Yogic Flying and other sidhis.<ref name=Chryssides>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vyX1sL8-0gMC&pg=PA292&lpg=PA292&dq=Chryssides+and+Transcendental+Meditation&source=bl&ots=5ZFMBA1iFn&sig=ZMM8E9NrJe3rdC3jxQIqXw6614Q#PPA303,M1|last=Chryssides|first= George D.|title=Exploring New Religions|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2001|isbn=0826459595, 9780826459596|page=301-303}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ugSb7mArJlYC&pg=PA66&dq=siddhi+%22yoga+sutras%22+maharishi&lr=|last1=Forsthoefel|first1=Thomas A|last2= Humes|first2=Cynthia Ann|title=Gurus in America|publisher=SUNY Press|year=2005|isbn=079146573X, 9780791465738|page=66}}</ref><ref name = Fish>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KUbmdGhkQvsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+big+fish&ei=hIDXSbr_H4qGNoDxydwC#PPA144,M1 |last1=Bonshek|first1=Anna Corrina|last2=Fergusson|first2=Lee|title=The Big Fish: Consciousness as Structure, Body and Space|publisher=Rodopi|year=2007|isbn=9042021721, 9789042021723|pages=143-146}}</ref> | |||
| The term "]" means "perfection" and refers to the development of a perfected mind body coordination.<ref name = Fish/> Early advertisements for the TM-Sidhi program stated that its practice could lead to the development of extra-ordinary abilities such as Yogic Flying, the creation of peace, invisibility, walking through walls, mind-reading, colossal strength, extra sensory perception, empathy, compassion, omniscience, perfect health, and immortality.<ref>{{Cite journal | |||
| | doi = 10.1001/jama.1991.03470130017003 | volume = 266| issue = 13| pages = 1741-1750| last = Skolnick| first = Andrew A.| title = Maharishi Ayur-Veda: Guru's Marketing Scheme Promises the World Eternal 'Perfect Health'| journal = JAMA| accessdate = 2009-12-31| date = 1991-10-02| url = http://jama.ama-assn.org}}</ref><ref name = SFGate>{{cite news|first=Edward |last=Epstein|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1995/12/29/MN65432.DTL|title=Politics and Transcendental Meditation|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=December 29, 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://newspapers.umsystem.edu/Repository/CMN/1978/01/08/005-CMN-1978-01-08-PG01-SINGLE.PDF#OLV0_Entity_0180|last=Ryan|first=Leyland|title=Transcendental Meditation hits hard times|work=The Colombia Missourian|date=January 8, 1978|page=B3}}</ref><ref name = Time/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trancenet.net/secrets/sutras/ads.shtml|title=TM-Sidhi Advertisements|publisher=trancenet.net|accessdate=December 30, 2009}}</ref> More important than these abilities is the development and control of the mind that is said to occur.<ref name = Chryssides/> | |||
| A former student at ] wrote in 1976, that his TM-Sidhi program was a 2-hour long sequence performed twice daily, consisting of Transcendental Meditation, breathing exercises, mental repetition of sutras in 15-second intervals, Yogic Flying and reading from "Hindu scriptures".<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9xJDszg7cuwC&printsec=frontcover#PPA132,M1|last=Langone|first=Michael D.|title=Recovery from Cults: Help for Victims of Psychological and Spiritual Abuse|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=1995|isbn=0393313212, 9780393313215|pages=132-134}}</ref> | |||
| The Maharishi Effect connected to Yogic Flying was reportedly observed first at a meeting held in 1978 in Rhode Island. With the involvement of only the square root of one percent of the population, the meeting was purported to have "improved quality of life on an index of eight measures, including crime, deaths, motor-vehicle fatalities, auto accidents, unemployment, and beer and cigarette consumption."<ref>{{cite news|title=Power of TM | Followers take credit for upsurge in U.S.|first=Noel|last=Osment|work=The San Diego Union|date=June 9, 1984|page=A-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=It might not fly at the '92 Olympics, but yogic competitors had a field day|first=Carol|last=McCabe|work=Journal-Bulletin Providence Journal|location=Providence, R.I.|date=August 18, 1989|page=C-05}}</REF> | |||
| ===Yogic Flying=== | |||
| According to the Maharishi, Yogic Flying is a phenomenon created by a specific thought projected from the simplest state of human consciousness called Transcendental Consciousness.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mahesh Yogi|first= Maharishi|year=2001|title=Ideal India: the lighthouse of peace on earth|publisher=Maharishi University of Management Press|page=247|isbn=9080600512, 978-9080600515}}</ref> Maharishi states that there three distinct stages of Yogic Flying - 1) hopping, 2) floating, 3) flying.<ref name = Time>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,915237,00.html|title=Seer of Flying|work=Time|date=August 8, 1977}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pearson|first=Craig|title=The Complete Book of Yogic Flying|publisher=Maharishi University of Management Press|year=2008|page=546|isbn 0923569278, 978-0923569273}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.permanentpeace.org/technology/yogic_flying.html|title=What is Yogic Flying?|publisher=permanentpeace.org|accessdate=December 30, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A Lift for lives of stress|work=Times Herald|date=August 15, 1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=And awaaaaaaaay we go|author=Associated Press|date=July 9, 1986}}</ref> The hopping stage is described as "the body moving forward in short jumps".<ref name = Hop>{{cite news|last=Dawson|first=Victoria|title=At the Hop: The Flying Yogis' Olympiad|work=Washington Post|date=July 10, 1986}}</ref> Since 1986, there have been public demonstrations of the hopping stage of Yogic Flying in numerous countries including many locations in the United States.<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharishi's Programme to Create World Peace|isbn=0891860525, 978-0891860525|publisher=Age of Enlightenment Press|year=1987|page=1}}</ref> There have been no demonstrations of stage two: ], nor any demonstrations of stage three: flying through the air.<ref name = Hop/><ref>{{cite news|title=Yogis Say They're a Hop, Skip and Jump From Flying|work=Los Angeles Times|date=July 10 1986}}</ref> | |||
| The Maharishi appeared as a guest on ] in 1975 and again in 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tv.com/the-merv-griffin-show/december-14-1977/episode/1141200/summary.html?tag=episode_header;next|title=The Merv Griffin Show: December 14, 1977|publisher=TV.com web site|accessdate=December 30, 2009}} </ref><ref name = Woo/><ref>{{cite news|title=FLIGHTY LAWSUIT HAS LOUSY KARMA|first=Mike|last= Royko|authorlink=Mike Royko|work=Chicago Tribune |date=September 13, 1985|page=3}}</ref> According to author ], the Maharishi said during a Merv Griffin Show appearance that he had enrolled 40,000 students in the TM-Sidhi program. When Griffin, a practitioner of TM,<ref name = Woo>{{cite news|title=Maharishi Mahesh Yogi; founded Transcendental Meditation movement|first=Elaine |last=Woo|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 6, 2008|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/la-me-maharishi6feb06,1,1158944.story}}</ref> asked how many of them had learned to levitate, the Maharishi answered: "Thousands".<ref name = Randi>{{cite book|last=Randi|first=James||authorlink=James Randi|title=Flim Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns and Other Delusions|publisher=Prometheus Books|edition=Reprint edition|date=June 1982|isbn=0879751983, 978-0879751982|pages=93-108}}</ref> According to a 1977 article in the Los Angeles Times, a spokesman said that Yogic Flying would only be demonstrated if a group of ten individuals each paid $1000 for the showing. The article quoted ] as saying that the assertions of flying is a "hoax".<ref>{{cite news|title=TM Ruled Religious, Banned in Schools|first=JOHN|last=DART|work=Los Angeles Times|date=October 29, 1977|page=29}}</ref> | |||
| ], president of the ], held the "First North American Yogic Flying Contest" in 1986, at the Civic Center in ] Twenty-two TM-Sidhi meditators participated in competitions including the 25-meter hurdles, the 50-meter dash, and the long jump.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yogis hop, skip and jump for world peace|work=Toronto Star|date=July 19, 1986|page=L2}}</ref> Reporters describe the participants hopping on foam mattresses while sitting cross legged or in a seated "]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Lynne|title=The Skeptics Guide To The Paranormal|publisher=Basic Books|year=2005|page=234}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Van Ripper|first=Frank|title=Followers of Yogi Do the Bounce|work=New York Daily News|date=July 10 1986}}</ref> Victoria Dawson, a reporter for the '']'', observed that, "The hoppers remained seated, hopping vigorously among themselves, mixing and mingling with ] and good feeling".<ref name = Hop/> The contest was held annually through 1989.<ref name=Staats>{{cite news|title=Yoga champ gets prepared to 'fly'|first=Eric|last=Staats|work=Houston Chronicle|date=September 3, 1989|page=8}}</ref> The champion long jumper at the 1989 event explained that the "changing of physiology of the subtle self" enabled him to lift off the ground, and predicted that he would accomplish full flight within three years.<ref name=Staats/> | |||
| In a 1987 '']'' article, the ] criticized Yogic Flying as "fake". Two former students from Maharishi University of Management said the activity was "strictly physical exercise ... nothing spiritual about it".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/cult/trans_med/tm2.htm |last=McCombs|first=Phil|title=Group says movement a cult|work=Washington Post|date=July 2, 1987}}</ref> | |||
| In the 1998 ] News special ''The Power of Belief'', journalist ] reported on paranormal beliefs including Yogic Flying. Stossel said Yogic Flying looked like bouncing, and costs several thousand dollars to learn. A stock analyst who practices Yogic flying and who was interviewed said it brought him bliss.<ref>{{cite episode|url=http://liberator.net/articles/StosselBelief2.html|series=20/20|title=The power of belief|credits=John Stossel|network =American Broadcasting Company|airdate =October 6, 1998 }}</ref> | |||
| ], professor of physics at the ] and author of the weekly science ] column, ''What's New'', attended a demonstration in 1999 that was presented at a press conference at the Washington, DC Press Club by physicist and ] Presidential candidate, ]. Park described 12 "fit-looking" young men who demonstrated levitation following a meditation session and "popped up a couple of inches and thumped back down." Park says, "There was nothing to suggest they didn’t follow parabolic trajectories".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bobpark.physics.umd.edu/WN01/wn092801.html|last=Park|first=Robert|title=Levitation: The "science" of Yogic Flying|publisher=What's New|date=September 28, 2001}}</ref> | |||
| ==Research on physiological effects== | |||
| Researchers connected to the ] have published studies performed on practitioners of the TM-Sidhi program relative to subjects practicing Transcendental Meditation alone has shown increased electroencephalography (]) coherence during "Yogic Flying",<ref name = Chryssides/><ref name = Travis>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.3109/00207459008986616| issn = 0020-7454| volume = 54| issue = 1| pages = 1| last = Travis| first = Frederick T.| coauthors = David W. Orme-Johnson| title = EEG Coherence and Power During Yogic Flying| journal = International Journal of Neuroscience| accessdate = 2009-12-31| date = 1990| url = http://www.informaworld.com/10.3109/00207459008986616}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Graybill|first=Mary Ellen|title=Yoga: Flying High|work=Baltimore Chronicle|date=August 6 1986}}</ref> one of the components of the TM-Sidhi program, as well as long-term increases in EEG coherence,<ref>Orme-Johnson, D. W., et al.,"Longitudinal effects of the TM-Sidhi program on EEG phase coherence", in Chalmers, R.A., et al., eds., ''Scientific Research on Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program: Collected Papers'', vol. 3, Maharishi Vedic University Press (1989) pp. 1678–1686</ref> differences in reflex,<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/0014-4886(83)90379-5| volume = 79| issue = 1| pages = 77-86| last = Wallace| first = R.Keith| coauthors = Paul J. Mills, David W. Orme-Johnson, Michael C. Dillbeck, Eliha Jacobe| title = Modification of the paired H reflex through the transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi program| journal = Experimental Neurology| accessdate = 2009-12-31| date = 1983-01| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WFG-4C52J8M-18F&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1983&_rdoc=7&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%236794%231983%23999209998%23495992%23FLP%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=6794&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=27&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3c43b7d996ce066b625f87b75a004e44}}</ref> and changes in endocrinological performance.<ref>{{Cite journal| volume = 48| issue = 1| pages = 59-66| last = Werner| first = OR| coauthors = RK Wallace, B Charles, G Janssen, T Stryker, RA Chalmers| title = Long-term endocrinologic changes in subjects practicing the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program| journal = Psychosomatic Medicine| accessdate = 2009-12-31| date = 1986-01-01| url = http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/content/abstract/48/1/59}}</ref> | |||
| A 1981 study conducted at the Maharishi European Research University in ], Switzerland, found greater EEG coherence and creativity among a group of ten males who had achieved "unbounded inner awareness without thoughts" by practicing TM-Sidhi than in a control group.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.3109/00207458108985804| issn = 0020-7454| volume = 13| issue = 4| pages = 211| last = Orme-Johnson| first = David W.| coauthors = Christopher T. Haynes| title = EEG - Phase Coherence, Pure Consciousness, Creativity, and TM—Sidhi Experiences| journal = International Journal of Neuroscience| accessdate = 2009-12-31| date = 1981| url = http://www.informaworld.com/10.3109/00207458108985804}}</ref> An EEG study conducted at ] in 1990 compared Yogic Flyers practicing hopping to a control group that practiced voluntary hopping. According to the researchers, there were differences in neurological characteristics compared to the control group. The study concluded that EEG results suggested the Yogic Flyers had experienced "pure consciousness".<ref name =Travis/> | |||
| ==Maharishi Effect== | |||
| ===Concept=== | |||
| The Maharishi Effect is also called "super radiance".<ref name=Wager>{{cite news|title=Musicians Spread the Maharishi's Message of Peace|first=Gregg|last=Wager|work=Los Angeles Times|date=December 11, 1987. |page=12}}</ref> In 1960, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi predicted that if one percent of the population practiced Transcendental Meditation, the quality of life for the entire population would be affected. In 1976, a study by researchers associated with Maharishi University of Management described that crime was reduced an average of 16% in communities where 1% of the population was practicing the TM technique. Following the Maharishi's introduction of the TM-Sidhi Program, it was hypothesized{{Who|date=January 2010}} that exponential effects would be experienced from group practice of Yogic Flying.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mum.edu/m_effect/|title=Maharishi Effect Research on the Maharishi Effect|publisher=Maharishi University of Management|accessdate=December 29, 2009}}</ref> According to these researchers, if the square root of one percent of the population of an area (that is, first calculating 1% of the population and then taking the square root of the resulting number) regularly practices the TM-Sidhi program together, it will "create coherence in the collective consciousness of a given population" - resulting in reductions in violence, crime, disease, deadly storms, and other destructive natural forces.<ref name = Fish/><ref name=Wager/> Another calculation of the threshold for the Maharishi Effect includes training 1% of the population in Transcendental Meditation.<ref name = Merseyside/> A January 2008 press release by the TM Movement states that "many times the required number of Yogic Flyers have been trained to create invincibility for the whole world".<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://press-conference.globalgoodnews.com/archive/january/08.01.09.html|title=Maharishi inspires the creation of perpetual memorials of invincibility|publisher=Global Good News Service, Global Country of World Peace|date=January 9, 2008}}</ref> | |||
| The Maharishi Effect has been compared by Maharishi and others to the ] which occurs in ] materials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press-conference.globalgoodnews.com/archive/january/05-01-19.html|title=19 January 2005 Press Conference Highlights|publisher=Global Good News|date=January 19, 2005|accessdate=January 6, 2010}}</ref> It is sometimes described as a ] that takes effect immediately once the threshold is met.<ref name = Merseyside/><ref name=OJ2009/> In other descriptions, it begins to take effect even when the numbers of practitioners are well below the threshold.<ref>{{cite press release|title=More good news from first week of Invincible America Course|date=2 August 2006|publisher=Global Country of World Peace}}</ref> For a 1986 study on the Maharishi Effect, researchers at ] decided that a minimum of about 100 practitioners would be needed to achieve observable coherence.<ref name=Alexander1986/> | |||
| ====Invincible Defense Technology==== | |||
| The Invincible Defense Technology,<ref>{{cite news|title=Transcendental Meditation: The solution to terrorism?|first=DANIEL|last=BEN-TAL|work=Jerusalem Post|date=July 2, 2002|page=03}}</ref> created by Yogic Flying and the Maharishi Effect, was the defense policy of the transnational ]. According to literature from the Canadian branch, "by creating this effect, Canada will radiate a peaceful influence to all nations, naturally disallowing the birth of an enemy...the result is an invincible armour for the nation, which automatically prevents incoherent influences from disturbing the country's internal peace and harmony."<ref>{{cite news|title=Will squadron of yogic flyers be our best line of defence?|first=JAMIE|last=LAMB|work=The Vancouver Sun|date=October 1, 1993|page=A.3}}</ref> | |||
| In 2007, Emanuel Schiffgens, Raja of Germany, created controversy at a lecture by film director ] in Berlin when he exhorted the audience to create "Invincible Germany". When a student retorted "That's exactly what Hitler wanted", Raja Schiffgens replied "Yes, but unfortunately he didn't succeed", enraging the crowd.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lynch's guru angers students with Nazi rallying cry|first=Tony|last=Paterson|work=The Independent|location=London (UK)|date=November 20, 2007|page=18}}</ref> | |||
| Schiffgens then tried to explain to the crowd that invincibility meant no negativity.<ref>{{ cite news|title=Why David Lynch Should Learn German|first=Andrew|last=Purvis|work=Time|Berlin|date=November 15, 2007|page=81|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1684582,00.html}}}}</ref> Schiffgens and Lynch were presenting a plan to build the Invincible Germany University atop ] (Devils Mountain) near the German capital.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lynch's guru angers students with Nazi rallying cry|first=Tony|last=Paterson| | |||
| work=The Independent|location=London (UK)|date=November 20, 2007|date=18}}</ref> | |||
| As of 2009, seven nations had achieved invincibility through Yogic Flying and the Maharishi Effect, according to a movement website. The invincible nations are: India, Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Holland, and United States of America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharishi-programmes.globalgoodnews.com/iw/invincible7.html|title=Seven Invincible Countries|accessdate=December 30, 2009}}</ref> Invincible America was achieved partly due to a $12 million grant from the Howard and Alice Settle Foundation for an Invincible America, which provides stipends for Yogic Flyers.<ref name=Feather/><ref>{{cite press release|title=Howard Settle: "Yogic Flyers, Create Invincible America today"|date=2008/01/24|publisher=Deutsche Nachrichten Agentur|url=http://www.deutsche-nachrichten-agentur.de/de/verzeichnis/wirtschaft/investitionen/524625052|accessdate=Decenber 31, 2009}}</ref> Practitioners at the Invincible America Assembly, held at ], have asserted that their efforts would lead to invincibility from terrorist attacks.<ref name=Feather>{{cite news|title=Return of the Sidhi|first=Carl E.|last=Feather|work=McClatchy - Tribune Business News|location=Washington|date=June 20, 2007|page=1}}</ref> | |||
| ===1983 Middle East study=== | |||
| ====Design and conduct==== | |||
| A study conducted in the Middle East in 1983 by David Orme-Johnson, et al., was published in '']'' and presented statistical evidence for the Maharishi Effect. This was a prospective experiment (one in which the outcome is predicted in advance). All the variables were publicly available data, and a list of the variables used in the study was placed prior to the experiment with an outside Project Review Board.<ref name=OJ1990>{{cite journal|title=The Effects of the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field|last1=Orme-Johnson|first1=David|first2=Charles N. |last2=Alexander|first3=John L.|last3=Davies|journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution|volume=34|issue=4|pages= 756-768|year=1990|url=http://jcr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/34/4/756}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=International Peace Project in the Middle East|last1=Orme-Johnson|first1=David|first2=Charles N. |last2=Alexander|first3=John L.|last3=Davies|journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution|volume=32|issue=4|pages=776-812|year=1990|url=http://jcr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/4/776}}</ref> | |||
| According to the study, which was conducted in Israel and applied ] impact assessment, cross-correlation, and transfer function analysis, it determined that a group of individuals practicing the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi techniques located in ] had a statistically significant effect on improving the quality of life in that city. Analysis showed there were fewer automobile accidents, fires, and crime in Jerusalem during the time of the experiment. Additionally, research results indicated that the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi group practice caused statistically measurable improvements in the quality of life in the country as a whole. The study measured reduction in crime, an increase in the stock market price, improved national mood (as measured by news content analysis) and a reduction of hostilities in the war in ] (fewer war deaths and decreased war intensity as measured by news content analysis). According to the study, the effects of religious holidays, temperature, weekends, and other forms of seasonality were controlled for and did not account for the results. Additionally, all cross-correlations and transfer functions supported a causal interpretation.<ref name=OJ1990/> | |||
| ====Reception==== | |||
| Subsequent to this study, Philip Schrodt published a critique of the study in the ]. He contested that the study’s measurement of the critical independent variable did not correspond to the most obvious interpretation of the theory, since it was obtained using political boundaries rather than geographical radius. Had the study used geographic radius (a method used in all later studies of the Maharishi effect), the observed effects would not have taken place, Schrodt maintained. According to Schrodt, the study does not account for reverse causation, nor properly test for the existence of spurious relationships.<ref name=Schrodt>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/pss/174187|last=Schrodt|first=Phillip A.|title=A methodological critique of a test of the Maharishi technology of the unified field|journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution|volume=34|issue=4|year=1990|pages=745-755}}</ref> The study failed to randomize their independent variable - the number of meditators. Rather than being random, there was a systematic rise in the number of meditators over the first month of the study, followed by a clear weekly cycle in the second month. The failure to explicitly and adequately account for artifactural time patterning makes the claimed correlation very weak datum, because the claimed correlations over time are notoriously susceptible to artifacts.<ref name=Abelson>{{Cite book| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 0805805281, 9780805805284| pages = 178-180| last = Abelson| first = Robert P.| title = Statistics as principled argument| date = 1995|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YRMnGB4OwiUC&pg=PA179&lpg=PA179&dq=statistics+as+principled+argument+maharishi&source=bl&ots=ZpFpDyDOCF&sig=lZZjzkF7GAPJ4w-kE5zyNefwzu8&hl=en&ei=lwjfSqTTNYPT8QasxpBa&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CA0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false }}</ref> | |||
| In an article published in the same issue as the critique by Schrodt, the authors responded to the points in the critique. Regarding the independent variable, the authors state that previous research also used political units rather than purely geographical distance and that it is appropriate that the independent variable take into account political units because they reflect greater homogeneity, closer personal ties, more frequent interaction, and stronger internal lines of influence, such as (cultural, emotional, economic, and political). The authors pointed out that the issue of randomization was addressed in the original paper: when the data was broken into quartiles, the 15 (or 16) days representing each quartile were found to be essentially randomly distributed over the duration of the experiment. They also gave five reasons why the issue of reverse causation was not a factor.<ref name=OJ1990/> | |||
| Fales and Markovsky's article also criticized the study and its findings. After discussing specific criticismsn, they concluded, "it is hardly unreasonable to suppose that the fluctuations of the dependent variables measured by O88 would have remained exactly as they were even if there had been no meditators at all. The claim that TM provides the only plausible explanation of these data cannot be sustained. There are alternative explanations that do not depend on esoteric or paranormal influences".<ref name=Fales/> David Orme-Johnson and Robert Oates, in a rebuttal published by '']'', said that there, is as yet, no other explanation for their findings other than the one hypothesized by their study, the Maharishi Effect.<ref name=OJ2009/> | |||
| A critique of the project published in the ]'s '']'' by Mordecai Kaffman characterized the methods of the project as unscientific, the claims of positive results unconvincing, anecdotal, and based on a conceptual error, and concluded that the theory of a unified field of consciousness was no more credible than was ] theory that metals gave off ].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kaffman|first=Mordecai|url=http://www.icsahome.com/logon/elibdocview.asp?Subject=The+Use+of+Transcendental+Meditation+to+Promote+Social+Progress+in+Israel|title=The Use of Transcendental Meditation to Promote Social Progress in Israel|journal='Cultic Studies Journal|volume=3|number=1|year=1986|pages=135-141}}</ref> In their response published in ''Cultic Studies Journal'', Charles Alexander and David Orme-Johnson say that Kaffman did not provide any data, analytic procedures, or specific results. Also, they said the period of time he considered was different from that of the study and that he did not assess the two most important variables. To his assertion that the theory is no more credible than N-rays, Alexander and Orme-Johnson say that there are many examples where implausible new theories were resisted by were eventually born out, such as the germ theory of disease.<ref name=Alexander1986>{{cite journal|last1=Alexander|first1=Charles|last2=Orme-Johnson|first2=David|url=http://www.icsahome.com/logon/elibdocview.asp?Subject=Comment%3A+Reducing+Conflict+and+Enhancing+Quality+of+Life+in+Israel+Using+the+Transcendental+Meditation+and+TM%2DSidhi+Program|title=Reducing Conflict and Enhancing the Quality of Life in Israel Using the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program: Explanation of a Social Research Project|journal=]|volume=3|number=1|year=1986|pages=142-146}}</ref> | |||
| ===1993 Washington D.C. study=== | |||
| ====Design and conduct==== | |||
| A study on the Maharishi Effect written by John Hagelin, ], Maxwell Rainforth, et al. and published in 1999 in the journal ''Social Indicators Research'', concluded that there was a correlation between the gathering of a group of 4,000 participants in the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs, including Yogic Flying, in the District of Columbia, and a reduction in violent crime in that city.<ref name = Hagelin99>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1023/A:1006978911496| volume = 47| issue = 2| pages = 153-201| last = Hagelin| first = John S.| coauthors = Maxwell V. Rainforth, Kenneth L. C. Cavanaugh, Charles N. Alexander, Susan F. Shatkin, John L. Davies, Anne O. Hughes, Emanuel Ross, David W. Orme-Johnson| title = Effects of Group Practice of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Preventing Violent Crime in Washington, D.C.: Results of the National Demonstration Project, June--July 1993| journal = Social Indicators Research| accessdate = 2009-12-29| date = 1999-06-01| url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006978911496}}</ref> The experiment took place from June 7 to July 30, 1993 and utilized a twenty member independent Project Review Board consisting of sociologists and criminologists from leading universities, representatives from the police department and government of the District of Columbia, and civic leaders. This Review Board approved in advance the research protocol for the project and monitored its progress.<ref name = Hagelin99/> | |||
| The dependent variable in the research was weekly violent crime, as measured by the Uniform Crime Report program of the ]; violent crimes include homicide, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery.<ref name = Hagelin99/> This data was obtained from the District of Columbia Metropolitan Police Department for 1993 as well as for the preceding five years (1988-1992). Additional data used for control purposes included weather variables (temperature, precipitation, humidity), daylight hours, changes in police and community anti-crime activities, prior crime trends in the District of Columbia, and concurrent crime trends in neighboring cities. Average weekly temperature was significantly correlated with homicides, rapes and assaults (HRA crimes) and so temperature was used as a control variable in the analysis of HRA crimes. Using time series analysis, violent crimes were analyzed separately in terms of HRA crimes (crimes against the person) and robbery (monetary crimes), as well as together.<ref name = Hagelin99/> | |||
| According to the study, statistical analysis suggests that the murder rate, after excluding, as an ], a 36-hour period during which 10 murders occurred, was slightly lower than what would have been expected for that time of year and taking temperature into account, though the decrease was not statistically significant.<ref name = Hagelin99/> In addition, the study says that temperature was used as a control variable in the analysis of homicide, rape and assault and that violent crimes were analyzed separately as well as in relationship with other types of crime.<ref name = Hagelin99/> | |||
| At a 1994 press conference to announce the analysis of that study, Hagelin said that, during the period of the experiment Washington, D.C. experienced a significant reduction in psychiatric emergency calls, fewer complaints against the police, and an increase in public approval of President ]. Overall, there was an 18% reduction in violent crime during the study period, he told the press.<ref name = Park>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 0198604432, 9780198604433| page = 30| last = Park| first = Robert L.| title = Voodoo science: The road from foolishness to fraud| date = 2002|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=xzCK6-Kqs6QC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref> | |||
| ====Reception==== | |||
| Physicist and skeptic ] called the study a "clinic in data distortion".<ref name = Park/><ref>This chapter of Park's book was also published as "Voodoo Science and the Belief Gene" in the '']'' (September 2000).</ref> Park questioned the validity of the study by saying that during the weeks of the experiment Washington, D.C.'s weekly murder count hit the highest level ever recorded.<ref name = Park/> | |||
| Maxwell Rainforth, Assistant Professor of Physiology and Health and Statistics at Maharishi University of Management and a coauthor of the Washington, D.C. study, acknowledged that the 36-hour period was "horrific," but said that, from a scientific perspective, it was a statistical outlier because homicides by themselves constituted a small data set. He said that homicides comprised 3% of violent crimes in the year of the study (1993). Rainforth characterized Park's criticisms of the study as "superficial, highly polemical" and "willfully misleading", and that his objections to the use of time series analysis and other statistical methods were not based on scientific arguments. He also questioned whether Park had read the published study, since his criticism focused on a preliminary Interim Report released at a press conference in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://istpp.org/crime_prevention/voodoo_rebuttal.html|last=Rainforth|first=Maxwell|title=A Rebuttal to "Voodoo Science|publisher=Institute of Science, Technology and Public Policy, Maharishi University of Management|accessdate=January 2, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| According to the '']'', "those outside the movement" did not see the cause and effect that the study asserted.<ref name = SFGate/> The Maharishi called the study, which cost $6 million, a "waste of time" and said that scientific research is a fraud.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meditation touted as crime-fighter: Study presented builds the case for 'Maharishi effect'|first=Conrad|last=deFiebre|work=Star Tribune|location=Minneapolis, Minn.|October 7, 1994|page=03.B}}</ref> As a result of this study, John Hagelin received the 1994 ] in peace, a parody of the ] that honors achievements that "first make people laugh, and then make them think".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.improb.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html#ig1994|title=Winners of the Ig Nobel Prize|publisher=www.improb.com|accessdate=December 29, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ignobel.com/ig/|title=The Ig Nobel Prizes|publisher=www.improb.com|accessdate=December 29, 2009}}</ref> | |||
| === 1996 Merseyside study=== | |||
| In 1996, Guy Hatchard, the director of the movement's ] facility,<ref name=NLP>{{cite press release|url=http://natural-law-party.org.uk/pressreleases/UK-19960425-British-study-shows-TM-proven.htm|title=British study shows Transcendental Meditation is a proven and cost-effective way to reduce crime|publisher=Natural Law Party of the United Kingdom|date=April 25, 1996}}</ref> and four Maharishi University professors published an analysis of the Maharishi Effect on crime in ], England (a metropolitan high crime area which includes ]) from 1988 to 1992. Hatchard, who held an M.A. in education from ],<ref name=NLP/> published his findings in ''Psychology, Crime and Law''. Hatchard, et al., used a ] to conclude that the crime rate fell as the number practicing the TM-Sidhi program in a group (the Maharishi Effect Threshold), combined with the number of people trained in TM (the Maharishi Effect Threshold Index), reached the designated threshold percentage. When the researchers analyzed the percentage of crime rate changes for the years 1987/90 and 1987/92, they found that of all the 42 police districts of England and Wales, Merseyside was the only one where the crime rate decreased, whereas it rose everywhere else. Hatchard dismissed other possible causes for the crime reduction, including an expansion in a drug treatment program mentioned below. Since the average cost of crime was valued at over £5,000 each, the researchers estimated that the reduction in crime saved Merseyside over £1,250,000,000, or about US $2.1 billion. According to the researchers, this was the 41st replication of the Maharishi Effect findings.<ref name = Merseyside> Hatchard, G. D., Deans, A. J., Cavanaugh, K. L., & ] (1996) The Maharishi Effect: A model for social improvement. Time series analysis of a phase transition to reduced crime in Merseyside metropolitan area. ''Psychology, Crime and Law'', 2(3), 165–174.</ref> Hatchard said later that the study's conclusions were 99.96% accurate.<ref name=Barrett/> | |||
| These figures were cited by the ] in their campaign literature. Political journalist ], referring to these claims, characterized the party as "no different to any normal political party" in its "use of bogus statistics". <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/1999/jun/06/uk.politicalnews3|last=Rawnsley|first=Andrew|title=Politics of sex, lies and videotape|work=The Observer|date=June 6, 1999}}</ref> An analysis by Howard Parker, a sociology professor at ], published by the Home Office Police Research Group in 1996, showed that the decrease in aggregated crime was driven by a sharp decrease in acquisitive crimes typically committed by drug users; other types of crime, such as violent crime against persons and criminal vandalism, increased during the same period. It was suggested that a large methadone program implemented during the mid to late 1980s may have accounted for the reduction in crime.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Parker | first1 = Howard J. | last2 = Kirby | first2 = Perpetua. | title = Methadone maintenance and crime reduction on Merseysid | date = 1996 | publisher = Home Office | location = London | isbn = 1-85893-635-7 | url= http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=163701|}}</ref> In '']'', author ] says that data supplied by the Merseyside Police show that crime rose each year from 1989 to 1992, and that a dip in reported crime in 1993 was perhaps due to "many policing initiatives".<ref name=Barrett>{{Cite book| publisher = Cassell| isbn = 0304355925| last = Barrett| first = David V|authorlink=David V. Barrett| title = ]: A Survey of Sects, Cults and Alternative Religions| date = 2001-06-30|pages=280-281}}</ref> | |||
| ===Other studies=== | |||
| Studies on the Maharishi Effect have been published in ''Social Indicators Research'', ''Journal of Mind and Behavior'', ''Social Science Perspectives Journal'', ''Journal of Conflict Resolution'', ''Journal of Crime and Justice'','' Psychology Reports'', ''Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science'', ''Proceedings of the American Statistical Association'', ''Proceedings of the Midwest Management Society'' and ''Psychology, Crime, and Law''.<ref></ref> | |||
| Research by Michael Dillbeck of the ] published in 1987 in ''Journal of Mind and Behavior'' found a correlation between quality of life in Rhode Island. the Philippines, New Delhi, Puerto Rico and the group practice of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programsAccording to Dillbeck, quality of life in Rhode Island during a three month period in 1978 improved significantly when the group practicing was large enough, but not in the control state of Delaware. Crime fell by 11% in New Delhi in 1980 during a five-month period in which enough people were practicing TM-Sidhi Program. Similar results were found in Puerto Rico in 1984 and two studies of TM-Sidhi practices in Metro Manila during 1980 and 1984.<ref name = fivestudies> Dillbeck, M. C., Cavanaugh, K. L., Glenn, T., Orme-Johnson, D. W., & Mittlefehldt, V. (1987). Consciousness as a field: The Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program and changes in social indicators. <i>Journal of Mind and Behavior, 8(1)</i>, 67–104.</ref> | |||
| A paper published in ''Psychological Reports'' in 1995 by Panayotis Assimakis, a graduate of Maharishi University of Management teaching at University of Crete, and Dillbeck used time series analysis to concluded that the quality of life for Canadians improved significantly when the number of Yogic Flyers in Fairfield, Iowa, combined with Yogic Flyers in Washington, D.C. and ], exceeded the square root of 1% of the combined populations of Canada and the U.S. Improvement in the quality of life was measured in the first study as a decline in a composite index made up of three causes of violent death: motor vehicle fatalities, suicide and homicide, from 1983 to 1985, and in a second study, by a decline in the same three causes of violent death, plus cigarette consumption and worker-days lost in strike, from 1972 to 1986.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Assimakis|first1=P. D.|last2=Dillbeck|first2=M. C.|year=1995|title=Time series analysis of improved quality of life in Canada: Social change, collective consciousness, and the TM-Sidhi program. |journal=Psychological Reports|volume=76|pages=1171–1193}}</ref> | |||
| ===Demonstration projects=== | |||
| According to ], a magician and critic of paranormal claims, and ] professor ] Robert Rabinoff, a former Maharishi International University physics professor, said that a large gathering of TM practitioners had reduced crime and accidents and increased crop production in the vicinity of Maharishi International University in ]. Randi writes that Hyman says he heard Rabinoff make the statements during a talk at the University of Oregon in 1978. In his book ''Flim Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns and Other Delusions'', Randi says he spoke with the Fairfield Police Department, the Iowa Department of Agriculture, and Iowa Department of Motor Vehicles and was unable to substantiate Rabinoff's claims.<ref name = Randi/> | |||
| In 1992, President ] of ] learned Transcendental Meditation. Two years later he ordered all military and police recruits to meditate twice a day. Over 16,000 soldiers and 30,000 civilians were taught the TM-Sidhi techniques. When the program was ended in 2001, for "administrative reasons", the Defense Minister said that the country had experienced triple the expected economic growth and crime levels had dropped.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meditation is path to peace, Mozambique leader says|first=James |last=Astill |work=The Guardian|date=22 September 2001|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/sep/22/jamesastill|accessdate=December 29, 2009}}</ref> | |||
| In 2004, the Maharishi directed Transcendental Meditation practitioners at the Maharishi village at ], ] employ the Maharishi Effect with the aim of overturning the Labour government. ]'s ] won reelection in May 2005. In response, the Maharishi withdrew all instruction in Transcendental Meditation in the UK, eventually lifting the ban two years later, around the same time Blair left office as ]. UK TM Movement spokesman Geoffry Clements explained that while 100 yogic flyers were able to affect the Merseyside crime rates, the election experiment failed due to the inability to obtain a critical mass of yogic flyers of more than 800 needed to affect the entire country, other than for brief periods during the Summer. <ref>{{Cite news| last = Honigsbaum| first = Mark| title = All you need is love and peace - but not in destructive Britain, so maharishi pulls out | work = The Guardian| accessdate = 2009-11-15| date = 2005-08-15| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/aug/15/health.healthandwellbeing}}</ref><ref name="telegraph1">{{Cite news| title = The Maharishi Maheshi Yogi | work = The Telegraph | accessdate = 2009-11-15 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1577749/The-Maharishi-Maheshi-Yogi.html}}</ref><ref name="independent1">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/mystic-who-inspired-the-beatles-the-town-that-lost-its-guru-779145.html|title=The mystic who inspired The Beatles: The town that lost its guru|work=The Independent|date=February 7, 2008}}</ref> | |||
| In Israel, a "squadron" of 30 practitioners meeting at a hotel on ] during the ] said their efforts were shielding the area from ] rockets.<ref>{{cite news|title=Forget the F-16s, Israel needs more Yogic Flyers to beat Hizbullah. 30-strong TM group, sole guests at Nof Ginnosar Hotel, say they need another 235 colleagues to make the country safe|first=AMIR|last=MIZROCH|work=Jerusalem Post|date=July 23, 2006|page=04}}</ref> | |||
| As Raja of Invincible America, ] organized the Invincible America Assembly in Fairfield, Iowa on July 23, 2006 as a demonstration of the Maharishi Effect. Hagelin said in a press release announcing the project that "for the United States, with a population of just over 300 million, the required number of peace-creating experts is 1730".<ref> "Meditators Fly for Peace" Press Release (July 25, 2007)</ref> According to the Global Good News website "on 28 November 2006, the United States achieved invincibility and are stabilizing the number of Yogic Flyers—rising from 1,600 to 1,730—assembled at the Invincible America Assembly in Fairfield, Iowa".<ref></ref> In addition, Hagelin's Institute for Science Technology and Public Policy web site says that the Invincible America Assembly in Iowa "is rising quickly toward its target of 2,500". <ref></ref> Daily tallies of participants in the project are maintained on the Invincible America Assembly website.<ref></ref> | |||
| Hagelin predicted that when the number of assembly participants reached 2,500, America will have a major drop in crime, and see the virtual elimination of all major social and political woes in the United States.<ref name="reuters.com"></ref> | |||
| Hagelin said that the Assembly was responsible for the ] reaching a record high of 14,022 in July 2007, and predicted that the Dow would top 17,000 within a year.<ref name="reuters.com"/><ref></ref> On the first trading day after the Assembly began in July 2006, the Dow had closed at 11,051.05, up 182.67 from 10,868.38.<ref></ref> In the weeks that followed the S&P 500 as well as the Domini 400 Social Equity Index rose an average of 0.7% per week in contrast to a weekly average decrease of .06% going back to 2000. <ref>Barron's, Tune In, Turn ON, Outperform?, Robin Goldwyn Blumenthal, August 21 2006 </ref>The Dow failed to reach 17,000 as predicted and peaked on October 9, 2007 at 14,164.53. The Dow then declined, closed under 7,000 in March 2009 for the first time since May 1997, and rose to a high of 10,618 on January 8, 2010.<ref></ref><ref></ref> | |||
| ===Critiques=== | |||
| The theory that there is a unified field of consciousness is characterized by Peter Woit in his book, ''Not Even Wrong: The Failure of String Theory and The Search for Unity In Physical Law'' as wishful thinking that is viewed by most physicists as nonsense.<ref name="Woit, Peter 2006 pp 205-206">{{cite book|last=Woit|first=Peter|title=Not even wrong: The failure of string theory and the search for unity in physical law|publisher=Basic Books|year=2006|isbn=0465092756, 9780465092758|page=205-206}}</ref> ] wrote in a 1992 news article in '']'' that Hagelin's investigations into how the extension of grand unified theories of physics to human consciousness could explain how Transcendental Meditation influences world events "disturbs many researchers" and "infuriates his former collaborators". Anderson says that ], director of CERN, was worried about guilt by association. Anderson quotes Ellis as saying "I was afraid that people might regard as rather flaky, and that might rub off on the theory or on us”.<ref name=Nature>{{cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Christopher|title=Hagelin & Quantum Theory: Holding on by a superstring|journal=Nature|volume=359|date=September 10, 1992}}</ref> ] political reporter Jonathan Fox wrote in 2000 that "Once considered a top scientist, Hagelin's former academic peers ostracized him after the candidate attempted to shoehorn Eastern metaphysical musings into the realm of quantum physics." <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dallasobserver.com/2000-10-05/news/good-vibrations/|last=Fox|first=Jonathan|title=Good Vibrations|work=Dallas Observer|date=October 5, 2000}}</ref> According to Woit, Hagelin began making a connection to consciousness and physics as a graduate student at Harvard in the late 1970s. Hagelin's collaboration with ] and other researchers continued through 1994.<ref> | |||
| *I. Antoniadis, J. Ellis, J.S. Hagelin and D.V. Nanopolous. Supersymmetric Flipped SU(5) Revitalized. Phys. Lett. 194B, (1987) | |||
| *B. Campbell, J. Ellis, J.S. Hagelin, D.V. Nanopolous and R. Ticciati. Flipped SU(5) from Manifold Compactification of the 10-Dimensional Heterotic String. Phys. Lett. 198B, (1987) | |||
| *I. Antoniadis, J. Ellis, J.S. Hagelin and D.V. Nanopolous. An Improved Flipped SU(5) x U(1) Model from 4-Dimensional String. Phys. Lett. 208B, (1988) | |||
| *I. Antoniadis, J. Ellis, J.S. Hagelin and D.V. Nanopolous. The Flipped SU(5) x U(1) String Model Revamped. Phys. Lett. 231B, (1989) | |||
| *A.E. Faraggi, J.S. Hagelin, S. Kelley and D.V. Nanopolous. Sparticle Spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. D45, (1992) | |||
| *Ellis, J., J.S. Hagelin, D.V. Nanopoulos, and K. Tamvakis K. “Weak symmetry breaking by radiative connections in broken supergravity.” Physics Letters 125B (1993) | |||
| *J.S. Hagelin, S. Kelley and T. Tanaka. Supersymmetric Flavor Changing Neutral Currents: Exact Amplitudes and Phenomenological Analysis. Nucl. Phys. B415, (1994)></ref> | |||
| According to ], there is no known physical principle that could account for the "Maharishi Effect", nor any articulation by its proponents of how the "unified field", if it is active on the targeted people and institutions, could translate into the desired psychological and political behaviors. There is no currently-accepted causal relationship in Western science that would link group meditation to the claimed phenomenon. In a review of Abelson's book, Peter McBurney says that if an experiment identifies a phenomenon for which no known explanation exists, this is in itself interesting and deserving of publication.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ojs.uwindsor.ca/ojs/leddy/index.php/informal_logic/article/viewFile/2250/1694|last=McBurney|first=Peter|title=Statistics as Principled Argument|journal=Informal Logic|volume=21|number=3|year=2001|page=276}}</ref> According to Abelson, who looked at a study of the Maharishi Effect that appeared in Yale's Journal of Conflict Resolution, the prior probability, in ] statistics, of there being a Maharishi Effect, is practically zero. According to Abelson, "Maharishi adherents" say that the probability is closer to 1.0.<ref name=Abelson/> | |||
| Philip Schrodt wrote that validation of the Maharishi Effect theory would contradict virtually the whole of contemporary understanding of causality in social behavior.<ref name=Schrodt/> ] professors Evan Fales and Barry Markovsky critiqued the Maharishi Effect and its underlying master theory in the journal '']''. They concluded that there are serious problems with the theory, that it does not cohere well with other strongly confirmed theories, conflicts with evidence supporting those theories, is vague, relies upon specious analyses, is silent about key processes that link causes to their alleged effects, and "does not pass minimal criteria of meaningfulness and logical integrity." They state that the Maharishi Effect predictions cannot be derived from the master theory, because of a lack of causal connection, an inability to specify time lags, and the fact that the model that can be derived from the formal component of the theory to make specific Maharishi Effect predictions is ignored by its researchers. Thus, they concluded that the evidence offered by researchers as support for the Maharishi Effect "cannot significantly enhance confidence in the veracity" of the theory.<ref name =Fales>{{cite journal|last1=Fales|first1=Evan|last2=Markovsky|first2=Barry|title=Evaluating Heterodox Theories|journal=Social Forces|volume=76|number=2|pages=511-525}}</ref> | |||
| In response to Schrodt, Fales & Markovsky, and others, former MUM professor ] and former MUM director of Public Affairs Robert Oates wrote an article in '']'' in which they summarized evidence for the theory that there is a connection between the mind and the environment. They wrote that, since the late 1970s, studies have found small but statistically significant causal effects in a wide variety of contexts in which the mechanism is not clearly understood. They say this evidence supports a field-theoretic view of consciousness, which suggests that there is an underlying common field of consciousness and that individuals can interact directly at a distance via this underlying field. According to the authors, research has demonstrated that focusing attention on a common event may produce small but statistically significant effects on inanimate detectors, such as random generators. In addition, they say that well-controlled EEG studies have shown that evoked potentials in one person's brain may produce changes in the brain of another person, but who was isolated in an electromagnetically shielded room. Also, they say that studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suggest the brains of individuals separated from each other may become significantly correlated.<ref name=OJ2009>{{cite journal|last1=Orme-Johnson|first1=David|last2=Oates|first2=Robert|title=A Field-Theoretic View of Consciousness: Reply to Critics|journal=]|volume=22|number=3|date=Fall 2008|pages=139-66}}</ref> | |||
| James Grant, former dean of the College of Arts and Sciences and Associate Professor of Education at ], says in the book ''The University in Transition'' that the environmental influence of the group practice of the TM and TM-Sidhi techniques is "one of the most rigorously confirmed findings in the field of sociology".<ref>{{cite book|title=The University in Transition|editor-first=Jennifer|editor-last=Gidely|first=James|last=Grant|page=210|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=I_jaYF-iyp0C&pg=PA217&dq=maharishi+university+of+management+%26+technology&ei=dnLWSqmPIoa6zATLxs26Dg#v=onepage&q=maharishi%20university%20of%20management%20%26%20technology&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| Huw Dixon, Professor of Economics at ], says: "I have been following research on the Maharishi Effect over the past 20 years. Its conclusions are so strong that it demands action from those responsible for government policy."<ref>{{cite news||work=The Times|location=London (UK)|title=Give Peace A Chance|first=John|last=Naish|date=March 13, 2004|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/features/article1043763.ece}}</ref> | |||
| In regard to "Super Radiance", author Lynne McTaggert wrote in her 2003 book, ''The Field: The Quest for the Secret Force of the Universe'', that "the sheer weight of the data is compelling".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = HarperCollins| isbn = 0060931175, 9780060931179| page = 211 |last = McTaggart| first = Lynne| title = The Field| date = 2003-07-24|url=http://books.google.com/books?d=uivwpQIRMwUC&pg=PA211&dq=transcendental+meditation&lr=#v=onepage&q=transcendental%20meditation&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| ==References== | |||
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| == External links == | |||
| * on the ] website | |||
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| {{Transcendental Meditation}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Tm-Sidhi Program}} | |||
| ] | |||
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