Misplaced Pages

Oil: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 00:38, 4 February 2010 view sourceLizardJr8 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers97,595 editsm Reverted 1 edit by 68.11.166.153 identified as vandalism to last revision by Philip Trueman. (TW)← Previous edit Latest revision as of 03:12, 23 November 2024 view source Achmad Rachmani (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users84,124 edits →Lubrication: Altered title. Add: url-status, archive-url, archive-date. 
(955 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Viscous water-insoluble liquid}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2009}}
{{pp-move}}
{{About||the fossil fuel|Petroleum|other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{About|the chemical substance|crude oil|Petroleum|other uses|Oil (disambiguation)}}
] used in food]]
{{Special characters}}


An '''oil''' is any ] ] that is composed primarily of ]s and is ] (does not mix with ]) and ] (mixes with other oils). Oils are usually flammable and ]. Most oils are unsaturated ] that are liquid at room temperature.
] and ]s]]
] being poured]]


The general definition of oil includes classes of chemical compounds that may be otherwise unrelated in structure, properties, and uses. Oils may be ], ], or ] in origin, and may be ] or non-volatile.<ref>{{OED|oil}}</ref> They are used for food (e.g., ]), fuel (e.g., ]), medical purposes (e.g., ]), ] (e.g. ]), and the manufacture of many types of paints, plastics, and other materials. Specially prepared oils are used in some religious ceremonies and rituals as purifying agents.
An '''oil''' is any ] that is ] at ] and is ] but soluble in organic solvents. Oils have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are ] substances. The general definition above includes compound classes with otherwise unrelated ]s, ] and uses, including ]s, ] oils, and volatile ]s. All oils can be traced back to organic sources.


==Types== == Etymology ==
First attested in English 1176, the word ''oil'' comes from ] ''oile'', from ] ''oleum'',<ref>{{L&S|oleum|ref}}</ref> which in turn comes from the ] {{lang|grc|ἔλαιον}} (''elaion''), "olive oil, oil"<ref>{{LSJ|e)/laion|ἔλαιον|ref}}.</ref> and that from {{lang|grc|ἐλαία}} (''elaia''), "] tree", "olive fruit".<ref>{{LSJ|e)lai/a|ἐλαία|shortref}}.</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|oil}}</ref> The earliest attested forms of the word are the ] {{lang|gmy|𐀁𐀨𐀺}}, ''e-ra-wo'' and {{lang|gmy|𐀁𐁉𐀺}}, ''e-rai-wo'', written in the ] syllabic script.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Linear B word e-ra-wo|url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ShowWord.aspx?Id=16728|website=Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of ancient languages}} {{cite web|url=http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/e/e-ra3-wo/|title=e-ra3-wo|access-date=2014-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321102105/http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/e/e-ra3-wo/|archive-date=2016-03-21|url-status=dead}} {{cite web|last=Raymoure|first=K.A.|url=http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/e/e-ra-wo/|title=e-ra-wo|work=Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B|publisher=Deaditerranean|access-date=2014-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320140244/http://minoan.deaditerranean.com/resources/linear-b-sign-groups/e/e-ra-wo/|archive-date=2016-03-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2009}}
===Essential oil===
An ] is a concentrated, ] ] containing volatile ]s from ]s. An oil is 'essential' in the sense that it carries a distinctive scent, or essence, of the plant. Essential oils do not, as a group, need to have any specific chemical properties in common, beyond conveying characteristic fragrances. In history, oil has been used by Vikings, Spartans, etc. in war as they believed it made them stronger.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}


== Types ==
Essential oils are generally extracted by ]. Other processes include expression, or ]. They are used in ], ] and bath products, for ] food and drink, and for scenting ] and household cleaning products.

=== Mineral oil ===
]s, found in porous rocks underground, originated from organic material, such as dead ], accumulated on the seafloor in geologically ancient times. Through various ] processes this material was converted to mineral oil, or ], and its components, such as ], ], ], ] and such. These are classified as mineral oils because they do not have an organic origin on human timescales, and are instead derived from underground geologic locations, ranging from rocks, to underground traps, to sands.

Other oily substances can also be found in the environment; the most well-known of those is ], occurring naturally underground or, where there are leaks, in ].

] and other mineral oils (specifically labelled as ]) have become such a crucial resource to human civilization in modern times they are often referred to by the ubiquitous term of "oil" itself.


=== Organic oils === === Organic oils ===
Oils are also produced by plants, animals and other organisms through ] processes, and these oils are remarkable in their diversity. ''Oil'' is a somewhat vague term in ]; instead the scientific term for oils, ]s, ]es, ] and other oily substances found in living things and their secretions, is '']s''. Organic oils are produced in remarkable diversity by plants, animals, and other organisms through natural ] processes. '']'' is the scientific term for the ]s, ]s and similar chemicals often found in the oils produced by living things, while oil refers to an overall mixture of chemicals. Organic oils may also contain chemicals other than lipids, including ]s, ]es (class of compounds with oil-like properties that are solid at common temperatures) and ]s.


Lipids, ranging from waxes to ], are somewhat hard to characterize, and are united in a group almost solely based on the fact that they all repel, or refuse to dissolve in, ], and are however comfortably ] in other liquid lipids. They also have a high ] and ] content, and are considerably lacking in ] compared to other organic compounds and minerals. Lipids can be classified by the way that they are made by an organism, their chemical structure and their limited ] in water compared to oils. They have a high ] and ] content and are considerably lacking in ] compared to other organic compounds and minerals; they tend to be relatively ] molecules, but may include both polar and nonpolar regions as in the case of ]s and steroids.<ref name=alberts>Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter. ''Molecular Biology of the Cell''. New York: Garland Science, 2002, pp. 62, 118-119.</ref>


===Synthetic oils=== === Mineral oils ===
{{main|Mineral oil}}
] is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds which are artificially made (synthesized) from compounds other than crude oil (petroleum). Synthetic oil is used as a substitute for lubricant refined from petroleum, because it generally provides superior mechanical and chemical properties than those found in traditional mineral oils.

Crude oil, or ], and its refined components, collectively termed '']'', are crucial resources in the modern economy. Crude oil originates from ancient ] ]s, such as ] and ], which ] processes convert into oil.<ref>
{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.09.001
|title=Organic geochemistry – A retrospective of its first 70 years
|year=2006|last1=Kvenvolden|first1=Keith A.|journal=Organic Geochemistry
|volume=37|issue=1
|page=1|bibcode=2006OrGeo..37....1K
|s2cid=95305299
|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1000677
}}</ref> The name "mineral oil" is a ], in that minerals are not the source of the oil—ancient plants and animals are. Mineral oil is organic. However, it is classified as "mineral oil" instead of as "organic oil" because its organic origin is remote (and was unknown at the time of its discovery), and because it is obtained in the vicinity of rocks, underground traps, and sands. '']'' also refers to several specific distillates of crude oil.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}


== Applications == == Applications ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2009}}
]
=== Food ===
Many edible plant and ] oils and ]s are used in ] and ] preparation. In particular, many foods are ] in oil much hotter than boiling ]. Oils are also used for flavoring and for modifying the texture of some foods e.g. ].


=== Cooking ===
] advantages are claimed for a number of specific oils such as ] oils (], ], etc), ], and ]. ], often produced by ] vegetable oils, are known to be harmful to health.
{{Main article|Cooking oil}}
Several edible vegetable and animal oils, and also ]s, are used for various purposes in cooking and food preparation. In particular, many foods are fried in oil much hotter than boiling water. Oils are also used for flavoring and for modifying the texture of foods (e.g. ]). Cooking oils are derived either from animal fat, as ], ] and other types, or plant oils from ], ], ] and many other species.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Jessica |title=Which cooking oil is the healthiest? |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200903-which-cooking-oil-is-the-healthiest |website=www.bbc.com |publisher=BBC |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref>


=== Hair === === Cosmetics ===
Oil is used on hair to give it a lustrous look. It helps to avoid tangles and roughness to the hair. It also helps the hair to be stabilised and grow faster.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Oils are applied to hair to give it a lustrous look, to prevent tangles and roughness and to stabilize the hair to promote growth. See ].{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}


=== Fuel === === Religion ===
Oil has been used throughout history as a religious medium. It is often considered a spiritually purifying agent and is used for ] purposes. As a particular example, ] has been an important ritual liquid for ]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chesnutt |first=Randall D. |date=January 2005 |title=Perceptions of Oil in Early Judaism and the Meal Formula in Joseph and Aseneth |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0951820705051955 |journal=Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=113–132 |doi=10.1177/0951820705051955 |s2cid=161240989 |issn=0951-8207}}</ref> and ].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sahagun |first1=Louis |date=2008-10-11 |title=Armenian priests journey for jars of holy oil |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-oct-11-me-beliefs11-story.html}}</ref>
{{Main|Petroleum}}
Almost all oils ] in ] form generating ], which can be used directly, or converted into other forms of fuels by various means. The oil that is pumped from the ground is then shipped via ] to an ]. There, it is converted from ] to ] (petrodiesel), ] (and other short-chain ]), ]s (heaviest of commercial fuels, used in ships/furnaces), ] (petrol), ], ] and ].


=== Electricity generation === === Health ===
Oils have been consumed since ancient times. Oils hold lots of fats and medical properties. A good example is olive oil. Olive oil holds a lot of fats within it which is why it was also used in lighting in ancient Greece and Rome. So people would use it to bulk out food so they would have more energy to burn through the day. Olive oil was also used to clean the body in this time as it would trap the moisture in the skin while pulling the grime to the surface. It was used as an ancient form of unsophisticated soap. It was applied on the skin then scrubbed off with a wooden stick pulling off the excess grime and creating a layer where new grime could form but be easily washed off in the water as oil is hydrophobic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ilak Peršurić |first1=Anita Silvana |last2=Težak Damijanić |first2=Ana |date=January 2021 |title=Connections between Healthy Behaviour, Perception of Olive Oil Health Benefits, and Olive Oil Consumption Motives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=13 |issue=14 |pages=7630 |doi=10.3390/su13147630 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Fish oils hold the omega-3 fatty acid. This fatty acid helps with inflammation and reduces fat in the bloodstream.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}  
Oil and any of its more refined products are often used to create ]. This is done by means of a ]. The steam engine turns the ] into rotary motion, which can then be transformed into electricity, by means of a ].


=== Heat transport === === Painting ===
{{Main|Oil painting}}
Many oils have higher ]s than water and are ], making them useful for ] systems, especially where electricity is used.
Color ] are easily ] in oil, making it suitable as a supporting medium for ]. The oldest known extant oil paintings date from 650 AD.<ref>, Rosella Lorenzi, Discovery News. February 19, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603234713/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/19/oldest-oil-painting.html |date=June 3, 2011 }}</ref>

=== Heat transfer ===<!--Redirect points to this section-->
{{See also|Transformer oil}}
Oils are used as coolants in ], for instance in electric ]. Heat transfer oils are used both as ]s (see ]), for heating (e.g. in ]s) and in other applications of heat transfer.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}


=== Lubrication === === Lubrication ===
]
Due to their non-polarity, oils do not easily adhere to other substances. This makes oils useful as ]s for various engineering purposes. Mineral oils are more suitable than biological oils, which degrade rapidly in most environmental conditions.
Given that they are non-polar, oils do not easily adhere to other substances. This makes them useful as ] for various engineering purposes. Mineral oils are more commonly used as machine lubricants than biological oils are. ] is preferred for lubricating clocks, because it does not evaporate, leaving dust, although its use was banned in the US in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frankenmuthclock.com/questionscuckoo.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010818112213/http://www.frankenmuthclock.com/questionscuckoo.htm|url-status=dead|title=Cuckoo Clock Questions|archive-date=2001-08-18|work=Frankenmuth Clock Company & Bavarian Clock Haus}}</ref>


It is a long-running myth that ] from whales has still been used in NASA projects such as the ] and the ] probe because of its extremely low freezing temperature. Spermaceti is not actually an oil, but a mixture mostly of wax esters, and there is no evidence that NASA has used whale oil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Troubled waters: Who Would Believe NASA Used Whale Oil on Voyager and Hubble?|url=https://ksj.mit.edu/tracker/2014/03/who-would-believe-nasa-used-whale-oil-vo/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215191521/https://ksj.mit.edu/tracker/2014/03/who-would-believe-nasa-used-whale-oil-vo/|archive-date=2015-02-15|access-date=2015-02-15|work=Knight Science Journalism at MIT}}</ref>
=== Painting ===
Color pigments can be easily ] in oil, making it suitable as supporting medium for ]. The slow drying process and miscibility of oil facilitates a realistic style. This method has been used since the 15th century.


=== Petrochemicals === === Fuel ===
{{Main|Petrochemicals}} {{Main|Fuel oil}}
Some oils ] in liquid or ] form, generating ], and ] which can be used directly or converted into other forms of energy such as electricity or mechanical work. In order to obtain many fuel oils, ] is pumped from the ground and is shipped via ] or a ] to an ]. There, it is converted from crude oil to ] (petrodiesel), ] (and other short-chain ]), ]s (heaviest of commercial fuels, used in ships/furnaces), ] (petrol), ], ], ] (historically), and ]. A {{convert|42|USgal|impgal L|adj=on}} barrel of crude oil produces approximately {{convert|10|USgal|impgal L}} of diesel, {{convert|4|USgal|impgal L}} of jet fuel, {{convert|19|USgal|impgal L}} of gasoline, {{convert|7|USgal|impgal L}} of other products, {{convert|3|USgal|impgal L}} split between heavy fuel oil and liquified petroleum gases,<ref name=EIA> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502160758/https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=oil_home |date=2018-05-02 }} — Retrieved 2011-10-02.</ref> and {{convert|2|USgal|impgal L}} of heating oil. The total production of a barrel of crude into various products results in an increase to {{convert|45|USgal|impgal L}}.<ref name=EIA/>
] can be processed into ]; 'petrochemicals' are chemical products made from raw materials of ] or other ] origin. They are used in ] such as ], ], ], ], ], ] ], and ].


In the 18th and 19th centuries, ] was commonly used for lamps, which was replaced with natural gas and then electricity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petroleumhistory.org/OilHistory/pages/Whale/whale.html|title=Whale Oil|work=petroleumhistory.org}}</ref>
== Other uses ==
] has been called ] in pre-scientific times, due to its ] consistency. Even in modern times, it is sometimes called vitriolic acid, and caustic personalities are called "vitriolic". {{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} Sulfuric acid is not a petrochemical, and in modern parlance, is not an oil.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}


=== Religion === === Chemical feedstock ===
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2017}}
Oils have been used throughout history as a fragrant or ] medium. Oil is often seen as a spiritually purifying agent. It is used in religious ceremonies, such as the ] used in ], and has traditionally been used to ] kings and queens. Oil that is associated with one or more saints is known as "]" and believed by some to have beneficial properties, as is "oil of ]"<ref></ref>.

Crude oil can be refined into a wide variety of component ]. '']'' are the refined ]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eya6BQAAQBAJ&q=%C2%A0+Petrochemicals+are+refined+components+of+crude+oil&pg=PA2|title=Oil Pollution in the Baltic Sea|last1=Kostianoy|first1=Andrey G.|last2=Lavrova|first2=Olga Yu|date=2014-07-08|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783642384769|language=en}}</ref> and the chemical products made from them. They are used as ], ], ], ], ], ]s, and ].

Organic oils are another important chemical feedstock, especially in ].


== See also == == See also ==
* ], allow oils and water to mix * ], a chemical which allows oil and water to mix
* ], compounds with oil-like properties that are solid at common temperature


==References== == References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{More footnotes|date=October 2009}}
{{Reflist|2}}


==External links== == External links ==
{{Wiktionary}}
*
*{{Commons category-inline|Oil}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*


{{Authority control}}
]


]
{{Link FA|ms}}
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 03:12, 23 November 2024

Viscous water-insoluble liquid

This article is about the chemical substance. For crude oil, see Petroleum. For other uses, see Oil (disambiguation).
A bottle of olive oil used in food
This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is composed primarily of hydrocarbons and is hydrophobic (does not mix with water) and lipophilic (mixes with other oils). Oils are usually flammable and surface active. Most oils are unsaturated lipids that are liquid at room temperature.

The general definition of oil includes classes of chemical compounds that may be otherwise unrelated in structure, properties, and uses. Oils may be animal, vegetable, or petrochemical in origin, and may be volatile or non-volatile. They are used for food (e.g., olive oil), fuel (e.g., heating oil), medical purposes (e.g., mineral oil), lubrication (e.g. motor oil), and the manufacture of many types of paints, plastics, and other materials. Specially prepared oils are used in some religious ceremonies and rituals as purifying agents.

Etymology

First attested in English 1176, the word oil comes from Old French oile, from Latin oleum, which in turn comes from the Greek ἔλαιον (elaion), "olive oil, oil" and that from ἐλαία (elaia), "olive tree", "olive fruit". The earliest attested forms of the word are the Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀨𐀺, e-ra-wo and 𐀁𐁉𐀺, e-rai-wo, written in the Linear B syllabic script.

Types

Organic oils

Organic oils are produced in remarkable diversity by plants, animals, and other organisms through natural metabolic processes. Lipid is the scientific term for the fatty acids, steroids and similar chemicals often found in the oils produced by living things, while oil refers to an overall mixture of chemicals. Organic oils may also contain chemicals other than lipids, including proteins, waxes (class of compounds with oil-like properties that are solid at common temperatures) and alkaloids.

Lipids can be classified by the way that they are made by an organism, their chemical structure and their limited solubility in water compared to oils. They have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are considerably lacking in oxygen compared to other organic compounds and minerals; they tend to be relatively nonpolar molecules, but may include both polar and nonpolar regions as in the case of phospholipids and steroids.

Mineral oils

Main article: Mineral oil

Crude oil, or petroleum, and its refined components, collectively termed petrochemicals, are crucial resources in the modern economy. Crude oil originates from ancient fossilized organic materials, such as zooplankton and algae, which geochemical processes convert into oil. The name "mineral oil" is a misnomer, in that minerals are not the source of the oil—ancient plants and animals are. Mineral oil is organic. However, it is classified as "mineral oil" instead of as "organic oil" because its organic origin is remote (and was unknown at the time of its discovery), and because it is obtained in the vicinity of rocks, underground traps, and sands. Mineral oil also refers to several specific distillates of crude oil.

Applications

Cooking

Main article: Cooking oil

Several edible vegetable and animal oils, and also fats, are used for various purposes in cooking and food preparation. In particular, many foods are fried in oil much hotter than boiling water. Oils are also used for flavoring and for modifying the texture of foods (e.g. stir fry). Cooking oils are derived either from animal fat, as butter, lard and other types, or plant oils from olive, maize, sunflower and many other species.

Cosmetics

Oils are applied to hair to give it a lustrous look, to prevent tangles and roughness and to stabilize the hair to promote growth. See hair conditioner.

Religion

Oil has been used throughout history as a religious medium. It is often considered a spiritually purifying agent and is used for anointing purposes. As a particular example, holy anointing oil has been an important ritual liquid for Judaism and Christianity.

Health

Oils have been consumed since ancient times. Oils hold lots of fats and medical properties. A good example is olive oil. Olive oil holds a lot of fats within it which is why it was also used in lighting in ancient Greece and Rome. So people would use it to bulk out food so they would have more energy to burn through the day. Olive oil was also used to clean the body in this time as it would trap the moisture in the skin while pulling the grime to the surface. It was used as an ancient form of unsophisticated soap. It was applied on the skin then scrubbed off with a wooden stick pulling off the excess grime and creating a layer where new grime could form but be easily washed off in the water as oil is hydrophobic. Fish oils hold the omega-3 fatty acid. This fatty acid helps with inflammation and reduces fat in the bloodstream.  

Painting

Main article: Oil painting

Color pigments are easily suspended in oil, making it suitable as a supporting medium for paints. The oldest known extant oil paintings date from 650 AD.

Heat transfer

See also: Transformer oil

Oils are used as coolants in oil cooling, for instance in electric transformers. Heat transfer oils are used both as coolants (see oil cooling), for heating (e.g. in oil heaters) and in other applications of heat transfer.

Lubrication

Synthetic motor oil

Given that they are non-polar, oils do not easily adhere to other substances. This makes them useful as lubricants for various engineering purposes. Mineral oils are more commonly used as machine lubricants than biological oils are. Whale oil is preferred for lubricating clocks, because it does not evaporate, leaving dust, although its use was banned in the US in 1980.

It is a long-running myth that spermaceti from whales has still been used in NASA projects such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the Voyager probe because of its extremely low freezing temperature. Spermaceti is not actually an oil, but a mixture mostly of wax esters, and there is no evidence that NASA has used whale oil.

Fuel

Main article: Fuel oil

Some oils burn in liquid or aerosol form, generating light, and heat which can be used directly or converted into other forms of energy such as electricity or mechanical work. In order to obtain many fuel oils, crude oil is pumped from the ground and is shipped via oil tanker or a pipeline to an oil refinery. There, it is converted from crude oil to diesel fuel (petrodiesel), ethane (and other short-chain alkanes), fuel oils (heaviest of commercial fuels, used in ships/furnaces), gasoline (petrol), jet fuel, kerosene, benzene (historically), and liquefied petroleum gas. A 42-US-gallon (35 imp gal; 160 L) barrel of crude oil produces approximately 10 US gallons (8.3 imp gal; 38 L) of diesel, 4 US gallons (3.3 imp gal; 15 L) of jet fuel, 19 US gallons (16 imp gal; 72 L) of gasoline, 7 US gallons (5.8 imp gal; 26 L) of other products, 3 US gallons (2.5 imp gal; 11 L) split between heavy fuel oil and liquified petroleum gases, and 2 US gallons (1.7 imp gal; 7.6 L) of heating oil. The total production of a barrel of crude into various products results in an increase to 45 US gallons (37 imp gal; 170 L).

In the 18th and 19th centuries, whale oil was commonly used for lamps, which was replaced with natural gas and then electricity.

Chemical feedstock

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Crude oil can be refined into a wide variety of component hydrocarbons. Petrochemicals are the refined components of crude oil and the chemical products made from them. They are used as detergents, fertilizers, medicines, paints, plastics, synthetic fibers, and synthetic rubber.

Organic oils are another important chemical feedstock, especially in green chemistry.

See also

  • Emulsifier, a chemical which allows oil and water to mix

References

  1. "oil". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. oleum. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
  3. ἔλαιον. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
  4. ἐλαία in Liddell and Scott.
  5. Harper, Douglas. "oil". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  6. "The Linear B word e-ra-wo". Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of ancient languages. "e-ra3-wo". Archived from the original on 2016-03-21. Retrieved 2014-03-22. Raymoure, K.A. "e-ra-wo". Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B. Deaditerranean. Archived from the original on 2016-03-20. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
  7. Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter. Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Science, 2002, pp. 62, 118-119.
  8. Kvenvolden, Keith A. (2006). "Organic geochemistry – A retrospective of its first 70 years". Organic Geochemistry. 37 (1): 1. Bibcode:2006OrGeo..37....1K. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.09.001. S2CID 95305299.
  9. Brown, Jessica. "Which cooking oil is the healthiest?". www.bbc.com. BBC. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  10. Chesnutt, Randall D. (January 2005). "Perceptions of Oil in Early Judaism and the Meal Formula in Joseph and Aseneth". Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha. 14 (2): 113–132. doi:10.1177/0951820705051955. ISSN 0951-8207. S2CID 161240989.
  11. Sahagun, Louis (2008-10-11). "Armenian priests journey for jars of holy oil". Los Angeles Times.
  12. Ilak Peršurić, Anita Silvana; Težak Damijanić, Ana (January 2021). "Connections between Healthy Behaviour, Perception of Olive Oil Health Benefits, and Olive Oil Consumption Motives". Sustainability. 13 (14): 7630. doi:10.3390/su13147630. ISSN 2071-1050.
  13. "Oldest Oil Paintings Found in Afghanistan", Rosella Lorenzi, Discovery News. February 19, 2008. Archived June 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  14. "Cuckoo Clock Questions". Frankenmuth Clock Company & Bavarian Clock Haus. Archived from the original on 2001-08-18.
  15. "Troubled waters: Who Would Believe NASA Used Whale Oil on Voyager and Hubble?". Knight Science Journalism at MIT. Archived from the original on 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
  16. ^ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Archived 2018-05-02 at the Wayback Machine — Retrieved 2011-10-02.
  17. "Whale Oil". petroleumhistory.org.
  18. Kostianoy, Andrey G.; Lavrova, Olga Yu (2014-07-08). Oil Pollution in the Baltic Sea. Springer. ISBN 9783642384769.

External links

  • Media related to Oil at Wikimedia Commons
Categories: