Misplaced Pages

Venice: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 21:26, 23 February 2010 editRegentsPark (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Administrators45,746 edits Undid revision 345956023 by 95.145.148.23 (talk) (Not set in Venice)← Previous edit Latest revision as of 17:58, 10 January 2025 edit undo207.236.12.82 (talk) →Cinema, media, and popular culture: added jjba part 2Tag: Visual edit 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|City in Veneto, Italy}}
{{Otheruses}}
{{Redirect|Venezia|other uses|Venezia (disambiguation)|and|Venice (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox Italian comune {{Infobox Italian comune
| name = Venice | name = Venice
| official_name = ''Comune di Venezia'' | official_name = Comune di Venezia
| native_name = ''Venezia'' | native_name = {{native name|it|Venezia}}<br />{{native name|vec|Venesia}}
| image_skyline = Collage Venezia.jpg | image_skyline =
{{multiple image
| imagesize = 270px
| image_alt = | border = infobox
| perrow = 1/3/2/1
| image_caption = A collage of Venice: at the top left is the ], followed by a view of the city, the ], and the interior of ] and finally the Island of San Giorgio Maggiore
| total_width = 290
| image_shield = StemmaVene.PNG
| caption_align = center
| shield_alt =
| image1 = Santa Maria della Salute (50428075772).jpg
| shield_size = 85px
| image_map = | caption1 = ]
| map_alt = | image2 = Bridge of Sighs sea facade Venice.jpg
| map_caption = | caption2 = ]
| image3 = Ca' Giustinian + Ca' Foscari Venedig.jpg
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt = | caption3 = ]
| latd = 45 |latm = 26 |lats = 15 |latNS = N | image4 = Venezia Basilica di Santa Maria della Salute 3.jpg
| caption4 = ]
| longd = 12 |longm = 20 |longs = 9 |longEW = E
| image5 = Campanile of St Mark's Basilica Aug 2020 8.jpg
| coordinates_type = region:IT-VX_type:city(270000)
| caption5 = ]
| coordinates_display = title
| image6 = Doge's Palace (Venice) at night 2023-msu-2023-0I9A6405-.jpg
| caption6 = ]
}}
| image_flag = Flag of Venice.svg
| image_shield = Venezia-Stemma.svg
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map = Italy Veneto#Italy#Europe
| coordinates = {{Coord|45|26|15|N|12|20|9|E|region:IT-34_type:city(260000)|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = | coordinates_footnotes =
| region = ] | region = ]
| province = ] (VE) | metropolitan_city = ] (VE)
| frazioni = Chirignago, Favaro Veneto, ], ], ], ], ], ], Zelarino | frazioni = Chirignago, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], Zelarino
| mayor_party = Democratic Party | mayor_party = ]
| mayor = ] | mayor = ]
| area_footnotes = | area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 414.57 | area_total_km2 = 414.57
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/pop2020/index3.html |title=Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2020 |trans-title=Resident population as of 1 January 2020 |website=] |access-date=27 February 2021 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226150144/http://demo.istat.it/pop2020/index3.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 270660 | population_total = 258685
| population_as_of = 2009-04-30 | population_as_of = 2020
| population_demonym = Veneziano<br />Venetian (English)
| pop_density_footnotes =
| telephone =
| population_demonym = Veneziani
| elevation_footnotes = | elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 0 | elevation_m = 1
| twin1 = | twin1 =
| twin1_country = | twin1_country =
| saint = ] | postalcode =
| day = 25 April | istat = 027042
| saint = ]
| postal_code = 30100
| area_code = 041 | day = 25 April
| website = {{official|http://www.comune.venezia.it/}} | postal_code = 30100
| footnotes = | area_code = 041
| website = {{Official website|http://www.comune.venezia.it/}}
| footnotes =
}} }}
{{Infobox World Heritage Site {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|Name = Venice and its Lagoon | WHS = Venice and its Lagoon
|Image = ] | Image = Panorama of Canal Grande and Ponte di Rialto, Venice - September 2017.jpg
| Caption = Venice in autumn, with the ] in the background
|State Party = {{ITA}}
| image_size = 275
|Type = Cultural
|Criteria = i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi | Criteria = Cultural: I, II, III, IV, V, VI
|ID = 394 | ID = 394
| Year = 1987
|Region = ]
|Year = 1987
|Session = 11th
|Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/394
}} }}
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|45.438|12.3285}}
| zoom = 13
| float = right
| nolabels = 1
| width = 310
| height = 210
| title = Venice
| caption =


| shapeD = n-circle
'''Venice''' ({{lang-it|'''Venezia'''}} {{audio|It-Venezia.ogg|<small>listen</small>}}, {{IPA-it|veˈnεttsia|IPA}}, ]: '''''Venesia''''') is a city in ], the ] of the ] ], with a population of 271,367 (census estimate 1 January 2004). Together with ], the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area (population 1,600,000). The city historically was the capital of an independent ]. Venice has been known as the "La Dominante", "Serenissima", "Queen of the ]", "City of Water", "City of Bridges", "City of Canals" and "The Amsterdam of the South". ], writing in '']'', described it as "undoubtedly the most beautiful city built by man".<ref>{{cite web|last=Barzini |first=Luigi |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CE5DD1038F933A05756C0A964948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 |title=The Most Beautiful City In The World - The |publisher=New York Times |date=1982-05-30 |accessdate=2009-03-28}}</ref> Venice has also been described by the '']'' as being one of Europe's most romantic cities.<ref>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article1936951.ece</ref>
| shape-colorD = green
| label-colorD = dark blue
| shape-outlineD = white
| label-sizeD = 12
| label-posD = left
| mark-sizeD = 12,11
| label-offset-xD = 0
| label-offset-yD = 0


| label1 = Rialto Bridge
The city stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy ] along the ] in northeast Italy. The saltwater lagoon stretches along the shoreline between the mouths of the ] (south) and the ] (north) Rivers. The population estimate of 272,000 inhabitants includes the population of the whole ] of Venezia; around 60,000<ref>Mara Rumiz, Venice Demographics Official </ref> in the historic city of Venice (''Centro storico''); 176,000 in ''Terraferma'' (the ''Mainland''), mostly in the large '']'' of ] and ]; and 31,000 live on other islands in the lagoon.
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|45.438|12.336}}
| mark-title1 = ]
| label-offset-y1 = -6


| label2 = Piazza^San Marco
The ] was a major maritime power during the ] and ], and a ] for the ] and the ], as well as a very important center of commerce (especially ], ] and ]) and ] in the 13th century up to the end of the 17th century. Venice is also famous for its musical, particularly operatic, history, and its most famous son in this field is ].
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|45.433889|12.338056}}
| mark-title2 = ]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]
| label-offset-y2 = -3


| label3 = Grand Canal
==History==
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|45.4315|12.336}}
{{See also|History of the Republic of Venice}}
| mark-title3 = ]
| label-pos3 = right


| label4 = Bridge of ^Sighs
===Origins===
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|45.434056|12.340861}}
While there are no historical records that deal directly with the origins of Venice, the available evidence has led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice comprised refugees from Roman cities such as ], ], ] and Concordia (modern ]) who were fleeing successive waves of ] and ].<ref>Bosio, ''Le origini di Venezia''</ref> Some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as ''incolae lacunae'' (lagoon dwellers).
| mark-title4 = ]
| label-pos4 = top,with-line
| ldx4 = 8 | ldy4 = -37


| label5 = Santa Maria della Salute
Beginning in 166-168, the ] and ] destroyed the main center in the area, the current ]. The Roman defences were again overthrown in the early 5th century by the ] and, some 50 years later, by the Huns led by ]. The last and most enduring irruption was that of the ] in 568, leaving the ] a small strip of coast in the current Veneto, and the main administrative and religious entities were therefore transferred to this remaining dominion. New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon.
| mark-coord5 = {{coord|45.430833|12.334444}}
| mark-title5 = ]
| label-pos5 = bottom
| ldx5 = -14


| label6 = Cannaregio
The Byzantine domination of central and northern Italy was subsequently largely eliminated by the conquest of the ] in 751 by Aistulf. During this period, the seat of the local Byzantine governor (the "duke/dux", later "]") was situated in Malamocco. Settlement on the islands in the lagoon probably increased in correspondence with the Lombard conquest of the Byzantine territories.
| mark-coord6 = {{coord|45.446|12.327}}
| mark-title6 = ]


| label7 = Isola di
In 775-776, the bishopric seat of Olivolo (Helipolis) was created. During the reign of duke ] (811-827) the ducal seat was moved from Malamocco to the highly protected Rialto (Rivoalto, "High Shore") island, the current location of Venice. The monastery of St. Zachary and the first ducal palace and basilica of St. Mark, as well as a walled defense (civitatis murus) between Olivolo and Rialto were subsequently built here. Winged lions which may be seen in Venice are a symbol for St. Mark.
| labela7 = San Michele
| mark-coord7 = {{coord|45.447|12.347}}
| mark-title7 = ]


| label8 = Castello
In 828, the new city's prestige was raised by the acquisition of the claimed relics of ] from Alexandria, which were placed in the new basilica. The patriarchal seat was also moved to Rialto. As the community continued to develop and as Byzantine power waned, it led to the growth of autonomy and eventual independence.
| mark-coord8 = {{coord|45.4357|12.3485}}
| mark-title8 = ]
| label-pos8 = top


| label9 = Dorsoduro
] in Venice, with ] in the background.]]
| mark-coord9 = {{coord|45.431|12.326}}
] are a replica of the ''Triumphal Quadriga'' captured in Constantinople in 1204 and carried to Venice as a trophy.]]
| mark-title9 = ]
| label-pos9 = left


| label10 = Santa Croce
===Expansion===
| mark-coord10 = {{coord|45.437661|12.319208}}
From the ninth to the twelfth century Venice developed into a ] (an Italian ] or '']'', the other three being ], ], and ]). Its strategic position at the head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval and commercial power almost invulnerable. The city became a flourishing trade center between Western Europe and the rest of the world (especially the ] and the ]).
| mark-title10 = ]


| label11 = Santa Lucia
In the 12th century the foundations of Venice's power were laid: the ] was under construction in 1104; the last autocratic doge, Vitale Michiele, died in 1172.
| labela11 = railway station
| mark-coord11 = {{coord|45.440833|12.320833}}
| mark-title11 = ]
| label-pos11 = top


| label12 = Tronchetto
The ] seized a number of locations on the eastern shores of the Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial reasons, because ]s based there were a menace to trade. The Doge already carried the titles of Duke of ] and Duke of ]. Later mainland possessions, which extended across ] as far west as the ], were known as the "Terraferma", and were acquired partly as a buffer against belligerent neighbours, partly to guarantee ] trade routes, and partly to ensure the supply of mainland ], on which the city depended. In building its maritime commercial empire, the Republic dominated the trade in ],<ref>Richard Cowen, </ref> acquired control of most of the islands in the ], including ] and ], and became a major power-broker in the ]. By the standards of the time, Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively enlightened and the citizens of such towns as ], ] and ] rallied to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders.
| mark-coord12 = {{coord|45.440556|12.305}}
| mark-title12 = ]
| label-pos12 = right
}}


'''Venice''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɛ|n|ᵻ|s}} {{respell|VEN|iss}}; {{langx|it|Venezia}} {{IPA|it|veˈnɛttsja||It-Venezia.ogg}}; {{langx|vec|Venesia}} {{IPA|vec|veˈnɛsja|}}, formerly {{lang|vec|Venexia}} {{IPA|vec|veˈnɛzja|}}) is a city in northeastern ] and the capital of the ] ]. It is built on a group of 127 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are linked by 472 bridges.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/0e9aea9fc6c54b0eb9df8a5d80a37130 |title=The Bridges of Venice |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-US |url-status=live |date=19 June 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231106145412/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/0e9aea9fc6c54b0eb9df8a5d80a37130}}</ref> The islands are in the shallow ], an enclosed bay lying between the mouths of the ] and the ] rivers (more exactly between the ] and the ]). In 2020, around 258,685&nbsp;people resided in greater Venice or the ''] di Venezia'', of whom around 51,000 live in the historical island city of Venice (''centro storico'') and the rest on the mainland (''terraferma''). Together with the cities of ] and ], Venice is included in the ] (PATREVE), which is considered a statistical metropolitan area, with a total population of 2.6&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.univiu.org/rassegna_docs/corrieredellasera_06032011_micelli.pdf |title=Patreve, l'attuale governance non-funziona |trans-title=Patreve, the current governance doesn't work |date=6 March 2011 |publisher=] |language=it |access-date=6 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225171027/https://www.univiu.org/rassegna_docs/corrieredellasera_06032011_micelli.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Venice remained closely associated with Constantinople, being twice granted trading privileges in the Eastern Roman Empire, through the so-called ]s or 'chrysobulls' in return for aiding the Eastern Empire to resist Norman and Turkish incursions. In the first chrysobull Venice acknowledged its homage to the Empire but not in the second, reflecting the decline of ] and the rise of Venice's power.<ref>Herrin, Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire, Penguin, Harmondsworth, ISBN 9780141031026</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=fqa |title=History of Venice |publisher=Historyworld.net |date= |accessdate=2009-03-28}}</ref>


The name is derived from the ancient ] people who inhabited the region by the 10th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Venice |title=Venice {{Pipe}} Etymology of the name Venice by etymonline |last=Harper |first=Douglas |date=10 October 2017 |website=] |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228100411/https://www.etymonline.com/word/Venice |archive-date=28 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Charnock |first=Richard Stephen |date=1859 |title=Local Etymology: A derivative dictionary of geographical names |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_I2BulY4WvsYC |location=London |publisher=Houlston and Wright |page= |quote=Pepin, as king of Italy, granted some territory along the banks of the Adige, and Rivo Alto (Rialto), united with neighbouring islands, took the name of Venetiæ, from the province of Venetia, the territory of the ancient Veneti, of which these islands formed a dependency. |lccn=08032183 |oclc=4696115}}</ref> The city was historically the capital of the ] for almost a millennium, from 810 to 1797. It was a major financial and maritime power during the ] and ], and a ] for the ] and the ], as well as an important centre of commerce—especially silk, grain, and ], and of art from the 13th century to the end of the 17th. The ] of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial centre, emerging in the 9th century and reaching its greatest prominence in the 14th&nbsp;century.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yor4DAAAQBAJ |title=Finance Masters: A brief history of international financial centers in the last millennium |last=Coispeau |first=Olivier |date=10 August 2016 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=9789813108844 |language=en}}</ref> This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Blair/Courses/MUSL242/f98/venice.htm |title=Venetian Music of the Renaissance |publisher=] |date=11 October 1998 |last=Klotz |first=Justin |access-date=22 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614024356/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/Blair/Courses/MUSL242/f98/venice.htm |archive-date=14 June 2009}}</ref> For centuries Venice possessed numerous territories along the Adriatic Sea and within the Italian ], leaving a significant impact on the architecture and culture that can still be seen today.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vladisavljevic |first=Anja |date=19 February 2020 |title=Giovanni Vale: Venice's Legacy Still Shapes the Balkans |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2020/02/19/giovanni-vale-venices-legacy-still-shapes-the-balkans/ |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=River |first=Charles |title=The Republic of Venice: The History of the Venetian Empire and Its Influence Across the Mediterranean |publisher=Independently Published |year=2019 |language=en}}</ref> The ] is considered by several historians to be the first factory in history and was the base of Venice's naval power.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coulling |first=Ian |date=3 October 2020 |title=The Arsenal of Venice |url=https://imagesofvenice.com/the-arsenal-of-venice/ |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=Images of Venice |language=en-US}}</ref> The sovereignty of Venice came to an end in 1797, at the hands of ]. Subsequently, in 1866, the city became part of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Venice – Present, past and future of Venice |url=https://www.introducingvenice.com/history |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=www.introducingvenice.com |language=en}}</ref>
Venice became an imperial power following the Venetian-financed ], which in 1204 seized and sacked ] and established the ]. As a result of this conquest considerable Byzantine plunder was brought back to Venice. This plunder included the ] from the ] which were now placed above the entrance to St Mark's cathedral in Venice, where they remain to this day. Following the fall of Constantinople the former Roman Empire was partitioned among the Latin crusaders and the Venetians. Venice subsequently carved out a sphere of influence in the Mediterranean known as the ], and seized Crete.


Venice has been known as "La Dominante", "La Serenissima", "Queen of the ]", "City of Water", "City of Masks", "City of Bridges", "The Floating City", and "City of Canals". The lagoon and the city within the lagoon were inscribed as a ] in 1987, covering an area of {{convert|70176.4|hectare}}.<ref name="UNESCO Venice">{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/394 |title=Venice and its Lagoon |access-date=28 February 2024 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226082945/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/394 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Venice is known for several important artistic movements – especially during the ] – and has played an important role in the history of instrumental and operatic music; it is the birthplace of ] composers ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=David |title=Venice: A documentary history |year=1992 |publisher=Oxford |location=England |isbn=0-8020-8424-9 |page=78}}</ref>
The seizure of ] would ultimately prove as decisive a factor in ending the ] as the loss of the ]n ] after ]. Though the Byzantines recovered control of the ravaged city a half century later, the Byzantine Empire was greatly weakened, and existed as a ghost of its old self, struggling on with the help, among other things, of loans from Venice (never repaid) until ] took the city in 1453.


In the 21st century, Venice remains a very popular tourist destination, a major cultural centre, and has often been ranked one of the most beautiful cities in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themeshnews.com/top-10-most-beautiful-cities-in-the-world-2016/ |title=Top 10 most Beautiful Cities in the World 2017 |date=28 July 2016 |access-date=30 March 2017 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090926/http://www.themeshnews.com/top-10-most-beautiful-cities-in-the-world-2016/ |url-status=dead |website=The Mesh News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldchacha.com/most-beautiful-cities-capital-in-the-world/10/ |title=Top 10 most Beautiful Cities in the World 2018 |date=2 September 2018 |access-date=5 January 2019 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109104155/https://worldchacha.com/most-beautiful-cities-capital-in-the-world/10/ |url-status=dead |website=worldchacha.com}}</ref> It has been described by '']'' as one of Europe's most romantic cities<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article1936951.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507015418/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article1936951.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 May 2009 |work=The Times |location=London |title=Europe's most romantic city breaks |date=17 June 2007 |access-date=27 May 2010 |first1=Stephen |last1=Bleach |first2=Brian |last2=Schofield |first3=Vincent |last3=Crump}}</ref> and by '']'' as "undoubtedly the most beautiful city built by man".<ref>{{cite news |last=Barzini |first=Luigi |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/30/books/the-most-beautiful-city-in-the-world.html |title=The Most Beautiful and Wonderful City In The World |work=] |date=30 May 1982}}</ref> However, the city faces challenges including an excessive number of tourists, pollution, tide peaks and cruise ships sailing too close to buildings.<ref name="NatgeoWorrall201610">{{cite magazine |last1=Worrall |first1=Simon |date=16 October 2016 |title=Tourists could destroy Venice – If floods don't first |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/if-venice-dies-salvatore-settis-tourism-flood/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018220249/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/if-venice-dies-salvatore-settis-tourism-flood/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 October 2016 |magazine=] |language=en |access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="GuardianBuckley201611">{{cite news |last1=Buckley |first1=Jonathan |date=2 November 2016 |title=When will Venice sink? You asked Google – Here's the answer |newspaper=] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/02/when-will-venice-sink-google |access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 November 2017 |title=Venice just banned mega cruise ships from sailing through the city |newspaper=] |location=UK |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/venice-cruise-ship-ban-55-tonnes-marghera-port-where-is-it-italy-a8044026.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220811/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/venice-cruise-ship-ban-55-tonnes-marghera-port-where-is-it-italy-a8044026.html |archive-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> In light of the fact that Venice and its lagoon are under constant threat, Venice's UNESCO listing has been under constant examination.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/7767 |title=Decision 44 COM 7B.50 Venice and its Lagoon (Italy) (C 394) |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref>
] from ].]]
Situated on the Adriatic Sea, Venice always traded with the ] and the ] extensively. By the late thirteenth century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of Europe. At the peak of its power and wealth, it had 36,000 sailors operating 3,300 ships, dominating Mediterranean commerce. During this time, Venice's leading families vied with each other to build the grandest palaces and support the work of the greatest and most talented artists. The city was governed by the Great Council, which was made up of members of the noble families of Venice. The Great Council appointed all public officials and elected a Senate of 200 to 300 individuals. Since this group was too large for efficient administration, a Council of Ten (also called the Ducal Council or the Signoria), controlled much of the administration of the city. One member of the great council was elected "]", or duke, the ceremonial head of the city, who normally held the title until his death.


== History ==
The Venetian governmental structure was similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome, with an elected chief executive (the Doge), a senate-like assembly of nobles, and a mass of citizens with limited political power, who originally had the power to grant or withhold their approval of each newly elected Doge. Church and various private properties were tied to military service, though there was no ] within the city itself. The '']'' was the only order of ] ever instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the government's consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period and politics and the military were kept separate, except when on occasion the Doge personally headed the military. War was regarded as a continuation of commerce by other means (hence, the city's early production of large numbers of mercenaries for service elsewhere, and later its reliance on foreign mercenaries when the ruling class was preoccupied with commerce).
{{Main|History of the Republic of Venice}}
{{For timeline}}


=== Origins ===
].]]
{{Sidebar timeline
The chief executive was the Doge, who theoretically held his elective office for life. In practice, several Doges were forced by pressure from their ] peers to resign the office and retire into ] seclusion when they were felt to have been discredited by perceived political failure.
| title = Timeline of Venice: historical affiliations
| years1 = 421–476
| events1 = {{Noflag|]}}
| years2 = 476–493
| events2 = {{Noflag|]}}
| years3 = 493–553
| events3 = {{Noflag|]}}
| years4 = 553–584
| events4 = {{Noflag|]}}
| years5 = 584–697
| events5 = {{Noflag|]}} (])
| years6 = 697–1797
| events6 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Republic of Venice (1659-1675).svg}} ]
| years7 = 1797–1805
| events7 = {{flagicon image|Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor without haloes (1400-1806).svg}} ]
| years8 = 1805–1814
| events8 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.svg}} ]
| years9 = 1815–1848
| events9 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia.svg}} ]
| years10 = 1848–1849
| events10 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of San Marco.svg}} ]
| years11 = 1849–1866
| events11 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia.svg}} ]
| years12 = 1866–1943
| events12 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg}} ]
| years13 = 1943–1945
| events13 = {{flag|Italian Social Republic}}
| years14 = 1946–present
| events14 = {{flag|Italy}}
}}


Although no surviving historical records deal directly with the founding or building of Venice,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zeno |first=Apostolo |author-link=Apostolo Zeno |date=1847 |title=Compendio della storia Veneta di Apostolo Zeno continuata fino alla caduta della repubblica |trans-title=Compendium of the Venetian history of Apostolo Zeno which continued until the fall of the republic |language=it |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSdiAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA9 |publisher=Bonvecchiato |page=9 |quote=Imperciocchè nascendo i principati |trans-quote=Because principalities are born}}</ref> tradition and the available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice consisted of refugees – from nearby ] such as Patavium (]), ], Tarvisium (]), ], and Concordia (modern ]), as well as from the undefended countryside – who were fleeing successive waves of ] and ] invasions.<ref>Bosio, ''Le origini di Venezia''</ref> This is further supported by the documentation on the so-called "apostolic families", the twelve founding families of Venice who elected the first ], who in most cases trace their lineage back to Roman families.<ref>{{cite book |title=L'Origine e discendenza delle famiglie patrizie |last=Barbaro |first=Marco}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Il Campidoglio veneto |last=Cappellari Vivaro |first=Girolamo Alessandro |year=1740}}</ref> Some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen, on the islands in the original marshy lagoons, who were referred to as ''incolae lacunae'' ("lagoon dwellers"). The traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of ] on the islet of ] (''Rivoalto'', "High Shore")—said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421 (the ]).<ref>Zeno, ''Compendio'' 1847:10.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Trudy Ring |author2=Robert M. Salkin |author3=Sharon La Boda |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74JI2UlcU8AC&pg=PA745 |access-date=24 March 2011 |date=1 January 1996 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-884964-02-2 |page=745}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Burckhardt |first=Jacob |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23255316 |title=The civilization of the Renaissance in Italy |date=1990 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0-14-044534-X |location=London, England |oclc=23255316}}</ref>
Though the people of Venice generally remained orthodox ], the state of Venice was notable for its freedom from religious fanaticism and it enacted not a single execution for religious heresy during the ]. This apparent lack of zeal contributed to Venice's frequent conflicts with the ]. Venice was threatened with the ] on a number of occasions and twice suffered its imposition. The second, most famous, occasion was on 27 April 1509, by order of ] (see ]).


] in 1358. According to the Hungarian chronicle, King ] of the ] besieged ], the inhabitants of the city first fled to a sea island and then founded Venice on the island of Rialto.|left]]
Venetian ambassadors sent home still-extant secret reports of the politics and rumours of European courts, providing fascinating information to modern historians.


Beginning as early as AD&nbsp;166–168, the ] and ] destroyed the main Roman town in the area, present-day ]. This part of ] was again overrun in the early 5th century by the ] and, some 50&nbsp;years later, by the Huns led by ]. The last and most enduring immigration into the north of the Italian peninsula, that of the ] in 568, left the ] only a small strip of coastline in the current Veneto, including Venice. The Roman/Byzantine territory was organized as the ], administered from that ancient port and overseen by a viceroy (the ]) appointed by the Emperor in ]. Ravenna and Venice were connected by just sea routes, and with the Venetians' isolation came increasing autonomy. New ports were built, including those at ] and ] in the Venetian lagoon. The ''tribuni maiores'' formed the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the lagoon, dating from {{Circa|568}}.<ref group="note">Traditional date as given in William J. Langer, ed. ''An Encyclopedia of World History''.</ref>
The newly-invented German ] spread rapidly throughout Europe in the fifteenth century, and Venice was quick to adopt it. By 1482 Venice was the printing capital of the world, and the leading printer was ], who invented the concept of ] books that could be carried in a saddlebag. His ''Aldine Editions'' included translations of nearly all the known Greek manuscripts of the era.<ref>], ''Connections'' (Little, Brown and Co., 1978/1995, ISBN 0-316-11672-6, p.105</ref>


The traditional first ], ] (Anafestus Paulicius), was elected in 697, as written in the ] by ] {{Circa|1008}}. Some modern historians claim Paolo Lucio Anafesto was actually the ], and Paul's successor, ], was Paul's '']'' (or "general"), literally "master of soldiers". In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the exarchate rose in a rebellion over the ], at the urging of ]. The exarch, held responsible for the acts of his master, Byzantine Emperor ], was murdered, and many officials were put to flight in the chaos. At about this time, the people of the lagoon elected their own independent leader for the first time, although the relationship of this to the uprisings is not clear. ] was the first of 117 "doges" (''doge'' is the ] equivalent of the Latin '']'' ("leader"); the corresponding word in English is ], in standard Italian ''duca'' (see also "]".) Whatever his original views, Ursus supported Emperor Leo III's successful military expedition to recover Ravenna, sending both men and ships. In recognition of this, Venice was "granted numerous privileges and concessions" and Ursus, who had personally taken the field, was confirmed by Leo as ''dux''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Norwich |first=John Julius |author-link=John Julius Norwich |date=1982 |title=A History of Venice |title-link=A History of Venice |location=New York |publisher=] |page=13}}</ref> and given the added title of '']'' (from the Greek for "]").<ref>Alethea Wiel (1995). ''A History of Venice'', pp.&nbsp;26–27. New York: Barnes & Noble (reprint orig. 1898 London).</ref>
===Decline===
Venice’s long decline started in the 15th century, when it first made an unsuccessful attempt to hold ] against the Ottomans (1423–1430). She also sent ships to help defend Constantinople against the besieging Turks (1453). After the city fell to ] he declared war on Venice. The war lasted thirty years and cost Venice much of her eastern ] possessions. Next, Christopher Columbus discovered the New World. Then Portugal found a sea route to India, destroying Venice’s land route monopoly. France, England and Holland followed them. Venice’s oared galleys had no advantage when it came to traversing the great oceans. She was left behind in the race for colonies.


In 751, the ] King ] conquered most of the ], leaving Venice a lonely and increasingly autonomous Byzantine outpost. During this period, the seat of the local Byzantine governor (the "duke/dux", later "doge"), was at Malamocco. Settlement on the islands in the lagoon probably increased with the Lombard conquest of other Byzantine territories, as refugees sought asylum in the area. In 775/6, the ] seat of Olivolo (]) was created. During the reign of duke ] (811–827) the ducal seat moved from Malamocco to the more protected Rialto, within present-day Venice. The monastery of ] and the first ] and ], as well as a walled defense (''civitatis murus'') between Olivolo and Rialto, were subsequently built here.
The ] devastated Venice in 1348 and once again between 1575 and 1577.<ref>"''''". William J. Bernstein (2008).</ref> In three years the ] killed some 50,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|author=State of Texas, Texas Department of State Health Services |url=http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/preparedness/bt_public_history_plague.shtm |title=History of Plague |publisher=Dshs.state.tx.us |date= |accessdate=2009-03-28}}</ref> In 1630, the plague killed a third of Venice's 150,000 citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europeforvisitors.com/venice/articles/santa_maria_della_salute.htm |title=Santa Maria della Salute Church |publisher=Europeforvisitors.com |date= |accessdate=2009-03-28}}</ref> Venice began to lose its position as a center of ] during the later part of the ] as Portugal became Europe's principal intermediary in the trade with the East, striking at the very foundation of Venice's great wealth, while France and Spain fought for ] over Italy in the ], marginalising its political influence. However, the Venetian empire was a major exporter of agricultural products and, until the mid-18th century, a significant ] center.


] sought to subdue the city to his rule. He ordered the pope to expel the Venetians from the ] along the Adriatic coast;<ref>Langer</ref> Charlemagne's own son ], king of the Lombards, under the authority of his father, embarked on a siege of Venice itself. This, however, proved a costly failure. The siege lasted six months, with Pepin's army ravaged by the diseases of the local swamps and eventually forced to withdraw in 810. A few months later, Pepin himself died, apparently as a result of a disease contracted there. In the aftermath, an agreement between Charlemagne and the Byzantine Emperor ] in 814 recognized Venice as Byzantine territory, and granted the city trading rights along the Adriatic coast.
===Military and naval affairs===
]]]
By 1303, ] practice had become compulsory in the city, with citizens training in groups. As weapons became more expensive and complex to operate, professional soldiers were assigned to help work merchant sailing ships and as rowers in galleys. The company of "Noble Bowmen" was recruited in the later 14th century from among the younger ] and served aboard both war-galleys and as armed merchantmen, with the privilege of sharing the captain's cabin.


In 828 the new city's prestige increased with the acquisition, from ], of relics claimed to be of ]; these were placed in the new basilica. Winged lions – visible throughout Venice – are the ]. The patriarchal seat was also moved to Rialto. As the community continued to develop, and as Byzantine power waned, its own autonomy grew, leading to eventual independence.<ref>{{cite book |title=Venice: A New History |first=Thomas F. |last=Madden |date=2012 |page= |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |isbn=9781101601136}}</ref>
Though Venice was famous for its ], its ] was equally effective. In the 13th century, most Italian city states already were hiring ], but Venetian troops were still recruited from the lagoon, plus feudal levies from ] (the very famous ''Schiavoni'' or ''Oltremarini'')<ref></ref> and Istria. In times of emergency, all males between seventeen and sixty years were registered and their weapons were surveyed, with those called to actually fight being organized into companies of twelve. The register of 1338 estimated that 30,000 Venetian men were capable of bearing arms; many of these were skilled crossbowmen. As in other Italian cities, aristocrats and other wealthy men were ]men while the city's conscripts fought as ].


=== Expansion ===
By 1450, more than 3,000 Venetian merchant ships were in operation. Most of these could be converted when necessary into either warships or transports. The government required each merchant ship to carry a specified number of weapons (mostly crossbows and ]) and ]; merchant passengers were also expected to be armed and to fight when necessary. A reserve of some 25 (later 100) ] was maintained in the ]. Galley ] did not exist in medieval Venice, the oarsmen coming from the city itself or from its possessions, especially ]. Those from the city were chosen by lot from each parish, their families being supported by the remainder of the parish while the rowers were away. ]ors generally worked off their obligations rowing the galleys. Rowing skills were encouraged through races and ]s.
] with its ] and ]]]


From the 9th to the 12th centuries, Venice developed into a powerful maritime empire (an Italian ] known also as '']''). In addition to Venice there were seven others: the most important ones were ], ], and ]; and the lesser known were ], ], ] and ]. Its own strategic position at the head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval and commercial power almost invulnerable.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Dot On the I In History: Of Gentiles and Jews—a Hebrew Odyssey Scrolling the Internet |last=Hammer |first=Michael B. |publisher=Lulu Publishing Services |year=2017 |isbn=978-1483427010 |ol=30680683M |location=Morrisville |page=239}}</ref> With the elimination of pirates along the ], the city became a flourishing trade centre between Western Europe and the rest of the world, especially with the ] and ], where its navy protected sea routes against piracy.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Piracy as an Islamic-Christian Interface in the Thirteenth Century |journal=Viator |volume=11 |page=165 |doi=10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301504 |year=1980 |last1=Burns |first1=Robert I|issn = 0083-5897 }}</ref>
Early in the 15th century, as new mainland territories were expanded, the first standing army was organized, consisting of '']'' on contract. In its alliance with ] in 1426, Venice agreed to supply 8,000 cavalry and 3,000 infantry in time of war, and 3,000 and 1,000 in peacetime. Later in that century, uniforms were adopted that featured red-and-white stripes, and a system of honors and pensions developed. Throughout the 15th century, Venetian land forces were almost always on the offensive and were regarded as the most effective in Italy, largely because of the tradition of all classes carrying arms in defense of the city and official encouragement of general military training.
]
The command structure in the army was different from that of the fleet. By ancient law, no nobleman could command more than twenty-five men (to prevent the possibility of ] by private armies), and while the position of Captain General was introduced in the mid-14th century, he still had to answer to a civilian panel of twenty Savi or "wise men". Not only was efficiency ''not'' degraded, this policy saved Venice from the military takeovers that other Italian ] so often experienced. A civilian commissioner (not unlike a ]) accompanied each army to keep an eye on things, especially the mercenaries. The Venetian military tradition also was notably cautious; they were more interested in achieving success with a minimum expense of lives and money than in the pursuit of glory.


The ] seized a number of places on the eastern shores of the Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial reasons, because ]s based there were a menace to trade. The doge already possessed the titles of Duke of Dalmatia and Duke of ]. Later mainland possessions, which extended across ] as far west as the ], were known as the ''Terraferma''; they were acquired partly as a buffer against belligerent neighbours, partly to guarantee ] trade routes, and partly to ensure the supply of mainland wheat (on which the city depended). In building its maritime commercial empire, Venice dominated the trade in salt,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/cowen/~gel115/salt.html |title=The importance of salt |last=Cowen |first=Richard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507083302/http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/cowen/~GEL115/salt.html |archive-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> acquired control of most of the islands in the ], including ], and ] in the Mediterranean, and became a major power-broker in the ]. By the standards of the time, Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively enlightened and the citizens of such towns as ], ], and ] rallied to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders.
===Modern era===
]
After 1,070 years, the Republic lost its independence when ] on 12 May 1797, conquered Venice during the ]. The French conqueror brought to an end the most fascinating century of its history: during the '']'' (18th century) Venice became perhaps the most elegant and refined city in Europe, greatly influencing art, architecture and literature. Napoleon was seen as something of a liberator by the city's ]ish population, although it can be argued they had lived with fewer restrictions in Venice. He removed the gates of the ] and ended the restrictions on when and where Jews could live and travel in the city.


] (1400–1475), captain-general of the ] from 1455 to 1475]]
Venice became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the ] on 12 October 1797. The Austrians took control of the city on 18 January 1798. It was taken from Austria by the ] in 1805 and became part of Napoleon's ], but was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held ]. In 1848-1849 a revolt briefly reestablished the ] under ]. In 1866, following the ], Venice, along with the rest of the Veneto, became part of the newly created ].
Venice remained closely associated with Constantinople, being twice granted trading privileges in the Eastern Roman Empire, through the so-called ]s or "chrysobulls", in return for aiding the Eastern Empire to resist Norman and Turkish incursions. In the first chrysobull, Venice acknowledged its homage to the empire; but not in the second, reflecting the decline of ] and the rise of Venice's power.<ref>{{cite book |title=Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire |first=Judith |last=Herrin |date=2008 |page= |publisher=Penguin Adult |isbn=9780141031026}}</ref>


Venice became an imperial power following the ], which, having veered off course, culminated in 1204 by capturing and sacking ] and establishing the ]. As a result of this conquest, considerable Byzantine plunder was brought back to Venice. This plunder included the ] from the ], which were originally placed above the entrance to the cathedral of Venice, ] (The originals have been replaced with replicas, and are now stored within the basilica.) After the fall of Constantinople, the former Eastern Roman Empire was partitioned among the Latin crusaders and the Venetians. Venice subsequently carved out a sphere of influence in the Mediterranean known as the ], and captured Crete.<ref>{{cite book |title=Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice |first=Thomas F. |last=Madden |date=2006 |page= |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=9780801885396}}</ref>
During the Second World War, the city was largely free from attack, the only aggressive effort of note being ], a precision strike on the German naval operations there in 1945. Venice was finally liberated by New Zealand troops under ] on 29 April 1945.<ref>{{cite web|author=Patrick G. Skelly, Pocasset MA |url=http://www.milhist.net/history/onemoreriver.html |title=New Zealand troops relieve Venice |publisher=Milhist.net |date=1945-07-21 |accessdate=2009-03-28}}</ref>


The seizure of Constantinople proved as decisive a factor in ending the Byzantine Empire as the loss of the ]n ], after ]. Although the Byzantines recovered control of the ravaged city a half-century later, the Byzantine Empire was terminally weakened, and existed as a ghost of its old self, until ] took the city ].
==Geography==
] for the ''Peregrinationes in terram sanctam,'' Mainz 1486]]
[[File:Sestieri di Venezia.svg|thumb|Sestieri of Venice:<br><span style="background:purple;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Cannaregio<br> <span style="background:blue;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Castello<br>
<span style="background:yellow;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Dorsoduro<br>
<span style="background:teal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;San Marco<br>
<span style="background:lime;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;San Polo<br>
<span style="background:red;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Santa Croce]]
The city is divided into six areas or "]". These are ], ], ] (including the ] and ]), ], ] (including ]) and ] (including ] and ]). Each sestiere was administered by a ] and his staff.


] from ]]]
These districts consist of ]es — initially seventy in 1033, but reduced under ] and now numbering just thirty-eight. These parishes predate the sestieri, which were created in about 1170.
Situated on the ], Venice had always traded extensively with the Byzantine Empire and the ]. By the late 13th century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of Europe. At the peak of its power and wealth, it had 36,000 sailors operating 3,300 ships, dominating Mediterranean commerce. Venice's leading families vied with each other to build the grandest palaces and to support the work of the greatest and most talented artists. The city was governed by the ], which was made up of members of the noble families of Venice. The Great Council appointed all public officials, and elected a Senate of 200 to 300 individuals. Since this group was too large for efficient administration, a ] (also called the Ducal Council, or the Signoria), controlled much of the administration of the city. One member of the great council was elected "]", or duke, to be the chief executive; he would usually hold the title until his death, although several Doges were forced, by pressure from their ] peers, to resign and retire into ] seclusion, when they were felt to have been discredited by political failure.


The Venetian governmental structure was similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome, with an elected chief executive (the doge), a senator-like assembly of nobles, and the general citizenry with limited political power, who originally had the power to grant or withhold their approval of each newly elected doge. Church and various private property was tied to military service, although there was no knight tenure within the city itself. The ''Cavalieri di San Marco'' was the only order of ] ever instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the government's consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period, and politics and the military were kept separate, except when on occasion the Doge personally headed the military. War was regarded as a continuation of ] by other means. Therefore, the city's early employment of large numbers of mercenaries for service elsewhere, and later its reliance on foreign mercenaries when the ruling class was preoccupied with commerce.
Other islands of the ] do not form part of any of the sestieri, having historically enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy.


Although the people of Venice generally remained orthodox Roman Catholics, the state of Venice was notable for its freedom from religious fanaticism, and executed nobody for religious heresy during the ]. This apparent lack of zeal contributed to Venice's frequent conflicts with the ]. In this context, the writings of the Anglican divine ] are particularly illuminating. Venice was threatened with the ] on a number of occasions and twice suffered its imposition. The second, most noted, occasion was in 1606, by order of ].<ref>{{cite CE1913 |wstitle=Pope Paul V |volume=11 |last=Loughlin |first=James Francis |short=1}}</ref>
Each sestiere has its own ] system. Each house has a unique number in the district, from one to several thousand, generally numbered from one corner of the area to another, but not usually in a readily understandable manner.


The newly invented German ] spread rapidly throughout Europe in the 15th century, and Venice was quick to adopt it. By 1482, Venice was the printing capital of the world; the leading printer was ], who invented paperback books that could be carried in a saddlebag.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadeau |first=Barbie Latza |title=The Man Who Changed Reading Forever |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/aldus-manutius-printing-typeface-typography-italics-venice-180956855/ |date=6 November 2015 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> His ''Aldine Editions'' included translations of nearly all the known Greek manuscripts of the era.<ref>James Burke, ''Connections'' (Little, Brown and Co., 1978/1995), {{ISBN|978-0-316-11672-5}}, p.105</ref>
At the front of the ]s that work in the city there is a large piece of metal intended as a likeness of the Doge's hat. On this sit six notches pointing forwards and one pointing backwards. Each of these represent one of the Sestieri (the one which points backwards represents the ]).{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}


===Sinking of Venice=== === Decline ===
Venice's long decline started in the 15th century. Venice confronted the ] in the ] and sent ships to help defend ] against the besieging Turks in 1453. After the ], ] declared the first of a series of ] that cost Venice much of its eastern Mediterranean possessions. ]'s 1497–1499 voyage opened a sea route to ] around the ] and destroyed Venice's monopoly. Venice's ] were at a disadvantage when it came to traversing oceans, therefore Venice was left behind in the race for ].<ref name="www.studenti.it">{{Cite web |title=Repubblica di Venezia: storia, cronologia e caratteristiche della Serenissima |trans-title=Republic of Venice: history, chronology and characteristics of the Serenissima |url=https://www.studenti.it/repubblica-venezia-storia-cronologia-caratteristiche-della-serenissima.html |last=Angione |first=Edoardo |date=15 July 2019 |access-date=7 July 2023 |work=Studenti |language=it}}</ref>
{{See|Acqua Alta}}
] or high water in Venice.]]
]. The picture is oriented with North at the top.]]


] in 1697]]
The buildings of Venice are constructed on closely spaced ] ], which were imported from the mainland. (Under water, in the absence of oxygen, wood does not ]. It is petrified as a result of the constant flow of mineral-rich water around and through it, so that it becomes a stone-like structure.) The piles penetrate a softer layer of ] and ] until they reach the much harder layer of compressed ]. Wood for piles was cut in the most western part of today's ], resulting in the barren land in a region today called ], and in two regions of Croatia, ] and ] (resulting in the barren slopes of ]). Most of these piles are still intact after centuries of submersion. The foundations rest on the piles, and buildings of brick or ] sit above these footings. The buildings are often threatened by flood ]s pushing in from the ] between autumn and early spring.


The ] devastated Venice in 1348 and struck again between 1575 and 1577.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bernstein |first=William J. |year=2009 |title=A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World |pages=143 |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=978-0802144164}}</ref> In three years, the ] killed some 50,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |author=State of Texas, Texas Department of State Health Services |url=http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/preparedness/bt_public_history_plague.shtm |title=History of Plague |publisher=Dshs.state.tx.us |access-date=28 March 2009 |archive-date=11 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411041422/http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/preparedness/bt_public_history_plague.shtm |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1630, the ] killed a third of Venice's 150,000 citizens.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lindemann |first=Mary |year=1999 |title=Medicine and society in early modern Europe |pages=41 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521423546}}</ref>
Six hundred years ago, Venetians protected themselves from land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city. This created an ever-deeper lagoon environment.


Venice began to lose the position as a centre of ] during the later part of the ] as Portugal became Europe's principal intermediary in the trade with the East, striking at the very foundation of Venice's great wealth. France and Spain fought for ] over Italy in the ], marginalising its political influence. However, Venice remained a major exporter of agricultural products and until the mid-18th century, a significant manufacturing centre.<ref name="www.studenti.it" />
During the 20th century, when many ] were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to ]. It was realized that extraction of the ] was the cause. This sinking process has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s. However, the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods (called ''Acqua alta'', "high water") that creep to a height of several centimetres over its quays, regularly following certain tides. In many old houses the former staircases used by people to unload goods are now flooded, rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable.


=== Modern age ===
Some recent studies have suggested that the city is no longer sinking,<ref>{{cite journal |last = |first = |authorlink = |coauthors = |title = Technology: Venetians put barrage to the test against the Adriatic |journal = |volume = |issue = 1660 | pages = |publisher = ] magazine |date = 1989-04-15 |url = http://media.newscientist.com/article/mg12216602.900-technology-venetians-put-barrage-to-the-test-against-theadriatic-.html |doi = |id = |accessdate = 2007-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Venice's 1,500-year battle with the waves |work = |publisher = BBC News |date = 2003-07-17 |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3069305.stm |accessdate = 2007-10-10}}</ref> but this is not yet certain; therefore, a state of alert has not been revoked. In May 2003 the Italian Prime Minister ] inaugurated the ] (Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico), an experimental model for evaluating the performance of inflatable gates; the idea is to lay a series of 79 inflatable ] across the sea bed at the three entrances to the lagoon. When tides are predicted to rise above 110 centimetres, the pontoons will be filled with air and block the incoming water from the Adriatic sea. This engineering work is due to be completed by 2011.
{{Wide image|Panorama of Venice 1870s.jpg|3000px|align-cap=center|1870s panoramic view of Venice}}


The Republic of Venice lost its independence when ] conquered Venice on 12 May 1797 during the ]. Napoleon was seen as something of a liberator by the city's Jewish population. He removed the gates of the ] and ended the restrictions on when and where Jews could live and travel in the city.
]


Venice became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the ] on 12 October 1797. The Austrians took control of the city on 18 January 1798. Venice was taken from Austria by the ] in 1805 and became part of ]. It was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held ]. In 1848 a revolt briefly re-established the ] under ], but this was crushed in 1849. In 1866, after the ], Venice, along with the rest of the Veneto, became part of the newly created ].
Some experts say that the best way to protect Venice is to physically lift the City to a greater height above sea level, by pumping water into the soil underneath the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mb-soft.com/public2/venice.html |title=Keeping Venice from Sinking into the Sea |publisher=Mb-soft.com |date= |accessdate=2009-03-28}}</ref> This way, some hope, it could rise above sea levels, protecting it for hundreds of years, and eventually the MOSE project may not be necessary (it will, controversially, alter the tidal patterns in the lagoon, damaging some wildlife). A further point about the "lifting" system would be that it would be permanent; the MOSE Project is, by its very nature, a temporary system: it is expected to protect Venice for only 100 years.


From the middle of the 18th century, ] and papal ], both of which became free ports, competed with Venice more and more economically. Habsburg Trieste in particular boomed and increasingly served trade via the ], which opened in 1869, between Asia and Central Europe, while Venice very quickly lost its competitive edge and commercial strength.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kretschmayr |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Kretschmayr |title=Geschichte von Venedig |volume=3 |date=2017 |page=450}}</ref>
In 1604, to defray the cost of flood relief Venice introduced what could be considered the first example of what became elsewhere a ']'. When the revenue fell short of expectations in 1608 Venice introduced paper with the superscription 'AQ' and imprinted instructions which was to be used for 'letters to officials'. Initially this was to be a temporary tax but in fact remained in effect to the fall of the Republic in 1797. Shortly after the introduction of the tax Spain produced similar paper for more general taxation purposes and the practice spread to other countries.


] from Rialto to Ca' Foscari (2016)]]
===Climate===
According to the ], Venice has a ] (''Cfa'')


During ], the historic city was largely free from attack, the only aggressive effort of note being ], a successful ] precision strike on the German naval operations in the city in March 1945. The targets were destroyed with virtually no architectural damage inflicted on the city itself.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1508776/Group-Captain-George-Westlake.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1508776/Group-Captain-George-Westlake.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |title=Group Captain George Westlake |date=26 January 2006 |access-date=13 June 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> However, the industrial areas in Mestre and Marghera and the railway lines to Padua, Trieste, and Trento were ].<ref>{{cite web |author=Patrick G. Skelly, Pocasset MA |url=http://www.milhist.net/usaaf/mto.html |title=US Army Air Force Operations Mediterranean Theater |website=Mil Hist |date=6 May 2005 |access-date=27 July 2010 |archive-date=23 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823215910/http://www.milhist.net/usaaf/mto.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 29 April 1945, a force of ] and ] troops of the ], under Lieutenant General ], liberated Venice, which had been a hotbed of anti-Mussolini Italian partisan activity.<ref>{{cite book |title=After Hitler: The Last Days of the Second World War in Europe |first=Michael |last=Jones |date=2015 |page= |publisher=John Murray Press |isbn=9781848544970}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Patrick G. Skelly, Pocasset MA |url=http://www.milhist.net/history/onemoreriver.html |title=New Zealand troops relieve Venice |website=Mil Hist |date=21 July 1945 |access-date=28 March 2009 |archive-date=21 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921053626/http://www.milhist.net/history/onemoreriver.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Infobox Weather

|metric_first=yes
Venice was listed as a ] in 1987, inscribing it as "Venice and its Lagoon".
|single_line=yes

|location = Venice
== Geography ==
|Jan_Hi_°C = 6
]]]
|Feb_Hi_°C = 8

|Mar_Hi_°C = 12
Venice is located in northeastern Italy, in the Veneto region. The city is situated on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by 438 bridges. The historic center of Venice is divided into six districts, or sestieri, which are named ], Castello, ], San Marco, San Polo, and Santa Croce.
|Apr_Hi_°C = 16

|May_Hi_°C = 21
Venice sits atop alluvial silt washed into the sea by the rivers flowing eastward from the Alps across the ] plain, with the silt being stretched into long banks, or ''lidi'', by the action of the current flowing around the head of the ] from east to west.<ref>{{EB1911 |noprescript=1 |wstitle=Venice |volume=27 |page=995}}</ref>
|Jun_Hi_°C = 24

|Jul_Hi_°C = 28
=== Subsidence ===
|Aug_Hi_°C = 27
], the gradual lowering of the surface of Venice, has contributed – along with other factors – to the seasonal '']'' ("high water") when the city's lowest lying surfaces may be covered at high tide.
|Sep_Hi_°C = 23

|Oct_Hi_°C = 18
{{anchor|Foundations}}
|Nov_Hi_°C = 11

|Dec_Hi_°C = 7
==== Building foundations ====
|Jan_Lo_°C = -1
Those fleeing barbarian invasions who found refuge on the sandy islands of Torcello, Iesolo, and Malamocco, in this coastal lagoon, learned to build by driving closely spaced ] consisting of the trunks of ] trees, a wood noted for its water resistance, into the mud and sand,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treesforlife.org.uk/forest/mythfolk/alder.html |title=Mythology and Folklore of the Alder |last=Kendall |first=Paul |date=25 August 2010 |website=] |access-date=6 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805135339/http://www.treesforlife.org.uk/forest/mythfolk/alder.html |archive-date=5 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cvni.org/treenursery/trees/alder |title=Alder – Alnus glutinosa |publisher=Conservation Volunteers Northern Ireland |access-date=6 August 2011}}</ref> until they reached a much harder layer of compressed ]. Building foundations rested on plates of ] placed on top of the piles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Standish |first=Dominic |chapter=Barriers to barriers: why environmental precaution has delayed mobile floodgates to protect Venice |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/441655 |editor-last=Okonski |editor-first=Kendra |title=Adapt or die: the science, politics and economics of climate change |page=40 |year=2003 |location=London |publisher=Profile Books |isbn=978-1-86197-795-3 |access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref>
|Feb_Lo_°C = 1

|Mar_Lo_°C = 3
==== Flooding ====
|Apr_Lo_°C = 8
{{Update|part=section|date=February 2024|reason=] information does not cover anything after 2020, such as the 2023 completion date moved to 2025}}
|May_Lo_°C = 12

|Jun_Lo_°C = 16
]'' ("high water") in Venice, 2008]]
|Jul_Lo_°C = 18

|Aug_Lo_°C = 17
Between autumn and early spring, the city is often threatened by flood ]s pushing in from the ]. Six hundred years ago, Venetians protected themselves from land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/venice/sieg_nf.html |title=NOVA {{pipe}} Sinking City of Venice {{pipe}} Venice Under Siege (non-Flash) {{pipe}} PBS |website=PBS}}</ref> This created an ever-deeper lagoon environment. Additionally, the lowest part of Venice, ], is only {{convert|64|cm|in}} above sea level, and one of the most flood-prone parts of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Hannah |date=9 August 2021 |title=Venice floods: Watch tourists wade through knee-deep water |url=https://www.euronews.com/travel/2021/08/09/venice-is-flooding-again-watch-tourists-wade-through-knee-deep-water |access-date=15 November 2021 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
|Sep_Lo_°C = 14

|Oct_Lo_°C = 9
In 1604, to defray the cost of flood relief, Venice introduced what could be considered the first example of a stamp tax.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Iwu |first1=Rita |title=Stamp Tax |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/terms/s/stamp-tax |website=] |access-date=26 October 2022 |language=en |date=19 May 2021}}</ref> When the revenue fell short of expectations in 1608, Venice introduced ], with the superscription "AQ" and imprinted instructions, which was to be used for "letters to officials". At first, this was to be a temporary tax, but it remained in effect until the fall of the Republic in 1797. Shortly after the introduction of the tax, Spain produced similar paper for general taxation purposes, and the practice spread to other countries.
|Nov_Lo_°C = 4

|Dec_Lo_°C = 0
During the 20th century, when many ]s were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to ]. It was realized that extraction of water from the ] was the cause. The sinking has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s. However, the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods – the '']'', that rise to a height of several centimetres over its ]s – regularly following certain tides. In many old houses, staircases once used to unload goods are now flooded, rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
|Jan_Precip_mm = 58

|Feb_Precip_mm = 53
Studies indicate that the city continues sinking at a relatively slow rate of 1–2{{nbsp}}mm per year;<ref>{{cite report |last1=Bock |first1=Y. |display-authors=etal |title=Recent Subsidence of the Venice Lagoon from Continuous GPS and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar |url=http://sciences.blogs.liberation.fr/files/venise-senfonce.pdf |date=2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124453/http://sciences.blogs.liberation.fr/files/venise-senfonce.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.comune.venezia.it/it/content/la-subsidenza-e-leustatismo |title=La subsidenza e l'eustatismo |language=it, en |trans-title=Subsidence and eustatism |date=25 March 2022 |website=City of Venice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506212333/https://www.comune.venezia.it/it/content/la-subsidenza-e-leustatismo |archive-date=6 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> therefore, the state of alert has not been revoked.
|Mar_Precip_mm = 58

|Apr_Precip_mm = 63
In May 2003, Italian Prime Minister ] inaugurated the ] ({{Langx|it|Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico}}), an experimental model for evaluating the performance of hollow floatable gates, expected to be completed in late 2023;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220927-italys-plan-to-save-venice-from-sinking |title=Italy's plan to save Venice from sinking |website=BBC |last=Phelan |first=Joseph |date=28 September 2022 |access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> the idea is to fix a series of 78 hollow ] to the sea bed across the three entrances to the lagoon. When tides are predicted to rise above {{Convert|110|cm}}, the pontoons will be filled with air, causing them to float on lagoon side while hinged at sea floor on seaside, thus blocking the incoming water from the Adriatic Sea.<ref>{{cite web |title=MOSE Project, Venice, Venetian Lagoon |url=https://www.water-technology.net/projects/mose-project/ |date=2019 |website=Water Technology |access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> This engineering work was due to be completed by 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title='Moses project' to secure future of Venice |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/3629387/Moses-project-to-secure-future-of-Venice.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/3629387/Moses-project-to-secure-future-of-Venice.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |date=11 January 2012 |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=11 January 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A ] report stated that the MOSE Project attributed the delay to "corruption scandals".<ref>{{cite web |last=Bastianello |first=Riccardo |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6161825/venice-italy-flooding-disaster/ |title=Venice mayor declares disaster as city hit with 2nd-highest tide in history |work=] |date=13 November 2019}}</ref> The project is not guaranteed to be successful and the cost has been very high, with as much as approximately €2&nbsp;billion of the cost lost to corruption.<ref name="NatgeoWorrall201610" />
|May_Precip_mm = 68

|Jun_Precip_mm = 76
According to a spokesman for the National Trust of Italy (]):<ref>{{cite web |last=Gerard-Sharp |first=Lisa |url=http://www.natgeotraveller.co.uk/destinations/europe/italy/is-venice-going-under/ |title=Is Venice going under? |date=16 August 2016 |website=National Geographic}}</ref>
|Jul_Precip_mm = 63

|Aug_Precip_mm = 83
<blockquote>
|Sep_Precip_mm = 66
Mose is a pharaonic project that should have cost €800m but will cost at least €7bn . If the barriers are closed at only 90 cm of high water, most of St Mark's will be flooded anyway; but if closed at very high levels only, then people will wonder at the logic of spending such sums on something that didn't solve the problem. And pressure will come from the cruise ships to keep the gates open.
|Oct_Precip_mm = 68
</blockquote>
|Nov_Precip_mm = 86

|Dec_Precip_mm = 53
On 13 November 2019, Venice was flooded when waters peaked at {{convert|1.87|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, the highest tide since 1966 (1.94 m).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50401308 |title=Venice floods: Climate change behind highest tide in 50 years, says mayor |agency=BBC |date=13 November 2019}}</ref> More than 80% of the city was covered by water, which damaged cultural heritage sites, including more than 50 churches, leading to tourists cancelling their visits.<ref name="BBC Flood">{{cite news |last1=Hill |first1=Jenny |title=Flooded Venice battles new tidal surge |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50430855 |access-date=17 November 2019 |agency=BBC |date=15 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Harlan |first1=Chico |last2=Pitrelli |first2=Stefano |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/venice-partly-submerged-by-highest-tides-in-half-a-century/2019/11/13/fa36566e-05fa-11ea-8292-c46ee8cb3dce_story.html |title=Venice submerged by highest tides in half a century |newspaper=] |date=13 November 2019}}</ref> The planned ] would have prevented this incident according to various sources, including Marco Piana, the head of conservation at St Mark's Basilica.<ref name="GuardianGiuffrida201911">{{cite news |last=Giuffrida |first=Angela |title='An apocalypse happened': Venice counts cost of devastating floods |date=13 November 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/13/an-apocalypse-happened-venice-counts-cost-of-devastating-floods |work=The Guardian |access-date=13 November 2019 |quote=Work began in 2003 but has been dogged by delays and myriad issues, including a corruption scandal that emerged in 2014. The Venice mayor, Luigi Brugnaro, promised on Wednesday that the flood barrier would be completed.}}</ref> The mayor promised that work on the flood barrier would continue,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/venice-flooding-city-underwater-right-wing-mayor-climate-change-1471438 |title=Venice flooding sees more than 85 percent of city underwater as right-wing mayor blames climate change |last=Georgiou |first=Aristos |date=13 November 2019 |website=] |language=en |access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="GuardianGiuffrida201911" /> and the Prime Minister announced that the government would be accelerating the project.<ref name="BBC Flood" />
|source = Weather.com<ref name=weather>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/ITXX0085 |title=Monthly Averages for Venice, Italy |publisher=Weather.com |accessdate=2008-06-01}}</ref>

|accessdate = 2008
The city's mayor, ], blamed the floods on ]. The ] of the ] began to be flooded around 10 pm, two minutes after the council rejected a plan to combat global warming.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mezzofiore |first1=Gianluca |title=Italian council is flooded immediately after rejecting measures on climate change |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/14/europe/veneto-council-climate-change-floods-trnd-intl-scli/index.html |access-date=17 November 2019 |agency=CNN |date=15 November 2019}}</ref> One of the effects of climate change is ] which causes an increase in frequency and magnitude of floodings in the city.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Calma |first1=Justine |title=Venice's historic flooding blamed on human failure and climate change |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/14/20963878/venice-high-tide-climate-change-flood-barrier-sea-levels |access-date=17 November 2019 |agency=] |date=14 November 2019}}</ref> A '']'' report provided a more thorough analysis:<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harlan |first1=Chico |last2=Pitrelli |first2=Stefano |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/venice-partly-submerged-by-highest-tides-in-half-a-century/2019/11/13/fa36566e-05fa-11ea-8292-c46ee8cb3dce_story.html |title=Venice submerged by highest tides in half a century |newspaper=] |date=13 November 2019 |quote=The is a trend that jibes with the extremization of climate", said Paolo Canestrelli, founder and former head of the municipality's Tide Monitoring and Forecast Centre. "If we look at the course of history, we have documents dating back to 1872, and we can see that these phenomena didn't used to exist.}}</ref><blockquote>"The sea level has been rising even more rapidly in Venice than in other parts of the world. At the same time, the city is sinking, the result of tectonic plates shifting below the Italian coast. Those factors together, along with the more frequent extreme weather events associated with climate change, contribute to floods."</blockquote>

], an expert on flooding, told ] that, while environmental factors are part of the problem, "historic floods in Venice are not only a result of the climate crisis but poor infrastructure and mismanagement".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2019/11/19/henk-ovink-amanpour-climate-crisis-water-venice-floods.cnn |title=Historic floods in Venice a 'man-made disaster' |date=11 July 2007 |work=CNN |access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref>

The government of Italy committed to providing 20&nbsp;million euros in funding to help the city repair the most urgent aspects although Brugnaro's estimate of the total damage was "hundreds of millions"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/venice-flood-tide-st-mark-s-square-1.5360583 |title=Venice flooded again 3 days after near-record high tide |date=15 November 2019 |work=] |access-date=16 November 2019 |quote=Venice's mayor said the damage is estimated at hundreds of millions of euros and blamed climate change for the "dramatic situation" in the historic city. He called for the speedy completion of the city's long-delayed Moses flood defence project.}}</ref> to at least 1&nbsp;billion euros.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Colleen |title=St. Mark's Square in Venice Reopens After Flooding, but Water Remains High |url=https://time.com/5731019/st-marks-square-venice-reopens/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116171420/https://time.com/5731019/st-marks-square-venice-reopens/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 November 2019 |access-date=17 November 2019 |agency=] |date=16 November 2019}}</ref>

On 3 October 2020, the MOSE was activated for the first time in response to a predicted high tide event, preventing some of the low-lying parts of the city (in particular the Piazza San Marco) from being flooded.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Silvestri |first=Manuel |date=3 October 2020 |title=Mose flood barrier finally holds the waters back for fragile Venice |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-weather-venice/flood-barrier-successfully-protects-venice-from-high-tide-idUSKBN26O0AZ |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
According to the ], Venice has a mid-latitude, four season ] (''Cfa''), with cool, damp winters and warm, humid summers. The 24-hour average temperature in January is {{convert|3.3|C|F|1}}, and for July this figure is {{convert|23.0|C|F|1}}. Precipitation is spread relatively evenly throughout the year, and averages {{convert|748|mm|in}}; snow isn't a rarity between late November and early March. During the most severe winters, the canals and parts of the lagoon can freeze, but with the warming trend of the past 30–40 years, the occurrence has become rarer.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sibilla |first=Marco |title=Laguna ghiacciata |trans-title=Frozen lagoon |url=http://www.meteovenezia.net/laguna-ghiacciata.html |website=Meteo Venezia |language=it |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Venice, elevation: {{convert|2|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961–present)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes

| Jan record high C = 15.7
| Feb record high C = 22.0
| Mar record high C = 25.3
| Apr record high C = 27.2
| May record high C = 31.5
| Jun record high C = 35.2
| Jul record high C = 36.6
| Aug record high C = 36.5
| Sep record high C = 32.4
| Oct record high C = 27.3
| Nov record high C = 23.0
| Dec record high C = 16.7
| year record high C = 36.6

|Jan high C = 7.5
|Feb high C = 9.2
|Mar high C = 13.2
|Apr high C = 17.4
|May high C = 22.0
|Jun high C = 26.0
|Jul high C = 28.5
|Aug high C = 28.4
|Sep high C = 23.8
|Oct high C = 18.5
|Nov high C = 12.9
|Dec high C = 8.3
|Jan mean C = 3.8
|Feb mean C = 5.0
|Mar mean C = 8.9
|Apr mean C = 13.0
|May mean C = 17.7
|Jun mean C = 21.7
|Jul mean C = 23.8
|Aug mean C = 23.7
|Sep mean C = 19.3
|Oct mean C = 14.5
|Nov mean C = 9.3
|Dec mean C = 4.7
|Jan low C = 0.1
|Feb low C = 0.8
|Mar low C = 4.5
|Apr low C = 8.7
|May low C = 13.5
|Jun low C = 17.4
|Jul low C = 19.2
|Aug low C = 18.9
|Sep low C = 14.8
|Oct low C = 10.5
|Nov low C = 5.7
|Dec low C = 1.0

| Jan record low C = -13.5
| Feb record low C = -12.6
| Mar record low C = -7.4
| Apr record low C = -0.8
| May record low C = 2.0
| Jun record low C = 7.0
| Jul record low C = 10.2
| Aug record low C = 10.0
| Sep record low C = 5.0
| Oct record low C = -1.1
| Nov record low C = -8.8
| Dec record low C = -12.5
| year record low C = -13.5

| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 40.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 56.5
| Mar precipitation mm = 60.5
| Apr precipitation mm = 70.5
| May precipitation mm = 80.2
| Jun precipitation mm = 64.2
| Jul precipitation mm = 57.9
| Aug precipitation mm = 65.8
| Sep precipitation mm = 73.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 72.0
| Nov precipitation mm = 71.5
| Dec precipitation mm = 49.8

| Jan humidity = 81
| Feb humidity = 77
| Mar humidity = 75
| Apr humidity = 75
| May humidity = 73
| Jun humidity = 74
| Jul humidity = 71
| Aug humidity = 72
| Sep humidity = 75
| Oct humidity = 77
| Nov humidity = 79
| Dec humidity = 81

| Jan precipitation days = 6.0
| Feb precipitation days = 5.2
| Mar precipitation days = 5.7
| Apr precipitation days = 8.3
| May precipitation days = 8.2
| Jun precipitation days = 8.6
| Jul precipitation days = 5.9
| Aug precipitation days = 6.1
| Sep precipitation days = 5.9
| Oct precipitation days = 6.7
| Nov precipitation days = 5.8
| Dec precipitation days = 5.9

|Jan sun = 80.6
|Feb sun = 107.4
|Mar sun = 142.6
|Apr sun = 174.0
|May sun = 229.4
|Jun sun = 243.0
|Jul sun = 288.3
|Aug sun = 257.3
|Sep sun = 198.0
|Oct sun = 151.9
|Nov sun = 87.0
|Dec sun = 77.5
|year sun = 2037.0

| Jand sun = 2.6
| Febd sun = 3.8
| Mard sun = 4.6
| Aprd sun = 5.8
| Mayd sun = 7.4
| Jund sun = 8.1
| Juld sun = 9.3
| Augd sun = 8.3
| Sepd sun = 6.6
| Octd sun = 4.9
| Novd sun = 2.9
| Decd sun = 2.5

| Jan light = 9.2
| Feb light = 10.4
| Mar light = 12.0
| Apr light = 13.6
| May light = 14.9
| Jun light = 15.6
| Jul light = 15.3
| Aug light = 14.1
| Sep light = 12.5
| Oct light = 10.9
| Nov light = 9.5
| Dec light = 8.8

| Jan percentsun = 29
| Feb percentsun = 38
| Mar percentsun = 38
| Apr percentsun = 41
| May percentsun = 49
| Jun percentsun = 51
| Jul percentsun = 62
| Aug percentsun = 59
| Sep percentsun = 51
| Oct percentsun = 45
| Nov percentsun = 29
| Dec percentsun = 28

| Jan uv = 1
| Feb uv = 2
| Mar uv = 3
| Apr uv = 5
| May uv = 7
| Jun uv = 8
| Jul uv = 8
| Aug uv = 7
| Sep uv = 5
| Oct uv = 3
| Nov uv = 2
| Dec uv = 1

| source 1 = Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917192649/https://valori-climatici-normali.isprambiente.it/ |archive-date=17 September 2023 |url=https://valori-climatici-normali.isprambiente.it/ |title=Valori climatici normali in Italia |trans-title=Normal climate values in Italy |work=Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale |access-date=17 September 2023}}</ref>]<ref name = NOAA>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/3.3/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/Venezia_Tessera_16105.csv
| title = WMO Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Venezia Tessera
| publisher = ]
| access-date = 29 June 2024}}</ref>
| source 2 = MeteoAM (sun and humidity 1961–1990),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClim2/pdf/(105)Venezia%20Tessera.pdf |title=Venezia/Tessera |publisher=Italian Air Force National Meteorological Service |access-date=5 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204702/http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClim2/pdf/(105)Venezia%20Tessera.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://clima.meteoam.it/viewClino.php?type=File&station=105&name_station=Venezia%20Tessera |title=Tabella CLINO |publisher=MeteoAM |access-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810005403/http://clima.meteoam.it/viewClino.php?type=File&station=105&name_station=Venezia%20Tessera |archive-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> Weather Atlas (daylight, UV)<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/italy/venice-climate |title=Venice, Italy – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228053329/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/italy/venice-climate |archive-date=28 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Temperature estreme in Toscana (extremes)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/venezia-tessera/ |language=it |title=Venezia Tessera |publisher=Temperature estreme in Toscana |access-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831032528/http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/venezia-tessera/ |archive-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
}} }}


{{Weather box
==Economy==
| location = Venice (sea temperatures)
Venice's economy has greatly changed throughout history, and has evolved greatly. In the ] and the ], Venice was a major centre for commerce and trade, as it controlled a vast sea-empire, and became an extremely wealthy European city, a leader in political and economic affairs and a centre for trade and commerce.<ref name="aboutvenice.org">http://www.aboutvenice.org/economy-of-venice.html</ref> This all changed by the 17th century, when Venice's trade empire was taken over by other countries such as Portugal, and its naval importance was reduced. In the 18th century, then, it became a major agricultural and industrial exporter. The 18th century's biggest industrial complex was the ], and the Italian Army still uses it today (even though some space has been used for major theatrical and cultural productions, and beautiful spaces for art).<ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/625298/Venice/24381/Economy</ref> Today, Venice's economy is mainly based on tourism, shipbuilding (mainly done in the neighbouring cities of ] and ]), ]s, ] and industrial exports.<ref name="aboutvenice.org"/> ] production in ] and lace production in ] are also highly important to the economy.<ref name="aboutvenice.org"/>
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes


| Jan mean C = 10.0
===Tourism===
| Feb mean C = 8.8
].]]
| Mar mean C = 9.9
Venice is one of the most important tourist destinations in the world, due to the city being one of the world's greatest and most beautiful cities of art<ref name="britannica.com">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/625298/Venice/24381/Economy#</ref>. The city has an average of 50,000 tourists a day (2007 estimate)<ref>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/destinations/italy/article1615074.ece</ref>. In 2006, it was the world's 28th most internationally visited city, with 2.927 million international arrivals that year.<ref>http://www.euromonitor.com/Top_150_City_Destinations_London_Leads_the_Way</ref>
| Apr mean C = 13.4
| May mean C = 18.6
| Jun mean C = 23.4
| Jul mean C = 25.4
| Aug mean C = 25.4
| Sep mean C = 23.6
| Oct mean C = 19.3
| Nov mean C = 16.0
| Dec mean C = 13.3


| source 1 = Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas" />
Tourism has been a major sector of Venetian industry since the 18th century, when it was a major centre for the grand tour, due to its beautiful cityscape, uniqueness and rich musical and artistic cultural heritage. In the 19th century, it became a fashionable centre for the rich and famous, often staying or dining at luxury establishments such as the Danieli Hotel and the ]. It continued being a fashionable city in vogue right into the early 20th century<ref name="britannica.com"/> In the 1980s the ] was revived and the city has become a major centre of international conferences and festivals, such as the prestigious ] and the ], which attract visitors from all over the world for their theatrical, cultural, cinematic, artistic and musical productions<ref name="britannica.com"/>
}}


== Demographics ==
Today there are numerous attractions in Venice, such as ], the , and the ], to name a few. The ] is also a popular international luxury destination, attracting thousands of actors, critics, celebrities and mainly people in the cinematic industry.<ref name="britannica.com"/>
{{Historical populations|3=1871|4=164965|5=1881|6=165802|7=1901|8=189368|9=1911|10=208463|11=1921|12=223373|13=1931|14=250327|15=1936|16=264027|17=1951|18=310034|19=1961|20=339671|21=1971|22=354475|23=1981|24=336081|25=1991|26=298532|27=2001|28=271073|29=2011|30=261362|31=2021|32=251944|type=|align=right|widths=50px|heights=50px|footnote=Source: ]}}The city was one of the largest in Europe in the ], with a population of 60,000 in AD 1000; 80,000 in 1200; and rising up to 110,000–180,000 in 1300. In the mid-1500s the city's population was 170,000, and by 1600 it approached 200,000.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA266 |title=Urban World History |isbn=9782760522091 |last1=Tellier |first1=Luc-Normand |year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Dursteler |editor-first=Eric |editor-link=Eric R. Dursteler |title=A Companion to Venetian History, 1400–1797 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ascAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA257 |date=2013 |chapter=The Venetian Economy |series=Brill's Companions to European History |volume=4 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-25252-3 |page=257}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hK-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA141 |title=Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology |isbn=9781134636204 |last1=Chant |first1=Colin |last2=Goodman |first2=David |date=8 November 2005 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Abu-Lughod |first=Janet L. |author-link=Janet Abu-Lughod |date=1989 |title=Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350 |url=https://archive.org/details/beforeeuropeanhe00abul_1/page/125 |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=125}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Spruyt |first=Hendrik |author-link=Hendrik Spruyt |date=1994 |title=The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jx2Q4hxT5HAC&pg=PA132 |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=132 |isbn=9780691029108 |lccn=lc94010759}}</ref>


In 2021, there were 254,850 people residing in the Comune of Venice (the population figure includes 50,434 in the historic city of Venice (Centro storico), 177,621 in Terraferma (the mainland); and 26,795 on other islands in the lagoon).<ref name="population 2021">{{cite web |url=https://www.comune.venezia.it/it/node/40751 |title=Serie Storica Popolazione – Anni dal 1871 al 2021 |date=17 February 2022 |language=it |website=City of Venice |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806163829/https://www.comune.venezia.it/it/node/40751 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 47.8% of the population in 2021 were male and 52.2% were female; minors (ages 18 and younger) were 14.7% of the population compared to elderly people (ages 65 and older) who numbered 27.9%. This compared with the Italian average of 16.7% and 23.5%, respectively. The average age of Venice residents was 48.6 compared to the Italian average of 45.9. In the five years between 2016 and 2021, the population of Venice declined by 2.7%, while Italy as a whole declined by 2.2%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/veneto/40-venezia/statistiche/ |title=Statistiche demografiche Venezia |trans-title=Demographic statistics Venice |language=it |work=Tuttitalia |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref> The population in the historic old city declined much faster: from about 120,000 in 1980 to about 60,000 in 2009,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Newman |first=Cathy |date=August 2009 |title=Vanishing Venice |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/venice |url-access=subscription |magazine=National Geographic |quote=Gherardo Ortalli, a professor of medieval history says 'When I arrived 30 years ago, the population was 120,000. Now it is less than 60,000.'}}</ref> and to 50,000 in 2021.<ref name="population 2021" /> {{As of|2021}}, 84.2% of the population was Italian. The largest immigrant groups include: 7,814 (3.1%) ], 6,258 (2.5%) ], 4,054 (1.6%) ], 4,014 (1.6%) ], and 2,514 (1%) ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/veneto/40-venezia/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri-2018/ |title=Cittadini stranieri Venezia 2021 |language=it |publisher=Tuttitalia |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref>
However, Venice's popularity as a major worldwide tourist destination has caused several problems, including the fact that the city can be very overcrowded at some points of the year. It is regarded by some as a tourist trap, and by others as a 'living museum'.<ref name="britannica.com"/> The competition for foreigners to buy homes in Venice has made prices rise so highly, that numerous inhabitants are forced to move to more affordable areas of ] and ], most notably ].


Venice is predominantly ] (85.0% of the resident population in the area of the ] in 2022<ref>{{cite web |last=Cheney |first=David M. |title=Patriarchate of Venezia (Venice) |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dvene.html |website=] |access-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302071925/https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dvene.html |archive-date=2 March 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>), but because of the long-standing relationship with ], there is also a noticeable ] presence; and as a result of immigration, there is now a large ] community (about 25,000 or 9.5% of city population in 2018<ref>{{cite news |last=Sperandio |first=Alvise |title=La Comunità islamica: "Vogliamo la moschea" (Venezia) |trans-title=The Islamic Community: "We want the mosque" (Venice) |url=https://www.ilgazzettino.it/nordest/venezia/venezia_moschea-4060778.html |work=] |date=24 October 2018 |access-date=15 November 2019 |language=it |quote=25 mila persone di fede mussulmana che risiedono in città |trans-quote=25 thousand people of Muslim faith who reside in the city}}</ref>) and some ], and ] inhabitants.
==Transportation==
]
], the "Bridge of Sighs".]]


Since 1991, the Church of ] in Venice has become the ] of the ], a ] diocese under the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esarcato.it/concelebrazione-dei-vescovi-ortodossi-ditalia-a-venezia/?lang=en |title=Italian Orthodox Bishops concelebrating in Venice. |access-date=24 April 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215174526/http://www.ortodossia.it/Home.it.htm |archive-date=15 December 2008}}</ref>
Venice is world-famous for its ]s. It is built on an ] of 117 islands formed by 177 canals in a shallow ]. The islands on which the city is built are connected by 455 bridges <ref>http://www.abridgetovenezia.com/ponts.php?langue=en</ref>. In the old centre, the canals serve the function of roads, and almost every form of ] is on water or on foot. In the 19th century a causeway to the mainland brought a ] to Venice, and an ] causeway and parking lot was added in the 20th century. Beyond these land entrances at the northern edge of the city, transportation within the city remains, as it was in centuries past, entirely on water or on foot. Venice is Europe's largest urban ], unique in Europe in remaining a sizable functioning city in the 21st century entirely without motorcars or trucks.


There is also a historic ] in Venice. The ] was the area in which Jews were compelled to live under the Venetian Republic. The word ''ghetto'' (''ghèto''), originally ], is now found in many languages. ]'s play '']'', written in the late 16th century, features ], a Venetian Jew. The first complete and uncensored printed edition of the ] was printed in Venice by ] in 1523. During ], Jews were rounded up in Venice and deported to ]s. Since the end of the war, the Jewish population of Venice has declined from 1500 to about 500.<ref>{{cite web |title=Venice |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/venice |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810073724/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/venice |url-status=dead}}</ref> Only around 30 Jews live in the former ghetto, which houses the city's major Jewish institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venice, Italy Jewish History Tour |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Venice.html |work=] |access-date=2 March 2024 |quote=Today Venice has a Jewish population of about 500 peoples, only 30 of them live in the former ghetto. The ghetto houses all of the city’s major Jewish institutions.}}</ref> In modern times, Venice has an ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ghetto.it/ghetto/en/foto.asp?padre=3&figlio=1 |title=Venetian Ghetto – Eruv in Venice |last=Foà |first=Ruben |work=www.ghetto.it |language=en |access-date=2 August 2010 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427170517/http://www.ghetto.it/ghetto/en/foto.asp?padre=3&figlio=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> used by the Jewish community.
===Waterways===
]
The classical Venetian boat is the ], although it is now mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Many gondolas are lushly appointed with crushed velvet seats and Persian rugs. Gondoliers typically charge between 80 and 100 euros for a 35 minute "giro" or excursion around some canals. The Gondoliers, by law, must be of Venetian birth. Most Venetians now travel by motorised ]es ('']'') which ply regular routes along the major canals and between the city's islands. The city also has many private boats. The only gondolas still in common use by Venetians are the ''traghetti'', foot passenger ] crossing the ] at certain points without bridges.
Visitors can also take the water taxis between areas of the city.


== Government ==
===Public transportation===
=== Local and regional government ===
Azienda Consorzio Trasporti Veneziano (ACTV) is the name of the public transport system in Venice. It combines both land transportation, with buses, and canal travel, with ]es (vaporetti). In total, there are 25 routes which connect the city. A one way pass good for one hour costs 6.50 €; longer term passes for 12 to 72 hours are available, costing 14 to 31 €. An even better deal is the "Venice Card" for 7 days, starting at 47.50 €, which includes unlimited vaporetto travel.
{{See also|Mayor of Venice}}
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Palazzo Corner della Ca' Granda Canal Grande Venezia.jpg
| caption1 = ] is the seat of the Metropolitan City of Venice.
| image2 = Palazzo Ferro Fini Canal Grande Venezia.jpg
| caption2 = ] is the seat of the ].
}}
The legislative body of the Comune is the City Council (''Consiglio Comunale''), which is composed of 36 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system, contextually to the mayoral elections. The executive body is the City Administration (''Giunta Comunale''), composed of 12 ] nominated and presided over by a directly elected ].


Venice was governed by ] parties from the early 1990s until the 2010s, when the Mayor started to be elected directly. Its region, ], has long been a conservative stronghold, with the coalition between the regionalist ] and the ] ] winning absolute majorities of the electorate in many elections at local, national, and regional levels.
Venice also has water taxis, which are fast but quite expensive.


The current mayor of Venice is ], a centre-right independent businessman who is currently serving his second term in office.
===Airports===
Venice is served by the newly rebuilt ], or ''Aeroporto di Venezia ]'', named in honor of its famous citizen. The airport is on the mainland and was rebuilt away from the coast; however, the water taxis or Alilaguna waterbuses to Venice are only a seven-minute walk from the terminals.


The municipality of Venice is also subdivided into six administrative boroughs (''municipalità''). Each borough is governed by a council (''Consiglio'') and a president, elected every five years. The urban organization is dictated by Article 114 of the ]. The boroughs have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics (environment, construction, public health, local markets) and exercise the functions delegated to them by the City Council; in addition, they are supplied with autonomous funding to finance local activities.
Some airlines market ] in ], 30&nbsp;km from Venice, as a Venice gateway. Some simply advertise flights to "Venice" without naming the actual airport except in the small print.<ref>", '']''</ref>


[[File:Venezia - mappa municipalità.png|thumb|right|Boroughs:
===Trains===
{{Legend|#0000fe|Venezia (Historic city)–Murano–Burano}}
Venice is serviced by regional and national trains. One of the easiest ways to travel from Rome or other large Italian cities is to use the train. Rome is only slightly over four hours away; Milan is slightly over two and a half hours away. Treviso is thirty-five minutes away.<ref>Thomas Cook European Timetables</ref> Florence and Padua are two of the stops between Rome and Venice. The ] is a few steps away from a vaporetti stop.
{{Legend|#fe0000|Lido–Pellestrina}}
{{Legend|yellow|Favaro Veneto}}
{{Legend|#008001|Mestre–Carpenedo}}
{{Legend|#ff8041|Chirignago–Zelarino}}
{{Legend|#ff00fe|Marghera}}
]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Boroughs
|-
!
! Borough
! Place
! Population
! President
! colspan="2" | Party
! Term
|-
! 1
| Venezia (Historic city)–]–]
| Lagoon area
| 69,136
| Marco Borghi
| style="background-color: {{Party color|Democratic Party (Italy)}};" |
| ]
| 2020–2025
|-
! 2
| ]–]
| Lagoon area
| 21,664
| Emilio Guberti
| style="background-color: {{Party color|Independent (politician)}};" |
| ]
| 2020–2025
|-
! 3
| ]
| Mainland (''terraferma''){{efn|Annexed with a Royal Decree to the municipality of Venice in 1926.}}
| 23,615
| Marco Bellato
| style="background-color: {{Party color|Independent (politician)}};" |
| ]
| 2020–2025
|-
! 4
| ]–Carpenedo
| Mainland (''terraferma'')
| 88,592
| Raffaele Pasqualetto
| style="background-color: {{Party color|Lega Nord}};" |
| ]
| 2020–2025
|-
! 5
| Chirignago–Zelarino
| Mainland (''terraferma'')
| 38,179
| Francesco Tagliapietra
| style="background-color: {{Party color|Independent (politician)}};" |
| ]
| 2020–2025
|-
! 6
| ]
| Mainland (''terraferma'')
| 28,466
| Teodoro Marolo
| style="background-color: {{Party color|Independent (politician)}};" |
| ]
| 2020–2025
|-
|}
;Notes
{{Notelist|close}}


===Car=== === ''Sestieri'' ===
The historic city of Venice has historically been divided into six '']'', and is made up of a total of 127 individual islands, most of which are separated from their neighbors by narrow channels only.<ref>, linking to </ref>
The maritime portion of Venice has no streets as such, being composed almost entirely of narrow footpaths, and laid out across islands connected by staired stone footbridges, making transportation impossible by almost anything with wheels. Cars can reach the car/bus terminal via the bridge (Ponte della Liberta) (SR11). It comes in from the West from Mestre. There are two parking lots which serve the city: Tronchetto and Piazzale Roma. Cars can be parked there anytime for around €30 per day. A ferry to Lido leaves from the parking lot in Tronchetto and it is served by vaporetti and buses of the public transportation.


[[File:Sestieri di Venezia.svg|thumb|right|''Sestieri'':
].]]
{{Legend|purple|Cannaregio}}
{{Legend|blue|Castello}}
{{Legend|teal|San Marco}}
{{Legend|yellow|Dorsoduro}}
{{Legend|lime|San Polo}}
{{Legend|red|Santa Croce}}
]]
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col2center col3right col4right col5right col6right"
|+ ''Sestiere''
|-
! ''Sestiere'' || {{Abbr|Abbr.|Abbreviation}} || Area ({{Abbrlink|ha|Hectare}}) || {{Abbr|Pop.|Population}} (2011-10-09) || Density || {{Abbr|No.|Number}} of islands
|-
| ] || CN || 121.36 || 16.950 || 13.967 || 33
|-
| ] || CS || 173.97 || 14.813 || 8.514 || 26
|-
| ] || SM || 54.48 || 4.145 || 7.552 || 16
|-
| ] || DD || 161.32 || 13.398 || 8.305 || 31
|-
| ] || SP || 46.70 || 9.183 || 19.665 || 7
|-
| ] || SC || 88.57 || 2.257 || 2.548 || 14
|- class="sortbottom" style="background-color: #ddd;"
| Historic centre || {{n/a}} || 646.80{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} || 60.746 || 9.392 || 127
|}


Each ''sestiere'' is now a statistical and historical area without any degree of autonomy.<ref name="imagesofvenice.com">{{Cite web |last=Coulling |first=Ian |date=2 November 2020 |title=Districts & Attractions – Introduction |url=https://imagesofvenice.com/districts-and-attractions-introduction/ |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=Images of Venice |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Main sights==
{{Prose|date=August 2009}}
{{See also|List of buildings and structures in Venice}}
].]]
].]]
]
].]]
] and its famous ]s.]]
].]]


The six fingers or phalanges of the ''ferro'' on the bow of a ] represent the six ''sestieri''.<ref name="imagesofvenice.com" />
===Museums===
* ]
* Casa Goldoni a Palazzo Centano
* Galleria Giorgio Franchetti alla Ca' d'Oro
* Galleria Internazionale d'Arte Moderna
* ]
* Galleria di Palazzo Cini
* ]
* Museo d'Arte Erotica
* Museo d'Arte Orientale
* Museo del Ghetto
* Museo del Merletto di Burano
* Museo del Settecento veneziano (])
* Museo del Vetro di Murano
* Museo dell'Istituto Ellenico
* Museo della Fondazione Querini Stampalia
* Museo della Scuola Dalmata dei SS. Giorgio e Trifone
* ]
* Museo di Torcello
* Museo Diocesano di Arte sacra
* Museo Ebraico
* Museo Marciano
* Museo parrocchiale San Pietro Martire
* Museo Wagner (])
* Museo Storico Navale
* Palazzo Fortuny
* Palazzo Ducale
* Palazzo Grassi
* ]
* Pinacoteca e Museo di S. Lazzaro degli Armeni
* Pinacoteca Manfrediniana
* Scuola Grande dei Carmini
* Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista
* ]
* ]


The ''sestieri'' are divided into ]es—initially 70 in 1033, but reduced under ], and now numbering just 38. These parishes predate the ''sestieri'', which were created in about 1170. Each parish exhibited unique characteristics but also belonged to an integrated network. Each community chose its own patron saint, staged its own festivals, congregated around its own market centre, constructed its own bell towers, and developed its own customs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Venice: History Of The Floating City |last=Ferraro |first=Joanne |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |location=New York}}</ref>
===Piazzas and campi===
* ]
* ]


Other islands of the ] do not form part of any of the ''sestieri'', having historically enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy.<ref name="www.scoprivenezia.com">{{Cite web |title=Sestieri – Quartieri di Venezia |trans-title=Sestieri – Neighborhoods of Venice |url=https://www.scoprivenezia.com/sestieri |last=Mancebo |first=Ivanka Garcia |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=www.scoprivenezia.com |language=it}}</ref>
===Palaces and palazzi===
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* Palazzo Venier dei Leoni (])
* ]


Each ''sestiere'' has its own ] system. Each house has a unique number in the district, from one to several thousand, generally numbered from one corner of the area to another, but not usually in a readily understandable manner.<ref name="www.scoprivenezia.com" />
===Churches===
{{Main|List of churches in Venice}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
].]]
]
]
]
]


===Other buildings=== == Economy ==
] with ] on the left and the ] of the '']'' and St. Theodore in the center.]]
* ]
] is a complex of former shipyards, and now houses the ].]]
* ] ]
* ]
* ]


] has changed throughout history. Although there is little specific information about the earliest years, it is likely that an important source of the city's prosperity was the trade in slaves, captured in central Europe and sold to North Africa and the ]. Venice's location at the head of the Adriatic, and directly south of the terminus of the ] over the Alps, would have given it a distinct advantage as a middleman in this important trade. In the ] and the ], Venice was a major centre for commerce and trade, as it controlled a vast sea-empire, and became an extremely wealthy European city and a leader in political and economic affairs.<ref name="aboutvenice.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.aboutvenice.org/economy-of-venice.html |title=The economy of Venice, Italy |work=Aboutvenice.org |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627151212/http://www.aboutvenice.org/economy-of-venice.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> From the 11th century until the 15th century, ]s to the ] were offered in Venice. Other ports such as ], ], ], ], and ] were hardly able to compete with the well organized transportation of pilgrims from Venice.<ref>Pilgerreisen von Venedig nach Jerusalem im späten Mittelalter- Die Verträge mit dem Schiffspatron, Seite 2, Fabian H. Flöper, GRIN Verlag, 2011. {{ISBN|978-3-656-04783-4}}</ref><ref>Venice, page 71, Beryl D. De Sélincourt, May (Sturge) Gretton, Chatto & Windus, London 1907., reprinted BiblioBazaar 2010, {{ISBN|978-1-177-40448-8}}</ref>
===Bridges===
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
===Surroundings===
* The ]
* Islands:
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
* ]


]n merchants from ] were the leading traders in Venice, especially the ] in the 17th century. They were specialized in the gems and diamonds business.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/ |access-date=13 May 2021 |website=iranicaonline.org |language=en-US}}</ref> The trade volume reached millions of tons, which was exceptional for 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakhchinyan |first=Artsvi |date=2017 |title=The Activity of Armenian Merchants in International Trade |url=https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/rp/publications/no14/14-03_Bakhchinyan.pdf |page=25}}</ref> This all changed by the 17th century, when Venice's trade empire was taken over by countries such as Portugal, and its importance as a naval power was reduced. In the 18th century, it became a major agricultural and industrial exporter. The 18th century's biggest industrial complex was the ], and the Italian Army still uses it today (even though some space has been used for major theatrical and cultural productions, and as spaces for art).<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/625298/Venice/24381/Economy |title=Venice (Italy) :: Economy – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=22 April 2010}}</ref> Since World War II, many Venetians have moved to the neighboring cities of ] and ], seeking employment as well as affordable housing.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Venice |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia |year=2016 |page=1}}</ref>
===Venetian Villas===
{{Main|Palladian Villas of the Veneto}}


Today, Venice's economy is mainly based on tourism, shipbuilding (mainly in Mestre and Porto Marghera), services, trade, and industrial exports.<ref name="aboutvenice.org" /> ] production in ] and lace production in ] are also highly important to the economy.<ref name="aboutvenice.org" />
The villas of the Veneto, rural residences for nobles during the Republic, are one of the most interesting aspects of Venetian countryside. They are surrounded by elegant gardens, suitable for fashionable parties of high society. Most of these villas were designed by ], and are now a ] ]. According to the architects, water around the villas was a very important architectural element because it added more brilliance to the façade and allowed Venetian nobles to reach them by boat.


The city is facing financial challenges. In late 2016, it had a major deficit in its budget and debts in excess of €400&nbsp;million. "In effect, the place is bankrupt", according to a report by '']''.<ref name="GuardianBuckley201611" /> Many locals are leaving the historic centre due to rapidly increasing rents. The declining native population affects the character of the city, as an October 2016 '']'' article pointed out in its subtitle: "Residents are abandoning the city, which is in danger of becoming an overpriced theme park".<ref name="NatgeoWorrall201610" /> The city is also facing other challenges, including erosion, pollution, subsidence, an excessive number of tourists in peak periods, and problems caused by oversized cruise ships sailing close to the banks of the historical city.<ref name="NatgeoWorrall201610" />
==Demographics==
In 2007, there were 268,993 people residing in Venice, of whom 47.5% were male and 52.5% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 14.36 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 25.7 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Venice residents is 46 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Venice declined by 0.2 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |publisher=Demo.istat.it |date= |accessdate=2009-03-28}}</ref> But the population in the historic old city declines at a significantly faster rate: from about 120,000 in 1980 to about 60,000 in 2009.<ref>Cathy Newman, "''Vanishing Venice''", National Geographic, August 2009</ref>


In June 2017, Italy was required to bail out two Venetian banks – the ] and ] – to prevent their bankruptcies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40400210 |title=Italy forced to bail out two more banks |first=Chris |last=Johnston |work=BBC News |date=25 June 2017}}</ref> Both banks would be wound down and their assets that have value taken over by another Italian bank, ], which would receive €5.2&nbsp;billion as compensation. The Italian government would be responsible for losses from any uncollectible loans from the closed banks. The cost would be €5.2&nbsp;billion, with further guarantees to cover bad loans totaling €12&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/jun/26/italy-bank-eu-rescue-veneto-banca-banca-popolare-di-vicenza |title=Italy's €17bn bank job: self-preservation at a long-term EU price? – Nils Pratley |first=Nils |last=Pratley |newspaper=The Guardian |date=26 June 2017 |via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref>
As of 2006, 93.70% of the population was ]. The largest immigrant group comes from other European nations (], the largest group: 3.26%, ]: 1.26%, and ]: 0.9%). Venice is predominantly ], but because of the long standing relationship with Constantinople there is also a perceptible Orthodox presence, and due to immigration she now has some ], ] and ] inhabitants.


==Culture== === Tourism ===
]
].]]
]]]
]


Venice is an important destination for tourists who want to see its celebrated art and architecture.<ref name="britannica.com" /> The city hosts up to 60,000 tourists per day (2017 estimate). Estimates of the annual number of tourists vary from 22&nbsp;million to 30&nbsp;million.<ref name="TelegraphHaines201706">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/italy/veneto/venice/articles/venice-bans-new-hotels-as-crackdown-on-tourism-continues/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/italy/veneto/venice/articles/venice-bans-new-hotels-as-crackdown-on-tourism-continues/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Venice bans new hotels as crackdown on tourism continues |newspaper=] |date=12 June 2017 |last1=Haines |first1=Gavin}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="IndependentBuckley201706">{{cite news |last=Buckley |first=Julia |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/venice-bans-new-hotels-authorities-tourist-crackdown-italy-a7781221.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220811/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/venice-bans-new-hotels-authorities-tourist-crackdown-italy-a7781221.html |archive-date=11 August 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Venice bans new hotels |date=9 June 2017 |website=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="GuardianUsborne201609">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2016/sep/27/dont-look-now-venice-tourists-locals-sick-of-you-cruise-liners |title=Don't look now, Venice tourists – the locals are sick of you |first=Simon |last=Usborne |newspaper=The Guardian |date=27 September 2016 |via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> This "]" creates overcrowding and ] for Venice's ecosystem. By 2017, ] was considering the addition of Venice to its "In-Danger" list, which includes historical ruins in war-torn countries. To reduce the number of visitors, who are causing irreversible changes in Venice, the agency supports limiting the number of cruise ships<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/30/opinion/can-we-save-venice-before-its-too-late.html |title=Opinion – Can We Save Venice Before It's Too Late? |first=Salvatore |last=Settis |work=The New York Times |date=29 August 2016 |via=www.nytimes.com}}</ref> as well as implementing a strategy for more ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://veneziaautentica.com/venice-to-be-or-not-to-be-a-unesco-world-heritage-in-danger-that-is-the-question/ |title=Venice, to be or not to be a UNESCO 'World Heritage in Danger'? That is the question. |date=25 January 2017 |website=Venezia Autentica}}</ref>
===Cinema and Venice in popular culture and media===
{{See also|Venice in media}}
Venice has been the setting or chosen location of numerous films, novels, poems and other cultural references. The city was a particularly popular setting for several novels, essays, and other works of fictional or non-fictional literature. Examples of these include ]'s '']'' and '']'', ]'s '']'', ]'s '']'', ]'s autobiographical ''History of My Life'', ]'s '']'', and ]' '']'', to name but a few. The city has also been a setting for numerous films and music videos, such as the ] series '']'', '']'' and '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']'', and ]'s '']''. On addition to that, numerous ]s such as '']'', '']'' and '']''<ref>http://kotaku.com/5159714/rumor-assassins-creed-ii-moves-to-venice</ref> feature Venice in their games.


Tourism has been a major part of the Venetian economy since the 18th century, when Venice – with its beautiful cityscape, uniqueness, and rich musical and artistic cultural heritage – was a stop on the ]. In the 19th century, Venice became a fashionable centre for the "rich and famous", who often stayed and dined at luxury establishments such as the Danieli Hotel and the ], and continued to be a fashionable city into the early 20th century.<ref name="britannica.com" /> In the 1980s, the ] was revived; and the city has become a major centre of international conferences and festivals, such as the prestigious ] and the ], which attract visitors from all over the world for their theatrical, cultural, cinematic, artistic, and musical productions.<ref name="britannica.com" />
===Architecture===
].]]
{{See also|Venetian Gothic architecture|10th International Architecture Exhibition|11th International Architecture Exhibition|8th International Architecture Exhibition|9th International Architecture Exhibition}}
Venice has a rich and diverse architectural style, the most famous of which is probably the ] style. ] is a term given to a Venetian building style combining use of the Gothic lancet arch with ] and ] influences. The style originated in 14th century Venice where the confluence of Byzantine style from ] met Arab influence from Moorish Spain. Chief examples of the style are the ] and the ] in the city. The city also has several ] and ] buildings, including the ] and the ].


Today, there are numerous attractions in Venice, such as ], the ], the ], and the ]. The ] is also a popular international luxury destination, attracting thousands of actors, critics, celebrities, and others in the cinematic industry. The city also relies heavily on the cruise business.<ref name="britannica.com" /> The Cruise Venice Committee has estimated that cruise ship passengers spend more than 150&nbsp;million euros (US$193&nbsp;million) annually in the city, according to a 2015 report.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mack |first=Benjamin |date=9 November 2012 |title=Tourism overwhelms vanishing Venice |url=http://www.dw.de/tourism-overwhelms-vanishing-venice/a-16364608 |website=DW.de |access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref> Other reports, however, point out that such day-trippers spend relatively little in the few hours of their visits to the city.<ref name="GuardianBuckley201611" />
===Music and the performing arts===

] operahouse in the city.]]
Venice is regarded by some as a tourist trap, and by others as a "living museum".<ref name="britannica.com" />
{{Main|Music of Venice}}

{{See also|Venetian polychoral style|Music of Veneto|Venetian School (music)}}
==== Diverting cruise ships ====
The city of Venice in Italy has played an important role in the development of the ]. The Venetian state—i.e. the medieval Maritime Republic of Venice—was often popularly called the "Republic of Music", and an anonymous Frenchman of the 1600s is said to have remarked that "In every home, someone is playing a musical instrument or singing. There is music everywhere." <ref>Touring Club p. 79</ref>
]]]

The need to protect the city's historic environment and fragile canals, in the face of a possible loss of jobs produced by cruise tourism, has seen the Italian Transport Ministry attempt to introduce a ban on large cruise ships visiting the city. A 2013 ban would have allowed only cruise ships smaller than 40,000-gross tons to enter the ] and St Mark's basin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Italy to ban large cruise ships in Venice |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/11023451/Italy-to-ban-large-cruise-ships-in-Venice.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/11023451/Italy-to-ban-large-cruise-ships-in-Venice.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Daily Telegraph |date=9 August 2014 |access-date=13 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In January 2015, a regional court scrapped the ban, but some global cruise lines indicated that they would continue to respect it until a long-term solution for the protection of Venice is found.<ref>{{cite web |title=CLIA says cruise lines will continue to respect Venice cruise ship ban despite new ruling |url=http://www.cruisearabiaonline.com/News/2015/01/13/CLIA-says-cruise-lines-will-continue-to-respect-Venice-cruise-ship-ban-despite-new-ruling |website=Cruise Arabia & Africa |date=13 January 2015 |access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref>

P&O Cruises removed Venice from its summer schedule; Holland America moved one of its ships from this area to Alaska; and Cunard reduced (in 2017 and further in 2018) the number of visits by its ships. As a result, the Venice Port Authority estimated an 11.4 per cent drop in cruise ships arriving in 2017 versus 2016, leading to a similar reduction in income for Venice.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/cruises/articles/cruise-ships-and-venice-what-does-it-all-mean-for-the-city/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/cruises/articles/cruise-ships-and-venice-what-does-it-all-mean-for-the-city/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Venice authorities lament lack of cruise ships as residents and Unesco fight for the city's future |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=June 2017 |last1=Archer |first1=Jane}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Having failed in its 2013 bid to ban oversized cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal, the Italian inter-ministerial ''Comitatone'' overseeing Venice's lagoon released an official directive in November 2017 to keep the largest cruise ships away from the Piazza San Marco and the entrance to the Grand Canal.<ref>{{cite web |title='Grandi navi a Marghera': L'atto di indirizzo del Comitatone |trans-title='Large ships to Marghera': The directive from the Comitatone |url=http://www.mit.gov.it/comunicazione/news/grandi-navi-marghera-latto-di-indirizzo-del-comitatone |date=7 November 2017 |website=Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport |language=it |access-date=30 March 2019 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330060547/http://www.mit.gov.it/comunicazione/news/grandi-navi-marghera-latto-di-indirizzo-del-comitatone |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 November 2017 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/giant-cruise-ships-banned-from-historic-centre-of-venice-11119153 |title=Giant cruise ships banned from historic centre of Venice |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Outcome of the long-awaited Government decision on the future for cruiseships (Comitatone 7.11.2017) |url=https://weareherevenice.org/outcome-long-awaited-government-decision-future-cruiseships-comitatone-7-11-2017/ |website=We Are Here Venice |access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref> Ships over 55,000 tons will be required to follow a specific route through the Vittorio Emmanuele III Canal to reach ], an industrial area of the mainland, where a passenger terminal would be built.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cruise ship crashes into tourist boat in Venice, injuring five people |url=https://www.anglenews.com/2019/06/03/cruise-ship-crashes-into-tourist-boat-in-venice-injuring-five-people-world-news/ |date=2 June 2019 |website=Angle News |access-date=3 June 2019 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603142509/https://www.anglenews.com/2019/06/03/cruise-ship-crashes-into-tourist-boat-in-venice-injuring-five-people-world-news/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2014, the United Nations warned the city that it may be placed on UNESCO's ] sites unless cruise ships are banned from the canals near the historic centre.<ref>{{cite web |title=UNESCO Pressures Italy to Ban Cruise Ships from Venice |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/unesco-pressures-italy-to-ban-cruise-ships-from-venice-133878 |website=Artnet News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305215242/https://news.artnet.com/art-world/unesco-pressures-italy-to-ban-cruise-ships-from-venice-133878 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |date=16 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the officials, the plan to create an alternative route for ships would require extensive dredging of the canal and the building of a new port, which would take four years, in total, to complete. However, the activist group ''No Grandi Navi'' (No big Ships), argued that the effects of pollution caused by the ships would not be diminished by the re-routing plan.<ref>{{cite news |first=Angela |last=Giuffrida |title=Venice to divert giant cruise ships away from historic centre |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/08/venice-cruise-ship-traffic-restricted-amid-concerns-over-damage-to-buildings |date=8 November 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=6 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="GuardianGiuffrida201906">{{cite news |last=Giuffrida |first=Angela |display-authors=etal |title=Cruise ship crashes into tourist boat in Venice, injuring five people |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/02/cruise-ship-crashes-into-tourist-boat-in-venice-injuring-five-people |date=2 June 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref>

Some locals continued to aggressively lobby for new methods that would reduce the number of cruise ship passengers; their estimate indicated that there are up to 30,000 such sightseers per day at peak periods,<ref name="GuardianUsborne201609" /> while others concentrate their effort on promoting a more responsible way of visiting the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/news/2017/08/04/ethical-travel-in-venice-tips%22 |title=Top tips for sustainable travel in Venice from local experts |first=AnneMarie |last=McCarthy |website=www.lonelyplanet.com |access-date=26 November 2017 |archive-date=24 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124022650/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/news/2017/08/04/ethical-travel-in-venice-tips%22/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> An unofficial referendum to ban large cruise ships was held in June 2017. More than 18,000 people voted at 60 polling booths set up by activists, and 17,874 favored banning large ships from the lagoon. The population of Venice at the time was about 50,000.<ref name="express.co.uk" /> The organizers of the referendum backed a plan to build a new cruise ship terminal at one of the three entrances to the ]. Passengers would be transferred to the historic area in smaller boats.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/residents-vote-to-ban-towering-cruise-ships-from-venice-67qvsh329 |title=Residents vote to ban towering cruise ships from Venice |first=Tom Kington |last=Rome |date=20 June 2017 |newspaper=The Times |via=www.thetimes.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/19/venetians-vote-ban-giant-cruise-ships-citys-lagoon/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/19/venetians-vote-ban-giant-cruise-ships-citys-lagoon/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Venetians vote to ban giant cruise ships from city's lagoon |first=Nick |last=Squires |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=19 June 2017 |via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On 2 June 2019, the cruise ship '']'' rammed a tourist riverboat, the '']'', which was docked on the Giudecca Canal, injuring five people, in addition to causing property damage. The incident immediately led to renewed demands to ban large cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal,<ref>{{cite news |title=Venice crash reignites calls for cruise ship ban |work=BBC News |date=2 June 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-48489158 |access-date=2 June 2019}}</ref> including a ] message to that effect posted by the environment minister. The city's mayor urged authorities to accelerate the steps required for cruise ships to begin using the alternate Vittorio Emanuele canal.<ref>{{cite web |last=Standish |first=Dominic |title=Decisions Made for Venice Cruise Ships, Channel Routes and Offshore Platform |url=https://dstandish.com/2017/11/08/decisions-made-for-venice-cruise-ships-channel-routes-and-offshore-platform/ |date=8 November 2017 |website=Dstandish's Weblog |access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref> Italy's transport minister spoke of a "solution to protect both the lagoon and tourism ... after many years of inertia" but specifics were not reported.<ref>{{cite news |title=Venice crash reignites calls for cruise ship ban |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48489158 |date=2 June 2019 |website=BBC News |access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cruise ship plows into tourist boat docked in Venice |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/venice-cruise-ship-crash-1.5159159 |date=2 June 2019 |website=CBC News |agency=Associated Press |access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref> {{As of|2019|06}}, the 2017 plan to establish an alternative route for large ships, preventing them from coming near the historic area of the city, has not yet been approved.<ref name="GuardianGiuffrida201906" />

Nonetheless, the Italian government released an announcement on 7 August 2019 that it would begin rerouting cruise ships larger than 1000 tonnes away from the historic city's Giudecca Canal. For the last four months of 2019, all heavy vessels will dock at the Fusina and Lombardia terminals which are still on the lagoon but away from the central islands. By 2020, one-third of all cruise ships will be rerouted, according to Danilo Toninelli, the minister for Venice. Preparation work for the Vittorio Emanuele Canal needed to begin soon for a long-term solution, according to the Cruise Lines International Association.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sharpe |first=Olivia |date=8 August 2019 |title=Large cruise ships to be banned from Venice grand canal |url=https://www.cruisetradenews.com/large-cruise-ships-banned-venice-grand-canal/ |magazine=] |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Kalyan |title=Cruise Ships Banned From Venice Grand Canal, City Center After Boat Crashed Into Dock |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/cruise-ships-banned-venice-grand-canal-city-center-after-boat-crashed-dock-2811794 |date=9 August 2019 |website=] |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref> In the long-term, space for ships would be provided at new terminals, perhaps at Chioggia or Lido San Nicolo. That plan was not imminent however, since public consultations had not yet begun. Over 1.5&nbsp;million people per year arrive in Venice on cruise ships.<ref>{{cite news |title=Venice to give cruise ships a wide berth |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6e21302e-b922-11e9-96bd-8e884d3ea203 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/6e21302e-b922-11e9-96bd-8e884d3ea203 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |newspaper=] |date=7 August 2019 |last1=Roberts |first1=Hannah}}</ref> The Italian government decided to divert large cruise ships beginning August 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Italy bans cruise liners from Venice, after years of hesitation |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/exclusive-italy-legislate-keep-liners-out-venice-lagoon-sources-2021-07-13/ |website=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714170743/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/exclusive-italy-legislate-keep-liners-out-venice-lagoon-sources-2021-07-13/ |archive-date=14 July 2021 |date=13 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Other tourism mitigation efforts ====
]

Having failed in its 2013 bid to ban oversized cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal, the city switched to a new strategy in mid-2017, banning the creation of any additional hotels. Currently, there are over 24,000 hotel rooms. The ban does not affect short-term rentals in the historic centre which are causing an increase in the cost of living for the native residents of Venice.<ref name="GuardianBuckley201611" /> The city had already banned any additional fast food "take-away" outlets, to retain the historic character of the city, which was another reason for freezing the number of hotel rooms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/05/10/news/venice-italy-takeout-fast-food-tourism/index.html |title=Venice bans cheap takeout joints to keep city beautiful |last1=Petroff |first1=Alanna |last2=Di Donato |first2=Valentina |date=10 May 2017 |website=]}}</ref> Fewer than half of the millions of annual visitors stay overnight, however.<ref name="TelegraphHaines201706" /><ref name="IndependentBuckley201706" />

The city also considered a ban on wheeled suitcases, but settled for banning hard plastic wheels for transporting cargo from May 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last=Frank |first=Kasper |title=Turistby indfører forbud mod larmende kufferthjul |trans-title=Tourist town introduces a ban on noisy suitcases |url=http://jyllands-posten.dk/livsstil/rejser/storby/ECE7230836/Turistby-indf%EF%BF%BDrer-forbud-mod-larmende-rullekufferter/ |date=24 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125135354/http://jyllands-posten.dk/livsstil/rejser/storby/ECE7230836/Turistby-indf%EF%BF%BDrer-forbud-mod-larmende-rullekufferter/ |work=] |department=Lifestyle |archive-date=25 November 2015 |language=da |access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

]
In addition to accelerating erosion of the ancient city's foundations and creating some pollution in the lagoon,<ref name="NatgeoWorrall201610" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Livesay |first=Christopher |date=25 November 2016 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/11/25/503038911/as-tourists-crowd-out-locals-venice-faces-endangered-list |title=As Tourists Crowd Out Locals, Venice Faces 'Endangered' List |newspaper=NPR}}</ref> cruise ships dropping an excessive number of day trippers can make St. Marks Square and other popular attractions too crowded to walk through during the peak season. Government officials see little value to the economy from the "eat and flee" tourists who stay for less than a day, which is typical of those from cruise ships.<ref name="express.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/836982/venice-disneyland-on-sea-tourist-ban-Italy-holiday-travel |title='It's like Disneyland-on-Sea' Now Italy says ENOUGH and plans to BAN tourists from Venice |first=Ross |last=Logan |date=4 August 2017 |website=Daily Express}}</ref>

On 28 February 2019, the Venice City Council voted in favour of a new municipal regulation requiring day-trippers visiting the historic centre, and the islands in the lagoon, to pay a new access fee. The extra revenue from the fee would be used for cleaning, maintaining security, reducing the financial burden on residents of Venice, and to "allow Venetians to live with more decorum". The new tax would be between €3 and €10 per person, depending on the expected tourist flow into the old city. The fee could be waived for certain types of travelers: including students, children under the age of 6, voluntary workers, residents of the Veneto region, and participants in sporting events.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contributo di accesso a Venezia: tutte le informazioni utili |trans-title=Access fee for Venice: all useful information |url=https://live.comune.venezia.it/it/contributo-accesso-venezia-informazioni-utili |date=24 October 2019 |website=City of Venice |language=it |access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref> Overnight visitors, who already pay a "stay" tax and account for around 40% of Venice's yearly total of 28&nbsp;million visitors,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.comune.venezia.it/sites/comune.venezia.it/files/immagini/Turismo/ANNUARIO%202017.pdf |title=Tourism |website=City of Venice |date=2017 |access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> would also be exempted. The access fee was expected to come into effect in September 2019; but it was postponed, firstly, until 1 January 2020, and then, again, due to the coronavirus pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://live.comune.venezia.it/it/2019/07/contributo-di-accesso-sospesi-tutti-gli-obblighi-e-gli-adempimenti-previsti-dal-regolamento |title=Contributo di accesso: sospesi tutti gli obblighi e gli adempimenti previsti dal Regolamento in fase di revisione |trans-title=Access fee: all obligations and fulfillments set out in the Regulation currently being revised are suspended |date=16 July 2019 |website=Comune di Venezia – Live – Le notizie di oggi e i servizi della città}}</ref> The new charge of €5 started to be imposed on those tourists who are not staying overnight and came into force on 25 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Giuffrida |first=Angela |date=2024-04-24 |title=Venice access fee: what is it and how much does it cost? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/24/venice-access-fee-what-is-it-and-how-much-does-it-cost |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> It is only charged on peak visitor days, and several classes of people are exempt, including ] residents, hotel guests (including mainland boroughs of Venice), local workers, and students.<ref></ref> Cell phone data showed more tourists came on fee-charged days in 2024, generating more money than expected, and leaving the city to decide whether to raise the fee for the next tourist season or try other approaches.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/20/world/europe/venice-italy-entrance-fee.html |title=To Deter Day-Trippers, Venice Tested a €5 Entrance Fee. Did Visitors Stay Away? |newspaper=The New York Times |author=Elisabetta Povoledo |date=July 20, 2024}}</ref>

A regulation taking effect on June 1, 2024, limits tour groups to 25 people and bans loudspeakers.<ref></ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Durbin |first1=Adam |title=Venice bans large tourist groups and loudspeakers |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyjjy78n9zno |website=www.bbc.com |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref>

== Transport ==
=== In the historic centre ===
]]]
] of 1965. Fondo Paolo Monti, ].]]

Venice is built on an ] of 118 islands<ref name="UNESCO Venice" /> in a shallow, {{convert|550|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} ],<ref>{{cite news |last=Poggioli |first=Sylvia |author-link=Sylvia Poggioli |title=MOSE Project Aims to Part Venice Floods |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17855145 |date=7 January 2008 |work=Morning Edition |type=Radio program |publisher=] |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref> connected by 400 bridges<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.studyabroad.com/pages/sitecontent/venice.aspx |title=Venice Study Abroad |website=www.studyabroad.com |access-date=6 October 2010}}</ref> over 177 canals. In the 19th century, a causeway to the mainland brought the railroad to ]. The adjoining ] road causeway and terminal parking facilities in Tronchetto island and Piazzale Roma were built during the 20th century. Beyond these rail and road terminals on the northern edge of the city, transportation within the city's historic centre remains, as it was in centuries past, entirely on water or on foot. Venice is Europe's largest urban ] and is unique in Europe in having remained a sizable functioning city in the 21st century entirely without motorcars or trucks.

The classic Venetian boat is the '']'', (plural: ''gondole'') although it is now mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies, or as ''traghetti''{{clarify|date=May 2024}} (sing.: traghetto) to cross the Grand Canal in lieu of a nearby bridge. The traghetti are operated by two oarsmen.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/italy/veneto/venice/articles/venice-attractions/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/italy/veneto/venice/articles/venice-attractions/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Venice attractions |first=Anne |last=Hanley |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=10 November 2015 |via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

There are approximately 400 licensed gondoliers in Venice, in their distinctive ], and a similar number of boats, down from 10,000 two centuries ago.{{when|date=May 2024}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2016/aug/11/the-right-stripes-how-fashion-fell-for-the-gondolier |title=The right stripes: how fashion fell for the gondolier |first=Morwenna |last=Ferrier |newspaper=The Guardian |date=11 August 2016 |via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref name="ricksteves.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.ricksteves.com/watch-read-listen/read/articles/the-gondolas-of-venice |title=The Gondolas of Venice – Rick Steves' Europe |website=www.ricksteves.com}}</ref> Many gondolas are lushly appointed with ] seats and ]s. At the front of each gondola that works in the city, there is a large piece of metal called the ''fèro'' (iron). Its shape has evolved through the centuries, as documented in many well-known paintings. Its form, topped by a likeness of the Doge's hat, became gradually standardized, and was then fixed by local law. It consists of six bars pointing forward representing the ] of the city, and one that points backwards representing the ].<ref name="ricksteves.com" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Visit Venice through Gondola's symbolism |url=http://www.hotelsantelena.com/blog/visit-venice-through-gondolas-symbolism/ |date=16 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609022508/http://www.hotelsantelena.com/blog/visit-venice-through-gondolas-symbolism/ |archive-date=9 June 2017 |website=Hotel Sant'Elena |access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref> A lesser-known boat is the smaller, simpler, but similar, ].

==== Waterways ====
Venice's small islands were enhanced during the Middle Ages by the ] of soil to raise the marshy ground above the tides. The resulting canals encouraged the flourishing of a nautical culture which proved central to the economy of the city. Today those canals still provide the means for transport of goods and people within the city.

The maze of canals threading through the city requires more than 400 bridges to permit the flow of foot traffic. In 2011, the city opened the ], the fourth bridge across the Grand Canal, which connects the ] bus-terminal area with the Venezia Santa Lucia railway station. The other bridges are the original ], the ], and the ].

=== Public transport ===
] (ACTV) is a public company responsible for public transportation in Venice.

==== Lagoon area ====
]

The main means of public transportation consists of motorised ]es ('']'') which ply regular routes along the Grand Canal and between the city's islands. Private motorised water taxis are also active. The only gondole still in common use by Venetians are the ''traghetti'', foot passenger ] crossing the Grand Canal at certain points where there are no convenient bridges. Other gondole are rented by tourists on an hourly basis.<ref name="ricksteves.com" />

The ] is an elevated shuttle train ] system connecting ] with its car parking facility with Piazzale Roma where visitors arrive in the city by bus, taxi, or automobile. The train makes a stop at the Marittima cruise terminal at the ].<ref>{{cite web |last=Imboden |first=Durant |title=Venice People Mover |url=https://europeforvisitors.com/venice/articles/venice-people-mover.htm |website=Europe for Visitors |access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref>

==== Lido and Pellestrina islands ====
] and ] are two islands forming a barrier between the southern Venetian Lagoon and the Adriatic Sea. On those islands, road traffic, including bus service, is allowed. Vaporetti link them with other islands (Venice, ], ]) and with the peninsula of ].

==== Mainland ====
] leaving ]]]

The mainland of Venice is composed of 4 boroughs: ]-Carpenedo, ], Chirignago-Zelarino, and Favaro Veneto. Mestre is the centre and the most populous urban area of the mainland. There are several bus routes and two ] ]. Several bus routes and one of the tramway lines link the mainland with '']'', the main bus station in Venice, via ], the road bridge connecting the mainland with the group of islands that comprise the historic centre of Venice.

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Venice, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 52 min. Only 12.2% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 10 min, while 17.6% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is {{convert|7|km}}, while 12% travel for over {{convert|12|km}} in a single direction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Italy_Venezia-2083 |title=Venezia Public Transportation Statistics |publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit |access-date=19 June 2017}} ] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a ].</ref>

=== Rail ===
]]]

Venice is served by regional and national trains, including trains to Florence (1h53), Milan (2h13), Turin (3h10), Rome (3h33), and Naples (4h50). In addition there are international day trains to Zurich, Innsbruck, Munich, and Vienna, plus overnight sleeper services, to Paris and Dijon on ] trains, and to Munich and Vienna via ].
* The ] is a few steps away from a vaporetti stop, Ferovia, in the historic city next to the ''Piazzale Roma''. This station is the terminus of local trains and of the luxury ] from London via Paris and other cities.
* The ] is on the mainland, on the border between the boroughs of Mestre and Marghera.

Both stations are managed by ]; they are linked by the ''Ponte della Libertà'' (Liberty Bridge) between the mainland and the city centre.

Other stations in the municipality are Venezia Porto Marghera, Venezia Carpenedo, Venezia Mestre Ospedale, and Venezia Mestre Porta Ovest.

=== Ports ===
]s at the passenger terminal in the ] (''Venezia Terminal Passeggeri'')]]
] (''Aeroporto di Venezia ]'')]]

The ] ({{langx|it|Porto di Venezia}}) is the eighth-busiest commercial port in Italy and was a major hub for the cruise sector in the ], as since August 2021 ships of more 25,000 tons are forbidden to pass the ]. It is one of the major Italian ports and is included in the list of the leading European ports which are located on the strategic nodes of trans-European networks. In 2002, the port handled 262,337 containers. In 2006, 30,936,931 tonnes passed through the port, of which 14,541,961 was commercial traffic, and saw 1,453,513 passengers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fletcher |first1=C. A. |last2=Spencer |first2=T. |title=Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and Its Lagoon: State of Knowledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9dfXu8OgYC&pg=PA263 |date=14 July 2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84046-0 |page=263}}</ref>

=== Aviation ===
The ] (''Aeroporto di Venezia Marco Polo'') is named in honor of ]. The airport is on the mainland and was rebuilt away from the coast. Public transport from the airport takes one to:
* Venice ] by ATVO (provincial company) buses<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atvo.it/index.php?lang=it&area=23&menuid=35 |title=ATVO |publisher=Atvo.it |access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref> and by ACTV (city company) buses (route 5 ''aerobus'');<ref name="actv.it">{{cite web |url=http://www.actv.it/muoversiinterraferma/lineeurbane |title=Linee Urbane |publisher=www.actv.it |access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref>
* Venice, Lido, and Murano by Allilaguna (private company) motor boats;
* Mestre, the mainland, where Venice Mestre railway station is convenient for connections to ], ], ], ] and the rest of Italy, and for ] (routes 15 and 45)<ref name="actv.it" /> and ATVO buses and other transport;
* Regional destinations, such as ] and ], by ATVO and ] buses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fsbusitalia.it/cms-instance/documenti/fsbusitalia/Montegrotto-AeropMarcoPolo.pdf |title=Autolinea Montegrotto – Aeroporto Marco Polo |trans-title=Montegrotto Bus Line – Marco Polo Airport |language=it |publisher=Busitalia |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-date=16 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416071331/http://www.fsbusitalia.it/cms-instance/documenti/fsbusitalia/Montegrotto-AeropMarcoPolo.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

], about {{convert|30|km|0}} from Venice, is used mainly by low-cost airlines. There are public buses from this airport to Venice.<ref>{{cite web |title=Treviso Airport Shuttle Bus – Airbus Treviso Antonio Canova Airport |url=https://www.trevisoairport.it/en/transport/bus.html |website=www.trevisoairport.it |publisher=Treviso Airport |access-date=26 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
Venezia-Lido "Giovanni Nicelli",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.enav.it/enavWebPortalStatic/AIP/AD/AD2/ADSPV1-1.pdf |title=Autenticazione per servizi online |trans-title=Authentication for online services |date=10 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527053548/http://www.enav.it/enavWebPortalStatic/AIP/AD/AD2/ADSPV1-1.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2016}}</ref> a public airport suitable for smaller aircraft, is at the northeast end of ]. It has a {{Convert|994|m|ft|adj=on}} grass runway.


== Sport ==
During the 16th century, Venice became one of the most important musical centers of Europe, marked by a characteristic style of composition (the ]) and the development of the ] under composers such as ], who worked at ]. Venice was the early center of music printing; ] began publishing music almost as soon as this technology was available, and his publishing enterprise helped to attract composers from all over Europe, especially from France and ]. By the end of the century, Venice was famous for the splendor of its music, as exemplified in the "colossal style" of ] and ], which used multiple choruses and instrumental groups. Venice was also the home of many famous composers during the ], such as ], ], ], and ], to name but a few.
The most famous Venetian sport is probably ''{{ill|Voga alla Veneta|it|Voga veneta}}'' ("Venetian-style rowing"), also commonly called ''voga veneta''. A technique invented in the Venetian Lagoon, Venetian rowing is unusual in that the rower(s), one or more, row standing, looking forward. Today, ''Voga alla Veneta'' is not only the way the gondoliers row tourists around Venice but also the way Venetians row for pleasure and sport. Many races called ''regata(e)'' happen throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://veneziaautentica.com/all-that-you-need-to-know-about-the-venetian-rowing-regattas-in-venice/ |title=All that you need to know about the Venetian rowing regattas in Venice |date=31 October 2016 |website=Venezia Autentica}}</ref> The culminating event of the rowing season is the day of the "Regata Storica", which occurs on the first Sunday of September each year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alvarez |first1=Joe |last2=Orlova |first2=Tamara A |url=http://www.ikonlondonmagazine.com/regata-storica-is-the-spectacle-to-see/ |title=Regata Storica is The Spectacle to See |publisher=Ikon London Magazine |date=10 September 2016 |access-date=23 February 2018}}</ref>


The main football club in the city is ], founded in 1907, which currently plays in the ]. Their ground, the ], situated in ], is the second-oldest continually used stadium in Italy.
===Interior design===
Venice arguably produced the most unique and refined Rococo designs. At the time, Venice was in a state of trouble. It had lost most of its maritime power, was lagging behind its rivals in political importance and society had become decadent, with nobles wasting their money in gambling and partying. But without a doubt, Venice remained Italy's fashion capital, and was a serious contender to ] in terms of wealth, architecture, luxury, taste, sophistication, trade, decoration, style and design.<ref name="Miller 2005 p.82">Miller (2005) p.82</ref> Venetian Rococo was well-known for being rich and luxurious, with usually very extravagant designs. Unique Venetian furniture, such as the ''divani da portego'', or long Rococo couches and ''pozzetti'', objects meant to be placed against the wall. Venetian bedrooms were usually sumptuous and grand, with rich damask, velvet and silk drapery and curtains, a beautifully carved Rococo beds with statues of putti, flowers and angels.<ref name="Miller 2005 p.82"/> Venice was especially famous for its beautiful giriandole mirrors, which remained amongst the, if not the finest in Europe. Chandeliers were usually very colourful, using ] to make them look more vibrant and stand out from others, and precious stones and materials from abroad were used, since Venic still held a vast trade empire. Lacquer was very common, and many items of furniture were covered with it, the most famous being ''lacca povera'' (poor lacuqer), in which allegories and images of social life were painted. Lacquerwork and ] were particularly common in bureau cabinets.<ref>Miller (2005) p.83</ref>


The local basketball club is ], founded in 1872 as the gymnastics club ''Società Sportiva Costantino Reyer'', and in 1907 as the basketball club. Reyer currently plays in the ]. The men's team were the Italian champions in 1942, 1943, and 2017. Their arena is the ], situated in ]. ] is both the president of the club and the mayor of the city.
===Fashion and Shopping===
].]]
In the 14th century, many young Venetian men began wearing tight-fitting multicoloured hose, the designs on which indicated the Compagnie della Calza ("Trouser Club") to which they belonged. The Venetian Senate passed ]s, but these merely resulted in changes in fashion in order to circumvent the law. Dull garments were worn over colourful ones, which then were cut to show the hidden colours resulting in the wide spread of men's "slashed" fashions in the 15th century.


== Education ==
Today, Venice is also a major fashion and shopping centre in Italy, not as important as ], ] or ], but par to ], ], ] and ]. Many of the fashion boutiques and jewelry shops in the city are located in the ] and the ]. Currently, there are ] and ] flagship stores operating in the city.
]]]


Venice is a major international centre for higher education. The city hosts the ], founded in 1868; the {{Lang|it|]|italic=no}}, founded in 1926; the ], founded in 1995 and located on the island of ] and the ], located on the island of ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Campus of Human Rights – Education & Research |url=https://gchumanrights.org/ |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=GlobalCampus of Human Rights – GCHumanRights |language=en}}</ref>
===Cuisine===
]
{{Proofreader needed|Venezia#Cucina|it}}
Venetian cuisine is obviously characterized by fish, but not only: the products of the gardens of the islands, the mainland rice, game, fishing in the northern Adriatic and ]. Venice combines local traditions with influences that are distant from millennial business contacts. The sardines in saor, sardines marinated in a position to preserve the long march, ''I'', Risi e bisi, the ''Venetian liver'', black risotto with cuttlefish, Cicchetti refined and delicious tidbits, appetizers, or enjoy all day with a glass of prosecco.


Other Venetian institutions of higher education are: the ] (Academy of Fine Arts), established in 1750, whose first chairman was ], and the ], which was first established in 1876 as a high school and musical society, later (1915) became ''Liceo Musicale'', and then, when its director was ], the State Conservatory of Music (1940).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home – Conservatorio Venezia |url=https://www.conservatoriovenezia.eu/ |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=Conservatorio di Musica Benedetto Marcello |language=it-IT}}</ref>
Not only that Venice is famous for Anguilla (in Venetian ''Bisato'') marinated for cookies called ] ({{lang-en|golden oval}}), and for different types of sweets such as pan of the fisherman, "with almonds and pistachio nuts, cream, or fried Venetian island of Burano ''bussolai'' (]s and ] made to "Y" or ring), the crostoli also known as the ], or lies, Galani or the Fregolotta (a crumbly cake with almonds), milk pudding called Rosada, and semolina biscuits called yellow ZALETI''''


===Language=== == Culture ==
{{Main|Venetian language}}
] or the regional form Venetan is a ] spoken as native language by over two million people,<ref name="ethn">Ethnologue.</ref> mostly in Venice, but also the ] region of ], where of five million inhabitants almost all can understand it. It is sometime spoken and often well understood outside Veneto, in ], ], ], ] and some towns of ], an area of six to seven million people. The language enjoyed substantial prestige in the days of the ], when it attained the status of a ] in the ].


===Literature=== === Literature ===
{{Main|Venetian literature}} {{Main|Venetian literature}}
]


]'']]
Venice has long been a source of inspiration for authors, poets and playwrights as well as being at the forefront of the technical developing of printing and publishing.


Venice has long been a source of inspiration for authors, playwrights, and poets, and at the forefront of the technological development of printing and publishing.
Two of the most famous Venetian writers were ] in the Middle Ages and later ]. Polo (1254–1324) was a merchant who voyaged to ]. His series of books, co-written by ], titled '']'' provided important knowledge of the lands east of Europe; from the Middle East, to China, Japan and Russia. ] (1725–1798) was a prolific writer and famous adventurer who is best remembered for his autobiography, ''Histoire De Ma Vie'' (Story of My Life), which links his colourful lifestyle to the city of Venice.


Two of the most noted Venetian writers were ] in the Middle Ages and, later, ]. Polo (1254–1324) was a merchant who voyaged to ]. His series of books, co-written with ] and titled '']'' provided important knowledge of the lands east of Europe, from the Middle East to China, Japan, and Russia. ] (1725–1798) was a prolific writer and adventurer best remembered for his autobiography, ''Histoire De Ma Vie'' (''Story of My Life''), which links his colourful lifestyle to the city of Venice.
Venetian playwrights followed the old Italian theater tradition of '']''. ] (1502–1542) and ] (1707–1793) used the Venetian dialect extensively in their comedies.


Venetian playwrights followed the old Italian theatre tradition of '']''. ] (1502–1542), ] (1707–1793), and ] (1720–1806) used the Venetian dialect extensively in their comedies.
]Venice has also inspired writers from abroad. Shakespeare set ] and ] in the city. ] authored the novel '']'', published in 1912. Venice inspired the poetry of ], who wrote his first literary work in the city. Pound died in ] and his remains are buried in Venice's cemetery island of ]. The French writer ] spent most of his life in Venice and published '' A Dictionary For Lovers Of Venice'' in 2004. ] (1778–1827) born in ], an island which at the time belonged to the Republic of Venice, was also a famous ] and ] who wanted to see a free republic established in Venice following the fall to ].


Venice has also inspired writers from abroad. Shakespeare set '']'' and '']'' in the city, as did ] his novel, '']'' (1912). The French writer ] spent most of his life in Venice and published ''A Dictionary For Lovers of Venice'' in 2004.
Venice is also linked to the technical aspects of writing. The city was the location for one of Italy's earliest printing presses, established by ] (1449–1515).{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} From this beginning Venice developed as an important typographic center and even as late as the 1700s was responsible for printing half of Italy's published books.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}


The city features prominently in ]'s '']'' and '']''. It is also visited in ]'s '']'' and ]'s '']''. Perhaps the best-known children's book set in Venice is ''The Thief Lord'', written by the German author ].
===Art and printing===
{{Main|List of painters and architects of Venice}}
{{See also|Venetian School (art)}}
].]]
Venice, especially during the ], ] and ], was a major centre of ] and developed a unique style known as the ]. In the Middle-Ages and the Renaissance, Venice, along with ] and Rome, became one of the most important centres of art in Europe, and numerous wealthy Venetians became patrons of the arts. Venice at the time was a rich and prosperous ], which controlled a vast sea and trade empire.<ref>http://arthistory.about.com/cs/arthistory10one/a/ven_ren.htm</ref>


Venice is described in ]'s ], 1786–1788. He describes the architecture, including a church by ] and also attends the opera. He visits the shipbuilding yards at the ]. He is fascinated by the street life of Venice, which he describes as a kind of performance.
By the end of the 15th century, Venice had become the European capital of printing, being one of the first cities in Italy (after Subiaco and Rome) to have a printing press after those established in Germany, having 417 printers by 1500. The most important printing office was the ] of ], which in 1499 printed the ], considered the most beautiful book of ], and established modern ], the page format and ], and the first printed work of ].


The poet ] (1778–1827), born in ], an island that at the time belonged to the Republic of Venice, was also a ] who wanted to see a free republic established in Venice following its fall to ].
In the sixteenth century Venetian painting was developed through influences from the Paduan School and ], who introduced the oil painting technique of the van Eyck brothers. It is signified by a warm colour scale and a picturesque use of colour. Early masters where the Bellini and Vivarini families, followed by ] and ], then ] and ]. In the early 1500s, also, there was rivalry between whether Venetian painting should use ''disegno'' or ''colorito''<ref>http://www.webexhibits.org/feast/context/venetianart.html</ref>.


Venice also inspired the poetry of ], who wrote his first literary work in the city. Pound died in 1972, and his remains are buried in Venice's ] of ].
]es (the common painting surface) originated in Venice during the early renaissance. These early canvases were generally rough.


Venice is also linked to the technological aspects of writing. The city was the location of one of Italy's earliest printing presses called ], established by ] in 1494.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barolini |first1=Helen |title=Aldus and His Dream Book |date=1992 |publisher=Italica Press, Inc. |location=New York, New York |isbn=0-934977-22-4}}</ref> From this beginning Venice developed as an important typographic centre. Around fifteen percent of all printing of the fifteenth century came from Venice,<ref>John Rylands University library Manchester, ''The introduction of printing in Italy: Rome, Naples and Venice''</ref> and even as late as the 18th century was responsible for printing half of Italy's published books.{{Citation needed |date=February 2010}}
In the eighteenth century Venetian painting had a renaissance because of ]'s decorative painting and ]'s and ]'s panoramic views.


==== In literature and adapted works ====
===Glass===
The city is a particularly popular setting for essays, novels, and other works of fictional or non-fictional literature. Examples of these include:
* ]'s works (1492–1556)
* ]'s '']'' ({{circa|1596–1598}}) and '']'' (1603).
* ]'s '']'' (1605–6).
* ]'s autobiographical ] {{circa|1789–1797}}.
* ]'s '']'' (1759).
* ] wrote poetry for two pictures of Venice; one for ''The Embarkation'', drawn by ] for The Amulet, 1833, the other for ''Santa Salute'', drawn by ] for the Literary Souvenir, 1835.
* ]'s '']'' (1950).
* ]'s '']'' (1972).
* ]'s '']'' (1982).
* ]'s Commissario Guido Brunetti ] series and cookbook, and the German television series based on the novels (1992–2019).
* ]' '']'' (1994).
* ]'s '']'' (1994), one in a series of novels featuring Venice-born policeman Aurelio Zen.
* ]'s '']'' (2002), an ] or ] of Venice – complete with masquerades, canals, and a doge – taking place in a city known as La Serenissima.
* ]'s ''The City of Falling Angels'' (2005)
* ]'s ] '']'' (1889)
* ]'s novella, '']'' (1912), was the basis for Benjamin Britten's ] (1973).


==== Foreign words of Venetian origin ====
] ].]]
Some English words with a Venetian etymology include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign words of Venetian origination |last=Fielding |first=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Fielding |date=9 November 2013 |website=hannahfielding.net |url=https://hannahfielding.net/foreign-words-of-venetian-origin/}}</ref>


=== Printing ===
{{Main|Venetian glass|Murano glass}}
By the end of the 15th century, Venice had become the European capital of printing, having 417 printers by 1500, and being one of the first cities in Italy (after Subiaco and Rome) to have a printing press, after those established in Germany. The most important printing office was the ] of ]; which in 1497 issued the first printed work of ]; in 1499 printed the '']'', considered the most beautiful book of the ]; and established modern ], page format, and ].


=== Painting ===
Venice is famous for its ornate glass-work, known as ]. It is world-renowned for being colourful, elaborate, and skilfully made.
{{Main|Venetian painting|List of painters and architects of Venice}}


]]]
Many of the important characteristics of these objects had been developed by the thirteenth century. Toward the end of that century, the center of the Venetian glass industry moved to ].


Venice, especially during the ], and ] periods, was a major centre of art and developed a unique style known as the ]. In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Venice, along with ] and Rome, became one of the most important centres of art in Europe, and numerous wealthy Venetians became patrons of the arts. Venice at the time was a rich and prosperous ], which controlled a vast sea and trade empire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arthistory.about.com/cs/arthistory10one/a/ven_ren.htm |title=The Renaissance in Venice – Art History Basics on the Venetian School – ca 1450–1600 |publisher=Arthistory.about.com |date=29 October 2009 |access-date=22 April 2010 |archive-date=28 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128120134/http://arthistory.about.com/cs/arthistory10one/a/ven_ren.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Byzantine craftsmen played an important role in the development of Venetian glass, an art form for which the city is well-known. When ] was sacked by the ] in 1204, some fleeing artisans came to Venice. This happened again when the ] took Constantinople in 1453, supplying Venice with still more glassworkers. By the sixteenth century, Venetian artisans had gained even greater control over the color and transparency of their glass, and had mastered a variety of decorative techniques.


In the 16th century, Venetian painting was developed through influences from the Paduan School and ], who introduced the oil painting technique of the ] brothers. It is signified by a warm colour scale and a picturesque use of colour. Early masters were the Bellini and Vivarini families, followed by ] and ], then ] and ]. In the early 16th century, there was rivalry in Venetian painting between the ''disegno'' and ''colorito'' techniques.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.webexhibits.org/feast/context/venetianart.html |title=Venetian art around 1500 |publisher=Webexhibits.org |access-date=22 April 2010}}</ref>
] ].]]


]es (the common painting surface) originated in Venice during the early Renaissance. In the 18th century, Venetian painting had a revival with ]'s decorative painting and ]'s and ]'s panoramic views.
Despite efforts to keep Venetian glassmaking techniques within Venice, they became known elsewhere, and Venetian-style glassware was produced in other Italian cities and other countries of Europe.


=== Venetian architecture ===
Some of the most important brands of glass in the world today are still produced in the historical glass factories on Murano. They are : ], Barovier & Toso, ], Millevetri, Seguso.<ref>Carl I. Gable,
{{Main|Venetian Gothic architecture|Venetian Renaissance architecture}}
''Murano Magic: Complete Guide to Venetian Glass, its History and Artists'' (Schiffer, 2004). ISBN 0-7643-1946-9.</ref> Barovier & Toso is considered one of the 100 ] in the world, formed in 1295.


] is an example of Venetian Gothic architecture alongside the ].]]
One of the most renowned types of ]es are made in ], known as ], which has been a famous product of the Venetian island of Murano for centuries. Located off the shore of Venice, Italy, Murano was a commercial port as far back as the 7th century. By the 10th century it had become a well-known city of trade. Today Murano remains a destination for tourists and art and jewellery lovers alike.
]]]


Venice is built on unstable mud-banks, and had a very crowded city centre by the Middle Ages. On the other hand, the city was largely safe from riot, civil feuds, and invasion much earlier than most European cities. These factors, with the canals and the great wealth of the city, made for unique building styles.
===Festivals===

Venice has a rich and diverse ], the most prominent of which is the ] style. ] is a term given to a Venetian building style combining the use of the Gothic ] with the curved ], due to ] and ] influences. The style originated in 14th-century Venice, with a confluence of ] style from ], Islamic influences from ] and Venice's eastern trading partners, and early Gothic forms from mainland Italy.{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}} Chief examples of the style are the ] and the ] in the city. The city also has several ] and ] buildings, including the ] and the ].

Venetian taste was conservative and ] only really became popular in buildings from about the 1470s. More than in the rest of Italy, it kept much of the typical form of the Gothic ''palazzi'', which had evolved to suit Venetian conditions. In turn the transition to ] was also fairly gentle. This gives the crowded buildings on the Grand Canal and elsewhere an essential harmony, even where buildings from very different periods sit together. For example, round-topped arches are far more common in Renaissance buildings than elsewhere.

] ]]]

=== Rococo style ===
It can be argued that Venice produced the best and most refined ] designs. At the time, the Venetian economy was in decline. It had lost most of its maritime power, was lagging behind its rivals in political importance, and its society had become decadent, with tourism increasingly the mainstay of the economy. But Venice remained a centre of fashion.<ref name="Miller 2005 p.82">Miller (2005) p.82</ref> Venetian rococo was well known as rich and luxurious, with usually very extravagant designs. Unique Venetian furniture types included the ''divani da portego'', and long rococo couches and ''pozzetti'', objects meant to be placed against the wall. Bedrooms of rich Venetians were usually sumptuous and grand, with rich damask, velvet, and silk drapery and curtains, and beautifully carved rococo beds with statues of ], flowers, and angels.<ref name="Miller 2005 p.82" /> Venice was especially known for its ], which remained among, if not the, finest in Europe. Chandeliers were usually very colourful, using ] to make them look more vibrant and stand out from others; and precious stones and materials from abroad were used, since Venice still held a vast trade empire. Lacquer was very common, and many items of furniture were covered with it, the most noted being ''lacca povera'' (poor lacquer), in which allegories and images of social life were painted. Lacquerwork and ] were particularly common in bureau cabinets.<ref>Miller (2005) p.83</ref>

=== Glass ===
{{Main|Venetian glass}}

] ]]]

Venice is known for its ornate glass-work, known as ], which is world-renowned for being colourful, elaborate, and skilfully made. Many of the important characteristics of these objects had been developed by the 13th century. Toward the end of that century, the centre of the Venetian glass industry moved to ], an offshore island in Venice. The glass made there is known as ].

Byzantine craftsmen played an important role in the development of Venetian glass. When ] was sacked in the ] in 1204, some fleeing artisans came to Venice; when the ] took Constantinople in 1453, still more glassworkers arrived. By the 16th century, Venetian artisans had gained even greater control over the colour and transparency of their glass, and had mastered a variety of decorative techniques. Despite efforts to keep Venetian glassmaking techniques within Venice, they became known elsewhere, and Venetian-style glassware was produced in other Italian cities and other countries of Europe.

Some of the most important brands of glass in the world today are still produced in the historical glass factories on Murano. They are: Venini, Barovier & Toso, ], Millevetri, and Seguso.<ref>Carl I. Gable, ''Murano Magic: Complete Guide to Venetian Glass, its History and Artists'' (Schiffer, 2004). {{ISBN|978-0-7643-1946-4}}.</ref> Barovier & Toso is considered one of the 100 ] in the world, formed in 1295.

In February 2021, the world learned that Venetian glass ] had been found at three prehistoric ] sites in ], including Punyik Point. Uninhabited today, and located {{Convert|1|mi|km}} from the ] in the ], the area was on ancient trade routes from the ] to the ]. From their creation in Venice, researchers believe the likely route these artifacts traveled was across ], then ] and finally over the ], making this discovery "the first documented instance of the presence of indubitable European materials in prehistoric sites in the western hemisphere as the result of overland transport across the Eurasian continent." After ] materials found near the beads, archaeologists estimated their arrival on the continent to sometime between 1440 and 1480, predating ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Venetian Glass Beads Found in Arctic Alaska Predate Arrival of Columbus |url=http://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/venetian-glass-beads-arctic-alaska-09357.html |access-date=18 February 2021 |publisher=Sci-News |date=16 February 2021}}</ref> The dating and provenance has been challenged by other researchers who point out that such beads were not made in Venice until the mid-16th century and that an early 17th century French origin is possible.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Geggel |first1=Laura |title=European beads found in Alaska predate Columbus, controversial study claims |url=https://www.livescience.com/blue-glass-beads-predate-columbus-in-alaska.html |access-date=19 January 2022 |work=] |date=11 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blair |first1=Elliot H. |title=Reconsidering the Precolumbian Presence of Venetian Glass Beads in Alaska |journal=American Antiquity |date=July 2021 |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=638–642 |doi=10.1017/aaq.2021.38 |s2cid=236162517 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-antiquity/article/abs/reconsidering-the-precolumbian-presence-of-venetian-glass-beads-in-alaska/AA4A54ADE2EB416A447EBB6A12EC7831 |access-date=19 January 2022 |language=en |issn=0002-7316}}</ref>

=== Festivals ===
{{See also|Carnival of Venice|Venice Film Festival}} {{See also|Carnival of Venice|Venice Film Festival}}
{{multiple image
The ] is held annually in the city, starting around two weeks before ] and ends on ]. The carnival is closely associated with ]s.
| align = right
| total_width = 420
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 300
| image1 = Carnevale di Venezia Masks 2010.jpg
| alt1 =
| width2 = 300
| image2 = VeniceShopWindow.jpg
| alt2 = Map
| footer = Typical ] worn during the ]
}}


The ] is held annually in the city, It lasts for around two weeks and ends on ]. ]s are worn.
The ] is one of the most important events in the arts calendar. During 1893 headed by the mayor of Venice, Riccardo Selvatico, the Venetian City Council passed a resolution on 19 April to set up an Esposizione biennale artistica nazionale (biennial exhibition of Italian art), to be inaugurated on 22 April 1895.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/biennale/history/origin/en/7823.html |title=The Venice Biennale: History of the Venice Biennale |publisher=Labiennale.org |date= |accessdate=2009-03-28}}</ref> Following the outbreak of hostilities during the Second World War, the activities of the Biennale were interrupted in September 1942, but resumed in 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/biennale/history/origin/en/7823.3.html |title=The Venice Biennale: History From the beginnings until the Second World War (1893-1945) |publisher=Labiennale.org |date= |accessdate=2009-03-28}}</ref>


The ] is one of the most important events in the arts calendar. In 1895 an ''Esposizione biennale artistica nazionale'' (biennial exhibition of Italian art) was inaugurated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/biennale/history/origin/en/7823.html |title=The Venice Biennale: History of the Venice Biennale |website=] |access-date=28 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110084931/http://www.labiennale.org/en/biennale/history/origin/en/7823.html |archive-date=10 January 2009}}</ref> In September 1942, the activities of the Biennale were interrupted by the war, but resumed in 1948.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/biennale/history/origin/en/7823.3.html |title=The Venice Biennale: History From the beginnings until the Second World War (1893–1945) |website=Venice Biennale |access-date=28 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110084405/http://www.labiennale.org/en/biennale/history/origin/en/7823.3.html |archive-date=10 January 2009}}</ref>
The ] {{in it|Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica di Venezia}} is the oldest ] in the world. Founded by Count ] in 1932 as the "Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica", the festival has since taken place every year in late August or early September on the island of the ], Venice, Italy. Screenings take place in the historic ] on the Lungomare Marconi. It is one of the world's most prestigious film festivals and is part of the Venice Biennale.


The ] is held in mid-July. It began as a feast to give thanks for the end of the plague of 1576. A bridge of barges is built connecting Giudecca to the rest of Venice, and fireworks play an important role.
===Foreign words of Venetian origin===
* ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].
* "]" means "little Venice".


The ] ({{langx|it|Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica di Venezia}}) is the oldest film festival in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/29/arts/29iht-vfest29.html |title=Special Report – Venice Film Festival; World's Oldest Cinematic Fest Turns 80 |last=Morris |first=Roderick Conway |date=29 August 2012 |work=The New York Times |access-date=17 January 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Founded by Count ] in 1932 as the ''Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica'', the festival has since taken place every year in late August or early September on the island of the ]. Screenings take place in the historic ] on the Lungomare Marconi. It is one of the world's most prestigious film festivals and is part of the Venice Biennale.
==Notable people==
''For people from Venice, see ].''
Others closely associated with the city include:
* ] (''c''. 1107, 1205), ] from 1192 to his death. He played a direct role in the ] during the ].
* ] (15 September 1254 - 8 January 1324), trader and ], one of the first Westerners to travel the ] to China. While a prisoner in Genoa, he dictated in the tale of his travels known as ''Il Milione'' ('']'').
* ] (c. 1430-1516), a Renaissance painter, probably the best known of the Bellini family of painters.
* ] (1449–1515), one of the most important printers in history.
* ] (20 May 1470 - 18 January 1547), ] and scholar.
* ] (c.1480 - Loreto, 1556), ], draughtsman, and illustrator, traditionally placed in the ].
* ] (c. 1484–1557, or soon after), ].
* ], Catholic priest and exorcist
* ] (''c''. 1488-90 – 27 August 1576), leader of the 16th century Venetian school of the ] (he was born in ]).
* ], (c. 1496 - 3 March 1578), ] from 11 June 1577 to 1578.
* ] (c.1510–1586), Italian composer and organist at San Marco di Venezia
* ] (1518 - 31 May 1594), probably the last great painter of Italian Renaissance.
* ] (1546–1591), poet and courtesan during the Renaissance
* ] (between 1554 and 1557–1612), composer and organist at San Marco di Venezia
* ] (1567–1643), composer and director of music at ]
* ] (1571–1648) preacher, author, poet, active in the Venetian ghetto and beyond
* ] (d.1571), general, flayed alive by the ] after a fierce resistance during the siege of ]
* ] (1598 - 18 February 1682), one of the greatest exponents of Baroque architecture.
* ] (14 February 1602 - 14 January 1676), a ] ]
* ] (8 June 1671 - 17 January 1751), a ] ]
* ] (7 October 1675 – 15 April 1757), known for her pastel works.
* ] (4 March 1678, 28 July (or 27), 1741, ]), famous composer and violinist of the Baroque Era
* ] (14 April 1695 - 7 April 1762) left Cremona in 1718, settled in Venice. "Peter of Venice" from the family of great luthiers.
* ] (5 March 1696 - 27 March 1770), the last "Grand Manner" fresco painter from the Venetian Republic.
* ] (28 October 1697 - 19 April 1768), famous for his landscapes or '']'' of Venice, but not only.
* ] (25 February 1707 - 6 February 1793). Along with ], Goldoni is probably the most famous name in Italian theatre, in his country and abroad.
* ] (13 December 1720 – 4 April 1806), an excellent dramatist of 18th century.
* ] (1725–1798), in ], ], (now ], Czech Republic), a famous Venetian adventurer, writer and ].
* ] (7 May 1883 – 20 April 1937), Composer.
* ] (2 June 1906 - 1978, ]), an ] with a profound understanding of materials.
* ] (9 August 1919 - 25 October 2006), one of the most important modern painters of Italy
* ] (5 June 1646 - 26 July 1684), the first woman in the world to receive a doctorate degree.
* ] (21 April 1920 - 13 November 1973), an Italian-German orchestra director and 20th century music composer.
* ] (29 January 1924 - 8 May 1990), a leading composer of instrumental and electronic music.
* ] (November 1933), Venetian Surrealistic artist.
* ] (2 November 1946 – 20 April 2001), conductor and composer.
* ] (27 September 1927, Venice - 23 April 2005, Málaga), was one of the most famous Italian creators of Disney comics.


===Twin towns — Sister cities=== === Music ===
{{Main|Music of Venice}}
{{See also|Venice in media|Venetian polychoral style|Music of Veneto|Venetian School (music)}}

] opera house in the city]]

The city of Venice in Italy has played an important role in the development of the ]. The Venetian state (the medieval ]) was often popularly called the "Republic of Music", and an anonymous Frenchman of the 17th century is said to have remarked that "In every home, someone is playing a musical instrument or singing. There is music everywhere."<ref>Touring Club p. 79</ref>

During the 16th century, Venice became one of the most important musical centres of Europe, marked by a characteristic style of composition (the ]) and the development of the ] under composers such as ], who worked at ]. Venice was the early centre of music printing; ] began publishing music almost as soon as this technology was available, and his publishing enterprise helped to attract composers from all over Europe, especially from France and ]. By the end of the century, Venice was known for the splendor of its music, as exemplified in the "colossal style" of ] and ], which used multiple choruses and instrumental groups. Venice was also the home of many noted composers during the ], such as ], ], ], ], and ], to name but a few.

==== Orchestras ====
Venice is the home of numerous orchestras such as, the ], ], Interpreti Veneziani, and ].

=== Cinema, media, and popular culture ===
] is the oldest film festival in the world and one of the most prestigious and publicized.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/venice-film-festival-unveils-lineup-720770 |title=Venice: David Gordon Green's 'Manglehorn,' Abel Ferrara's 'Pasolini' in Competition Lineup |work=] |last=Anderson |first=Ariston |date=24 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218220740/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/venice-film-festival-unveils-lineup-720770 |archive-date=18 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Corliss |first1=Mary |last2=Corliss |first2=Richard |date=7 September 2014 |url=https://time.com/3291348/addio-lido-last-postcards-from-the-venice-film-festival/ |title=Addio, Lido: Last Postcards from the Venice Film Festival |magazine=Time |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920162423/http://time.com/3291348/addio-lido-last-postcards-from-the-venice-film-festival/ |archive-date=20 September 2014}}</ref>]]

The city has been the setting or chosen location of numerous films, games, works of fine art and literature (including essays, fiction, non-fiction, and poems), music videos, television shows, and other cultural references.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rail-pass.com/venice-italy| title=Venice - Italy}}</ref>

One example of this is ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=VenetoInside |url=https://www.venetoinside.com/en/news-and-curiosities/indiana-jones-and-the-church-of-san-barnaba-in-venice |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=www.venetoinside.com}}</ref>

Another example of this is ]

=== Photography ===
] was the pioneer in artistic photography in Venice,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Biolchini |first1=Stefano |title=Addio a Fulvio Roiter. Era sua la più bella Venezia in bianco nero |trans-title=Goodbye to Fulvio Roiter. It was his most beautiful Venice in black and white. |url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/cultura/2016-04-19/addio-fulvio-roiter-era-sua-piu-bella-venezia-bianco-nero-163156.shtml?uuid=ACyXppAD |access-date=19 April 2016 |work=] |date=19 April 2016 |language=it}}</ref> followed by a number of photographers whose works are often reproduced on postcards, thus reaching a widest international popular exposure.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} ], a New York City based photographer was born in Venice.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thechildrenofsouthafrica.org/ |title=Children of South Africa |website=www.thechildrenofsouthafrica.org |access-date=29 November 2019}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Venetian cuisine|Veneto wine}}
Venetian cuisine is characterized by seafood, but also includes garden products from the islands of the lagoon, rice from the mainland, game, and ]. Venice is not known for a particular cuisine of its own: it combines local traditions with influences stemming from age-old contacts with distant countries.{{clarify|date=August 2015}} These include '']'' (sardines marinated to preserve them for long voyages); ''bacalà mantecato'' (a recipe based on Norwegian ] and extra-virgin olive oil); ''bisàto'' (marinated eel); ''risi e bisi'' – rice, peas and (unsmoked) bacon;<ref>Ranieri da Mosto, ''Il Veneto in cucina'', Firenze, Aldo Martello-Giunti, 1974, p. 57; Mariù Salvatori de Zuliani, ''A tola co i nostri veci. La cucina veneziana'', Milano, Franco Angeli, 2008, p. 63</ref> ''fegato alla veneziana'', Venetian-style veal liver; ''risòto col néro de sépe'' (risotto with cuttlefish, blackened by their own ink); ''cichéti'', refined and delicious tidbits (akin to ''tapas''); ''antipasti'' (appetizers); and '']'', an effervescent, mildly sweet wine.

In addition, Venice is known for the golden, oval-shaped cookies called '']'', and for other types of sweets, such as: ''pan del pescaór'' (bread of the fisherman); cookies with almonds and pistachio nuts; cookies with fried Venetian cream, or the ''bussolài'' (]s and ] made in the shape of a ring or an "S") from the island of Burano; the ''galàni'' or ''cróstoli'' (]);<ref group="note">In other areas of Italy similar sweets are known by many other names, e.g. ''cénci'' (rags) (Florence), ''frappe'' (flounces) (Rome), ''bugìe'' (lies) (Turin, Genoa, etc.), ''chiàcchiere'' (chatter) (Milan and many other places in northern, central and southern Italy). Vid.: Pellegrino Artusi, ''La Scienza in cucina e l'Arte di mangiar bene'', 93ª ristampa, Firenze, Giunti, 1960, p. 387, #595; Ranieri da Mosto, ''Il Veneto in cucina'', Firenze, Aldo Martello-Giunti, 1974, p. 364; Luigi Veronelli (edited by), ''Il Carnacina'', 10th ed., Milano, Garzanti, 1975, p. 656, #2013; to name but a few.</ref> the ''frìtole'' (fried spherical doughnuts); the ''fregolòtta'' (a crumbly cake with almonds); a milk pudding called ''rosàda''; and cookies called ''zaléti'', whose ingredients include yellow maize flour.<ref>Mariù Salvatori de Zuliani, ''A tola co i nostri veci. La cucina veneziana'', Milano, Franco Angeli, 2008, pp. 449–450</ref>

The dessert ] is generally thought to have been invented in ] in the 1970s,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/17/italian-regions-battle-over-who-invented-tiramisu-in-long-runnin/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/17/italian-regions-battle-over-who-invented-tiramisu-in-long-runnin/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Italian regions battle over who invented tiramisu |first=Nick |last=Squires |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=17 May 2016 |via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and is popular in the ] area.

=== Fashion and shopping ===
]]]

In the 14th century, many young Venetian men began wearing tight-fitting multicoloured hose, the designs on which indicated the ''Compagnie della Calza'' ("Trouser Club") to which they belonged. The Venetian Senate passed ]s, but these merely resulted in changes in fashion in order to circumvent the law. Dull garments were worn over colourful ones, which then were cut to show the hidden colours resulting in the spread of men's "slashed" fashions in the 15th century.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

Today, Venice is a major fashion and shopping centre; not as important as ], ], and Rome, but on a par with ], ], ], ], and ]. ] is the only major ] brand to be based in Venice. Founded in 1945, it is renowned for its innovative handbags made by Venetian artisans and often covered in locally woven ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Patner |first=Josh |title=From Bags to Riches |newspaper=The New York Times |date=26 February 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/26/style/tmagazine/t_w_p166_talk_patner_.html |access-date=14 May 2010}}</ref>

==International relations==

===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}} {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}
Venice is ] with:<ref name="twins">{{cite web |title=Gemellaggi e Accordi |trans-title=Twinning and Agreements |url=https://www.comune.venezia.it/it/content/gemellaggi-e-accordi |website=City of Venice |date=11 December 2017 |language=it |access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} ], China, since 1980
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|Estonia}} ], ]
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} ], ], since 1993 *{{flagicon|HRV}} ], Croatia
* {{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} ], ], since 1994 *{{flagicon|TUR}} ], Turkey
* {{flagicon|Germany}} ], Germany, since 1999 *{{flagicon|IDN}} ], Indonesia
* {{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} ], China, since 2001 *{{flagicon|RUS}} ], Russia
* {{flagicon|Russia}} ], Russia, since 2002 *{{flagicon|BIH}} ], Bosnia and Herzegovina
* {{flagicon|Greece}} ], Greece, since 2003 *{{flagicon|CHN}} ], China
* {{flagicon|United States}} ], United States, since 2007 *{{flagicon|EST}} ], Estonia
*{{flagicon|ARM}} ], Armenia
*{{flagicon|UKR}} ], Ukraine
*{{flagicon|TUR}} ], Turkey
{{div col end}}

In 2013, Venice announced that it wants to end the sister city relationship with St. Petersburg in opposition to laws Russia had passed against homosexuals and those who support gay rights.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morgan |first=Glennisha |title=Venice To Cut Ties With St. Petersburg Over Anti-Gay Law |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/30/venice-st-petersburg-anti-gaw-propaganda-law_n_2576044.html |access-date=17 October 2013 |work=] |date=30 January 2013}}</ref>


===Cooperation agreements=== ===Cooperation agreements===
In January 2000, the City of Venice and the Central Association of Cities and Communities of Greece (KEDKE) established, in pursuance to ] No. 2137/85, the Marco Polo System ] (E.E.I.G.), to promote and realise European projects within transnational cultural and tourist fields, particularly in reference to the preservation and safeguarding of artistic and architectural heritage.<ref name="twins" />
Venice has cooperation agreements with the Greek city of ], the German city of ], signed on 25 September 1999, and the Turkish city of ], signed on 4 March 1993, within the framework of the 1991 Istanbul Declaration. It is also a Science and Technology Partnership City with ], China.


In April 2001, the city signed an agreement with the ]'s office of cultural promotion and cooperation, to coordinate efforts at promoting Italian culture abroad.<ref name="twins" />
The City of Venice and the Central Association of Cities and Communities of Greece (KEDKE) established, in January 2000, in pursuance of the EC Regulations n. 2137/85, the European Economic Interest Grouping (E.E.I.G.) ] System to promote and realise European projects within transnational cultural and tourist field, particularly referred to the artistic and architectural heritage preservation and safeguard.


Venice also has cooperation agreements with:<ref name="twins" />
==Etymology==
* ], Germany (1979)
The name is connected with the people known as the ], perhaps the same as the ''Eneti'' (Ενετοί). The meaning of the word is uncertain. Connections with the Latin verb 'venire' (to come) or (Slo)venia are fanciful. A connection with the Latin word venetus, meaning 'sea-blue', is possible. Given that Venice was once a ], there is some speculation that the name 'Venice' has its roots in the name of the Phoenician empire.
* ], Germany (1999)
* ], China (2001, Science and Technology Partnership)
* ], Greece (2003)
* ], United States (2020)


===Places named after Venice===
==See also==
The name "]" is a Spanish diminutive of Venice (''Veneziola'').<ref>{{cite book |title=A Voyage to the Eastern Part of Terra Firma, Or the Spanish Main, in South-America, During the Years 1801, 1802, 1803, and 1804 |url=https://archive.org/details/avoyagetoeaster00ponsgoog |first=François Joseph |last=Pons |publisher=I. Riley and Company |year=1806 |page=xi}}</ref><br />Many additional places around the world are named after Venice, such as:
{{portal|Venice|Café Florian Venise 02.JPG}}
* ] * ], home of Venice Beach
* ], in Canada
* ], city in Sarasota County
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

== People ==
Others closely associated with the city include:

], {{circa|1630}}]]
]]]

=== Music ===
* ] ({{circa|1510}}–1586), Italian composer and organist at ]<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Gabrieli, Giovanni |volume=11 |page=381; see line 2 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1554/1557–1612), composer and organist at St Mark's Basilica<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Gabrieli, Giovanni |volume=11 |page=381 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1567–1643), composer, string player, choirmaster and Catholic priest<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Monteverde, Claudio |volume=18 |page=778 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1602–1676), a ] composer<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Cavalli, Francesco |volume=5 |page=563 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1671–1751), a baroque composer<ref>{{cite book |last=Domenico |first=Roy Palmer |title=The Regions of Italy: A Reference Guide to History and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZ-PMNC5XOkC&pg=PA379 |publisher=] |year=2002 |page=379 |isbn=9780313307331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Albinoni, Tomasso |volume=1 |page=510 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1678–1741), composer and violinist of the Baroque Era
* ] (1686–1750), an Italian master ]. He made the ] and ].
* ] (1695–1762), luthier, settled in Venice 1717, ''Peter of Venice''<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Guarnieri |volume=12 |page=660 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1749–1838), opera librettist and poet. He wrote the librettos for 28 operas by 11 composers, including ].
* ] (1763–1846), a double bass virtuoso and composer<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Dragonetti, Domenico |volume=8 |page=468 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1876–1948), Italian composer, mostly of comic opera
* ] (1883–1937), Italian composer and violinist
* ] (1920–1973), Italian-German orchestra director and music composer
* ] (1924–1990), a leading composer of instrumental and electronic music
* ] (1946–2001), conductor and composer
* ] (born 1948), composer and conductor<ref>{{cite book |last=Elmer |first=Michele |title=Imagine Math 2: Between Culture and Mathematics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IjFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |publisher=] |date=4 October 2013 |page=11 |isbn=9788847028890}}</ref>
* ] ({{floruit|1726|1749}}), Italian choreographer of ballets within operas<ref name="Grove">{{Cite encyclopedia |author=Irene Alm|date=2002|entry=Gallo , Giovanni |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online|publisher=] |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O006334}}</ref>

], self portrait, 1588]]

=== Painting ===
* ] ({{circa|1430}} – 1516), Renaissance painter from the Bellini family of painters<ref>{{cite news |title=Bellini masterpieces at the Getty make for one of the year's best museum shows |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-bellini-getty-review-20171013-htmlstory.html |last=Knight |first=Christopher |date=13 October 2017 |access-date=26 July 2018 |newspaper=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216094816/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-bellini-getty-review-20171013-htmlstory.html |archive-date=16 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bellini |volume=3 |last1=Colvin |first1=Sidney |author1-link=Sidney Colvin |pages=700–703; see page 702 |quote=III. Giovanni Bellini (1430–1431–1516) |short=1}}</ref>
* ] ({{circa|1465}} – 1525/1526), Italian painter of the ]<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Carpaccio, Vittorio |volume=5 |page=382 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] ({{circa|1480}} – 1556), painter, draughtsman and illustrator, in the Venetian school<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Lotto, Lorenzo |volume=17 |page=22 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] ({{circa|1485}} – 1547), ] painter and early ]<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Sebastiano del Piombo |volume=24 |last=Rossetti |first=William Michael |author-link=William Michael Rossetti |pages=567–568 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] ({{circa|1488/90}} – 1576), leader of the Venetian school of the ]<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Titian |volume=26 |last=Rossetti |first=William Michael |author-link=William Michael Rossetti |pages=1023–1026 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1518–1594), the last great painter of Italian Renaissance<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Tintoretto, Jacopo Robusti |volume=26 |last=Rossetti |first=William Michael |author-link=William Michael Rossetti |pages=1001–1003 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] ({{circa|1560}} – after 1639), painter of the late-] period<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Anna, Baldasarre |volume=2 |page=59 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1659–1714), late-Baroque painter<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Cassana, Niccolò |volume=5 |page=456 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1675–1757), Rococo painter, known for her pastel works<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Zelazko |first1=Alicja |title=Rosalba Carriera |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rosalba-Carriera |encyclopedia=] |access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/rosalba-carriera |title=Rosalba Carriera |access-date=26 July 2018 |work=]}}</ref>
* ] (1696–1770), painter and printmaker. He painted in the ] style, Venetian school.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista |volume=26 |pages=963–964 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1697–1768), painter, known for his landscapes or '']'' of Venice
* ] ({{circa|1702}} – 1785) painter of contemporary ] scenes of life<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Longhi, Pietro |volume=16 |page=981 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1907–1990), Italian painter
* ] (1919–2006), an important modern painter of Italy
* ] (born 1933), Venetian Surrealistic artist

=== Writing ===
], notable name in Italian theatre]]

* ] (1364 – {{circa|1430}}), poet and court writer for King ]
* ] (1449–1515), an important printer. He founded the ].<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Manutius |volume=17 |last1=Symonds |first1=John Addington |author1-link=John Addington Symonds |pages=624–626 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1532–1589), French poet and member of ]<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Baïf, Jean Antoine de |volume=3 |pages=214–215 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1546–1591), poet and courtesan during the Renaissance
* ] (1552–1623), historian, scientist, canon lawyer, statesman, defender of the liberties of Republican Venice. His writings inspired ], ], and the founding fathers of the ].<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Sarpi, Paolo |volume=24 |last=Garnett |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Garnett (writer) |pages=221–222 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1571–1648), author, poet and preacher, active in the ]<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Leon of Modena |volume=16 |last1=Abrahams |first1=Israel |author1-link=Israel Abrahams |page=443 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1707–1793), playwright and librettist, notable name in Italian theatre<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Goldoni, Carlo |volume=12 |page=213 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1720–1806), playwright and champion of '']''<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Gozzi, Carlo, Count |volume=12 |page=305 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1751–1796), writer and translator of foreign plays
* ] (1860–1913), English author of the Venetian novel ''The Desire and Pursuit of the Whole''

=== Doges & public servants ===
], portrait by ]]]

* ] ({{circa|1107}} – 1205), ] from 1192 to his death. He played a direct role in the ] during the ].<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Dandolo |volume=7 |last1=Villari |first1=Luigi |author1-link=Luigi Villari |pages=801–802 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1383–1447), pope, 1431–1447, nephew of ]<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Eugenius/Eugenius IV |volume=9 |last1=Hayes |first1=Carlton Joseph Huntley |author1-link=Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes |page=886 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1417–1471), pope, 1464–1471. He succeeded ].<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Paul (popes) |volume=20 |pages=955–957; see para 2 |quote=Paul II (Pietro Barbo), pope from the 30th of August 1464 to... |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1455–1538), Doge of the Venetian Republic from 1523 to 1538
* ] (1470–1547), scholar, poet, literary theorist and ]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Pietro Bembo and the 'monster' of Bologna (1514) |first=Stephen D. |last=Bowd |journal=Renaissance Studies |volume=13 |issue=1 |date=March 1999 |pages=40–54 |publisher=] |doi=10.1111/j.1477-4658.1999.tb00064.x |jstor=24412789 |s2cid=190702209}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bembo, Pietro |volume=3 |page=714 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] ({{circa|1496}} – 1578), Doge of Venice from 11 June 1577 to 1578
* ] (died 1571), general, flayed alive by the ] after a fierce resistance during the siege of ]
* ] (1646–1684), the first woman in the world to receive a doctorate degree
* ] (1676–1754), a Venetian mathematician. He wrote the ].<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Riccati, Jacopo Francesco, Count |volume=23 |page=288 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1693–1769), pope, 1758 to his death in 1769<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Clement/Clement XIII |volume=6 |last1=Collier |first1=Theodore Freylinghuysen |author1-link= |page=487 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1758–1819), chemist, agronomist and politician of the ]
* ] (1804–1857), Italian patriot, statesman and leader of the '']'' in Venice<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Manin, Daniele |volume=17 |page=581 |short=1}}</ref>

] by Hans Holbein, 1824]]

=== Explorers ===
* ] ({{circa|1254}} – 1324), trader and ], one of the first Westerners to travel the ] to China<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Polo, Marco |volume=22 |last1=Yule |first1=Henry |author1-link=Henry Yule |last2=Beazley |first2=Charles Raymond |author2-link=Charles Raymond Beazley |pages=7–11 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] ({{circa|1484}} – 1557), ]<ref>{{cite book |last=Biddle |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Biddle |title=A Memoir of Sebastian Cabot: With a Review of the History of Maritime Discovery |url=https://archive.org/details/amemoirsebastia01biddgoog |publisher=Carey and Lea |year=1831 |page=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Cabot, John |volume=4 |last1=Biggar |first1=Henry Percival |author1-link=Henry Percival Biggar |pages=921–923; see page 922 |quote=His son, Sebastian Cabot (1476–1557)... |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1608–1655), the first Italian-American in New Amsterdam in 1635<ref>{{cite book |title=Genealogies of New Jersey Families: Families A-Z, pre-American notes on old New Netherland families |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4zStKaPmsEC&pg=PA941 |publisher=Genealogical Publishing Com |year=1996 |page=941 |isbn=9780806314914 |first=Joseph R. |last=Klett}}</ref>
* ] (1725–1798 in ], ]), a Venetian adventurer, writer and ]<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Casanova de Seingalt, Giovanni Jacopo |volume=5 |pages=440–441 |short=1}}</ref>

=== Architects ===
* ] (1404–1472), architect, humanist author, artist, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher and cryptographer<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Alberti, Leone Battista |volume=1 |page=502 |short=1}}</ref>
* ] (1598–1682), exponent of ]
* ] ({{circa|1660}} – 1737), architect. He designed the pavement in the ]
* ] (1800–1886), architect, led reconstruction and restoration works of the ] and the ], among others
* ] (1906–1978), an architect with a profound understanding of materials

=== Entertainers ===
* ] (1837–1898), high-wire dancer who found success in Europe and the USA
* ] (1927–2005), a noted Italian creator of Disney comics
* ] (born 1990), Italian recording artist and dancer

===Sport ===
]

* ] (1883–1947), rower, team gold and silver medallist at the ] & ]
* ] (1887–1945), rower, team silver medallist at the 1920 Summer Olympics
* ] (1932–2021), Italian-American professional wrestler
* ] (1939–1999), Italian footballer with over 280 club caps
* ] (born 1951), former football goalkeeper with 449 club caps and 21 ]
* ] (born 1957), racing driver and founder of ]
* ] (born 1958), racing driver
* ] (born 1961), fencer and gold medallist at the ]
* ] (born 1961), fencer, team gold medallist at the 1984 Summer Olympics
* ] (born 1963), fencer, team gold medallist at the 1984 Summer Olympics
* ] (born 1963), former foil fencer, three time medallist at the 1984, ] & ]
* ] (born 1964), sprint canoer, gold and silver medallist at the ]
* ] (born 1964), former footballer with over 220 club caps and 150 ]
* ] (born 1965), racing driver
* ] (born 1977), former footballer with 664 club caps
* ]. He was the founding chairmen and owner of ] football club.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Italy|European Union|Cities}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* '']'' * ]
* ]
* ] and ] (the ancient spoken language of the region)
* ]
* ]
* ] – the ancient spoken language of the region
* ]
* ] – a rugby team
* ]
* ]
* ] (the modern spoken vernacular of the region)
* ]
* ] - rugby team
* ] * ]
{{div col end}}
* ]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


=== Bibliography ===
Several cities have been compared to Venice: The ] city ] has been called ''The Venice of the West'', ] has been named ''Venice of the East'', ] was once known as ''the Venice of the Middle East'' due to the numerous canals there, while the title ''The ]'' has been variously applied to ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].
{{See also|Timeline of Venice#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Venice}}


==References== ====Academic====
{{Refbegin|30em}}
===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book |last=Bosio |first=Luciano |title=Le origini di Venezia |location=Novara |publisher=Istituto Geografico De Agostini}}
;Academic
* ], ''Venice'', chapter 8 of '']'' vol. I ''The Renaissance'' (1902)
{{Refbegin}}
* Brown, Horatio, ''Calendar of State Papers (Venetian): 1581–1591'', 1895; ''1592–1603'', 1897; ''1603–1607'', 1900; ''1607–1610'', 1904; ''1610–1613'', 1905
* {{cite book|last=Bosio|first=Luciano|title=Le origini di Venezia|location=Novara|publisher=Istituto Geografico De Agostini}}
* Brown, Horatio, ''Studies in the history of Venice'' (London, 1907)
* Chambers, D.S. (1970). ''The Imperial Age of Venice, 1380-1580.'' London: Thames & Hudson. The best brief introduction in English, still completely reliable.
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Venice |volume=27 |last1=Brown |first1=Horatio Robert Forbes |author1-link=Horatio Brown |pages=995–1007 |short=1}}
* Contarini, Gasparo (1599). ''The Commonwealth and Gouernment of Venice.'' Lewes Lewkenor, trsl. London: "Imprinted by I. Windet for E. Mattes." The most important contemporary account of Venice's governance during the time of its blossoming. Also available in various reprint editions.
* Chambers, D.S. (1970). ''The Imperial Age of Venice, 1380–1580.'' London: Thames & Hudson.
* Drechsler, Wolfgang (2002). "Venice Misappropriated." ''Trames'' 6(2), pp.&nbsp;192–201. A scathing review of Martin & Romano 2000; also a good summary on the most recent economic and political thought on Venice.
* Contarini, Gasparo (1599). ''The Commonwealth and Gouernment of Venice.'' Lewes Lewkenor, trsl. London: "Imprinted by I. Windet for E. Mattes."
* Da Canal, Martin, "Les estoires de Venise" (13th-century chronicle), translated by Laura Morreale. Padua, Unipress 2009.
* Drechsler, Wolfgang (2002). "Venice Misappropriated." ''Trames'' 6(2), pp.&nbsp;192–201.
* Garrett, Martin, "Venice: a Cultural History" (2006). Revised edition of "Venice: a Cultural and Literary Companion" (2001). * Garrett, Martin, "Venice: a Cultural History" (2006). Revised edition of "Venice: a Cultural and Literary Companion" (2001).
* Grubb, James S. (1986). "When Myths Lose Power: Four Decades of Venetian Historiography." ''Journal of Modern History'' 58, pp.&nbsp;43–94. The classic "muckraking" essay on the myths of Venice. * Grubb, James S. (1986). "When Myths Lose Power: Four Decades of Venetian Historiography." ''Journal of Modern History'' 58, pp.&nbsp;43–94.
* Lane, Frederic Chapin. ''Venice: Maritime Republic'' (1973) (ISBN 0801814456) standard scholarly history; emphasis on economic, political and diplomatic history * Lane, Frederic Chapin. ''Venice: Maritime Republic'' (1973) ({{ISBN|978-0-8018-1445-7}})
* Laven, Mary, "Virgins of Venice: Enclosed Lives and Broken Vows in the Renaissance Convent (2002). The most important study of the life of Renaissance nuns, with much on aristocratic family networks and the life of women more generally. * Laven, Mary, "Virgins of Venice: Enclosed Lives and Broken Vows in the Renaissance Convent (2002).
* Madden, Thomas F. ''Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice'' Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Martin, John Jeffries and Dennis Romano (eds). ''Venice Reconsidered. The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297-1797.'' (2002) ]. The most recent collection on essays, many by prominent scholars, on Venice.
* Martin, John Jeffries and Dennis Romano (eds). ''Venice Reconsidered. The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797.'' (2002) ].
* Muir, Edward (1981). ''Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice.'' Princeton UP. The classic of Venetian cultural studies, highly sophisticated.
* Muir, Edward (1981). ''Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice.'' Princeton UP.
* Oppenheimer, Gerald J. (2010). ''Venetian'' Palazzi ''and'' Case: ''A Guide to the Literature.'' University of Washington, Seattle. Retrieved from http://faculty.washington.edu/gerryo/venice.html February 7, 2010.
* {{cite web |author-link=Gerald J. Oppenheimer |last=Oppenheimer |first=Gerald J. |date=2010 |title=Venetian'' Palazzi ''and'' Case: ''A Guide to the Literature. |publisher=University of Washington, Seattle |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/gerryo/venice.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604034334/http://faculty.washington.edu/gerryo/venice.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=7 February 2010}}
* Rösch, Gerhard (2000). ''Venedig. Geschichte einer Seerepublik.'' Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. In German, but the most recent top-level brief history of Venice.
* Rösch, Gerhard (2000). ''Venedig. Geschichte einer Seerepublik.'' Stuttgart: ].
*{{cite book|last=Miller |first=Judith|title=Furniture: world styles from classical to contemporary|publisher=DK Publishing|date=2005|isbn=075661340X }}
* {{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Judith |title=Furniture: world styles from classical to contemporary |publisher=DK Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7566-1340-2}}
{{Refend}} {{Refend}}


;Popular ====Popular====
{{Refbegin}} {{Refbegin|30em}}
* ]. ''Venice: Pure City''. London, Chatto & Windus. ]. ISBN 9780701184780 * ], ''Venice: Pure City''. London, Chatto & Windus, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-7011-8478-0}}
* ], '']'', 1884; revised ed. 1894; further eds. 1900, 1904, 1909.
* Cole, Toby. ''Venice: A Portable Reader,'' ], 1979. ISBN 0-88208-097-0 (hardcover); ISBN 0-88208-107-1 (softcover).
* Cole, Toby. ''Venice: A Portable Reader'', Lawrence Hill, 1979. {{ISBN|978-0-88208-097-0}} (hardcover); {{ISBN|978-0-88208-107-6}} (softcover).
* ] (1993), ''Venice''. 3rd revised edition. ], ISBN 0-571-16897-3. A subjective and passionate written introduction to the city and some of its history. Not illustrated.
* ]. ''The Stones of Venice''. Abridged edition Links, JG (Ed), ], 2001. ISBN 0-14-139065-4. Seminal work on architecture and society * ], ''The Siege of Venice''. London: Chatto & Windus, 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-70116-637-3}}
* ], ''Venice: A New History''. New York: Viking, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-670-02542-8}}.
* ] (2004). ''A Venetian Affair''. ]. ISBN 1-84115-542-X Biography of Venetian nobleman and lover, from correspondence in the 1750s.
* ], ''Venice Observed'' (1956), Harvest/HBJ, 1963 edition: {{ISBN|0-15-693521-X}}
* Sethre, Janet. ''The Souls of Venice'' McFarland & Company, Inc., 2003. ISBN 0-7864-1573-8 (softcover). This book focuses on people who have been shaped by Venice and who have shaped the city in their turn. Illustrated (photographs by Manuela Fardin).
* ] (1993), '']''. 3rd revised edition. Faber & Faber, {{ISBN|978-0-571-16897-2}}.
* ], '']''. Abridged edition Links, JG (Ed), Penguin Books, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-14-139065-9}}.
* ] (2004). ''A Venetian Affair''. HarperCollins. {{ISBN|978-1-84115-542-5}}
* Sethre, Janet, ''The Souls of Venice'' McFarland & Company, Inc., 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-1573-1}} (softcover).
{{Refend}} {{Refend}}


== External links ==
===Notes===
{{Sister project links|Venice|voy=Venice}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
*

* (Italian/English)
==External links==
* (English)
{{sisterlinks|Venice}}
* How Venice was built
* {{wikitravel}}
{{Islands of the Venetian Lagoon}}
*
*
*
* (German)

{{Province of Venice}} {{Province of Venice}}
{{Regional capitals of Italy}} {{Regional capitals of Italy}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Italy}} {{World Heritage Sites in Italy}}
{{Maritime republics}}
{{Repubbliche Marinare}}
{{Cities in Italy}}

{{use dmy dates}} {{Authority control}}


] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
] ]
]
] ]
] <!--Added as other cities--> ]
] ]
] ]
]

]
<!--Other languages-->
]

]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 17:58, 10 January 2025

City in Veneto, Italy "Venezia" redirects here. For other uses, see Venezia (disambiguation) and Venice (disambiguation).

Comune in Veneto, Italy
Venice Venezia (Italian)
Venesia (Venetian)
Comune
Comune di Venezia
Grand CanalBridge of SighsCa' FoscariSaluteSt Mark's CampanileDoge's Palace
Flag of VeniceFlagCoat of arms of VeniceCoat of arms
Location of Venice
Venice is located in ItalyVeniceVeniceLocation of Venice in VenetoShow map of ItalyVenice is located in VenetoVeniceVeniceVenice (Veneto)Show map of Veneto
Coordinates: 45°26′15″N 12°20′9″E / 45.43750°N 12.33583°E / 45.43750; 12.33583
CountryItaly
RegionVeneto
Metropolitan cityVenice (VE)
FrazioniChirignago, Favaro Veneto, Mestre, Marghera, Murano, Burano, Giudecca, Lido, Zelarino
Government
 • MayorLuigi Brugnaro (CI)
Area
 • Total414.57 km (160.07 sq mi)
Elevation1 m (3 ft)
Population
 • Total258,685
 • Density620/km (1,600/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Veneziano
Venetian (English)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code30100
Dialing code041
ISTAT code027042
Patron saintSt. Mark the Evangelist
Saint day25 April
WebsiteOfficial website
Venice and its Lagoon
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Venice in autumn, with the Rialto Bridge in the background
CriteriaCultural: I, II, III, IV, V, VI
Reference394
Inscription1987 (11th Session)
Venice About OpenStreetMapsMaps: terms of use 1km
0.6miles Tronchetto12Tronchetto Santa Lucia
railway station11Venezia Santa Lucia railway station Santa Croce10Santa Croce (Venice) Dorsoduro9Dorsoduro Castello8Castello, Venice Isola di
San Michele7Isola di San Michele Cannaregio6Cannaregio Santa Maria della Salute5Santa Maria della Salute Bridge of
Sighs4Bridge of Sighs Grand Canal3Grand Canal (Venice) Piazza
San Marco2Piazza San Marco St Mark's Basilica St Mark's Campanile Horses of Saint Mark Doge's Palace Rialto Bridge1Rialto Bridge  

Venice (/ˈvɛnɪs/ VEN-iss; Italian: Venezia [veˈnɛttsja] ; Venetian: Venesia [veˈnɛsja], formerly Venexia [veˈnɛzja]) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is built on a group of 127 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are linked by 472 bridges. The islands are in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay lying between the mouths of the Po and the Piave rivers (more exactly between the Brenta and the Sile). In 2020, around 258,685 people resided in greater Venice or the Comune di Venezia, of whom around 51,000 live in the historical island city of Venice (centro storico) and the rest on the mainland (terraferma). Together with the cities of Padua and Treviso, Venice is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area (PATREVE), which is considered a statistical metropolitan area, with a total population of 2.6 million.

The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC. The city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice for almost a millennium, from 810 to 1797. It was a major financial and maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto, as well as an important centre of commerce—especially silk, grain, and spice, and of art from the 13th century to the end of the 17th. The city-state of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial centre, emerging in the 9th century and reaching its greatest prominence in the 14th century. This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. For centuries Venice possessed numerous territories along the Adriatic Sea and within the Italian peninsula, leaving a significant impact on the architecture and culture that can still be seen today. The Venetian Arsenal is considered by several historians to be the first factory in history and was the base of Venice's naval power. The sovereignty of Venice came to an end in 1797, at the hands of Napoleon. Subsequently, in 1866, the city became part of the Kingdom of Italy.

Venice has been known as "La Dominante", "La Serenissima", "Queen of the Adriatic", "City of Water", "City of Masks", "City of Bridges", "The Floating City", and "City of Canals". The lagoon and the city within the lagoon were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987, covering an area of 70,176.4 hectares (173,410 acres). Venice is known for several important artistic movements – especially during the Italian Renaissance – and has played an important role in the history of instrumental and operatic music; it is the birthplace of Baroque music composers Tomaso Albinoni and Antonio Vivaldi.

In the 21st century, Venice remains a very popular tourist destination, a major cultural centre, and has often been ranked one of the most beautiful cities in the world. It has been described by The Times as one of Europe's most romantic cities and by The New York Times as "undoubtedly the most beautiful city built by man". However, the city faces challenges including an excessive number of tourists, pollution, tide peaks and cruise ships sailing too close to buildings. In light of the fact that Venice and its lagoon are under constant threat, Venice's UNESCO listing has been under constant examination.

History

Main article: History of the Republic of Venice For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Venice.

Origins

Timeline of Venice: historical affiliations
421–476  Western Roman Empire
476–493  Kingdom of Odoacer
493–553  Ostrogothic Kingdom
553–584  Eastern Roman Empire
584–697  Byzantine Empire (Exarchate of Ravenna)
697–1797 Republic of Venice
1797–1805 Habsburg monarchy
1805–1814 Kingdom of Italy
1815–1848 Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
1848–1849 Republic of San Marco
1849–1866 Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
1866–1943 Kingdom of Italy
1943–1945  Italian Social Republic
1946–present  Italy

Although no surviving historical records deal directly with the founding or building of Venice, tradition and the available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice consisted of refugees – from nearby Roman cities such as Patavium (Padua), Aquileia, Tarvisium (Treviso), Altinum, and Concordia (modern Portogruaro), as well as from the undefended countryside – who were fleeing successive waves of Germanic and Hun invasions. This is further supported by the documentation on the so-called "apostolic families", the twelve founding families of Venice who elected the first doge, who in most cases trace their lineage back to Roman families. Some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen, on the islands in the original marshy lagoons, who were referred to as incolae lacunae ("lagoon dwellers"). The traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo on the islet of Rialto (Rivoalto, "High Shore")—said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421 (the Feast of the Annunciation).

Chronicon Pictum, Italians, Aquileia, Venice, city, refugees, boat, sea, medieval, chronicle, book, illumination, illustration, history
The foundation of Venice as depicted in the Chronicon Pictum in 1358. According to the Hungarian chronicle, King Attila of the Huns besieged Aquileia, the inhabitants of the city first fled to a sea island and then founded Venice on the island of Rialto.

Beginning as early as AD 166–168, the Quadi and Marcomanni destroyed the main Roman town in the area, present-day Oderzo. This part of Roman Italy was again overrun in the early 5th century by the Visigoths and, some 50 years later, by the Huns led by Attila. The last and most enduring immigration into the north of the Italian peninsula, that of the Lombards in 568, left the Eastern Roman Empire only a small strip of coastline in the current Veneto, including Venice. The Roman/Byzantine territory was organized as the Exarchate of Ravenna, administered from that ancient port and overseen by a viceroy (the Exarch) appointed by the Emperor in Constantinople. Ravenna and Venice were connected by just sea routes, and with the Venetians' isolation came increasing autonomy. New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores formed the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the lagoon, dating from c. 568.

The traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto (Anafestus Paulicius), was elected in 697, as written in the oldest chronicle by John, deacon of Venice c. 1008. Some modern historians claim Paolo Lucio Anafesto was actually the Exarch Paul, and Paul's successor, Marcello Tegalliano, was Paul's magister militum (or "general"), literally "master of soldiers". In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the exarchate rose in a rebellion over the iconoclastic controversy, at the urging of Pope Gregory II. The exarch, held responsible for the acts of his master, Byzantine Emperor Leo III, was murdered, and many officials were put to flight in the chaos. At about this time, the people of the lagoon elected their own independent leader for the first time, although the relationship of this to the uprisings is not clear. Ursus was the first of 117 "doges" (doge is the Venetian dialectal equivalent of the Latin dux ("leader"); the corresponding word in English is duke, in standard Italian duca (see also "duce".) Whatever his original views, Ursus supported Emperor Leo III's successful military expedition to recover Ravenna, sending both men and ships. In recognition of this, Venice was "granted numerous privileges and concessions" and Ursus, who had personally taken the field, was confirmed by Leo as dux and given the added title of hypatus (from the Greek for "consul").

In 751, the Lombard King Aistulf conquered most of the Exarchate of Ravenna, leaving Venice a lonely and increasingly autonomous Byzantine outpost. During this period, the seat of the local Byzantine governor (the "duke/dux", later "doge"), was at Malamocco. Settlement on the islands in the lagoon probably increased with the Lombard conquest of other Byzantine territories, as refugees sought asylum in the area. In 775/6, the episcopal seat of Olivolo (San Pietro di Castello) was created. During the reign of duke Agnello Particiaco (811–827) the ducal seat moved from Malamocco to the more protected Rialto, within present-day Venice. The monastery of St Zachary and the first ducal palace and basilica of St. Mark, as well as a walled defense (civitatis murus) between Olivolo and Rialto, were subsequently built here.

Charlemagne sought to subdue the city to his rule. He ordered the pope to expel the Venetians from the Pentapolis along the Adriatic coast; Charlemagne's own son Pepin of Italy, king of the Lombards, under the authority of his father, embarked on a siege of Venice itself. This, however, proved a costly failure. The siege lasted six months, with Pepin's army ravaged by the diseases of the local swamps and eventually forced to withdraw in 810. A few months later, Pepin himself died, apparently as a result of a disease contracted there. In the aftermath, an agreement between Charlemagne and the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus in 814 recognized Venice as Byzantine territory, and granted the city trading rights along the Adriatic coast.

In 828 the new city's prestige increased with the acquisition, from Alexandria, of relics claimed to be of St Mark the Evangelist; these were placed in the new basilica. Winged lions – visible throughout Venice – are the emblem of St Mark. The patriarchal seat was also moved to Rialto. As the community continued to develop, and as Byzantine power waned, its own autonomy grew, leading to eventual independence.

Expansion

The Republic of Venice with its Terraferma and Stato da Màr

From the 9th to the 12th centuries, Venice developed into a powerful maritime empire (an Italian thalassocracy known also as repubblica marinara). In addition to Venice there were seven others: the most important ones were Genoa, Pisa, and Amalfi; and the lesser known were Ragusa, Ancona, Gaeta and Noli. Its own strategic position at the head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval and commercial power almost invulnerable. With the elimination of pirates along the Dalmatian coast, the city became a flourishing trade centre between Western Europe and the rest of the world, especially with the Byzantine Empire and Asia, where its navy protected sea routes against piracy.

The Republic of Venice seized a number of places on the eastern shores of the Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial reasons, because pirates based there were a menace to trade. The doge already possessed the titles of Duke of Dalmatia and Duke of Istria. Later mainland possessions, which extended across Lake Garda as far west as the Adda River, were known as the Terraferma; they were acquired partly as a buffer against belligerent neighbours, partly to guarantee Alpine trade routes, and partly to ensure the supply of mainland wheat (on which the city depended). In building its maritime commercial empire, Venice dominated the trade in salt, acquired control of most of the islands in the Aegean, including Crete, and Cyprus in the Mediterranean, and became a major power-broker in the Near East. By the standards of the time, Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively enlightened and the citizens of such towns as Bergamo, Brescia, and Verona rallied to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders.

Monument to Bartolomeo Colleoni (1400–1475), captain-general of the Republic of Venice from 1455 to 1475

Venice remained closely associated with Constantinople, being twice granted trading privileges in the Eastern Roman Empire, through the so-called golden bulls or "chrysobulls", in return for aiding the Eastern Empire to resist Norman and Turkish incursions. In the first chrysobull, Venice acknowledged its homage to the empire; but not in the second, reflecting the decline of Byzantium and the rise of Venice's power.

Venice became an imperial power following the Fourth Crusade, which, having veered off course, culminated in 1204 by capturing and sacking Constantinople and establishing the Latin Empire. As a result of this conquest, considerable Byzantine plunder was brought back to Venice. This plunder included the gilt bronze horses from the Hippodrome of Constantinople, which were originally placed above the entrance to the cathedral of Venice, St Mark's Basilica (The originals have been replaced with replicas, and are now stored within the basilica.) After the fall of Constantinople, the former Eastern Roman Empire was partitioned among the Latin crusaders and the Venetians. Venice subsequently carved out a sphere of influence in the Mediterranean known as the Duchy of the Archipelago, and captured Crete.

The seizure of Constantinople proved as decisive a factor in ending the Byzantine Empire as the loss of the Anatolian themes, after Manzikert. Although the Byzantines recovered control of the ravaged city a half-century later, the Byzantine Empire was terminally weakened, and existed as a ghost of its old self, until Sultan Mehmet The Conqueror took the city in 1453.

Venice veduta by Erhard Reuwich for the Peregrinationes in terram sanctam, Mainz 1486
View of San Giorgio Maggiore from St. Mark's Campanile

Situated on the Adriatic Sea, Venice had always traded extensively with the Byzantine Empire and the Middle East. By the late 13th century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of Europe. At the peak of its power and wealth, it had 36,000 sailors operating 3,300 ships, dominating Mediterranean commerce. Venice's leading families vied with each other to build the grandest palaces and to support the work of the greatest and most talented artists. The city was governed by the Great Council, which was made up of members of the noble families of Venice. The Great Council appointed all public officials, and elected a Senate of 200 to 300 individuals. Since this group was too large for efficient administration, a Council of Ten (also called the Ducal Council, or the Signoria), controlled much of the administration of the city. One member of the great council was elected "doge", or duke, to be the chief executive; he would usually hold the title until his death, although several Doges were forced, by pressure from their oligarchical peers, to resign and retire into monastic seclusion, when they were felt to have been discredited by political failure.

The Venetian governmental structure was similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome, with an elected chief executive (the doge), a senator-like assembly of nobles, and the general citizenry with limited political power, who originally had the power to grant or withhold their approval of each newly elected doge. Church and various private property was tied to military service, although there was no knight tenure within the city itself. The Cavalieri di San Marco was the only order of chivalry ever instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the government's consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period, and politics and the military were kept separate, except when on occasion the Doge personally headed the military. War was regarded as a continuation of commerce by other means. Therefore, the city's early employment of large numbers of mercenaries for service elsewhere, and later its reliance on foreign mercenaries when the ruling class was preoccupied with commerce.

Although the people of Venice generally remained orthodox Roman Catholics, the state of Venice was notable for its freedom from religious fanaticism, and executed nobody for religious heresy during the Counter-Reformation. This apparent lack of zeal contributed to Venice's frequent conflicts with the papacy. In this context, the writings of the Anglican divine William Bedell are particularly illuminating. Venice was threatened with the interdict on a number of occasions and twice suffered its imposition. The second, most noted, occasion was in 1606, by order of Pope Paul V.

The newly invented German printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe in the 15th century, and Venice was quick to adopt it. By 1482, Venice was the printing capital of the world; the leading printer was Aldus Manutius, who invented paperback books that could be carried in a saddlebag. His Aldine Editions included translations of nearly all the known Greek manuscripts of the era.

Decline

Venice's long decline started in the 15th century. Venice confronted the Ottoman Empire in the Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430) and sent ships to help defend Constantinople against the besieging Turks in 1453. After the Fall of Constantinople, Sultan Mehmed II declared the first of a series of Ottoman-Venetian wars that cost Venice much of its eastern Mediterranean possessions. Vasco da Gama's 1497–1499 voyage opened a sea route to India around the Cape of Good Hope and destroyed Venice's monopoly. Venice's oared vessels were at a disadvantage when it came to traversing oceans, therefore Venice was left behind in the race for colonies.

View of San Marco basin in 1697

The Black Death devastated Venice in 1348 and struck again between 1575 and 1577. In three years, the plague killed some 50,000 people. In 1630, the Italian plague of 1629–31 killed a third of Venice's 150,000 citizens.

Venice began to lose the position as a centre of international trade during the later part of the Renaissance as Portugal became Europe's principal intermediary in the trade with the East, striking at the very foundation of Venice's great wealth. France and Spain fought for hegemony over Italy in the Italian Wars, marginalising its political influence. However, Venice remained a major exporter of agricultural products and until the mid-18th century, a significant manufacturing centre.

Modern age

1870s panoramic view of Venice

The Republic of Venice lost its independence when Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Venice on 12 May 1797 during the War of the First Coalition. Napoleon was seen as something of a liberator by the city's Jewish population. He removed the gates of the Ghetto and ended the restrictions on when and where Jews could live and travel in the city.

Venice became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the Treaty of Campo Formio on 12 October 1797. The Austrians took control of the city on 18 January 1798. Venice was taken from Austria by the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 and became part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy. It was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia. In 1848 a revolt briefly re-established the Venetian republic under Daniele Manin, but this was crushed in 1849. In 1866, after the Third Italian War of Independence, Venice, along with the rest of the Veneto, became part of the newly created Kingdom of Italy.

From the middle of the 18th century, Trieste and papal Ancona, both of which became free ports, competed with Venice more and more economically. Habsburg Trieste in particular boomed and increasingly served trade via the Suez Canal, which opened in 1869, between Asia and Central Europe, while Venice very quickly lost its competitive edge and commercial strength.

Grand Canal from Rialto to Ca' Foscari (2016)

During World War II, the historic city was largely free from attack, the only aggressive effort of note being Operation Bowler, a successful Royal Air Force precision strike on the German naval operations in the city in March 1945. The targets were destroyed with virtually no architectural damage inflicted on the city itself. However, the industrial areas in Mestre and Marghera and the railway lines to Padua, Trieste, and Trento were repeatedly bombed. On 29 April 1945, a force of British and New Zealand troops of the British Eighth Army, under Lieutenant General Freyberg, liberated Venice, which had been a hotbed of anti-Mussolini Italian partisan activity.

Venice was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987, inscribing it as "Venice and its Lagoon".

Geography

Venice viewed from the International Space Station

Venice is located in northeastern Italy, in the Veneto region. The city is situated on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by 438 bridges. The historic center of Venice is divided into six districts, or sestieri, which are named Cannaregio, Castello, Dorsoduro, San Marco, San Polo, and Santa Croce.

Venice sits atop alluvial silt washed into the sea by the rivers flowing eastward from the Alps across the Veneto plain, with the silt being stretched into long banks, or lidi, by the action of the current flowing around the head of the Adriatic Sea from east to west.

Subsidence

Subsidence, the gradual lowering of the surface of Venice, has contributed – along with other factors – to the seasonal Acqua alta ("high water") when the city's lowest lying surfaces may be covered at high tide.

Building foundations

Those fleeing barbarian invasions who found refuge on the sandy islands of Torcello, Iesolo, and Malamocco, in this coastal lagoon, learned to build by driving closely spaced piles consisting of the trunks of alder trees, a wood noted for its water resistance, into the mud and sand, until they reached a much harder layer of compressed clay. Building foundations rested on plates of Istrian limestone placed on top of the piles.

Flooding

This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: MOSE information does not cover anything after 2020, such as the 2023 completion date moved to 2025. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2024)
Acqua alta ("high water") in Venice, 2008

Between autumn and early spring, the city is often threatened by flood tides pushing in from the Adriatic. Six hundred years ago, Venetians protected themselves from land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city. This created an ever-deeper lagoon environment. Additionally, the lowest part of Venice, St Mark's Basilica, is only 64 centimetres (25 in) above sea level, and one of the most flood-prone parts of the city.

In 1604, to defray the cost of flood relief, Venice introduced what could be considered the first example of a stamp tax. When the revenue fell short of expectations in 1608, Venice introduced paper, with the superscription "AQ" and imprinted instructions, which was to be used for "letters to officials". At first, this was to be a temporary tax, but it remained in effect until the fall of the Republic in 1797. Shortly after the introduction of the tax, Spain produced similar paper for general taxation purposes, and the practice spread to other countries.

During the 20th century, when many artesian wells were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to subside. It was realized that extraction of water from the aquifer was the cause. The sinking has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s. However, the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods – the Acqua alta, that rise to a height of several centimetres over its quays – regularly following certain tides. In many old houses, staircases once used to unload goods are now flooded, rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable.

Studies indicate that the city continues sinking at a relatively slow rate of 1–2 mm per year; therefore, the state of alert has not been revoked.

In May 2003, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi inaugurated the MOSE Project (Italian: Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico), an experimental model for evaluating the performance of hollow floatable gates, expected to be completed in late 2023; the idea is to fix a series of 78 hollow pontoons to the sea bed across the three entrances to the lagoon. When tides are predicted to rise above 110 centimetres (43 in), the pontoons will be filled with air, causing them to float on lagoon side while hinged at sea floor on seaside, thus blocking the incoming water from the Adriatic Sea. This engineering work was due to be completed by 2018. A Reuters report stated that the MOSE Project attributed the delay to "corruption scandals". The project is not guaranteed to be successful and the cost has been very high, with as much as approximately €2 billion of the cost lost to corruption.

According to a spokesman for the National Trust of Italy (Fondo Ambiente Italiano):

Mose is a pharaonic project that should have cost €800m but will cost at least €7bn . If the barriers are closed at only 90 cm of high water, most of St Mark's will be flooded anyway; but if closed at very high levels only, then people will wonder at the logic of spending such sums on something that didn't solve the problem. And pressure will come from the cruise ships to keep the gates open.

On 13 November 2019, Venice was flooded when waters peaked at 1.87 m (6 ft), the highest tide since 1966 (1.94 m). More than 80% of the city was covered by water, which damaged cultural heritage sites, including more than 50 churches, leading to tourists cancelling their visits. The planned flood barrier would have prevented this incident according to various sources, including Marco Piana, the head of conservation at St Mark's Basilica. The mayor promised that work on the flood barrier would continue, and the Prime Minister announced that the government would be accelerating the project.

The city's mayor, Luigi Brugnaro, blamed the floods on climate change. The chambers of the Regional Council of Veneto began to be flooded around 10 pm, two minutes after the council rejected a plan to combat global warming. One of the effects of climate change is sea level rise which causes an increase in frequency and magnitude of floodings in the city. A Washington Post report provided a more thorough analysis:

"The sea level has been rising even more rapidly in Venice than in other parts of the world. At the same time, the city is sinking, the result of tectonic plates shifting below the Italian coast. Those factors together, along with the more frequent extreme weather events associated with climate change, contribute to floods."

Henk Ovink, an expert on flooding, told CNN that, while environmental factors are part of the problem, "historic floods in Venice are not only a result of the climate crisis but poor infrastructure and mismanagement".

The government of Italy committed to providing 20 million euros in funding to help the city repair the most urgent aspects although Brugnaro's estimate of the total damage was "hundreds of millions" to at least 1 billion euros.

On 3 October 2020, the MOSE was activated for the first time in response to a predicted high tide event, preventing some of the low-lying parts of the city (in particular the Piazza San Marco) from being flooded.

Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification, Venice has a mid-latitude, four season humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with cool, damp winters and warm, humid summers. The 24-hour average temperature in January is 3.3 °C (37.9 °F), and for July this figure is 23.0 °C (73.4 °F). Precipitation is spread relatively evenly throughout the year, and averages 748 millimetres (29.4 in); snow isn't a rarity between late November and early March. During the most severe winters, the canals and parts of the lagoon can freeze, but with the warming trend of the past 30–40 years, the occurrence has become rarer.

Climate data for Venice, elevation: 2 m or 6 ft 7 in, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.7
(60.3) 		22.0
(71.6) 		25.3
(77.5) 		27.2
(81.0) 		31.5
(88.7) 		35.2
(95.4) 		36.6
(97.9) 		36.5
(97.7) 		32.4
(90.3) 		27.3
(81.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		16.7
(62.1) 		36.6
(97.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.5
(45.5) 		9.2
(48.6) 		13.2
(55.8) 		17.4
(63.3) 		22.0
(71.6) 		26.0
(78.8) 		28.5
(83.3) 		28.4
(83.1) 		23.8
(74.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		12.9
(55.2) 		8.3
(46.9) 		18.0
(64.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.8
(38.8) 		5.0
(41.0) 		8.9
(48.0) 		13.0
(55.4) 		17.7
(63.9) 		21.7
(71.1) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.7
(74.7) 		19.3
(66.7) 		14.5
(58.1) 		9.3
(48.7) 		4.7
(40.5) 		13.8
(56.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.1
(32.2) 		0.8
(33.4) 		4.5
(40.1) 		8.7
(47.7) 		13.5
(56.3) 		17.4
(63.3) 		19.2
(66.6) 		18.9
(66.0) 		14.8
(58.6) 		10.5
(50.9) 		5.7
(42.3) 		1.0
(33.8) 		9.6
(49.3)
Record low °C (°F) −13.5
(7.7) 		−12.6
(9.3) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		2.0
(35.6) 		7.0
(44.6) 		10.2
(50.4) 		10.0
(50.0) 		5.0
(41.0) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−8.8
(16.2) 		−12.5
(9.5) 		−13.5
(7.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 40.2
(1.58) 		56.5
(2.22) 		60.5
(2.38) 		70.5
(2.78) 		80.2
(3.16) 		64.2
(2.53) 		57.9
(2.28) 		65.8
(2.59) 		73.3
(2.89) 		72.0
(2.83) 		71.5
(2.81) 		49.8
(1.96) 		762.4
(30.01)
Average precipitation days 6.0 5.2 5.7 8.3 8.2 8.6 5.9 6.1 5.9 6.7 5.8 5.9 78.3
Average relative humidity (%) 81 77 75 75 73 74 71 72 75 77 79 81 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 80.6 107.4 142.6 174.0 229.4 243.0 288.3 257.3 198.0 151.9 87.0 77.5 2,037
Mean daily sunshine hours 2.6 3.8 4.6 5.8 7.4 8.1 9.3 8.3 6.6 4.9 2.9 2.5 5.6
Mean daily daylight hours 9.2 10.4 12.0 13.6 14.9 15.6 15.3 14.1 12.5 10.9 9.5 8.8 12.2
Percent possible sunshine 29 38 38 41 49 51 62 59 51 45 29 28 43
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 3 5 7 8 8 7 5 3 2 1 4
Source 1: Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca AmbientaleNOAA
Source 2: MeteoAM (sun and humidity 1961–1990), Weather Atlas (daylight, UV) Temperature estreme in Toscana (extremes)
Climate data for Venice (sea temperatures)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.0
(50.0) 		8.8
(47.8) 		9.9
(49.8) 		13.4
(56.1) 		18.6
(65.5) 		23.4
(74.1) 		25.4
(77.7) 		25.4
(77.7) 		23.6
(74.5) 		19.3
(66.7) 		16.0
(60.8) 		13.3
(55.9) 		17.3
(63.0)
Source: Weather Atlas

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1871164,965—    
1881165,802+0.5%
1901189,368+14.2%
1911208,463+10.1%
1921223,373+7.2%
1931250,327+12.1%
1936264,027+5.5%
1951310,034+17.4%
1961339,671+9.6%
1971354,475+4.4%
1981336,081−5.2%
1991298,532−11.2%
2001271,073−9.2%
2011261,362−3.6%
2021251,944−3.6%
Source: ISTAT

The city was one of the largest in Europe in the High Middle Ages, with a population of 60,000 in AD 1000; 80,000 in 1200; and rising up to 110,000–180,000 in 1300. In the mid-1500s the city's population was 170,000, and by 1600 it approached 200,000.

In 2021, there were 254,850 people residing in the Comune of Venice (the population figure includes 50,434 in the historic city of Venice (Centro storico), 177,621 in Terraferma (the mainland); and 26,795 on other islands in the lagoon). 47.8% of the population in 2021 were male and 52.2% were female; minors (ages 18 and younger) were 14.7% of the population compared to elderly people (ages 65 and older) who numbered 27.9%. This compared with the Italian average of 16.7% and 23.5%, respectively. The average age of Venice residents was 48.6 compared to the Italian average of 45.9. In the five years between 2016 and 2021, the population of Venice declined by 2.7%, while Italy as a whole declined by 2.2%. The population in the historic old city declined much faster: from about 120,000 in 1980 to about 60,000 in 2009, and to 50,000 in 2021. As of 2021, 84.2% of the population was Italian. The largest immigrant groups include: 7,814 (3.1%) Bangladeshis, 6,258 (2.5%) Romanians, 4,054 (1.6%) Moldovans, 4,014 (1.6%) Chinese, and 2,514 (1%) Ukrainians.

Venice is predominantly Roman Catholic (85.0% of the resident population in the area of the Patriarchate of Venice in 2022), but because of the long-standing relationship with Constantinople, there is also a noticeable Orthodox presence; and as a result of immigration, there is now a large Muslim community (about 25,000 or 9.5% of city population in 2018) and some Hindu, and Buddhist inhabitants.

Since 1991, the Church of San Giorgio dei Greci in Venice has become the see of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Malta and Exarchate of Southern Europe, a Byzantine-rite diocese under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.

There is also a historic Jewish community in Venice. The Venetian Ghetto was the area in which Jews were compelled to live under the Venetian Republic. The word ghetto (ghèto), originally Venetian, is now found in many languages. Shakespeare's play The Merchant of Venice, written in the late 16th century, features Shylock, a Venetian Jew. The first complete and uncensored printed edition of the Talmud was printed in Venice by Daniel Bomberg in 1523. During World War II, Jews were rounded up in Venice and deported to extermination camps. Since the end of the war, the Jewish population of Venice has declined from 1500 to about 500. Only around 30 Jews live in the former ghetto, which houses the city's major Jewish institutions. In modern times, Venice has an eruv, used by the Jewish community.

Government

Local and regional government

See also: Mayor of Venice Palazzo Corner is the seat of the Metropolitan City of Venice.Palazzo Ferro Fini is the seat of the Regional Council of Veneto.

The legislative body of the Comune is the City Council (Consiglio Comunale), which is composed of 36 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system, contextually to the mayoral elections. The executive body is the City Administration (Giunta Comunale), composed of 12 assessors nominated and presided over by a directly elected Mayor.

Venice was governed by centre-left parties from the early 1990s until the 2010s, when the Mayor started to be elected directly. Its region, Veneto, has long been a conservative stronghold, with the coalition between the regionalist Lega Nord and the centre-right Forza Italia winning absolute majorities of the electorate in many elections at local, national, and regional levels.

The current mayor of Venice is Luigi Brugnaro, a centre-right independent businessman who is currently serving his second term in office.

The municipality of Venice is also subdivided into six administrative boroughs (municipalità). Each borough is governed by a council (Consiglio) and a president, elected every five years. The urban organization is dictated by Article 114 of the Italian Constitution. The boroughs have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics (environment, construction, public health, local markets) and exercise the functions delegated to them by the City Council; in addition, they are supplied with autonomous funding to finance local activities.

Boroughs:   Venezia (Historic city)–Murano–Burano   Lido–Pellestrina   Favaro Veneto   Mestre–Carpenedo   Chirignago–Zelarino   Marghera
Boroughs
Borough Place Population President Party Term
1 Venezia (Historic city)–Murano–Burano Lagoon area 69,136 Marco Borghi PD 2020–2025
2 Lido–Pellestrina Lagoon area 21,664 Emilio Guberti Ind 2020–2025
3 Favaro Veneto Mainland (terraferma) 23,615 Marco Bellato Ind 2020–2025
4 Mestre–Carpenedo Mainland (terraferma) 88,592 Raffaele Pasqualetto LN 2020–2025
5 Chirignago–Zelarino Mainland (terraferma) 38,179 Francesco Tagliapietra Ind 2020–2025
6 Marghera Mainland (terraferma) 28,466 Teodoro Marolo Ind 2020–2025
Notes
  1. Annexed with a Royal Decree to the municipality of Venice in 1926.

Sestieri

The historic city of Venice has historically been divided into six sestieri, and is made up of a total of 127 individual islands, most of which are separated from their neighbors by narrow channels only.

Sestieri:   Cannaregio   Castello   San Marco   Dorsoduro   San Polo   Santa Croce
Sestiere
Sestiere Abbr. Area (haTooltip Hectare) Pop. (2011-10-09) Density No. of islands
Cannaregio CN 121.36 16.950 13.967 33
Castello CS 173.97 14.813 8.514 26
San Marco SM 54.48 4.145 7.552 16
Dorsoduro DD 161.32 13.398 8.305 31
San Polo SP 46.70 9.183 19.665 7
Santa Croce SC 88.57 2.257 2.548 14
Historic centre — 646.80 60.746 9.392 127

Each sestiere is now a statistical and historical area without any degree of autonomy.

The six fingers or phalanges of the ferro on the bow of a gondola represent the six sestieri.

The sestieri are divided into parishes—initially 70 in 1033, but reduced under Napoleon, and now numbering just 38. These parishes predate the sestieri, which were created in about 1170. Each parish exhibited unique characteristics but also belonged to an integrated network. Each community chose its own patron saint, staged its own festivals, congregated around its own market centre, constructed its own bell towers, and developed its own customs.

Other islands of the Venetian Lagoon do not form part of any of the sestieri, having historically enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy.

Each sestiere has its own house numbering system. Each house has a unique number in the district, from one to several thousand, generally numbered from one corner of the area to another, but not usually in a readily understandable manner.

Economy

St. Mark Square with Doge's Palace on the left and the columns of the Lion of Venice and St. Theodore in the center.
The Venetian Arsenal is a complex of former shipyards, and now houses the Naval Historical Museum.

Venice's economy has changed throughout history. Although there is little specific information about the earliest years, it is likely that an important source of the city's prosperity was the trade in slaves, captured in central Europe and sold to North Africa and the Levant. Venice's location at the head of the Adriatic, and directly south of the terminus of the Brenner Pass over the Alps, would have given it a distinct advantage as a middleman in this important trade. In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Venice was a major centre for commerce and trade, as it controlled a vast sea-empire, and became an extremely wealthy European city and a leader in political and economic affairs. From the 11th century until the 15th century, pilgrimages to the Holy Land were offered in Venice. Other ports such as Genoa, Pisa, Marseille, Ancona, and Dubrovnik were hardly able to compete with the well organized transportation of pilgrims from Venice.

Armenian merchants from Julfa were the leading traders in Venice, especially the Sceriman family in the 17th century. They were specialized in the gems and diamonds business. The trade volume reached millions of tons, which was exceptional for 17th century. This all changed by the 17th century, when Venice's trade empire was taken over by countries such as Portugal, and its importance as a naval power was reduced. In the 18th century, it became a major agricultural and industrial exporter. The 18th century's biggest industrial complex was the Venice Arsenal, and the Italian Army still uses it today (even though some space has been used for major theatrical and cultural productions, and as spaces for art). Since World War II, many Venetians have moved to the neighboring cities of Mestre and Porto Marghera, seeking employment as well as affordable housing.

Today, Venice's economy is mainly based on tourism, shipbuilding (mainly in Mestre and Porto Marghera), services, trade, and industrial exports. Murano glass production in Murano and lace production in Burano are also highly important to the economy.

The city is facing financial challenges. In late 2016, it had a major deficit in its budget and debts in excess of €400 million. "In effect, the place is bankrupt", according to a report by The Guardian. Many locals are leaving the historic centre due to rapidly increasing rents. The declining native population affects the character of the city, as an October 2016 National Geographic article pointed out in its subtitle: "Residents are abandoning the city, which is in danger of becoming an overpriced theme park". The city is also facing other challenges, including erosion, pollution, subsidence, an excessive number of tourists in peak periods, and problems caused by oversized cruise ships sailing close to the banks of the historical city.

In June 2017, Italy was required to bail out two Venetian banks – the Banca Popolare di Vicenza and Veneto Banca – to prevent their bankruptcies. Both banks would be wound down and their assets that have value taken over by another Italian bank, Intesa Sanpaolo, which would receive €5.2 billion as compensation. The Italian government would be responsible for losses from any uncollectible loans from the closed banks. The cost would be €5.2 billion, with further guarantees to cover bad loans totaling €12 billion.

Tourism

The annual trend of tourism sector in Venice from 2013 to 2023 is divided by the number of presences per type of hotel establishments. The total number of presences indicates the number of nights spent by tourists in hotel establishments.
The beach of Lido di Venezia
Burano, tourist destination usually reached via vaporetto

Venice is an important destination for tourists who want to see its celebrated art and architecture. The city hosts up to 60,000 tourists per day (2017 estimate). Estimates of the annual number of tourists vary from 22 million to 30 million. This "overtourism" creates overcrowding and environmental problems for Venice's ecosystem. By 2017, UNESCO was considering the addition of Venice to its "In-Danger" list, which includes historical ruins in war-torn countries. To reduce the number of visitors, who are causing irreversible changes in Venice, the agency supports limiting the number of cruise ships as well as implementing a strategy for more sustainable tourism.

Tourism has been a major part of the Venetian economy since the 18th century, when Venice – with its beautiful cityscape, uniqueness, and rich musical and artistic cultural heritage – was a stop on the Grand Tour. In the 19th century, Venice became a fashionable centre for the "rich and famous", who often stayed and dined at luxury establishments such as the Danieli Hotel and the Caffè Florian, and continued to be a fashionable city into the early 20th century. In the 1980s, the Carnival of Venice was revived; and the city has become a major centre of international conferences and festivals, such as the prestigious Venice Biennale and the Venice Film Festival, which attract visitors from all over the world for their theatrical, cultural, cinematic, artistic, and musical productions.

Today, there are numerous attractions in Venice, such as St Mark's Basilica, the Doge's Palace, the Grand Canal, and the Piazza San Marco. The Lido di Venezia is also a popular international luxury destination, attracting thousands of actors, critics, celebrities, and others in the cinematic industry. The city also relies heavily on the cruise business. The Cruise Venice Committee has estimated that cruise ship passengers spend more than 150 million euros (US$193 million) annually in the city, according to a 2015 report. Other reports, however, point out that such day-trippers spend relatively little in the few hours of their visits to the city.

Venice is regarded by some as a tourist trap, and by others as a "living museum".

Diverting cruise ships

Cruise ship and gondolas in the San Marco basin

The need to protect the city's historic environment and fragile canals, in the face of a possible loss of jobs produced by cruise tourism, has seen the Italian Transport Ministry attempt to introduce a ban on large cruise ships visiting the city. A 2013 ban would have allowed only cruise ships smaller than 40,000-gross tons to enter the Giudecca Canal and St Mark's basin. In January 2015, a regional court scrapped the ban, but some global cruise lines indicated that they would continue to respect it until a long-term solution for the protection of Venice is found.

P&O Cruises removed Venice from its summer schedule; Holland America moved one of its ships from this area to Alaska; and Cunard reduced (in 2017 and further in 2018) the number of visits by its ships. As a result, the Venice Port Authority estimated an 11.4 per cent drop in cruise ships arriving in 2017 versus 2016, leading to a similar reduction in income for Venice.

Having failed in its 2013 bid to ban oversized cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal, the Italian inter-ministerial Comitatone overseeing Venice's lagoon released an official directive in November 2017 to keep the largest cruise ships away from the Piazza San Marco and the entrance to the Grand Canal. Ships over 55,000 tons will be required to follow a specific route through the Vittorio Emmanuele III Canal to reach Marghera, an industrial area of the mainland, where a passenger terminal would be built.

In 2014, the United Nations warned the city that it may be placed on UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger sites unless cruise ships are banned from the canals near the historic centre.

According to the officials, the plan to create an alternative route for ships would require extensive dredging of the canal and the building of a new port, which would take four years, in total, to complete. However, the activist group No Grandi Navi (No big Ships), argued that the effects of pollution caused by the ships would not be diminished by the re-routing plan.

Some locals continued to aggressively lobby for new methods that would reduce the number of cruise ship passengers; their estimate indicated that there are up to 30,000 such sightseers per day at peak periods, while others concentrate their effort on promoting a more responsible way of visiting the city. An unofficial referendum to ban large cruise ships was held in June 2017. More than 18,000 people voted at 60 polling booths set up by activists, and 17,874 favored banning large ships from the lagoon. The population of Venice at the time was about 50,000. The organizers of the referendum backed a plan to build a new cruise ship terminal at one of the three entrances to the Venetian Lagoon. Passengers would be transferred to the historic area in smaller boats.

On 2 June 2019, the cruise ship MSC Opera rammed a tourist riverboat, the River Countess, which was docked on the Giudecca Canal, injuring five people, in addition to causing property damage. The incident immediately led to renewed demands to ban large cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal, including a Twitter message to that effect posted by the environment minister. The city's mayor urged authorities to accelerate the steps required for cruise ships to begin using the alternate Vittorio Emanuele canal. Italy's transport minister spoke of a "solution to protect both the lagoon and tourism ... after many years of inertia" but specifics were not reported. As of June 2019, the 2017 plan to establish an alternative route for large ships, preventing them from coming near the historic area of the city, has not yet been approved.

Nonetheless, the Italian government released an announcement on 7 August 2019 that it would begin rerouting cruise ships larger than 1000 tonnes away from the historic city's Giudecca Canal. For the last four months of 2019, all heavy vessels will dock at the Fusina and Lombardia terminals which are still on the lagoon but away from the central islands. By 2020, one-third of all cruise ships will be rerouted, according to Danilo Toninelli, the minister for Venice. Preparation work for the Vittorio Emanuele Canal needed to begin soon for a long-term solution, according to the Cruise Lines International Association. In the long-term, space for ships would be provided at new terminals, perhaps at Chioggia or Lido San Nicolo. That plan was not imminent however, since public consultations had not yet begun. Over 1.5 million people per year arrive in Venice on cruise ships. The Italian government decided to divert large cruise ships beginning August 2021.

Other tourism mitigation efforts

Cleaning of canals in the late 1990s

Having failed in its 2013 bid to ban oversized cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal, the city switched to a new strategy in mid-2017, banning the creation of any additional hotels. Currently, there are over 24,000 hotel rooms. The ban does not affect short-term rentals in the historic centre which are causing an increase in the cost of living for the native residents of Venice. The city had already banned any additional fast food "take-away" outlets, to retain the historic character of the city, which was another reason for freezing the number of hotel rooms. Fewer than half of the millions of annual visitors stay overnight, however.

The city also considered a ban on wheeled suitcases, but settled for banning hard plastic wheels for transporting cargo from May 2015.

View from the Bridge Priuli a Santa Sofia, to the Bridge de le Vele

In addition to accelerating erosion of the ancient city's foundations and creating some pollution in the lagoon, cruise ships dropping an excessive number of day trippers can make St. Marks Square and other popular attractions too crowded to walk through during the peak season. Government officials see little value to the economy from the "eat and flee" tourists who stay for less than a day, which is typical of those from cruise ships.

On 28 February 2019, the Venice City Council voted in favour of a new municipal regulation requiring day-trippers visiting the historic centre, and the islands in the lagoon, to pay a new access fee. The extra revenue from the fee would be used for cleaning, maintaining security, reducing the financial burden on residents of Venice, and to "allow Venetians to live with more decorum". The new tax would be between €3 and €10 per person, depending on the expected tourist flow into the old city. The fee could be waived for certain types of travelers: including students, children under the age of 6, voluntary workers, residents of the Veneto region, and participants in sporting events. Overnight visitors, who already pay a "stay" tax and account for around 40% of Venice's yearly total of 28 million visitors, would also be exempted. The access fee was expected to come into effect in September 2019; but it was postponed, firstly, until 1 January 2020, and then, again, due to the coronavirus pandemic. The new charge of €5 started to be imposed on those tourists who are not staying overnight and came into force on 25 April 2024. It is only charged on peak visitor days, and several classes of people are exempt, including Veneto residents, hotel guests (including mainland boroughs of Venice), local workers, and students. Cell phone data showed more tourists came on fee-charged days in 2024, generating more money than expected, and leaving the city to decide whether to raise the fee for the next tourist season or try other approaches.

A regulation taking effect on June 1, 2024, limits tour groups to 25 people and bans loudspeakers.

Transport

In the historic centre

Gondoliers on the Grand Canal
Sandolo in a picture of Paolo Monti of 1965. Fondo Paolo Monti, BEIC.

Venice is built on an archipelago of 118 islands in a shallow, 550 km (212 sq mi) lagoon, connected by 400 bridges over 177 canals. In the 19th century, a causeway to the mainland brought the railroad to Venice. The adjoining Ponte della Libertà road causeway and terminal parking facilities in Tronchetto island and Piazzale Roma were built during the 20th century. Beyond these rail and road terminals on the northern edge of the city, transportation within the city's historic centre remains, as it was in centuries past, entirely on water or on foot. Venice is Europe's largest urban car-free area and is unique in Europe in having remained a sizable functioning city in the 21st century entirely without motorcars or trucks.

The classic Venetian boat is the gondola, (plural: gondole) although it is now mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies, or as traghetti (sing.: traghetto) to cross the Grand Canal in lieu of a nearby bridge. The traghetti are operated by two oarsmen.

There are approximately 400 licensed gondoliers in Venice, in their distinctive livery, and a similar number of boats, down from 10,000 two centuries ago. Many gondolas are lushly appointed with crushed velvet seats and Persian rugs. At the front of each gondola that works in the city, there is a large piece of metal called the fèro (iron). Its shape has evolved through the centuries, as documented in many well-known paintings. Its form, topped by a likeness of the Doge's hat, became gradually standardized, and was then fixed by local law. It consists of six bars pointing forward representing the sestieri of the city, and one that points backwards representing the Giudecca. A lesser-known boat is the smaller, simpler, but similar, sandolo.

Waterways

Venice's small islands were enhanced during the Middle Ages by the dredging of soil to raise the marshy ground above the tides. The resulting canals encouraged the flourishing of a nautical culture which proved central to the economy of the city. Today those canals still provide the means for transport of goods and people within the city.

The maze of canals threading through the city requires more than 400 bridges to permit the flow of foot traffic. In 2011, the city opened the Ponte della Costituzione, the fourth bridge across the Grand Canal, which connects the Piazzale Roma bus-terminal area with the Venezia Santa Lucia railway station. The other bridges are the original Ponte di Rialto, the Ponte dell'Accademia, and the Ponte degli Scalzi.

Public transport

Azienda del Consorzio Trasporti Veneziano (ACTV) is a public company responsible for public transportation in Venice.

Lagoon area

Vaporetti on the Grand Canal

The main means of public transportation consists of motorised waterbuses (vaporetti) which ply regular routes along the Grand Canal and between the city's islands. Private motorised water taxis are also active. The only gondole still in common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand Canal at certain points where there are no convenient bridges. Other gondole are rented by tourists on an hourly basis.

The Venice People Mover is an elevated shuttle train public transit system connecting Tronchetto island with its car parking facility with Piazzale Roma where visitors arrive in the city by bus, taxi, or automobile. The train makes a stop at the Marittima cruise terminal at the Port of Venice.

Lido and Pellestrina islands

Lido and Pellestrina are two islands forming a barrier between the southern Venetian Lagoon and the Adriatic Sea. On those islands, road traffic, including bus service, is allowed. Vaporetti link them with other islands (Venice, Murano, Burano) and with the peninsula of Cavallino-Treporti.

Mainland

Tram in Venice leaving Piazzale Roma

The mainland of Venice is composed of 4 boroughs: Mestre-Carpenedo, Marghera, Chirignago-Zelarino, and Favaro Veneto. Mestre is the centre and the most populous urban area of the mainland. There are several bus routes and two Translohr tramway lines. Several bus routes and one of the tramway lines link the mainland with Piazzale Roma, the main bus station in Venice, via Ponte della Libertà, the road bridge connecting the mainland with the group of islands that comprise the historic centre of Venice.

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Venice, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 52 min. Only 12.2% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 10 min, while 17.6% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 kilometres (4.3 mi), while 12% travel for over 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) in a single direction.

Rail

The Venice Santa Lucia station

Venice is served by regional and national trains, including trains to Florence (1h53), Milan (2h13), Turin (3h10), Rome (3h33), and Naples (4h50). In addition there are international day trains to Zurich, Innsbruck, Munich, and Vienna, plus overnight sleeper services, to Paris and Dijon on Thello trains, and to Munich and Vienna via Austrian Federal Railways.

Both stations are managed by Grandi Stazioni; they are linked by the Ponte della Libertà (Liberty Bridge) between the mainland and the city centre.

Other stations in the municipality are Venezia Porto Marghera, Venezia Carpenedo, Venezia Mestre Ospedale, and Venezia Mestre Porta Ovest.

Ports

Cruise ships at the passenger terminal in the Port of Venice (Venezia Terminal Passeggeri)
Marco Polo International Airport (Aeroporto di Venezia Marco Polo)

The Port of Venice (Italian: Porto di Venezia) is the eighth-busiest commercial port in Italy and was a major hub for the cruise sector in the Mediterranean, as since August 2021 ships of more 25,000 tons are forbidden to pass the Giudecca Canal. It is one of the major Italian ports and is included in the list of the leading European ports which are located on the strategic nodes of trans-European networks. In 2002, the port handled 262,337 containers. In 2006, 30,936,931 tonnes passed through the port, of which 14,541,961 was commercial traffic, and saw 1,453,513 passengers.

Aviation

The Marco Polo International Airport (Aeroporto di Venezia Marco Polo) is named in honor of Marco Polo. The airport is on the mainland and was rebuilt away from the coast. Public transport from the airport takes one to:

  • Venice Piazzale Roma by ATVO (provincial company) buses and by ACTV (city company) buses (route 5 aerobus);
  • Venice, Lido, and Murano by Allilaguna (private company) motor boats;
  • Mestre, the mainland, where Venice Mestre railway station is convenient for connections to Milan, Padua, Trieste, Verona and the rest of Italy, and for ACTV (routes 15 and 45) and ATVO buses and other transport;
  • Regional destinations, such as Treviso and Padua, by ATVO and Busitalia Sita Nord buses.

Venice-Treviso Airport, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Venice, is used mainly by low-cost airlines. There are public buses from this airport to Venice. Venezia-Lido "Giovanni Nicelli", a public airport suitable for smaller aircraft, is at the northeast end of Lido di Venezia. It has a 994-metre (3,261 ft) grass runway.

Sport

The most famous Venetian sport is probably Voga alla Veneta [it] ("Venetian-style rowing"), also commonly called voga veneta. A technique invented in the Venetian Lagoon, Venetian rowing is unusual in that the rower(s), one or more, row standing, looking forward. Today, Voga alla Veneta is not only the way the gondoliers row tourists around Venice but also the way Venetians row for pleasure and sport. Many races called regata(e) happen throughout the year. The culminating event of the rowing season is the day of the "Regata Storica", which occurs on the first Sunday of September each year.

The main football club in the city is Venezia F.C., founded in 1907, which currently plays in the Serie A. Their ground, the Stadio Pier Luigi Penzo, situated in Sant'Elena, is the second-oldest continually used stadium in Italy.

The local basketball club is Reyer Venezia, founded in 1872 as the gymnastics club Società Sportiva Costantino Reyer, and in 1907 as the basketball club. Reyer currently plays in the Lega Basket Serie A. The men's team were the Italian champions in 1942, 1943, and 2017. Their arena is the Palasport Giuseppe Taliercio, situated in Mestre. Luigi Brugnaro is both the president of the club and the mayor of the city.

Education

Ca' Foscari University of Venice

Venice is a major international centre for higher education. The city hosts the Ca' Foscari University of Venice, founded in 1868; the Università Iuav di Venezia, founded in 1926; the Venice International University, founded in 1995 and located on the island of San Servolo and the EIUC-European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation, located on the island of Lido di Venezia.

Other Venetian institutions of higher education are: the Accademia di Belle Arti (Academy of Fine Arts), established in 1750, whose first chairman was Giovanni Battista Piazzetta, and the Benedetto Marcello Conservatory of Music, which was first established in 1876 as a high school and musical society, later (1915) became Liceo Musicale, and then, when its director was Gian Francesco Malipiero, the State Conservatory of Music (1940).

Culture

Literature

Main article: Venetian literature
The Travels of Marco Polo

Venice has long been a source of inspiration for authors, playwrights, and poets, and at the forefront of the technological development of printing and publishing.

Two of the most noted Venetian writers were Marco Polo in the Middle Ages and, later, Giacomo Casanova. Polo (1254–1324) was a merchant who voyaged to the Orient. His series of books, co-written with Rustichello da Pisa and titled Il Milione provided important knowledge of the lands east of Europe, from the Middle East to China, Japan, and Russia. Giacomo Casanova (1725–1798) was a prolific writer and adventurer best remembered for his autobiography, Histoire De Ma Vie (Story of My Life), which links his colourful lifestyle to the city of Venice.

Venetian playwrights followed the old Italian theatre tradition of commedia dell'arte. Ruzante (1502–1542), Carlo Goldoni (1707–1793), and Carlo Gozzi (1720–1806) used the Venetian dialect extensively in their comedies.

Venice has also inspired writers from abroad. Shakespeare set Othello and The Merchant of Venice in the city, as did Thomas Mann his novel, Death in Venice (1912). The French writer Philippe Sollers spent most of his life in Venice and published A Dictionary For Lovers of Venice in 2004.

The city features prominently in Henry James's The Aspern Papers and The Wings of the Dove. It is also visited in Evelyn Waugh's Brideshead Revisited and Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time. Perhaps the best-known children's book set in Venice is The Thief Lord, written by the German author Cornelia Funke.

Venice is described in Goethe's Italian Journey, 1786–1788. He describes the architecture, including a church by Palladio and also attends the opera. He visits the shipbuilding yards at the Arsenal. He is fascinated by the street life of Venice, which he describes as a kind of performance.

The poet Ugo Foscolo (1778–1827), born in Zante, an island that at the time belonged to the Republic of Venice, was also a revolutionary who wanted to see a free republic established in Venice following its fall to Napoleon.

Venice also inspired the poetry of Ezra Pound, who wrote his first literary work in the city. Pound died in 1972, and his remains are buried in Venice's cemetery island of San Michele.

Venice is also linked to the technological aspects of writing. The city was the location of one of Italy's earliest printing presses called Aldine Press, established by Aldus Manutius in 1494. From this beginning Venice developed as an important typographic centre. Around fifteen percent of all printing of the fifteenth century came from Venice, and even as late as the 18th century was responsible for printing half of Italy's published books.

In literature and adapted works

The city is a particularly popular setting for essays, novels, and other works of fictional or non-fictional literature. Examples of these include:

Foreign words of Venetian origin

Some English words with a Venetian etymology include arsenal, ciao, ghetto, gondola, imbroglio, lagoon, lazaret, lido, Montenegro, and regatta.

Printing

By the end of the 15th century, Venice had become the European capital of printing, having 417 printers by 1500, and being one of the first cities in Italy (after Subiaco and Rome) to have a printing press, after those established in Germany. The most important printing office was the Aldine Press of Aldus Manutius; which in 1497 issued the first printed work of Aristotle; in 1499 printed the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, considered the most beautiful book of the Renaissance; and established modern punctuation, page format, and italic type.

Painting

Main articles: Venetian painting and List of painters and architects of Venice
An 18th-century view of Venice by Venetian artist Canaletto

Venice, especially during the Renaissance, and Baroque periods, was a major centre of art and developed a unique style known as the Venetian painting. In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Venice, along with Florence and Rome, became one of the most important centres of art in Europe, and numerous wealthy Venetians became patrons of the arts. Venice at the time was a rich and prosperous Maritime Republic, which controlled a vast sea and trade empire.

In the 16th century, Venetian painting was developed through influences from the Paduan School and Antonello da Messina, who introduced the oil painting technique of the Van Eyck brothers. It is signified by a warm colour scale and a picturesque use of colour. Early masters were the Bellini and Vivarini families, followed by Giorgione and Titian, then Tintoretto and Veronese. In the early 16th century, there was rivalry in Venetian painting between the disegno and colorito techniques.

Canvases (the common painting surface) originated in Venice during the early Renaissance. In the 18th century, Venetian painting had a revival with Tiepolo's decorative painting and Canaletto's and Guardi's panoramic views.

Venetian architecture

Main articles: Venetian Gothic architecture and Venetian Renaissance architecture
The Palazzo Cavalli-Franchetti is an example of Venetian Gothic architecture alongside the Grand Canal.
The Ca' d'Oro

Venice is built on unstable mud-banks, and had a very crowded city centre by the Middle Ages. On the other hand, the city was largely safe from riot, civil feuds, and invasion much earlier than most European cities. These factors, with the canals and the great wealth of the city, made for unique building styles.

Venice has a rich and diverse architectural style, the most prominent of which is the Gothic style. Venetian Gothic architecture is a term given to a Venetian building style combining the use of the Gothic lancet arch with the curved ogee arch, due to Byzantine and Ottoman influences. The style originated in 14th-century Venice, with a confluence of Byzantine style from Constantinople, Islamic influences from Spain and Venice's eastern trading partners, and early Gothic forms from mainland Italy. Chief examples of the style are the Doge's Palace and the Ca' d'Oro in the city. The city also has several Renaissance and Baroque buildings, including the Ca' Pesaro and the Ca' Rezzonico.

Venetian taste was conservative and Renaissance architecture only really became popular in buildings from about the 1470s. More than in the rest of Italy, it kept much of the typical form of the Gothic palazzi, which had evolved to suit Venetian conditions. In turn the transition to Baroque architecture was also fairly gentle. This gives the crowded buildings on the Grand Canal and elsewhere an essential harmony, even where buildings from very different periods sit together. For example, round-topped arches are far more common in Renaissance buildings than elsewhere.

The Baroque Ca' Rezzonico

Rococo style

It can be argued that Venice produced the best and most refined Rococo designs. At the time, the Venetian economy was in decline. It had lost most of its maritime power, was lagging behind its rivals in political importance, and its society had become decadent, with tourism increasingly the mainstay of the economy. But Venice remained a centre of fashion. Venetian rococo was well known as rich and luxurious, with usually very extravagant designs. Unique Venetian furniture types included the divani da portego, and long rococo couches and pozzetti, objects meant to be placed against the wall. Bedrooms of rich Venetians were usually sumptuous and grand, with rich damask, velvet, and silk drapery and curtains, and beautifully carved rococo beds with statues of putti, flowers, and angels. Venice was especially known for its girandole mirrors, which remained among, if not the, finest in Europe. Chandeliers were usually very colourful, using Murano glass to make them look more vibrant and stand out from others; and precious stones and materials from abroad were used, since Venice still held a vast trade empire. Lacquer was very common, and many items of furniture were covered with it, the most noted being lacca povera (poor lacquer), in which allegories and images of social life were painted. Lacquerwork and Chinoiserie were particularly common in bureau cabinets.

Glass

Main article: Venetian glass
A Venetian glass goblet

Venice is known for its ornate glass-work, known as Venetian glass, which is world-renowned for being colourful, elaborate, and skilfully made. Many of the important characteristics of these objects had been developed by the 13th century. Toward the end of that century, the centre of the Venetian glass industry moved to Murano, an offshore island in Venice. The glass made there is known as Murano glass.

Byzantine craftsmen played an important role in the development of Venetian glass. When Constantinople was sacked in the Fourth Crusade in 1204, some fleeing artisans came to Venice; when the Ottomans took Constantinople in 1453, still more glassworkers arrived. By the 16th century, Venetian artisans had gained even greater control over the colour and transparency of their glass, and had mastered a variety of decorative techniques. Despite efforts to keep Venetian glassmaking techniques within Venice, they became known elsewhere, and Venetian-style glassware was produced in other Italian cities and other countries of Europe.

Some of the most important brands of glass in the world today are still produced in the historical glass factories on Murano. They are: Venini, Barovier & Toso, Pauly, Millevetri, and Seguso. Barovier & Toso is considered one of the 100 oldest companies in the world, formed in 1295.

In February 2021, the world learned that Venetian glass trade beads had been found at three prehistoric Inuit sites in Alaska, including Punyik Point. Uninhabited today, and located 1 mile (1.6 km) from the Continental Divide in the Brooks Range, the area was on ancient trade routes from the Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean. From their creation in Venice, researchers believe the likely route these artifacts traveled was across Europe, then Eurasia and finally over the Bering Strait, making this discovery "the first documented instance of the presence of indubitable European materials in prehistoric sites in the western hemisphere as the result of overland transport across the Eurasian continent." After radiocarbon dating materials found near the beads, archaeologists estimated their arrival on the continent to sometime between 1440 and 1480, predating Christopher Columbus. The dating and provenance has been challenged by other researchers who point out that such beads were not made in Venice until the mid-16th century and that an early 17th century French origin is possible.

Festivals

See also: Carnival of Venice and Venice Film Festival MapTypical masks worn during the Carnival of Venice

The Carnival of Venice is held annually in the city, It lasts for around two weeks and ends on Shrove Tuesday. Venetian masks are worn.

The Venice Biennale is one of the most important events in the arts calendar. In 1895 an Esposizione biennale artistica nazionale (biennial exhibition of Italian art) was inaugurated. In September 1942, the activities of the Biennale were interrupted by the war, but resumed in 1948.

The Festa del Redentore is held in mid-July. It began as a feast to give thanks for the end of the plague of 1576. A bridge of barges is built connecting Giudecca to the rest of Venice, and fireworks play an important role.

The Venice Film Festival (Italian: Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica di Venezia) is the oldest film festival in the world. Founded by Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata in 1932 as the Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica, the festival has since taken place every year in late August or early September on the island of the Lido. Screenings take place in the historic Palazzo del Cinema on the Lungomare Marconi. It is one of the world's most prestigious film festivals and is part of the Venice Biennale.

Music

Main article: Music of Venice See also: Venice in media, Venetian polychoral style, Music of Veneto, and Venetian School (music)
La Fenice opera house in the city

The city of Venice in Italy has played an important role in the development of the music of Italy. The Venetian state (the medieval Republic of Venice) was often popularly called the "Republic of Music", and an anonymous Frenchman of the 17th century is said to have remarked that "In every home, someone is playing a musical instrument or singing. There is music everywhere."

During the 16th century, Venice became one of the most important musical centres of Europe, marked by a characteristic style of composition (the Venetian school) and the development of the Venetian polychoral style under composers such as Adrian Willaert, who worked at St Mark's Basilica. Venice was the early centre of music printing; Ottaviano Petrucci began publishing music almost as soon as this technology was available, and his publishing enterprise helped to attract composers from all over Europe, especially from France and Flanders. By the end of the century, Venice was known for the splendor of its music, as exemplified in the "colossal style" of Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli, which used multiple choruses and instrumental groups. Venice was also the home of many noted composers during the baroque period, such as Antonio Vivaldi, Tomaso Albinoni, Ippolito Ciera, Giovanni Picchi, and Girolamo Dalla Casa, to name but a few.

Orchestras

Venice is the home of numerous orchestras such as, the Orchestra della Fenice, Rondò Veneziano, Interpreti Veneziani, and Venice Baroque Orchestra.

Cinema, media, and popular culture

The Venice Film Festival is the oldest film festival in the world and one of the most prestigious and publicized.

The city has been the setting or chosen location of numerous films, games, works of fine art and literature (including essays, fiction, non-fiction, and poems), music videos, television shows, and other cultural references.

One example of this is Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.

Another example of this is Jojo's Bizarre Adventure part 2: Battle Tendency

Photography

Fulvio Roiter was the pioneer in artistic photography in Venice, followed by a number of photographers whose works are often reproduced on postcards, thus reaching a widest international popular exposure. Luca Zordan, a New York City based photographer was born in Venice.

Cuisine

Main articles: Venetian cuisine and Veneto wine

Venetian cuisine is characterized by seafood, but also includes garden products from the islands of the lagoon, rice from the mainland, game, and polenta. Venice is not known for a particular cuisine of its own: it combines local traditions with influences stemming from age-old contacts with distant countries. These include sarde in saór (sardines marinated to preserve them for long voyages); bacalà mantecato (a recipe based on Norwegian stockfish and extra-virgin olive oil); bisàto (marinated eel); risi e bisi – rice, peas and (unsmoked) bacon; fegato alla veneziana, Venetian-style veal liver; risòto col néro de sépe (risotto with cuttlefish, blackened by their own ink); cichéti, refined and delicious tidbits (akin to tapas); antipasti (appetizers); and prosecco, an effervescent, mildly sweet wine.

In addition, Venice is known for the golden, oval-shaped cookies called baìcoli, and for other types of sweets, such as: pan del pescaór (bread of the fisherman); cookies with almonds and pistachio nuts; cookies with fried Venetian cream, or the bussolài (butter biscuits and shortbread made in the shape of a ring or an "S") from the island of Burano; the galàni or cróstoli (angel wings); the frìtole (fried spherical doughnuts); the fregolòtta (a crumbly cake with almonds); a milk pudding called rosàda; and cookies called zaléti, whose ingredients include yellow maize flour.

The dessert tiramisù is generally thought to have been invented in Treviso in the 1970s, and is popular in the Veneto area.

Fashion and shopping

Luxury shops and boutiques along the Rialto Bridge

In the 14th century, many young Venetian men began wearing tight-fitting multicoloured hose, the designs on which indicated the Compagnie della Calza ("Trouser Club") to which they belonged. The Venetian Senate passed sumptuary laws, but these merely resulted in changes in fashion in order to circumvent the law. Dull garments were worn over colourful ones, which then were cut to show the hidden colours resulting in the spread of men's "slashed" fashions in the 15th century.

Today, Venice is a major fashion and shopping centre; not as important as Milan, Florence, and Rome, but on a par with Verona, Turin, Vicenza, Naples, and Genoa. Roberta di Camerino is the only major Italian fashion brand to be based in Venice. Founded in 1945, it is renowned for its innovative handbags made by Venetian artisans and often covered in locally woven velvet.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy

Venice is twinned with:

In 2013, Venice announced that it wants to end the sister city relationship with St. Petersburg in opposition to laws Russia had passed against homosexuals and those who support gay rights.

Cooperation agreements

In January 2000, the City of Venice and the Central Association of Cities and Communities of Greece (KEDKE) established, in pursuance to EC Regulation No. 2137/85, the Marco Polo System European Economic Interest Grouping (E.E.I.G.), to promote and realise European projects within transnational cultural and tourist fields, particularly in reference to the preservation and safeguarding of artistic and architectural heritage.

In April 2001, the city signed an agreement with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs's office of cultural promotion and cooperation, to coordinate efforts at promoting Italian culture abroad.

Venice also has cooperation agreements with:

Places named after Venice

The name "Venezuela" is a Spanish diminutive of Venice (Veneziola).
Many additional places around the world are named after Venice, such as:

People

Others closely associated with the city include:

Claudio Monteverdi, c. 1630
Tomaso Albinoni

Music

Tintoretto, self portrait, 1588

Painting

Writing

Carlo Goldoni, notable name in Italian theatre

Doges & public servants

The Doge Andrea Gritti, portrait by Titian
Engraving of Sebastian Cabot by Hans Holbein, 1824

Explorers

Architects

Entertainers

Sport

Dorina Vaccaroni, 1986

See also

Notes

  1. Traditional date as given in William J. Langer, ed. An Encyclopedia of World History.
  2. In other areas of Italy similar sweets are known by many other names, e.g. cénci (rags) (Florence), frappe (flounces) (Rome), bugìe (lies) (Turin, Genoa, etc.), chiàcchiere (chatter) (Milan and many other places in northern, central and southern Italy). Vid.: Pellegrino Artusi, La Scienza in cucina e l'Arte di mangiar bene, 93ª ristampa, Firenze, Giunti, 1960, p. 387, #595; Ranieri da Mosto, Il Veneto in cucina, Firenze, Aldo Martello-Giunti, 1974, p. 364; Luigi Veronelli (edited by), Il Carnacina, 10th ed., Milano, Garzanti, 1975, p. 656, #2013; to name but a few.

References

  1. "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  2. "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2020" [Resident population as of 1 January 2020]. Italian National Institute of Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  3. "The Bridges of Venice". ArcGIS StoryMaps. 19 June 2023. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  4. "Patreve, l'attuale governance non-funziona" [Patreve, the current governance doesn't work] (PDF) (in Italian). Venice International University. 6 March 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  5. Harper, Douglas (10 October 2017). "Venice | Etymology of the name Venice by etymonline". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  6. Charnock, Richard Stephen (1859). Local Etymology: A derivative dictionary of geographical names. London: Houlston and Wright. p. 288. LCCN 08032183. OCLC 4696115. Pepin, as king of Italy, granted some territory along the banks of the Adige, and Rivo Alto (Rialto), united with neighbouring islands, took the name of Venetiæ, from the province of Venetia, the territory of the ancient Veneti, of which these islands formed a dependency.
  7. Coispeau, Olivier (10 August 2016). Finance Masters: A brief history of international financial centers in the last millennium. World Scientific. ISBN 9789813108844.
  8. Klotz, Justin (11 October 1998). "Venetian Music of the Renaissance". Vanderbilt University. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  9. Vladisavljevic, Anja (19 February 2020). "Giovanni Vale: Venice's Legacy Still Shapes the Balkans". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  10. River, Charles (2019). The Republic of Venice: The History of the Venetian Empire and Its Influence Across the Mediterranean. Independently Published.
  11. Coulling, Ian (3 October 2020). "The Arsenal of Venice". Images of Venice. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  12. "History of Venice – Present, past and future of Venice". www.introducingvenice.com. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  13. ^ "Venice and its Lagoon". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  14. Chambers, David (1992). Venice: A documentary history. England: Oxford. p. 78. ISBN 0-8020-8424-9.
  15. "Top 10 most Beautiful Cities in the World 2017". The Mesh News. 28 July 2016. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  16. "Top 10 most Beautiful Cities in the World 2018". worldchacha.com. 2 September 2018. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  17. Bleach, Stephen; Schofield, Brian; Crump, Vincent (17 June 2007). "Europe's most romantic city breaks". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 7 May 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
  18. Barzini, Luigi (30 May 1982). "The Most Beautiful and Wonderful City In The World". The New York Times.
  19. ^ Worrall, Simon (16 October 2016). "Tourists could destroy Venice – If floods don't first". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  20. ^ Buckley, Jonathan (2 November 2016). "When will Venice sink? You asked Google – Here's the answer". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  21. "Venice just banned mega cruise ships from sailing through the city". The Independent. UK. 8 November 2017. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022.
  22. "Decision 44 COM 7B.50 Venice and its Lagoon (Italy) (C 394)". UNESCO. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  23. Zeno, Apostolo (1847). Compendio della storia Veneta di Apostolo Zeno continuata fino alla caduta della repubblica [Compendium of the Venetian history of Apostolo Zeno which continued until the fall of the republic] (in Italian). Bonvecchiato. p. 9. Imperciocchè nascendo i principati [Because principalities are born]
  24. Bosio, Le origini di Venezia
  25. Barbaro, Marco. L'Origine e discendenza delle famiglie patrizie.
  26. Cappellari Vivaro, Girolamo Alessandro (1740). Il Campidoglio veneto.
  27. Zeno, Compendio 1847:10.
  28. Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda (1 January 1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 745. ISBN 978-1-884964-02-2. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  29. Burckhardt, Jacob (1990). The civilization of the Renaissance in Italy. London, England: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-044534-X. OCLC 23255316.
  30. Norwich, John Julius (1982). A History of Venice. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 13.
  31. Alethea Wiel (1995). A History of Venice, pp. 26–27. New York: Barnes & Noble (reprint orig. 1898 London).
  32. Langer
  33. Madden, Thomas F. (2012). Venice: A New History. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 9781101601136.
  34. Hammer, Michael B. (2017). The Dot On the I In History: Of Gentiles and Jews—a Hebrew Odyssey Scrolling the Internet. Morrisville: Lulu Publishing Services. p. 239. ISBN 978-1483427010. OL 30680683M.
  35. Burns, Robert I (1980). "Piracy as an Islamic-Christian Interface in the Thirteenth Century". Viator. 11: 165. doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301504. ISSN 0083-5897.
  36. Cowen, Richard. "The importance of salt". Archived from the original on 7 May 2016.
  37. Herrin, Judith (2008). Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire. Penguin Adult. ISBN 9780141031026.
  38. Madden, Thomas F. (2006). Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801885396.
  39. Loughlin, James Francis (1911). "Pope Paul V" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11.
  40. Nadeau, Barbie Latza (6 November 2015). "The Man Who Changed Reading Forever". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  41. James Burke, Connections (Little, Brown and Co., 1978/1995), ISBN 978-0-316-11672-5, p.105
  42. ^ Angione, Edoardo (15 July 2019). "Repubblica di Venezia: storia, cronologia e caratteristiche della Serenissima" [Republic of Venice: history, chronology and characteristics of the Serenissima]. Studenti (in Italian). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  43. Bernstein, William J. (2009). A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. Grove Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0802144164.
  44. State of Texas, Texas Department of State Health Services. "History of Plague". Dshs.state.tx.us. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
  45. Lindemann, Mary (1999). Medicine and society in early modern Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0521423546.
  46. Kretschmayr, Heinrich (2017). Geschichte von Venedig. Vol. 3. p. 450.
  47. "Group Captain George Westlake". The Daily Telegraph. London. 26 January 2006. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  48. Patrick G. Skelly, Pocasset MA (6 May 2005). "US Army Air Force Operations Mediterranean Theater". Mil Hist. Archived from the original on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
  49. Jones, Michael (2015). After Hitler: The Last Days of the Second World War in Europe. John Murray Press. ISBN 9781848544970.
  50. Patrick G. Skelly, Pocasset MA (21 July 1945). "New Zealand troops relieve Venice". Mil Hist. Archived from the original on 21 September 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
  51.  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Venice". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 995.
  52. Kendall, Paul (25 August 2010). "Mythology and Folklore of the Alder". Trees for Life. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  53. "Alder – Alnus glutinosa". Conservation Volunteers Northern Ireland. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  54. Standish, Dominic (2003). "Barriers to barriers: why environmental precaution has delayed mobile floodgates to protect Venice". In Okonski, Kendra (ed.). Adapt or die: the science, politics and economics of climate change. London: Profile Books. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-86197-795-3. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  55. "NOVA | Sinking City of Venice | Venice Under Siege (non-Flash) | PBS". PBS.
  56. Brown, Hannah (9 August 2021). "Venice floods: Watch tourists wade through knee-deep water". euronews. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  57. Iwu, Rita (19 May 2021). "Stamp Tax". International Business Times. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  58. Bock, Y.; et al. (2012). Recent Subsidence of the Venice Lagoon from Continuous GPS and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  59. "La subsidenza e l'eustatismo" [Subsidence and eustatism]. City of Venice (in Italian and English). 25 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 May 2023.
  60. Phelan, Joseph (28 September 2022). "Italy's plan to save Venice from sinking". BBC. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  61. "MOSE Project, Venice, Venetian Lagoon". Water Technology. 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  62. "'Moses project' to secure future of Venice". The Daily Telegraph. London. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
  63. Bastianello, Riccardo (13 November 2019). "Venice mayor declares disaster as city hit with 2nd-highest tide in history". Global News.
  64. Gerard-Sharp, Lisa (16 August 2016). "Is Venice going under?". National Geographic.
  65. "Venice floods: Climate change behind highest tide in 50 years, says mayor". BBC. 13 November 2019.
  66. ^ Hill, Jenny (15 November 2019). "Flooded Venice battles new tidal surge". BBC. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  67. Harlan, Chico; Pitrelli, Stefano (13 November 2019). "Venice submerged by highest tides in half a century". The Washington Post.
  68. ^ Giuffrida, Angela (13 November 2019). "'An apocalypse happened': Venice counts cost of devastating floods". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2019. Work began in 2003 but has been dogged by delays and myriad issues, including a corruption scandal that emerged in 2014. The Venice mayor, Luigi Brugnaro, promised on Wednesday that the flood barrier would be completed.
  69. Georgiou, Aristos (13 November 2019). "Venice flooding sees more than 85 percent of city underwater as right-wing mayor blames climate change". Newsweek. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  70. Mezzofiore, Gianluca (15 November 2019). "Italian council is flooded immediately after rejecting measures on climate change". CNN. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  71. Calma, Justine (14 November 2019). "Venice's historic flooding blamed on human failure and climate change". The Verge. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  72. Harlan, Chico; Pitrelli, Stefano (13 November 2019). "Venice submerged by highest tides in half a century". The Washington Post. The is a trend that jibes with the extremization of climate", said Paolo Canestrelli, founder and former head of the municipality's Tide Monitoring and Forecast Centre. "If we look at the course of history, we have documents dating back to 1872, and we can see that these phenomena didn't used to exist.
  73. "Historic floods in Venice a 'man-made disaster'". CNN. 11 July 2007. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  74. "Venice flooded again 3 days after near-record high tide". CBC News. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019. Venice's mayor said the damage is estimated at hundreds of millions of euros and blamed climate change for the "dramatic situation" in the historic city. He called for the speedy completion of the city's long-delayed Moses flood defence project.
  75. Barry, Colleen (16 November 2019). "St. Mark's Square in Venice Reopens After Flooding, but Water Remains High". Time. Archived from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  76. Silvestri, Manuel (3 October 2020). "Mose flood barrier finally holds the waters back for fragile Venice". Reuters. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  77. Sibilla, Marco. "Laguna ghiacciata" [Frozen lagoon]. Meteo Venezia (in Italian). Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  78. "Valori climatici normali in Italia" [Normal climate values in Italy]. Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  79. "WMO Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Venezia Tessera". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
  80. "Venezia/Tessera" (PDF). Italian Air Force National Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  81. "Tabella CLINO". MeteoAM. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  82. ^ "Venice, Italy – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  83. "Venezia Tessera" (in Italian). Temperature estreme in Toscana. Archived from the original on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  84. Tellier, Luc-Normand (2009). Urban World History. ISBN 9782760522091.
  85. Dursteler, Eric, ed. (2013). "The Venetian Economy". A Companion to Venetian History, 1400–1797. Brill's Companions to European History. Vol. 4. BRILL. p. 257. ISBN 978-90-04-25252-3.
  86. Chant, Colin; Goodman, David (8 November 2005). Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology. Routledge. ISBN 9781134636204.
  87. Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1989). Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 125.
  88. Spruyt, Hendrik (1994). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press. p. 132. ISBN 9780691029108. LCCN lc94010759.
  89. ^ "Serie Storica Popolazione – Anni dal 1871 al 2021". City of Venice (in Italian). 17 February 2022. Archived from the original on 6 August 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  90. "Statistiche demografiche Venezia" [Demographic statistics Venice]. Tuttitalia (in Italian). Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  91. Newman, Cathy (August 2009). "Vanishing Venice". National Geographic. Gherardo Ortalli, a professor of medieval history says 'When I arrived 30 years ago, the population was 120,000. Now it is less than 60,000.'
  92. "Cittadini stranieri Venezia 2021" (in Italian). Tuttitalia. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  93. Cheney, David M. "Patriarchate of Venezia (Venice)". Catholic-Hierarchy. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  94. Sperandio, Alvise (24 October 2018). "La Comunità islamica: "Vogliamo la moschea" (Venezia)" [The Islamic Community: "We want the mosque" (Venice)]. Il Gazzettino (in Italian). Retrieved 15 November 2019. 25 mila persone di fede mussulmana che risiedono in città [25 thousand people of Muslim faith who reside in the city]
  95. "Italian Orthodox Bishops concelebrating in Venice". Archived from the original on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  96. "Venice". Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  97. "Venice, Italy Jewish History Tour". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2 March 2024. Today Venice has a Jewish population of about 500 peoples, only 30 of them live in the former ghetto. The ghetto houses all of the city's major Jewish institutions.
  98. Foà, Ruben. "Venetian Ghetto – Eruv in Venice". www.ghetto.it. Archived from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  99. Georges Gauthier, David McDonald, Jenna O’Connell, Nick Panzarino: Exploring the City of Islands: Interactive Resources for Analyzing the Islands of Venice. Worcester 2015, linking to Google Drive, darin ICQ, Spreadsheets, VE15-Isles_Isles_Lagoon_data
  100. ^ Coulling, Ian (2 November 2020). "Districts & Attractions – Introduction". Images of Venice. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  101. Ferraro, Joanne (2012). Venice: History Of The Floating City. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  102. ^ Mancebo, Ivanka Garcia. "Sestieri – Quartieri di Venezia" [Sestieri – Neighborhoods of Venice]. www.scoprivenezia.com (in Italian). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  103. ^ "The economy of Venice, Italy". Aboutvenice.org. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  104. Pilgerreisen von Venedig nach Jerusalem im späten Mittelalter- Die Verträge mit dem Schiffspatron, Seite 2, Fabian H. Flöper, GRIN Verlag, 2011. ISBN 978-3-656-04783-4
  105. Venice, page 71, Beryl D. De Sélincourt, May (Sturge) Gretton, Chatto & Windus, London 1907., reprinted BiblioBazaar 2010, ISBN 978-1-177-40448-8
  106. Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  107. Bakhchinyan, Artsvi (2017). "The Activity of Armenian Merchants in International Trade" (PDF). p. 25.
  108. ^ "Venice (Italy) :: Economy – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  109. Venice. Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia. 2016. p. 1.
  110. Johnston, Chris (25 June 2017). "Italy forced to bail out two more banks". BBC News.
  111. Pratley, Nils (26 June 2017). "Italy's €17bn bank job: self-preservation at a long-term EU price? – Nils Pratley". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
  112. ^ Haines, Gavin (12 June 2017). "Venice bans new hotels as crackdown on tourism continues". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022.
  113. ^ Buckley, Julia (9 June 2017). "Venice bans new hotels". The Independent. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022.
  114. ^ Usborne, Simon (27 September 2016). "Don't look now, Venice tourists – the locals are sick of you". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
  115. Settis, Salvatore (29 August 2016). "Opinion – Can We Save Venice Before It's Too Late?". The New York Times – via www.nytimes.com.
  116. "Venice, to be or not to be a UNESCO 'World Heritage in Danger'? That is the question". Venezia Autentica. 25 January 2017.
  117. Mack, Benjamin (9 November 2012). "Tourism overwhelms vanishing Venice". DW.de. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  118. "Italy to ban large cruise ships in Venice". The Daily Telegraph. 9 August 2014. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  119. "CLIA says cruise lines will continue to respect Venice cruise ship ban despite new ruling". Cruise Arabia & Africa. 13 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  120. Archer, Jane (June 2017). "Venice authorities lament lack of cruise ships as residents and Unesco fight for the city's future". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022.
  121. "'Grandi navi a Marghera': L'atto di indirizzo del Comitatone" ['Large ships to Marghera': The directive from the Comitatone]. Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport (in Italian). 7 November 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  122. "Giant cruise ships banned from historic centre of Venice". Sky News. 9 November 2017.
  123. "Outcome of the long-awaited Government decision on the future for cruiseships (Comitatone 7.11.2017)". We Are Here Venice. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  124. "Cruise ship crashes into tourist boat in Venice, injuring five people". Angle News. 2 June 2019. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  125. "UNESCO Pressures Italy to Ban Cruise Ships from Venice". Artnet News. 16 October 2014. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021.
  126. Giuffrida, Angela (8 November 2017). "Venice to divert giant cruise ships away from historic centre". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  127. ^ Giuffrida, Angela; et al. (2 June 2019). "Cruise ship crashes into tourist boat in Venice, injuring five people". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  128. McCarthy, AnneMarie. "Top tips for sustainable travel in Venice from local experts". www.lonelyplanet.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  129. ^ Logan, Ross (4 August 2017). "'It's like Disneyland-on-Sea' Now Italy says ENOUGH and plans to BAN tourists from Venice". Daily Express.
  130. Rome, Tom Kington (20 June 2017). "Residents vote to ban towering cruise ships from Venice". The Times – via www.thetimes.co.uk.
  131. Squires, Nick (19 June 2017). "Venetians vote to ban giant cruise ships from city's lagoon". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  132. "Venice crash reignites calls for cruise ship ban". BBC News. 2 June 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  133. Standish, Dominic (8 November 2017). "Decisions Made for Venice Cruise Ships, Channel Routes and Offshore Platform". Dstandish's Weblog. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  134. "Venice crash reignites calls for cruise ship ban". BBC News. 2 June 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  135. "Cruise ship plows into tourist boat docked in Venice". CBC News. Associated Press. 2 June 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  136. Sharpe, Olivia (8 August 2019). "Large cruise ships to be banned from Venice grand canal". Cruise Trade News. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  137. Kumar, Kalyan (9 August 2019). "Cruise Ships Banned From Venice Grand Canal, City Center After Boat Crashed Into Dock". International Business Times. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  138. Roberts, Hannah (7 August 2019). "Venice to give cruise ships a wide berth". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  139. "Italy bans cruise liners from Venice, after years of hesitation". Reuters. 13 July 2021. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021.
  140. Petroff, Alanna; Di Donato, Valentina (10 May 2017). "Venice bans cheap takeout joints to keep city beautiful". CNN Money.
  141. Frank, Kasper (24 November 2014). "Turistby indfører forbud mod larmende kufferthjul" [Tourist town introduces a ban on noisy suitcases]. Lifestyle. Jyllands-Posten (in Danish). Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  142. Livesay, Christopher (25 November 2016). "As Tourists Crowd Out Locals, Venice Faces 'Endangered' List". NPR.
  143. "Contributo di accesso a Venezia: tutte le informazioni utili" [Access fee for Venice: all useful information]. City of Venice (in Italian). 24 October 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  144. "Tourism" (PDF). City of Venice. 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  145. "Contributo di accesso: sospesi tutti gli obblighi e gli adempimenti previsti dal Regolamento in fase di revisione" [Access fee: all obligations and fulfillments set out in the Regulation currently being revised are suspended]. Comune di Venezia – Live – Le notizie di oggi e i servizi della città. 16 July 2019.
  146. Giuffrida, Angela (24 April 2024). "Venice access fee: what is it and how much does it cost?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  147. Venice tests a 5-euro fee for day-trippers as the city grapples with overtourism
  148. Elisabetta Povoledo (20 July 2024). "To Deter Day-Trippers, Venice Tested a €5 Entrance Fee. Did Visitors Stay Away?". The New York Times.
  149. Venice will limit tour groups to 25 people and ban loudspeakers to control tourism
  150. Durbin, Adam. "Venice bans large tourist groups and loudspeakers". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  151. Poggioli, Sylvia (7 January 2008). "MOSE Project Aims to Part Venice Floods". Morning Edition (Radio program). NPR. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  152. "Venice Study Abroad". www.studyabroad.com. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  153. Hanley, Anne (10 November 2015). "Venice attractions". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  154. Ferrier, Morwenna (11 August 2016). "The right stripes: how fashion fell for the gondolier". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
  155. ^ "The Gondolas of Venice – Rick Steves' Europe". www.ricksteves.com.
  156. "Visit Venice through Gondola's symbolism". Hotel Sant'Elena. 16 May 2013. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  157. Imboden, Durant. "Venice People Mover". Europe for Visitors. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  158. "Venezia Public Transportation Statistics". Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. Retrieved 19 June 2017. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  159. Fletcher, C. A.; Spencer, T. (14 July 2005). Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and Its Lagoon: State of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-521-84046-0.
  160. "ATVO". Atvo.it. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  161. ^ "Linee Urbane". www.actv.it. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  162. "Autolinea Montegrotto – Aeroporto Marco Polo" [Montegrotto Bus Line – Marco Polo Airport] (PDF) (in Italian). Busitalia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  163. "Treviso Airport Shuttle Bus – Airbus Treviso Antonio Canova Airport". www.trevisoairport.it. Treviso Airport. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  164. "Autenticazione per servizi online" [Authentication for online services] (PDF). 10 May 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2016.
  165. "All that you need to know about the Venetian rowing regattas in Venice". Venezia Autentica. 31 October 2016.
  166. Alvarez, Joe; Orlova, Tamara A (10 September 2016). "Regata Storica is The Spectacle to See". Ikon London Magazine. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
  167. "Global Campus of Human Rights – Education & Research". GlobalCampus of Human Rights – GCHumanRights. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  168. "Home – Conservatorio Venezia". Conservatorio di Musica Benedetto Marcello (in Italian). Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  169. Barolini, Helen (1992). Aldus and His Dream Book. New York, New York: Italica Press, Inc. ISBN 0-934977-22-4.
  170. John Rylands University library Manchester, The introduction of printing in Italy: Rome, Naples and Venice
  171. Fielding, Hannah (9 November 2013). "Foreign words of Venetian origination". hannahfielding.net.
  172. "The Renaissance in Venice – Art History Basics on the Venetian School – ca 1450–1600". Arthistory.about.com. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 28 January 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  173. "Venetian art around 1500". Webexhibits.org. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  174. ^ Miller (2005) p.82
  175. Miller (2005) p.83
  176. Carl I. Gable, Murano Magic: Complete Guide to Venetian Glass, its History and Artists (Schiffer, 2004). ISBN 978-0-7643-1946-4.
  177. "Venetian Glass Beads Found in Arctic Alaska Predate Arrival of Columbus". Sci-News. 16 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  178. Geggel, Laura (11 February 2021). "European beads found in Alaska predate Columbus, controversial study claims". Live Science. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  179. Blair, Elliot H. (July 2021). "Reconsidering the Precolumbian Presence of Venetian Glass Beads in Alaska". American Antiquity. 86 (3): 638–642. doi:10.1017/aaq.2021.38. ISSN 0002-7316. S2CID 236162517. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  180. "The Venice Biennale: History of the Venice Biennale". Venice Biennale. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
  181. "The Venice Biennale: History From the beginnings until the Second World War (1893–1945)". Venice Biennale. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
  182. Morris, Roderick Conway (29 August 2012). "Special Report – Venice Film Festival; World's Oldest Cinematic Fest Turns 80". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  183. Touring Club p. 79
  184. Anderson, Ariston (24 July 2014). "Venice: David Gordon Green's 'Manglehorn,' Abel Ferrara's 'Pasolini' in Competition Lineup". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 18 February 2016.
  185. Corliss, Mary; Corliss, Richard (7 September 2014). "Addio, Lido: Last Postcards from the Venice Film Festival". Time. Archived from the original on 20 September 2014.
  186. "Venice - Italy".
  187. "VenetoInside". www.venetoinside.com. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  188. Biolchini, Stefano (19 April 2016). "Addio a Fulvio Roiter. Era sua la più bella Venezia in bianco nero" [Goodbye to Fulvio Roiter. It was his most beautiful Venice in black and white.]. Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  189. "Children of South Africa". www.thechildrenofsouthafrica.org. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  190. Ranieri da Mosto, Il Veneto in cucina, Firenze, Aldo Martello-Giunti, 1974, p. 57; Mariù Salvatori de Zuliani, A tola co i nostri veci. La cucina veneziana, Milano, Franco Angeli, 2008, p. 63
  191. Mariù Salvatori de Zuliani, A tola co i nostri veci. La cucina veneziana, Milano, Franco Angeli, 2008, pp. 449–450
  192. Squires, Nick (17 May 2016). "Italian regions battle over who invented tiramisu". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  193. Patner, Josh (26 February 2006). "From Bags to Riches". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  194. ^ "Gemellaggi e Accordi" [Twinning and Agreements]. City of Venice (in Italian). 11 December 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  195. Morgan, Glennisha (30 January 2013). "Venice To Cut Ties With St. Petersburg Over Anti-Gay Law". HuffPost. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  196. Pons, François Joseph (1806). A Voyage to the Eastern Part of Terra Firma, Or the Spanish Main, in South-America, During the Years 1801, 1802, 1803, and 1804. I. Riley and Company. p. xi.
  197. "Gabrieli, Giovanni" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 381; see line 2.
  198. "Gabrieli, Giovanni" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 381.
  199. "Monteverde, Claudio" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 778.
  200. "Cavalli, Francesco" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 563.
  201. Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). The Regions of Italy: A Reference Guide to History and Culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 379. ISBN 9780313307331.
  202. "Albinoni, Tomasso" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 510.
  203. "Guarnieri" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 660.
  204. "Dragonetti, Domenico" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 468.
  205. Elmer, Michele (4 October 2013). Imagine Math 2: Between Culture and Mathematics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 11. ISBN 9788847028890.
  206. Irene Alm (2002). "Gallo , Giovanni". Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O006334.
  207. Knight, Christopher (13 October 2017). "Bellini masterpieces at the Getty make for one of the year's best museum shows". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  208. Colvin, Sidney (1911). "Bellini" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 700–703, see page 702. III. Giovanni Bellini (1430–1431–1516)
  209. "Carpaccio, Vittorio" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 382.
  210. "Lotto, Lorenzo" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 22.
  211. Rossetti, William Michael (1911). "Sebastiano del Piombo" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 567–568.
  212. Rossetti, William Michael (1911). "Titian" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 1023–1026.
  213. Rossetti, William Michael (1911). "Tintoretto, Jacopo Robusti" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 1001–1003.
  214. "Anna, Baldasarre" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 59.
  215. "Cassana, Niccolò" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 456.
  216. Zelazko, Alicja. "Rosalba Carriera". Britannica.com. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  217. "Rosalba Carriera". The National Gallery. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  218. "Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 963–964.
  219. "Longhi, Pietro" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 981.
  220. Symonds, John Addington (1911). "Manutius" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 624–626.
  221. "Baïf, Jean Antoine de" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 214–215.
  222. Garnett, Richard (1911). "Sarpi, Paolo" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 221–222.
  223. Abrahams, Israel (1911). "Leon of Modena" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). p. 443.
  224. "Goldoni, Carlo" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 213.
  225. "Gozzi, Carlo, Count" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 305.
  226. Villari, Luigi (1911). "Dandolo" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). pp. 801–802.
  227. Hayes, Carlton Joseph Huntley (1911). "Eugenius/Eugenius IV" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). p. 886.
  228. "Paul (popes)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 955–957, see para 2. Paul II (Pietro Barbo), pope from the 30th of August 1464 to...
  229. Bowd, Stephen D. (March 1999). "Pietro Bembo and the 'monster' of Bologna (1514)". Renaissance Studies. 13 (1). Wiley: 40–54. doi:10.1111/j.1477-4658.1999.tb00064.x. JSTOR 24412789. S2CID 190702209.
  230. "Bembo, Pietro" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 714.
  231. "Riccati, Jacopo Francesco, Count" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 288.
  232. Collier, Theodore Freylinghuysen (1911). "Clement/Clement XIII" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). p. 487.
  233. "Manin, Daniele" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 581.
  234. Yule, Henry; Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911). "Polo, Marco" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). pp. 7–11.
  235. Biddle, Richard (1831). A Memoir of Sebastian Cabot: With a Review of the History of Maritime Discovery. Carey and Lea. p. 68.
  236. Biggar, Henry Percival (1911). "Cabot, John" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 921–923, see page 922. His son, Sebastian Cabot (1476–1557)...
  237. Klett, Joseph R. (1996). Genealogies of New Jersey Families: Families A-Z, pre-American notes on old New Netherland families. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 941. ISBN 9780806314914.
  238. "Casanova de Seingalt, Giovanni Jacopo" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 440–441.
  239. "Alberti, Leone Battista" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 502.

Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Venice

Academic

  • Bosio, Luciano. Le origini di Venezia. Novara: Istituto Geografico De Agostini.
  • Brown, Horatio, Venice, chapter 8 of Cambridge Modern History vol. I The Renaissance (1902)
  • Brown, Horatio, Calendar of State Papers (Venetian): 1581–1591, 1895; 1592–1603, 1897; 1603–1607, 1900; 1607–1610, 1904; 1610–1613, 1905
  • Brown, Horatio, Studies in the history of Venice (London, 1907)
  • Brown, Horatio Robert Forbes (1911). "Venice" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 995–1007.
  • Chambers, D.S. (1970). The Imperial Age of Venice, 1380–1580. London: Thames & Hudson.
  • Contarini, Gasparo (1599). The Commonwealth and Gouernment of Venice. Lewes Lewkenor, trsl. London: "Imprinted by I. Windet for E. Mattes."
  • Da Canal, Martin, "Les estoires de Venise" (13th-century chronicle), translated by Laura Morreale. Padua, Unipress 2009.
  • Drechsler, Wolfgang (2002). "Venice Misappropriated." Trames 6(2), pp. 192–201.
  • Garrett, Martin, "Venice: a Cultural History" (2006). Revised edition of "Venice: a Cultural and Literary Companion" (2001).
  • Grubb, James S. (1986). "When Myths Lose Power: Four Decades of Venetian Historiography." Journal of Modern History 58, pp. 43–94.
  • Lane, Frederic Chapin. Venice: Maritime Republic (1973) (ISBN 978-0-8018-1445-7)
  • Laven, Mary, "Virgins of Venice: Enclosed Lives and Broken Vows in the Renaissance Convent (2002).
  • Madden, Thomas F. Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Martin, John Jeffries and Dennis Romano (eds). Venice Reconsidered. The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797. (2002) Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Muir, Edward (1981). Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice. Princeton UP.
  • Oppenheimer, Gerald J. (2010). "Venetian Palazzi and Case: A Guide to the Literature". University of Washington, Seattle. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  • Rösch, Gerhard (2000). Venedig. Geschichte einer Seerepublik. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag.
  • Miller, Judith (2005). Furniture: world styles from classical to contemporary. DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7566-1340-2.

Popular

External links

Islands of the Venetian Lagoon
Northern lagoon
Central group
Southern lagoon
Veneto · Comuni of the Metropolitan City of Venice
Regional capitals of Italy
   

L'Aquila, Abruzzo
Aosta, Aosta Valley
Bari, Apulia
Potenza, Basilicata

Catanzaro, Calabria
Naples, Campania
Bologna, Emilia-Romagna
Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia

Rome, Lazio
Genoa, Liguria
Milan, Lombardy
Ancona, Marche

Campobasso, Molise
Turin, Piedmont
Cagliari, Sardinia
Palermo, Sicily

Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Florence, Tuscany
Perugia, Umbria
Venice, Veneto

World Heritage Sites in Italy
Northwest
Northeast
Central
South
Islands
Countrywide
Maritime republics
Cities in Italy by population
1,000,000+
500,000+
200,000+
100,000+
Categories: