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{{operational plan
|name = Operation Maritime Guard
|partof =the ]
|image=]
|caption ={{USS|Theodore Roosevelt|CVN-71|6}}, which participated in Operation Maritime Guard
|objective = Blockade the former ].
|date = November 22, 1992 – 1993
|executed_by = {{flag|NATO}}
}}
{{Campaignbox NATO intervention in Bosnia}} {{Campaignbox NATO intervention in Bosnia}}

'''Operation Maritime Guard''' was a ] blockade in the ] of the ] of the former Yugoslavia.<ref name="globalsecurity1">{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/maritime_guard.htm |title=Operation Maritime Guard |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date= |accessdate=June 8, 2010}}</ref><ref name="illinois1">{{cite web|url=http://www.euc.illinois.edu/_includes/docs/ReportoninterplayWEB.pdf |title=`The Interplay between Council of Europe, OSCE, EU and NATO' |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=June 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/99-01/lemos-maniati.pdf |title=If the prospect of having their conflict "managed" for them by foreigners \(however well intentioned would have been unwelcome |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=June 8, 2010}}</ref> It followed NATO ], and was in support of UNSC Resolution 787, which called upon states acting individually or otherwise to enforce the UN embargoes of the rump Yugoslavia.<ref name="google1">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=C7ruAAAAMAAJ&q=%22operation+maritime+guard%22&dq=%22operation+maritime+guard%22&hl=en&ei=vLgNTM_NIcKAlAeB1Km7Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA |title=NATO: a beginner's guide – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date=January 29, 2010 |accessdate=June 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VHtNO3i7oegC&pg=PA86&dq=%22operation+maritime+guard%22&hl=en&ei=vLgNTM_NIcKAlAeB1Km7Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20maritime%20guard%22&f=false |title=Maritime counterproliferation ... – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=June 8, 2010}}</ref><ref name="illinois1"/><ref name="globalsecurity1"/>
'''Operation Maritime Guard''' was a ] blockade, in the ] of the ], of the former ].<ref name="globalsecurity1">{{cite web |author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/maritime_guard.htm |title=Operation Maritime Guard |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |access-date=June 8, 2010 |archive-date=May 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515191748/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/maritime_guard.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="illinois1">{{cite web |url=http://www.euc.illinois.edu/_includes/docs/ReportoninterplayWEB.pdf |author=Ugo Caruso |title=The Interplay between Council of Europe, OSCE, EU and NATO |date=2007 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612123541/http://www.euc.illinois.edu/_includes/docs/ReportoninterplayWEB.pdf |archive-date=June 12, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/99-01/lemos-maniati.pdf |title=Peace-Keeping Operations: Requirements and Effectiveness; NATO's Role |date=June 2001 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |archive-date=November 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113094137/http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/99-01/lemos-maniati.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>


==Scope== ==Scope==
The operation began on November 22, 1992.<ref name="google1"/><ref name="google2">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=theWRLYkshcC&pg=PA81&dq=%22operation+maritime+guard%22&hl=en&ei=vLgNTM_NIcKAlAeB1Km7Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20maritime%20guard%22&f=false |title=NATO and the former Yugoslavia ... – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=June 8, 2010}}</ref> It authorized NATO to use force, and included stopping, inspecting, and diverting ships bound for the former Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=F787b6o8TgUC&pg=PT263&dq=%22operation+maritime+guard%22&hl=en&ei=vLgNTM_NIcKAlAeB1Km7Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20maritime%20guard%22&f=false |title=The Air Force Law Review – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=June 8, 2010}}</ref><ref name="google2"/> All ships bound to or coming from the territorial
⚫ waters of the former Yugoslavia were halted for inspection and verification of their cargoes and destinations.<ref>http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA438886&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf</ref>


The operation began on November 22, 1992.<ref name="google1"/><ref name="google2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=theWRLYkshcC&q=%22operation+maritime+guard%22&pg=PA81 |title=NATO and the former Yugoslavia: crisis, conflict, and the Atlantic Alliance |date= 2002|isbn=9780742510227 |access-date=June 8, 2010|last1=Kaufman |first1=Joyce P. |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref> It followed NATO ], and was in support of ], which called upon states acting individually or otherwise to enforce the UN embargoes of the former Yugoslavia ("calls upon States ... to use such measures commensurate with the specific circumstances as may be necessary" to enforce the embargo).<ref name="globalsecurity1"/><ref name="illinois1"/><ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/natobeginnersgui00medc |url-access=registration |quote=operation maritime guard. |author=Jennifer Medcalf|title=NATO: a beginner's guide|via=] |publisher=Oneworld Publications |date=2005 |isbn=9781851683536 |access-date=June 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHtNO3i7oegC&q=%22operation+maritime+guard%22&pg=PA86 |author=Craig H. Allen|title=Maritime counterproliferation operations and the rule of law |date= 2007|publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9780275996987|access-date=June 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/maritime_monitor.htm |title=Operation Maritime Monitor |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |access-date=June 8, 2010 |archive-date=May 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515200809/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/maritime_monitor.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
With support from Turkey, the Netherlands, and Germany, the operation was strengthened to allow for NATO aircraft to shoot down aircraft that violated the blockade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UhT4G7aXK9oC&pg=PA67&dq=%22operation+maritime+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=ebsNTLHcJYisygS7vuDUCg&client=firefox-a&cd=13#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20maritime%20guard%22&f=false |title=NATO's 'peace-enforcement' tasks and ... – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=June 8, 2010}}</ref> It was the first authorized use of force to back a UN Security Council Resolution.<ref>http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/CHATHAM_NATO_FromKosovoKabul.pdf</ref>


It authorized NATO to use force, and included stopping, inspecting, and diverting ships bound for the former Yugoslavia.<ref name="google2"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F787b6o8TgUC&q=%22operation+maritime+guard%22&pg=PT263 |title=Regional Organizations |publisher=The Air Force Law Review |date=1997 |access-date=June 8, 2010 |archive-date=March 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307030451/https://books.google.com/books?id=F787b6o8TgUC&q=%22operation+maritime+guard%22&pg=PT263 |url-status=live }}</ref> All ships bound to or coming from the territorial
⚫ In April 1993, a NATO official said that warships would shoot if necessary to stop a ship to enforce the blockade, with inert munitions which could include machine gun bullets and armor-piercing cannon shells.
⚫ waters of the former Yugoslavia were halted for inspection and verification of their cargoes and destinations.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002191420/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA438886&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |date=2012-10-02 }}, RAND, 2003</ref>

With support from Turkey, the Netherlands, and Germany, the operation was strengthened to allow for NATO aircraft to shoot down aircraft that violated the blockade.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhT4G7aXK9oC&q=%22operation+maritime+guard%22&pg=PA67|author=Giovanna Bono|title=NATO's 'peace-enforcement' tasks and 'policy communities,' 1990-1999|date=2003|publisher=Ashgate |isbn=9780754609445|access-date=June 8, 2010|archive-date=March 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307030451/https://books.google.com/books?id=UhT4G7aXK9oC&q=%22operation+maritime+guard%22&pg=PA67|url-status=live}}</ref> An article in the academic journal '']'' stated that Operation Maritime Guard was: "the first authorized use of force to back a UN Security Council resolution".<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712231824/http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/CHATHAM_NATO_FromKosovoKabul.pdf |date=2011-07-12 }}, 2009</ref>

⚫ In April 1993, a NATO official said that warships would shoot if necessary to stop a ship to enforce the blockade, with inert munitions which could include machine gun bullets and armor-piercing cannon shells.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bX8UAAAAIBAJ&pg=4330,8344428&dq=maritime-guard&hl=en|title = Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search|website = news.google.com|access-date = 2016-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UN0iAAAAIBAJ&pg=1741,6919911&dq=maritime-guard&hl=en|title = The Times-News - Google News Archive Search|website = news.google.com|access-date = 2016-03-25|archive-date = 2022-03-07|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220307030451/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UN0iAAAAIBAJ&pg=1741%2C6919911&dq=maritime-guard&hl=en|url-status = live}}</ref>


==Forces and results== ==Forces and results==
], which took part in Operation Maritime Guard]] ]
The blockade comprised ]s from Turkey, Italy, Germany, Greece, and the United Kingdom, and ]s from the United States and the Netherlands, assisted by NATO ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9QhZjQqBy_4C&pg=PA130&dq=%22operation+maritime+guard%22&hl=en&ei=vLgNTM_NIcKAlAeB1Km7Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20maritime%20guard%22&f=false |title=Triumph of the lack of will ... – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date=May 27, 2005 |accessdate=June 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA461623&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf</ref> The ] and ] were among the warships that took part in the operation.<ref>http://www.history.navy.mil/shiphist/k/ffg-59/1993.pdf</ref> ] supported the effort with its sophisticated maritime radar by providing blockading ships with long-range sea surveillance coverage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo8/no4/dennis-eng.asp |title=NATO AWACS: Alliance Keystone for Out-of-Area Operations |publisher=Journal.forces.gc.ca |date= |accessdate=June 8, 2010}}</ref> The blockade comprised ]s from Turkey, Italy, Germany, Greece, and the United Kingdom, and ]s from the United States and the Netherlands, assisted by NATO ].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/triumphoflackofw0000gowj |url-access=registration |page= |quote=operation maritime guard. |author=James Gow|title=Triumph of the lack of will: international diplomacy and the Yugoslav War |via=] |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=1997|isbn=9780231109161 |access-date=June 8, 2010}}</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002191333/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA461623&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |date=2012-10-02 }}, 1998</ref> The frigate {{USS|Kauffman|FFG-59|6}} and aircraft carrier {{USS|Theodore Roosevelt|CVN-71|6}} were among the warships that took part in the operation.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103074301/http://www.history.navy.mil/shiphist/k/ffg-59/1993.pdf |date=2012-11-03 }}, 1994</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RToiAAAAIBAJ&pg=4681,4070014&dq=maritime-guard&hl=en|title = The Argus-Press - Google News Archive Search|website = news.google.com|access-date = 2016-03-25|archive-date = 2022-03-07|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220307030452/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RToiAAAAIBAJ&pg=4681%2C4070014&dq=maritime-guard&hl=en|url-status = live}}</ref> ] supported the effort with its sophisticated maritime radar by providing blockading ships with long-range sea surveillance coverage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo8/no4/dennis-eng.asp |title=NATO AWACS: Alliance Keystone for Out-of-Area Operations |publisher=Journal.forces.gc.ca |access-date=June 8, 2010 |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717073404/http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo8/no4/dennis-eng.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>


The blockade was directed by the Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Southern Europe, U.S. Admiral ].<ref name="globalsecurity1"/> The blockade was directed by the Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Southern Europe, U.S. Admiral ].<ref name="globalsecurity1"/>


Under the blockade, 12,367 ships were contacted, 1,032 of them were inspected or diverted to a port to be inspected, and 9 ships were found to be violating the UN embargoes.<ref name="globalsecurity1"/> Under the blockade, 12,367 ships were contacted, 1,032 of them were inspected or diverted to a port to be inspected, and 9 ships were found to be violating the UN embargoes.<ref name="globalsecurity1"/>


==Successor== ==Successor==
Its successor was ]. That was a multi-year joint naval blockade in the Adriatic Sea by NATO and the ] on shipments to the former Yugoslavia that began on June 15, 1993, was suspended on June 19, 1996, and was terminated on October 2, 1996.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4ubWqD1XcAQC&pg=PA172&dq=blockade+%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=z0oNTL6sB43MMomoyesE&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false |title=Naval coalition warfare: from the ... – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=June 7, 2010}}</ref><ref name="independent1">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/naval-blockade-lifts-in-adriatic-1337903.html |title=Naval blockade lifts in Adriatic – World, News |publisher=The Independent |date=June 20, 1996 |accessdate=June 7, 2010}}</ref><ref></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=evo4nKODKDsC&pg=PA533&dq=blockade+%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=z0oNTL6sB43MMomoyesE&cd=7#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false |title=American defense policy – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=June 7, 2010}}</ref> Its successor was ]. That was a multi-year joint naval blockade in the Adriatic Sea by NATO and the ] on shipments to the former Yugoslavia that began on June 15, 1993, was suspended on June 19, 1996, and was terminated on October 2, 1996.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ubWqD1XcAQC&q=%22operation+sharp+guard%22&pg=PA172 |author1=Bruce A. Elleman |author2=S. C. M. Paine |title=Naval coalition warfare: from the Napoleonic War to Operation Iraqi Freedom |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415770828 |access-date=June 7, 2010}}</ref><ref name="independent1">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/naval-blockade-lifts-in-adriatic-1337903.html |title=Naval blockade lifts in Adriatic |work=The Independent |date=June 20, 1996 |access-date=June 7, 2010 |location=London |first=Christopher |last=Bellamy |archive-date=November 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108002042/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/naval-blockade-lifts-in-adriatic-1337903.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/NR/lib00472,0F574E769146EAE6.html | title=NPR : Transcripts Search Results | access-date=2011-10-26 | archive-date=2022-03-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307030532/https://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NR&d_origin=transcripts&z=NR&p_theme=nr&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F574E769146EAE6&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/americandefensep00pete |url-access=registration |page= |quote=operation sharp guard. |author1=Peter L. Hays |author2=Brenda J. Vallance |author3=Alan R. Van Tassel |title=American defense policy|via=] |publisher=JHU Press |date=1997 |access-date=June 7, 2010}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|United Nations}} {{Portal|Politics}}
* ] *]
*] *]


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==External links== ==External links==
{{wikisource|United Nations Security Council Resolutions}} {{wikisource|United Nations Security Council Resolutions}}
* *
* *
* * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904173310/http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb050102.htm |date=2009-09-04 }}

{{coord missing|Mediterranean}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Maritime Guard}}
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Latest revision as of 23:51, 7 October 2024

Operation Maritime Guard
Part of the NATO intervention in Bosnia
USS Theodore Roosevelt, which participated in Operation Maritime Guard
ObjectiveBlockade the former Yugoslavia.
DateNovember 22, 1992 – 1993
Executed by NATO
NATO intervention in
Bosnia and Herzegovina

Operation Maritime Guard was a NATO blockade, in the international waters of the Adriatic Sea, of the former Yugoslavia.

Scope

The operation began on November 22, 1992. It followed NATO Operation Maritime Monitor, and was in support of UN Security Council Resolution 787, which called upon states acting individually or otherwise to enforce the UN embargoes of the former Yugoslavia ("calls upon States ... to use such measures commensurate with the specific circumstances as may be necessary" to enforce the embargo).

It authorized NATO to use force, and included stopping, inspecting, and diverting ships bound for the former Yugoslavia. All ships bound to or coming from the territorial waters of the former Yugoslavia were halted for inspection and verification of their cargoes and destinations.

With support from Turkey, the Netherlands, and Germany, the operation was strengthened to allow for NATO aircraft to shoot down aircraft that violated the blockade. An article in the academic journal International Affairs stated that Operation Maritime Guard was: "the first authorized use of force to back a UN Security Council resolution".

In April 1993, a NATO official said that warships would shoot if necessary to stop a ship to enforce the blockade, with inert munitions which could include machine gun bullets and armor-piercing cannon shells.

Forces and results

USS Kauffman

The blockade comprised destroyers from Turkey, Italy, Germany, Greece, and the United Kingdom, and frigates from the United States and the Netherlands, assisted by NATO Maritime Patrol Aircraft. The frigate USS Kauffman and aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt were among the warships that took part in the operation. AWACS supported the effort with its sophisticated maritime radar by providing blockading ships with long-range sea surveillance coverage.

The blockade was directed by the Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Southern Europe, U.S. Admiral Mike Boorda.

Under the blockade, 12,367 ships were contacted, 1,032 of them were inspected or diverted to a port to be inspected, and 9 ships were found to be violating the UN embargoes.

Successor

Its successor was Operation Sharp Guard. That was a multi-year joint naval blockade in the Adriatic Sea by NATO and the Western European Union on shipments to the former Yugoslavia that began on June 15, 1993, was suspended on June 19, 1996, and was terminated on October 2, 1996.

See also

References

  1. ^ John Pike. "Operation Maritime Guard". Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on May 15, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  2. ^ Ugo Caruso (2007). "The Interplay between Council of Europe, OSCE, EU and NATO" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  3. "Peace-Keeping Operations: Requirements and Effectiveness; NATO's Role" (PDF). June 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 13, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  4. ^ Jennifer Medcalf (2005). NATO: a beginner's guide. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 9781851683536. Retrieved June 8, 2010 – via Internet Archive. operation maritime guard.
  5. ^ Kaufman, Joyce P. (2002). NATO and the former Yugoslavia: crisis, conflict, and the Atlantic Alliance. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742510227. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  6. Craig H. Allen (2007). Maritime counterproliferation operations and the rule of law. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780275996987. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  7. John Pike. "Operation Maritime Monitor". Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on May 15, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  8. Regional Organizations. The Air Force Law Review. 1997. Archived from the original on March 7, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  9. "Interoperability of U.S. and NATO Allied Air Forces: Supporting Data and Case Studies" Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine, RAND, 2003
  10. Giovanna Bono (2003). NATO's 'peace-enforcement' tasks and 'policy communities,' 1990-1999. Ashgate. ISBN 9780754609445. Archived from the original on March 7, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  11. "NATO: from Kosovo to Kabul" Archived 2011-07-12 at the Wayback Machine, 2009
  12. "Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
  13. "The Times-News - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Archived from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
  14. James Gow (1997). Triumph of the lack of will: international diplomacy and the Yugoslav War. Columbia University Press. p. 130. ISBN 9780231109161. Retrieved June 8, 2010 – via Internet Archive. operation maritime guard.
  15. "Lessons From Bosnia: The IFOR Experience" Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine, 1998
  16. "USS Kaufmann: Command History for Calendar Year 1993" Archived 2012-11-03 at the Wayback Machine, 1994
  17. "The Argus-Press - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Archived from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
  18. "NATO AWACS: Alliance Keystone for Out-of-Area Operations". Journal.forces.gc.ca. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  19. Bruce A. Elleman; S. C. M. Paine (2007). Naval coalition warfare: from the Napoleonic War to Operation Iraqi Freedom. Routledge. ISBN 9780415770828. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  20. Bellamy, Christopher (June 20, 1996). "Naval blockade lifts in Adriatic". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  21. "NPR : Transcripts Search Results". Archived from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
  22. Peter L. Hays; Brenda J. Vallance; Alan R. Van Tassel (1997). American defense policy. JHU Press. p. 533. Retrieved June 7, 2010 – via Internet Archive. operation sharp guard.

External links

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