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{{Short description|Israeli mathematician of Latvian origin (1948–2024)}}
'''Eliyahu Rips''' is an ] ] known for his research in ] and the controversial ]s.
{{Sources|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Eliyahu Rips
| image = Rips2017.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Rips in 2017
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1948|12|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = ], ], ]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|07|19|1948|12|12|df=y}}
| death_place = ]
| nationality = Israeli
| fields = ]
| workplaces = ]
| alma_mater = ]<br />Hebrew University
| doctoral_advisor = ]
| doctoral_students = ]
| known_for = ]<br/>]<br />]<br />]
| awards = ] <small>(1979)</small>
}}


'''Eliyahu Rips''' ({{langx|he|אליהו ריפס}}; {{langx|ru|Илья Рипс}}; {{langx|lv|Iļja Ripss}}; 12 December 1948 – 19 July 2024) was an Israeli mathematician of Latvian origin known for his research in ]. He became known to the general public following his co-authoring a paper on what is popularly known as ], the supposed coded messaging in the Hebrew text of the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kmph.com/story/16664855/kmph-special-report-bible-codes-2012 |title=Secret Codes In The Bible And The Torah? Investigators YES! - KMPH FOX 26 |date=2 February 2012 |work=] |access-date=28 February 2012}}</ref>
Rips grew up in ] (then part of ]). He was the first high school student from Latvia to participiate in the ]. In ], Rips (who was a student at the ] at that time) attempted ] in a protest against Soviet invasion of ]. After that, he was incarcerated by Soviet government but, under a pressure from Western mathematicians, he was allowed to emigrate to ] in ].


==Biography==
⚫ After finishing his Ph.D., Rips joined the Department of Mathematics at ], ]. He became well known for his research in ]. Rips received ] prize from Isreal Mathematical Society in ] and was a plenary speaker at the ] in ].
Ilya (Eliyahu) Rips grew up in Latvia (then part of the ]). His mother was Jewish and from ], the only of nine siblings that survived the war; the others were killed in ] and other places. His father Aaron was a Jewish mathematician from ]; his first wife, children, and all of his relatives were killed during ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://satori.lv/raksts/11284/Lolita_Tomsone/Serkocins_Ripss |author=Lolita Tomsone |title=Sērkociņš Ripss |publisher=Satori |language=lv |date=23 May 2016 |access-date=30 December 2016 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531133553/http://satori.lv/raksts/11284/Lolita_Tomsone/Serkocins_Ripss |url-status=dead }}</ref>


Rips was the first high school student from Latvia to participate in the ]. In January 1969, he learnt from listening to Western radio broadcast — then illegal in the USSR — of the ] of Czechoslovak student ]. On 13 April 1969, Rips, then a graduate student at the ], attempted self-immolation in a protest against the ]. After unwrapping a self-made slogan condemning the occupation of Czechoslovakia he lit a candle and set his gasoline-soaked clothes ablaze. A group of bystanders was able to quickly put the fire out, resulting only in burns to Rips' neck and hands. Though injured, he was first taken to the local KGB office and interrogated. He was incarcerated by the Soviet government for two years. After his story spread among Western mathematical circles and a wave of petitions, Rips was freed in 1971. The following year, he was allowed to ] to Israel.
In ], Rips, together with Doron Witztum and Yoav Rozenberg, published an article in the journal ''Statistical Science'' which claimed that they have discovered encoded messages in the ] text of the book of ], a part of ]. In ], their discovery was then described in a popular book '']'' by journalist ]. Since then, ] have been a subject of much controversy. Other scientists have been mostly skeptical and have pointed out some flaws in the study by Rips and his colleagues.

⚫ Rips joined the Department of Mathematics at the ], and in 1975 completed his Ph.D. in mathematics there. His topic was the dimensional subgroup problem. He was awarded the ]. In 1979, Rips received the ] from the Israel Mathematical Society, and was a sectional speaker at the ] in 1994.

Rips died on 19 July 2024, at the age of 75.<ref>{{cite news |title=Умер диссидент, математик и исследователь Библии Элияху Рипс |url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/umer-dissident-matematik-i-issledovatelj-biblii-eliyahu-rips/33043422.html |access-date=19 July 2024 |publisher=Svoboda |date=19 July 2024}}</ref>

==Academic career==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}
Rips was a professor in the Department of Mathematics at Hebrew University. His research interests were geometric and combinatorial methods in infinite group theory. This includes small cancellation theory and its generalizations, (Gromov) hyperbolic group theory, Bass-Serre theory and the actions of groups on <math>\mathbb R</math>-trees.

Rips' work on ] on <math>\mathbb R</math>-trees is mostly unpublished. The ], in the hands of Rips and his student ], has proven to be effective in obtaining classification results such as a solution to the ] for ]s.

==''The Bible Code'' controversy==
{{Main|Bible code}}
In the late 1970s, Rips began looking with the help of a computer for codes in the Torah. In 1994, Rips, together with Doron Witztum and Yoav Rosenberg, published in the journal '']'' an article, "Equidistant Letter Sequences in the Book of Genesis", which claimed the discovery of encoded messages in the ] text of the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nzz.ch/2004/08/18/ft/article9PRR2.html |title=Botschaften des Allmächtigen oder zurechtgeschusterte Daten? |date=18 August 2004 |work=] |access-date=28 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122041752/http://www.nzz.ch/2004/08/18/ft/article9PRR2.html |archive-date=22 January 2008}}</ref> This, in turn, was the inspiration for the 1997 book '']'' by journalist ]. While Rips originally claimed{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} that he agreed with Drosnin's findings, in 1997 Rips described Drosnin's book as "on very shaky ground" and "of no value."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/1997/06/08/seek-and-ye-shall-find.html |title=Seek And Ye Shall Find |author=Sharon Begley |date=8 June 1997 |work=] |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508055008/https://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/1997/06/08/seek-and-ye-shall-find.html |archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> Since Drosnin's book, ]s have been a subject of controversy, with the claims being criticized by ] and others.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/people/bdm/dilugim/torah.html |title=Torah Codes |website=cs.anu.edu.au |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref> An early supporter of Rips' theories was ], Nobel Prize Laureate in Economics 2005, who headed a commission overseeing Rips' experiments attempting to prove the existence of a secret code from God in the ]. Eventually, Aumann abandoned the idea and withdrew his support from Rips.

'']'' treats the text of the Bible as a ] puzzle: for example, a word may be spelled diagonally moving in a north west direction, or perhaps left-to-right taking every second letter. The more patterns that are allowed, the more words that can be found. Elementary statistics can be used to estimate the probabilities of finding certain hidden messages. The statistician ] shows in his book ''Struck by Lightning: The Curious World of Probabilities''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNX7cRhWVi0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/GNX7cRhWVi0 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Struck by Lightning: The Curious World of Probabilities |website=YouTube |access-date=20 December 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2019}} that "hidden messages" are statistically expected and hence should not be seen as divine messages, much less as predictions of the future. Mathematician ] illustrated this point by finding messages in the English text of '']'' that supposedly "predicted" famous assassinations of the past, such as the ] and the ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/codes/moby.html |title=Assassinations Foretold in Moby Dick! |author=Brendan McKay |date=1997 |access-date=6 October 2019}}</ref>

The 1997 "] for Literature" was awarded to Eliyahu Rips, Doron Witztum, Yoav Rosenberg, and ], for their work on ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 1997 Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony |url=https://improbable.com/ig/miscellaneous/ig-97.html#winners |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=improbable.com}}</ref>

==Selected papers==
* {{Cite journal |first=E. |last=Rips |title=Group actions on '''R'''-trees |journal=Preprint}}
* {{Cite journal |first=E. |last=Rips |title=Subgroups of small cancellation groups |journal=Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society |volume=14 |year=1982 |issue=1 |pages=45–47 |doi=10.1112/blms/14.1.45}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Rips |first1=E. |last2=Sela |first2=Z. |title=Structure and rigidity in hyperbolic groups. I |journal=Geom. Funct. Anal. |volume=4 |year=1994 |issue=3 |pages=337–371 |doi=10.1007/bf01896245|s2cid=119386239 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Rips |first1=E. |last2=Sela |first2=Z. |title=Canonical representatives and equations in hyperbolic groups |journal=] |volume=120 |year=1995 |issue=3 |pages=489–512 |doi=10.1007/bf01241140|bibcode=1995InMat.120..489R |s2cid=121404710 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Rips |first1=E. |last2=Sela |first2=Z. |title=Cyclic splittings of finitely presented groups and the canonical JSJ decomposition |journal=] |series=2 |volume=146 |year=1997 |issue=1 |pages=53–109 |doi=10.2307/2951832|jstor=2951832 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Sapir |first1=Mark V. |last2=Birget |first2=Jean-Camille |last3=Rips |first3=Eliyahu |title=Isoperimetric and isodiametric functions of groups |journal=Annals of Mathematics |series=2 |volume=156 |year=2002 |issue=2 |pages=345–466 |doi=10.2307/3597195|jstor=3597195 |arxiv=math/9811105 |s2cid=119728458 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Birget |first1=J.-C. |last2=Ol'shanskii |first2=A. Yu. |last3=Rips |first3=E. |last4=Sapir |first4=M. V. |title=Isoperimetric functions of groups and computational complexity of the word problem |journal=Annals of Mathematics |series=2 |volume=156 |year=2002 |issue=2 |pages=467–518 |doi=10.2307/3597196|jstor=3597196 |arxiv=math/9811106 |s2cid=14155715 }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* , transcript of a story which aired on ''BBC Two'', Thursday 20 November 2003, featuring comments by Drosnin, Rips, and ].
* ] (2015), a documentary in which Rips features prominently. In addition to discussing his text analyses, he relates the story of his self-immolation attempt.
* {{MathGenealogy |id=43424 }}
* {{IMO results |id=9910 }}

{{Soviet dissidents}}
{{Authority control}}

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Latest revision as of 11:33, 22 October 2024

Israeli mathematician of Latvian origin (1948–2024)
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Eliyahu Rips
Rips in 2017
Born(1948-12-12)12 December 1948
Riga, Latvian SSR, USSR
Died19 July 2024(2024-07-19) (aged 75)
Jerusalem
NationalityIsraeli
Alma materUniversity of Latvia
Hebrew University
Known forRips construction
Rips machine
Vietoris–Rips complex
Torah Code
AwardsErdős Prize (1979)
Scientific career
FieldsMathematics
InstitutionsHebrew University
Doctoral advisorShimshon Amitsur
Doctoral studentsZlil Sela

Eliyahu Rips (Hebrew: אליהו ריפס; Russian: Илья Рипс; Latvian: Iļja Ripss; 12 December 1948 – 19 July 2024) was an Israeli mathematician of Latvian origin known for his research in geometric group theory. He became known to the general public following his co-authoring a paper on what is popularly known as Bible code, the supposed coded messaging in the Hebrew text of the Torah.

Biography

Ilya (Eliyahu) Rips grew up in Latvia (then part of the Soviet Union). His mother was Jewish and from Riga, the only of nine siblings that survived the war; the others were killed in Rumbula and other places. His father Aaron was a Jewish mathematician from Belarus; his first wife, children, and all of his relatives were killed during the Holocaust.

Rips was the first high school student from Latvia to participate in the International Mathematical Olympiad. In January 1969, he learnt from listening to Western radio broadcast — then illegal in the USSR — of the self-immolation of Czechoslovak student Jan Palach. On 13 April 1969, Rips, then a graduate student at the University of Latvia, attempted self-immolation in a protest against the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. After unwrapping a self-made slogan condemning the occupation of Czechoslovakia he lit a candle and set his gasoline-soaked clothes ablaze. A group of bystanders was able to quickly put the fire out, resulting only in burns to Rips' neck and hands. Though injured, he was first taken to the local KGB office and interrogated. He was incarcerated by the Soviet government for two years. After his story spread among Western mathematical circles and a wave of petitions, Rips was freed in 1971. The following year, he was allowed to immigrate to Israel.

Rips joined the Department of Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and in 1975 completed his Ph.D. in mathematics there. His topic was the dimensional subgroup problem. He was awarded the Aharon Katzir Prize. In 1979, Rips received the Erdős Prize from the Israel Mathematical Society, and was a sectional speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1994.

Rips died on 19 July 2024, at the age of 75.

Academic career

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Rips was a professor in the Department of Mathematics at Hebrew University. His research interests were geometric and combinatorial methods in infinite group theory. This includes small cancellation theory and its generalizations, (Gromov) hyperbolic group theory, Bass-Serre theory and the actions of groups on R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } -trees.

Rips' work on group actions on R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } -trees is mostly unpublished. The Rips machine, in the hands of Rips and his student Zlil Sela, has proven to be effective in obtaining classification results such as a solution to the isomorphism problem for hyperbolic groups.

The Bible Code controversy

Main article: Bible code

In the late 1970s, Rips began looking with the help of a computer for codes in the Torah. In 1994, Rips, together with Doron Witztum and Yoav Rosenberg, published in the journal Statistical Science an article, "Equidistant Letter Sequences in the Book of Genesis", which claimed the discovery of encoded messages in the Hebrew text of the Book of Genesis. This, in turn, was the inspiration for the 1997 book The Bible Code by journalist Michael Drosnin. While Rips originally claimed that he agreed with Drosnin's findings, in 1997 Rips described Drosnin's book as "on very shaky ground" and "of no value." Since Drosnin's book, Bible codes have been a subject of controversy, with the claims being criticized by Brendan McKay and others. An early supporter of Rips' theories was Robert Aumann, Nobel Prize Laureate in Economics 2005, who headed a commission overseeing Rips' experiments attempting to prove the existence of a secret code from God in the Torah. Eventually, Aumann abandoned the idea and withdrew his support from Rips.

The Bible Code treats the text of the Bible as a word search puzzle: for example, a word may be spelled diagonally moving in a north west direction, or perhaps left-to-right taking every second letter. The more patterns that are allowed, the more words that can be found. Elementary statistics can be used to estimate the probabilities of finding certain hidden messages. The statistician Jeffrey S. Rosenthal shows in his book Struck by Lightning: The Curious World of Probabilities that "hidden messages" are statistically expected and hence should not be seen as divine messages, much less as predictions of the future. Mathematician Brendan McKay illustrated this point by finding messages in the English text of Moby Dick that supposedly "predicted" famous assassinations of the past, such as the assassination of John F. Kennedy and the assassination of Indira Gandhi.

The 1997 "Ig Nobel Prize for Literature" was awarded to Eliyahu Rips, Doron Witztum, Yoav Rosenberg, and Michael Drosnin, for their work on Bible codes.

Selected papers

References

  1. "Secret Codes In The Bible And The Torah? Investigators YES! - KMPH FOX 26". KMPH-TV. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  2. Lolita Tomsone (23 May 2016). "Sērkociņš Ripss" (in Latvian). Satori. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  3. "Умер диссидент, математик и исследователь Библии Элияху Рипс". Svoboda. 19 July 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  4. "Botschaften des Allmächtigen oder zurechtgeschusterte Daten?". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 18 August 2004. Archived from the original on 22 January 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  5. Sharon Begley (8 June 1997). "Seek And Ye Shall Find". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  6. "Torah Codes". cs.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  7. "Struck by Lightning: The Curious World of Probabilities". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  8. Brendan McKay (1997). "Assassinations Foretold in Moby Dick!". Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  9. "The 1997 Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony". improbable.com. Retrieved 22 July 2024.

External links

Soviet dissidents
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