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{{Redir|Moonies||Moonie (disambiguation)}} |
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'''Moonie''' (plural '''Moonies''') is a term which refers to members of the ]. It is derived from the name of the church's founder ].<ref name="miller" /> Some dictionaries call it offensive or derogatory;<ref name="randomhouse" /><ref name="compactoxford" /> others do not.<ref name="worldbook" /><ref name="websters" /> It has been used by critics of the church since the 1970s.<ref name="bbc" /> Church members have used the term, including Sun Myung Moon,<ref name="enroth" /> President of the ] David Kim,<ref name="shupe" /> and Moon's aide ].<ref name="ofcom" /> Members of the Unification Church have stated that they currently prefer the term "Unificationists".<ref name="lasseter" /> It has seen usage in languages including ],<ref name="worldbook" /><ref name="websters" /> ],<ref name="french1" /><ref name="french2" /> ],<ref name="german1" /><ref name="german2" /> ],<ref name="spanish1" /><ref name="spanish2" /> and ],<ref name="portuguese1" /><ref name="portuguese2" /> and according to ''Religion and Politics In America'' Unification Church followers are "universally known, often derisively" by the term.<ref name="fowler" /> |
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The word Moonie was coined in 1974 by the ] media, when the Unification Church held a campaign at ] in ].<ref name="pacnews" /> During the ] in 1982, the prosecution argued that the term be banned during jury selection; the court denied the request and ruled that the term was appropriately "descriptive".<ref name="court" /><ref name="lubasch" /> In the 1980s the church hired civil rights activist ] to equate the term with the word "]".<ref name="gorenfeld" /> Members protested outside of the '']'' and '']'' after the newspapers ran articles using the term.<ref name="helvarg" /><ref name="murphy" /> In 2005, the Unification Church lodged a formal complaint with ], a body that supervises communication industries in the ], after a ] ] about Sun Myung Moon used the term.<ref name="ofcom" /> Ofcom ruled in favor of the BBC.<ref name="ofcom" /> |
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In commentary on the term and its usage, scholars have noted it is both a popular colloquial term,<ref name="miller" /> and one that has negative connotations.<ref name="vondehsen" /> Scholars including ], ], and ] have used the term to refer to members of the Unification Church.<ref name="shupe" /> Barker titled her 1984 book '']''.<ref name="rhodes" /> In his 2000 book ''Mystics and Messiahs'', Philip Jenkins discussed the term's usage, and likened it to "smear words" associated with other religions; giving examples of ], ], and ].<ref name="jenkins" /> |
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==Definition== |
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The term Moonies is derived from the name of the founder of the Unification Church, ].<ref name="miller" /> The 2002 edition of '']'' does not note a negative connotation of the term, defining it simply as: "a follower of Sun Myung Moon";<ref name="worldbook">{{cite book | last =World Book Encyclopedia | authorlink =World Book Encyclopedia | title =The World Book Dictionary: L-Z | publisher =World Book, Inc | year =2002 | page =1348 | isbn = 0716602997}}</ref> nor does the 1999 edition of the '']'', which defines the term as "a member of the Unification Church established and headed by Sun Myung Moon."<ref name="websters">{{cite book | last =Editors of Webster's II Dictionaries | title =Webster's II New College Dictionary | publisher =Houghton Mifflin Harcourt | year =1999 | page =711 | isbn = 0395962145}}</ref> The 2009 '']'' states the term is offensive,<ref name="randomhouse">{{cite web | last = Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2009 | title = moonie | work = Dictionary.com | publisher = dictionary.reference.com | year = 2009 | url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/moonie | accessdate = 2009-09-28}}</ref> and the 2009 '']'' defines it as derogatory in nature.<ref name="compactoxford">{{cite web | last = Compact Oxford English Dictionary | title = Moonie | work = AskOxford | publisher = www.askoxford.com | year = 2009 | url = http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/moonie?view=uk | accessdate = 2009-09-28}}</ref> The ''Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Japan'' describes it as a ] term to refer to a member of the Unification Church.<ref>{{cite book | last =Stockwin | first =J. | title =Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Japan | publisher =Routledge | year =2003 | page =233 | isbn = 0415151708}}</ref> |
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An extension of the term's meaning from its original usage referring to followers of Sun Myung Moon is noted in ''The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English'' (2005),<ref name="partridge">{{cite book | last =Partridge | first =Eric | coauthors = Tom Dalzell, Terry Victor | title =The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J-Z | publisher =TF-ROUTL | year =2005 | page =1319 | isbn = 978-0415259385}}</ref> ''The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English'' (2007),<ref name="dalzell">{{cite book | last =Dalzell | first =Tom | coauthors =Terry Victor | title =The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English | publisher =Routledge | year =2007 | page =439 | isbn = 0415212596}}</ref> and ''The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English'' (2008).<ref name="routledge">{{cite book | last =Dalzell | first =Tom | title =The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English | publisher =Routledge | year =2008 | page =671 | isbn =0415371821 }}</ref> These dictionaries define the term "moonie" as "any blind, unthinking, unquestioning follower of a philosophy".<ref name="partridge" /><ref name="dalzell" /><ref name="routledge" /> In a 1996 article for '']'' in which he criticised former Prime Minister ] for speaking at a Unification Church sponsored conference, Andrew Brown commented: "The term 'Moonie' has entered the language as meaning a ], bright-eyed ]."<ref>{{cite news | last =Brown | first =Andrew | title =Edward Heath sees bright side of the Moonies | work =] | publisher =Newspaper Publishing PLC | date =August 12, 1996 |page=13| url =http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/edward-heath-sees-bright-side-of-the-moonies-1309411.html | accessdate = 2009-09-28 }}</ref> |
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==History== |
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===1970s=== |
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The word "Moonie" was first used in American media sources in 1974, during the Unification Church campaign at ] in ].<ref name="pacnews">{{cite news | last =PacNews staff | title =Church leaders unite against Moonies | work =] | publisher =] | date =February 17, 2006}}</ref><ref name="gorenfeld" /> Massad Ayoob wrote in ''American Handgunner'' that the term was used by critics by the time Sun Myung's Moon family moved from ] to the United States in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite journal | last =Ayoob | first =Massad | title =The Rise of the House of Kahr | journal =American Handgunner | pages =58–67 | date =November/December 2001 }}</ref> Its usage became prevalent in the 1970s, and it was used both by critics of the Unification Church,<ref name="bbc">{{cite news | last = BBC News staff | title = 'Moonies' founder hurt in crash | newspaper = ] | publisher = news.bbc.co.uk | date = July 19, 2008 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7515435.stm | accessdate =2009-09-28 }}</ref> as well as by church members themselves.<ref name="shupe" /> It has seen usage in other languages, including ],<ref name="french1">{{cite news | title =Mgr Milingo: "Admonition canonique", ultimatum au 20 août 2001 | work =Zenit: Le monde vu de Rome | publisher =www.zenit.org | date =July 17, 2001 | url =http://www.zenit.org/article-933?l=french | accessdate =2009-09-30|language=]}}</ref><ref name="french2">{{cite news | title =Rome: Après l’ordination de quatre évêques mariés aux Etats-Unis | work =APIC | publisher =www.kipa-apic.ch | date =September 26, 2006 | url =http://www.kipa-apic.ch/meldungen/sep_show_fr.php?id=3236 | accessdate = 2009-09-30|language=] }}</ref> ],<ref name="german1">{{cite news | title =Sun Myung Moon: Guru mit Geschäftssinn | work =] | language =] | publisher =www.stern.de | date =August 19, 2009 | url =http://www.stern.de/panorama/sun-myung-moon-guru-mit-geschaeftssinn-536981.html | accessdate =2009-09-30 }}</ref><ref name="german2">{{cite news | title =Ein neuer Konkurrent im Kampf um die Seelen | work =Stuttgarter Zeitung | language =] | date =September 24, 1997 }}</ref> ],<ref name="spanish1">{{cite news | title =Empresas de dietética alimentan en España a la secta del reverendo Moon | work =] | language =] | publisher =www.elpais.com | date =June 21, 1988 | url =http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/MOON/Empresas/dietetica/alimentan/Espana/secta/reverendo/Moon/elpepiesp/19880621elpepinac_20/Tes/ | accessdate = 2009-09-30 }}</ref><ref name="spanish2">{{cite news | title =La guerra de los moonies | work =] | language =] | publisher =www.jornada.unam.mx | date =August 22, 1997 | url =http://www.jornada.unam.mx/1997/08/22/ramirez.html | accessdate = 2009-09-30 }}</ref> and ],<ref name="portuguese1">{{cite news | title =Jornal Semanal da Comunidade Brasileira no Sul da Florida | work =Gazeta Brazilian News | language =] | publisher =www.gazetanwes.com | date =December 27, 2005 | url =http://www.gazetanews.com/imigracao_noticia.php?cd_noticia=3255 | accessdate = 2009-09-30 }}</ref><ref name="portuguese2">{{cite news | title =O Brasil na imprensa internacional | work =Portugal Digital | language =] | publisher =www.portugaldigital.com | date =December 26, 2005 | url =http://www.portugaldigital.com.br/noticia.kmf?cod=4042023&canal=159 | accessdate = 2009-09-30 }}</ref> and according to ''Religion and Politics In America'' Unification Church followers are known "universally" by the term.<ref name="fowler" /> |
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The term was casually used within the Unification Church itself and by church members in public<ref name="gorenfeld" /><ref>{{cite journal | last =Koff | first =Stephen | title =Religion: Getting Mooned, Legitimately | journal =Cincinnati Magazine | volume =16 | issue =11 | page =14 | date =August 1983 }}</ref> as a self-designation.<ref>{{cite book | last =Lichtman | first =Allan J. | title =White Protestant Nation | publisher =Atlantic Monthly Press | year =2008 | page =304 | isbn = 0871139847}}</ref><ref name="nix">{{cite news | last =Nix | first =Shann | title =Church seeks new image | work =] | page =B3 | date =August 10, 1989}}</ref> During the 1970s and 1980s, the term was used by members of the Unification Church "as a badge of honor".<ref name="shupe">{{cite book | last =Shupe | first =Anson D. |authorlink =Anson Shupe | coauthors =Bronislaw Misztal | title =Religion, Mobilization, and Social Action | publisher =Praeger | year =1998 | pages =197, 213, 215 | isbn=978-0275956257}}</ref> In 1978, Sun Myung Moon declared: "In two and a half years the word 'Moonie' shall become an honorable name and we will have demonstrations and victory celebrations from coast to coast."<ref name="enroth">{{cite book | last = Enroth | first = Ronald M. | title = A Guide To New Religious Movements | publisher =InterVarsity Press | year = 2005 | pages = 69, 72 | isbn = 0830823816 }}</ref> Moon used the term again in 1979, stating: "If the most beautiful woman who thought she could seduce any man crept into my bedroom to tempt me, I would know how to make a Moonie out of her."<ref name="enroth" /> Later '']'' quoted Moon as saying: "Looking at the Moonies from the normal, common-sense point of view, we certainly appear to be a bunch of crazy people!"<ref name="zoff">{{cite news | last =The Guardian staff | title =Zoff off, Moon loon, and Cheat schmeat | work =] | publisher =Guardian News and Media Limited | date =September 20, 2001 | url =http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2001/sep/20/thefiver.sport | accessdate = 2009-10-08 }}</ref> |
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In 1979, church members could be seen on subways in ] displaying t-shirts that read: "I'm a Moonie and I love it".<ref name="shupe" /> Religious scholar ] notes that "on many occasions" he heard "David Kim, President of the Unification Theological Seminary, refer to 'Moonie theology,' the 'Moonie lifestyle,' and so forth matter-of-factly".<ref name="shupe" /> According to the ], the term has been used by the principal aide to Sun Myung Moon, ].<ref name="ofcom" /> Pak was quoted by ] in his book '']'' as declaring to the ]: "I am a proud Korean – a proud 'Moonie' – and a dedicated anti-Communist and I intend to remain so the rest of my life."<ref name="sherwood">{{cite book | last =Sherwood | first =Carlton |authorlink =Carlton Sherwood | title =] | publisher =Regnery Gateway | year =1991 | page =558 | isbn=9780895265326}}</ref> |
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===1980s=== |
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During the ] in 1982, prosecutors in the case argued that the term Moonie be banned during the jury selection process because they said it was considered "a negative term,"<ref name="court">{{cite news | last =Berry | first =John F. | title =Court Impanels 200 in Effort to Find Impartial Jury to Try the Rev. Moon | work =] | page =A5 | publisher =] | date =March 23, 1982 }}</ref> and prejudicial in nature.<ref name="lubasch">{{cite news | last =Lubasch | first =Arnold H. | title =Selection of jurors is begun for Moon's tax-fraud trial | work =] | page =B2|publisher=] | date =March 23, 1982 }}</ref> Defense counsel for Sun Myung Moon instead asserted use of the word in the jury selection process was necessary to identify the Unification Church and to question jurors about possible prejudice.<ref name="lubasch" /> The court denied the prosecution's request, and ruled that the term was appropriately "descriptive."<ref name="court" /> Judge Gerard L. Goettel instructed the jury that the case involved the Unification Church, Sun Myung Moon, and his followers, who the judge stated were "sometimes referred to as Moonies."<ref name="lubasch" /> |
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In 1982 '']'' reported that the '']'', then recently founded by Moon, was commonly referred to as "the Moonie paper";<ref>{{cite news | last = Bumiller | first = Elisabeth | title = The Nation's Capital Gets A New Daily Newspaper | newspaper = ] | page = C01 | publisher = ] | date = May 17, 1982 | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/cult/unification/wtimes.htm | accessdate = 2009-10-09}}</ref> '']'' magazine later made the same observation.<ref>{{cite news | last =Time staff | title =Press: No. 2 And Trying Harder : The Washington Times | work =] | publisher =] | date =November 5, 1989 | url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958954,00.html | accessdate = 2009-10-17 }}</ref> That same year a report sponsored in part by ], P. Nelson Reid and Paul D. Starr noted: "In informal interviews with U.C. members have indicated that they do not consider the term 'Moonie' derogatory."<ref>{{cite web | last =Reid | first =P. Nelson | coauthors =Paul D. Starr | title =The Social Impact of Unification Church Investments in Bayou La Batre, Alabama; A Socio-Ecologic Study Prepared for the Missippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium | work =Missippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium | publisher =www.masgc.org | date =November 1982 | url =http://www.masgc.org/pdf/masgp/82-016.pdf | accessdate =2009-09-28|page=21, Footnote: 16 }}</ref> However, in 1984, '']'' noted "Members of the Unification Church resent references to them as 'Moonies'", and quoted one member who said "Even in quotation marks, it's derogatory".<ref>{{cite news | last =Zagoria | first =Sam | title =Journalism's Three Sins | work =] | page =A26 | publisher =] | date =September 19, 1984 }}</ref> |
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In 1985 ], a sociologist who is considered a leading expert on cults and new religious movements, used the term telling '']'': "What the Moonies do is ludicrous. Most people who go through that experience with them walk away later."<ref>{{cite news | title =Religion: Sun Myung Moon's Goodwill Blitz | work =] | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966889,00.html | date =April 22, 1985 }}</ref> In 1985 the vice-president of Unification Church owned International Oceanic Enterprises Inc. used the word “Moonies” in referring to the employees of the company’s seafood processing plant in ], ] when he said: “Even Moonies have to eat.”<ref name="romenews">{{cite news | title =Moon’s church settles into quiet fishing town | work= Rome News-Tribune | url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1vYGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mDQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2581,5940687&dq=master-marine&hl=en| date =November 27, 1985}}</ref> In 1985, then-president of the Unification Church in the United States, ], asserted there was a positive change in perception of Sun Myung Moon after he was convicted of federal tax evasion: "In one year, we moved from being a pariah to being part of the mainstream. People recognized that Reverend Moon was abused for his religious beliefs and they rallied around. You rarely hear the word 'Moonie' anymore. We're 'Unificationists.'"<ref>{{cite news | last =Goldman | first =Ari L. | title =Moon's jailing may have eased things for his flock | work =] | at =Section 4; Page 7, Column 4 | publisher =] | date =July 28, 1985 }}</ref> |
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The Unification Church hired civil rights activist ] to equate the term Moonies with the word "]".<ref name="gorenfeld">{{cite book | last =Gorenfeld | first =John | title =Bad Moon Rising | publisher =PoliPointPress | year =2008 | page =96 | isbn =0979482232 }}</ref> Abernathy served as vice president of the Unification Church-affiliated group ],<ref name="nix" /><ref name="leigh">{{cite news | last =Leigh | first =Andrew | title =Inside Moon's Washington - The private side of public relations improving the image, looking for clout | work =] | page =B1 | publisher =] | date =October 15, 1989 }}</ref> and served on two ] for organizations related to Sun Myung Moon.<ref>{{cite news | first =Frank (Knight-Ridder Newspapers) | title =Unification Church funnels millions to U.S. conservatives | work =] | page =4A | publisher =The Dallas Morning News Company | date =December 20, 1987 }}</ref> According to the '']'', by 1989 Unification Church members preferred the term "Unificationists" over Moonies.<ref name="nix" /> ''The Washington Post'' reported that "Unification Church members are being advised no longer to accept the designation of 'Moonie,' and to declare any such nomenclature as indicative of a prejudiced view of the church."<ref name="leigh" /> In 1989, '']'' reported that the '']'' was picketed after referring to members of the Unification Church as Moonies.<ref name="helvarg">{{cite book | last =Helvarg | first =David | authorlink =David Helvarg | title =The War Against the Greens| publisher =Johnson Books | year =2004 | page =211 | isbn = 1555663281}}</ref><ref name="hatch" /> Sun Myung Moon directed minister and civil rights leader ] to form a protest by religious officials against the ''Chicago Tribune'' because of the newspaper's use of the term; Bevel handed out fliers at the protest which said: "Are the Moonies our new niggers?"<ref name="hatch">{{cite news | last = Hatch | first = Walter | title = Big names lend luster to group's causes - Church leader gains legitimacy among U.S. conservatives | newspaper = ] | page = A1 | publisher = Seattle Times Company | date = February 13, 1989 }}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' reported in 1989 that the Unification Church published newspaper ] equating use of the term Moonie to epithets including "nigger," "]", "]", "]", and "]", asserting that its usage constituted "an act of religious and racial bigotry."<ref name="leigh" /> |
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The 1989 book ''Competition in Religious Life'' notes that "Moon and his disciples" have been "often unflatteringly referred to as 'Moonies'".<ref>{{cite book | last =Newman | first =Jay | title =Competition in Religious Life (Editions Sr ; V. 11) | publisher =Wilfrid Laurier University Press | year =1989 | page =82 | isbn =0889209898}}</ref> That same year, the Sun Myung Moon-created anti-communist propaganda organization ] paid ]200,000 for advertisements placed by the "]" in '']'', '']'', and the Unification Church-owned paper '']'', criticizing the '']'' and its owner ] for articles about the Unification Church that used the term.<ref name="guy">{{cite news | last =Guy | first =Pat | title =MEDIA: Moon ads blast news magazine | work =] | page =2B, section: Money | publisher =Gannett Company Inc. | date =April 24, 1989 }}</ref> The ads equated usage of the term Moonie to "using an anti-Semitic epithet to refer to Jews".<ref name="guy" /> In response, Zuckerman and ''U.S. News & World Report'' editor Roger Rosenblatt released a statement which asserted that the article about the Unification Church was "fair and accurate".<ref name="guy" /> They added: "It is absolutely contrary to our journalistic standards to belittle any religious organization."<ref name="guy" /> |
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''The Washington Post'' refused to run the advertisements, and the advertising editor for ''The Seattle Times'' stated she would not have run the advertisements either.<ref name="wetzel">{{cite news | last = Wetzel | first = Frank | title = More sunshine needed on Moon units | newspaper = ] | page = A21 | publisher = Seattle Times Company | date = May 21, 1989 }}</ref> Frank Wetzel of ''The Seattle Times'' noted: "For years 'Moonies' has been the common description of members of the Unification Church. If now the church announces it is offensive, courteous non-members will stop using it, although the problem remains of what members should be called. The change won't happen overnight, however, and it's sly to compare 'Moonies' with the epithets listed."<ref name="wetzel" /> Walter Hatch of ''The Seattle Times'' reported that the "National Committee Against Religious Bigotry and Racism" organization was one of hundreds of ]s with ties to the Unification Church.<ref name="wetzel" /> Wetzel pointed out: "No such connection is mentioned in the ad. That's disingenuous."<ref name="wetzel" /> |
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Unification Church official ] (who later became president of the ]<ref>{{cite news | last =Satyanarayana | first =Megha | title =Shark poachers to pay for new habitat | work =] | date =February 13, 2007 }}</ref>) commented in 1989 on his views of why the Unification Church was shifting its public stance regarding use of the term: "Why, after so many years, should we now be taking such a stand to eliminate the term 'Moonie?' For me, it is a sign that the American Unification Church has come of age. We can no longer allow our founder, our members, and allies to be dehumanized and unfairly discriminated against. ... We are now entering a period of our history where our Church development and family orientation are strong enough that we can turn our attention toward ending the widespread misunderstanding about our founder and the Unification movement."<ref name="shupe" /> In 1989 Unification Church representative Tom Froehlic said to the ''San Francisco Chronicle'': "The Unification Church is growing up. We are headed toward a more ] movement. It's not so controversial to join the Moonies anymore."<ref name="nix" /> According to author Darrell Y. Hamamoto, "By the end of the 1980s, the term ''Moonies'' had entered the language and become synonymous with individuals who had fallen under the hypnotic sway of the Unification Church."<ref name="hamamoto">{{cite book | last = Hamamoto | first = Darrell Y. | title = Monitored Peril | publisher = University of Minnesota Press | year = 1994 | page = 199 | isbn = 0816623686 }}</ref> |
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===1990s=== |
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In 1990, a position paper sent from the Unification Church to '']'' gave a warning to journalists about use of the term: "We will fight gratuitous use of the 'Moonie' or 'cult' pejoratives. We will call journalists on every instance of unprofessional reporting. We intend to stop distortions plagiarized from file clippings which propagate from story to story like a computer virus."<ref name="taylor">{{cite news | last =Taylor | first =John G. | title =Unification Church will keep eye on media | work =] | page =A10 | date =September 1, 1990 }}</ref> In 1992 the Unification Church-affiliated organization ] asserted usage of the term was akin to that of the word "nigger".<ref>{{cite news | last =Goodstein | first =Laurie | title =Church bids for legitimacy - Moon's group wooed a city to buy university | work =] | page =A1 | publisher =] | date =May 26, 1992 }}</ref> Unification Church member Kristopher Esplin told ] what is normally done if the term Moonie is seen in media sources: "If it's printed in newspapers, we will respond, write to the editor, that sort of thing."<ref>{{cite news | last =Stormont | first =Diane (]) | title =Moon followers vow to deman respect: Movement wants world to accept its members as normal human beings | work =] | page =42 | date =October 4, 1992 }}</ref> According to a study published in 1992 in the ''Journal of Applied Social Psychology'', 75.51% (74 of 98) of participating individuals were familiar with the term.<ref>{{cite journal | last =Pfeifer | first =Jeffrey E. (]) | title =The Psychological Framing of Cults: Schematic Representations and Cult Evaluations | journal = Journal of Applied Social Psychology | volume =22 | issue =7 | pages =531–544 | date =April 1992 | doi =10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00988.x}}</ref> |
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In 1992 ''The New York Times'' quoted Colin Gunn, chairman of the board of trustees for the ], which was then entering into a financial relationship with the Unification Church which resulted in two Unification Church members being placed in the position of university president (], 1995–1999 and <ref></ref> ], 1999–present)<ref> in ''The American Chiropractor'', July 30, 2005.</ref>, as saying about "those seeking legitimacy": "They know that the name of the Unification Church, or Moonies, is a bad thing."<ref>{{cite news | last = Judson| first= George | title = Making the Hard Choice at Bridgeport U.: Opting to Stay Alive | newspaper = New York Times | date = April 17, 1992 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/17/nyregion/making-the-hard-choice-at-bridgeport-u-opting-to-stay-alive.html| accessdate =2009-11-03 }}</ref> In 1993 '']'', discussing liberal reluctance to support president ], compared supporters of earlier president ] to "Moonies", saying: "One doesn't want to be thought of as a cadre or a Moonie, like those absurd Reaganites of the early- to mid-1980s." <ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978294,00.html#ixzz0xZcJj3Ov Visiting A Place Called Hope], '']'', April 19, 1993</ref> In 1994, '']'' noted that the word Moonie was used in a ] about family life in ], referring to Korean members of the Unification Church.<ref>{{cite news | last =Elley | first =Derek | title = Osaka Story: A Documentary| work =] | url = http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117909540.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 | date = November 28, 1994 }}</ref> |
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On an October 6, 1994 broadcast of '']'', host ] stated: "On last night's program ...I used the term 'Moonies'. This is a label which members of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon's Unification Church find demeaning and offensive, and I'd like to apologize for its use."<ref name="koppel">{{cite news | last =] | title =Transcript # 3489 | work =] | publisher =] | date =October 6, 1994 }}</ref> In 1997, Unification Church members protested outside the building of ''The Washington Post'' after two of its articles used the word Moonie.<ref name="murphy">{{cite news | last =Murphy | first =Caryle | title ='Blessing '97': Moon's church adapts, endures | work =] | page =B1 | publisher =] | date =November 19, 1997 }}</ref> In 1997 the British newspaper '']'' noted that members in the ] preferred that their church be called the "Unification Church" rather than the "Moonies".<ref>{{cite news | last =McGrandle | first =Piers | title =Cult explosion threatens to bury Christianity | newspaper =] | date =June 8, 1997 | url =http://www.independent.co.uk/news/cult-explosion-threatens-to-bury-christianity-1254757.html|accessdate=2009-10-10}}</ref> In 1998, the ] paper '']'' noted: "The Unification Church does not receive the hysterical media attention it did from the late 1970s, although its appeal against what it regards as the pejorative term of 'Moonies' has not been widely accepted."<ref>{{cite news | last =Linklater | first =John | title =The man who became a moonie | work =] | page =7 | publisher =Scottish Media Newspapers Limited | date =April 18, 1998 }}</ref> In 1999 Mary Blume, writing in the style section of '']'' said: "...a Moonie is both a cult member and an employee of ]."<ref>{{cite news | last = Blume | first = Mary | title = Want to Speak American?Now It's a Walkover | newspaper = ] | publisher = ] | date = July 7, 1999 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/07/style/07iht-stranger.2.t.html | accessdate = 2009-10-09}}</ref> |
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===2000s=== |
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In 2000 British author and human rights activist ] in discussing laws protecting religions mentioned the “Moonie test“, which she expressed as: “how do you frame a law that covers ‘proper’ religions without offering the same protection to the followers of the Rev Sun Myung Moon or, indeed, the Rev ]?”<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Joan | title =Believe what you like, but you can't make me take you seriously| work =] | date =November 26, 2000 | url =http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/joan-smith/believe-what-you-like-but-you-cant-make-me-take-you-seriously-625084.html| accessdate = 2009-11-05 }}</ref> In 2001 paper Howard Hunter and Holly Price cited the "Moonies" (their quotation marks) as a group which most Americans would consider to be fringe groups, along with ], the ], and ].<ref>Howard O. Hunter and Holly Price, , ''Brigham Young University Law Review'', August 2001, page 568</ref> In 2001, the '']'' reported that both Unification Church leaders and members in ] referred to themselves as "Moonies".<ref>{{cite news | last =Lattin | first =Don | title =Children of a Lesser God - The Moonies: Looking to its youth for survival | work =] | date =February 11, 2001 | url =http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/02/11/MN144052.DTL | accessdate =2009-11-01 }}</ref> In 2002, Emer O'Kelly, writing in the ] newspaper '']'', cited "people like the Moonies" as a possible threat to Ireland's ] due to their being able to spend large amounts of money on mass ].<ref>, '']'', December 8, 2002</ref> In 2003 the '']'' reported that the ] pistol, made by a company owned by Sun Myung Moon's son ], was called the "Moonie gun" by ].<ref>{{cite news | last =New York Daily News staff | title =Rev. Moon son made a gun | work = ] | date =July 27, 2003}}</ref> |
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In a 2004 ''New York Times'' interview ] ] used the term "Moonies" to refer to ] who lacked "spiritual liveliness or freedom of thought."<ref>, '']'', June 4, 2004, "It’s not as if the "converted" are always only Moonies lacking any sort of spiritual liveliness or freedom of thought."</ref> '']'' reported in 2004 that two ] politicians from the ] got into a physical altercation after one called the other a Moonie.<ref name="hotline">{{cite news | last =The Hotline staff | title =News Bazaar: The fact that the fight for GOP leadership turned physical is just one part of this very weird story | work =] | publisher =The National Journal Group, Inc. | date =April 16, 2004 }}</ref> John Lawlor claimed assault against Unification Church member Peter Hayes, alleging Hayes punched him in the arm after Lawlor referred to him as a Moonie.<ref name="hotline" /> In 2005 the ''New York Times'' interviewed Unification Church member Renee Watabe about her ] in which her husband was selected for her by Moon. Watabe referred to herself and fellow church members as "we Moonies."<ref>, '']'', July 3, 2005</ref> |
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In 2005, a representative of the Unification Church, Robin Marsh, lodged a formal complaint with ], a body that supervises communication industries in the ].<ref name="ofcom" /> The ] ] program ''Reputations'' had used the term Moonie in a television broadcast about Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church.<ref name="ofcom">{{cite journal | last =] | title =Complaint by Mr Robin Marsh on behalf of The Family Federation for World Peace and Unification – UK (formerly known as the Unification Church) | journal =Broadcast Bulletin |issue=54 | publisher =www.ofcom.org.uk | date =February 20, 2006 | url =http://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv/obb/prog_cb/pcb41/ | accessdate = 2009-09-28 }}</ref> The program, subtitled ''Reverend Sun Myung Moon Emperor of the Universe'', was originally broadcast on ] on August 7, 2001.<ref name="ofcom" /> Marsh complained: "The programme makers used the term 'moonie', a term as derogatory and offensive as 'nigger', in spite of assurances to the contrary".<ref name="ofcom" /> The BBC responded to this point by stating: "The producer recalls no promise not to use the word 'moonie' which is a term inextricably linked to the Unification Church in the era of the sixties and seventies highlighted by the film, and remains in use today. The term was used proudly by Mr Moon's principal aide Bo Hi Pak, and it is absurd to equate it with terms like 'nigger'. The BBC as an organisation has given no undertaking to avoid its use and in the particular circumstances of this film its use was appropriate"<ref name="ofcom" /> Ofcom weighed the issues presented by both sides, and in 2006 it determined: "Ofcom concluded that there was no unfairness to the Unification Church in the programme as broadcast. The programme makers had taken all reasonable care fairly to present material facts, had been fair in their dealings with the Unification Church and had provided the Unification Church with extensive opportunity to contribute to the programme and respond to allegations made, including contributions by senior members of the Unification Church."<ref name="ofcom" /> |
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In 2005 ''The Guardian'' quoted an official of the British Olympic Committee as equating "Moonie" with "]".<ref>{{cite news |last=Kelso|first=Paul|coauthors=Charlotte Higgins |title =Blair and Chirac in Olympic face off | work =] | date =June 24, 2005 | url =http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2005/jun/24/uk.communities | accessdate = 2009-11-02 }}</ref> In 2006 '']'' referred to ], ]'s nominee to head the ] ], as a "former Moonie."<ref>{{cite news | last =Bone | first =James | title =New UN food programme head | work =] | publisher =Times Newspapers Ltd | date =November 7, 2006 | url =http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article627894.ece | accessdate =2009-10-25 }}</ref> In 2006 the '']'' reported on a controversial Unification Church program targeting the ] people, calling it a "Moonie peace movement."<ref>{{cite news | last = Staff | title = Moonies show way to peace, says Tapsell | work = ] | date = August 14, 2006 | url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10396082 | accessdate =2009-04-21 }}</ref> In 2006, James White, director of Alpha & Omega Ministries, which focuses on ] and ], said in a debate sponsored by the ]: "...we’ll proclaim the ] to Moonies, ] and ]." <ref>, ''Baptist Press'', October 18, 2006</ref> |
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In 2007 Susan Paynter, writing in the '']'' noted that members of the Unification Church were “pejoratively known as ‘Moonies’”<ref>{{cite news |last=Paynter |first=Susan| title =A Seattle jewel shines again | work =] | date =July 22, 2007 | url =http://www.seattlepi.com/paynter/324520_paynt23.html| accessdate = 2009-11-05 }}</ref> In 2007, Dr David Stevens, of the ], compared Unification Church members to ], saying: "Many members of other such groups — from the Moonies to the ] — explain their decisions to join, and as importantly to leave, in terms of the costs and benefits of participation rather than in the context of a ']' process."<ref>, ''Science Daily'', June 21, 2007</ref> In 2008 the '']'' referred to supporters of ] of United States military support services as "privatization moonies."<ref>, '']'', December 6, 2008</ref> In 2008 the '']'' commented on the decline of Unification Church membership in ], saying: "In fact, there don't seem to be any Moonies anymore; at least, you never hear about them."<ref>, '']'', April 18, 2008</ref> In 2009, the British newspaper '']'' noted that members of the Unification Church were still "popularly known as Moonies,"<ref>{{cite news | last=Foster|first=Peter|title =Moonies hold biggest mass wedding since 1999 | work =] | date =October 8, 2009 | url =http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/southkorea/6325372/Moonies-hold-biggest-mass-wedding-since-1999.html | accessdate = 2009-10-22 }}</ref> while the ] said that the Unification Church members being dubbed "Moonies" was related to accusations of "cult-like practices".<ref>{{cite news | last =] | title ='Moonies' mull future without founder | work =] | publisher =] | date =October 8, 2009 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8293607.stm | accessdate = 2009-10-20 }}</ref> In 2009 Jon Herskovitz, reporting for ] noted: “Critics have for years vilified the organisation as a heretical, weird and dangerous cult while questioning its murky finances and how it indoctrinates followers. They describe followers of the group as ‘Moonies‘, a term seen as derogatory.”<ref>{{cite news | last = Herskovits | first= Jon (]) | title = Unification Church pres sees smaller mass weddings| newspaper = Monitor Online | date = November 3, 2009 }}</ref> |
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===2010s=== |
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In 2010 the ''Swindon Advertiser'' of ], England noted that the Family Federation for World Peace and Unification was "more commonly known as the Moonies." <ref>{{cite news | last = Morgan | first= Charley | title = Moonies' burial site is approved| newspaper = Swindon Advertiser | date = July 14, 2010 | url= http://www.swindonadvertiser.co.uk/news/8272466.Moonies____burial_site_is_approved/}}</ref> '']'' reported that young members of the Unification Church "bristle at the term 'Moonie'",<ref>{{cite news| last =Hagerty | first =Barbara Bradley | title = Unification Church Woos A Second Generation | work = ] | publisher = www.npr.org| date = February 17, 2010| url =http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123805954&ps=cprs | accessdate = 2010-02-23}}</ref> while '']'' reported that "the folks who follow Rev. Sun Myung Moon (also known, to their dislike, as the Moonies)."<ref>{{cite news| last =Grossman | first =Kathy Lynn | title = Love, kids, spiritual drift: Rev. Moon's mass wedding couples | work = ] | publisher = www.usatoday.com| date = February 21, 2010| url =http://content.usatoday.com/communities/Religion/post/2010/02/love-kids-wedding-faith-religion/1 | accessdate = 2010-02-23}}</ref> In 2010 '']'' noted that the word “Moonie“ was being used in Washington D.C. to denote that someone was a “swooning loyalist.”<ref>{{cite news | last =Leibovich | first =Mark | title =Message Maven Finds Fingers Pointing at Him |
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| work =]| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/us/politics/07axelrod.html | date =March 6, 2010 }}</ref> The '']'' reported that supporters of conservative congressional candidate ] were being called "Maes moonies" for their "almost cultish" devotion to him.<ref>, '']'', August 15, 2010</ref> In 2010, David McWilliams, writing in the '']'' of ], referred to the irresponsible fiscal policies that lead to the world-wide ] as "Moonie economics."<ref>, '']'', August 22, 2010</ref> |
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==Commentary== |
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British ] ] titled her 1984 book, which was based on seven years of first person study of members of the Unification Church in the United States and Great Britain and has been the subject of controversy and criticism: '']''.<ref name="rhodes">{{cite book | last =Rhodes | first =Ron | title =The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions | publisher =Zondervan | year =2001 | pages =192, 335 | isbn = 0310232171}}</ref> She commented in her introduction: "Mention the name 'Moonies' to anyone in the West today, and the chances are that you will receive an immediate reaction which falls somewhere between a delicate shudder and an indignant outburst of fury."<ref name="makingofamoonie">{{cite book | last =Barker | first =Eileen | authorlink =Eileen Barker | title =] | publisher =Basil Blackwell | year =1984 | location =] | page =1 | isbn = 0631132465}}</ref> In a review of Barker's book published in the '']'', conservative author ] wrote that Unification Church members were "...now almost universally referred to as ']'."<ref>{{cite journal | last =Rusher | first =William A. | authorlink =William Rusher | title =The making of a Moonie - choice or brainwashing? | journal =] | publisher =findarticles.com | date =December 19, 1986 | url =http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_v38/ai_4580948/ | accessdate =2009-10-24 }}</ref> Barker later wrote in the 1995 book ''America's Alternative Religions'' that "members prefer to be called Unificationists", and acknowledges that "they are referred to in the media and popularly known as 'Moonies.'"<ref name="miller">{{cite book | last =Miller | first =Timothy | title =America's Alternative Religions | publisher =State University of New York Press | year =1995 | pages =223, 414 | isbn =0791423980 }}</ref> In the same book, ], a ] known for his studies of religious issues, and ] a sociologist who has written extensively on cults, also use the term Moonies to refer to members of the Unification Church.<ref name="miller" /> In his 1998 book Religion, Mobilization, and Social Action, Shupe notes that Barker, Bromley, and he himself had used the term in other publications, "and meant no offense".<ref name="shupe" /> |
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A book review by ''Topical Books'' in 1991 of ''The Secret World of Cults'' notes: "The word 'Moonie' conjures up unfavourable images to most people, usually of brainwashed adolescents abandoning their families, friends and studies to take up the worship of some obscure deity under the watchful eye of the charismatic Reverend Sun Myung Moon."<ref>{{cite journal | last =Topical Books staff | title =Let us pay - The Secret World of Cults | journal =Topical Books | pages =13–14 | date =Autumn 1991 }}</ref> According to the 1997 book ''Daily Life in the United States, 1960-1990'' by Myron A. Marty, Unification Church members are "known as 'Moonies' for their absolute subservience to the leader".<ref>{{cite book | last =Marty | first =Myron A. | title =Daily Life in the United States, 1960-1990 | publisher =Greenwood Press | year =1997 | page =173 | isbn = 0313295549}}</ref> |
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The 1999 book ''Religion and Politics in America'' notes that "this movement - its followers are universally known, often derisively, as 'Moonies'",<ref name="fowler">{{cite book | last =Fowler | first =Robert Booth | coauthors =Allen D. Hertzke, Laura R. Olson | title =Religion and Politics In America | publisher =Westview Press | year =1999 | page =199 | isbn =978-0813334905 }}</ref> and ''Philosophers and Religious Leaders'', published in the same year, states that "Many Americans view Moon's church suspiciously as a cult with its members pejoratively referred to as 'Moonies'".<ref name="vondehsen">{{cite book | last =Von Dehsen | first =Christian D. | title =Philosophers and Religious Leaders | publisher =Greenwood | year =1999 | page =136 | isbn =1573561525}}</ref> The 1999 ''Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture'' states " followers are known derogatively as 'Moonies' because their leader is the ]."<ref>{{cite book | last =Childs | first =Peter | coauthors =Mike Storry | title =Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture | publisher =Routledge | year =1999 | page =548 | isbn =978-0415147262 }}</ref> R. C. S. Trahair's 1999 book ''Utopias and Utopians'' notes: "Today the term 'Moonies' is often used in a derogatory way, because their leader and his business ventures, which are synonymous with the church, have become suspect."; the book's entry on the group is "Moonies (Unification Church)".<ref>{{cite book | last = Trahair | first = R. C. S. | title = Utopias and Utopians | publisher =Greenwood Publishing Group | year = 1999 | pages = 265–266 | isbn = 0313294658 }}</ref> In his 2000 book ''Mystics and Messiahs'', Philip Jenkins likens the term to "smear words such as Shaker, Methodist, Mormon".<ref name="jenkins">{{cite book | last = Jenkins | first = Philip | title = Mystics and Messiahs: Cults and New Religions in American History | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2000 | pages = 28, 200 | isbn = 0195127447 }}</ref> Jenkins cites usage of the term in book titles including ''Life among the Moonies'' and ''Escape from the Moonies'', and comments: "These titles further illustrate how the derogatory term 'Moonie' became a standard for members of this denomination, in a way that would have been inconceivable for any of the insulting epithets that could be applied to, say, Catholics or Jews."<ref name="jenkins" /> |
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In its entry on "Unification Church", the 2002 edition of '']'' advised: "Unification Church is appropriate in all references to the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity, which was founded by the Rev. Sun Myung Moon. Do not use the disparaging ''Moonie(s)''."<ref>{{cite book| last =Siegal | first =Allan M. | coauthors =William G. Connolly | title =The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage | publisher =Three Rivers Press | year =2002 | page =344 | isbn = 978-0812963892}}</ref> Rosalind Millam's 2002 book ''Anti-Discriminatory Practice'' notes that "Its followers are better known as Moonies"; the entry on the organization in the book is titled: "Unification Church (Moonies)".<ref>{{cite book | last =Millam | first =Rosalind | title =Anti-Discriminatory Practice | publisher =Continuum | year =2002 | page =98 | isbn =0826454755 }}</ref> The 2004 edition of the ''UPI Stylebook and Guide To Newswriting'' authored by ] advised: "Do not use the pejorative term ''Moonies'' in reference to members."<ref name="upistylebook">{{cite book | last = Martin | first = Harold | coauthors = Bruce Cook, ] | title = UPI Stylebook and Guide To Newswriting | publisher = Capital Books | year = 2004 | page = 251 | isbn = 1931868581 }}</ref> United Press International was purchased in 1999 by ] – a company owned by the Unification Church, which owns '']'' and newspapers in South Korea, Japan, and South America.<ref name="liebenson">{{cite news | last =Liebenson | first = Donald | title =UPI R.I.P. - As a new book by two veterans of United Press International shows, the world lost more than a scrappy wire service when UPI died. It lost a vital witness to history | work =] | page =18 | date =May 4, 2003 }}</ref> |
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The term is used as a high-school language exercise in the 2004 book ''Can I Know What to Believe?'': "When I say the word Moonies, what do you think of? Because Moonies aren't as prevalent in our society today as they were several years ago ... some might mentioned the mass weddings performed by Sun Myung Moon. Others might mention the group's fund-raising efforts through flower selling."<ref name="cook">{{cite book | last = DC Cook staff | first = David C. | title = Can I Know What to Believe? | publisher = David C. Cook | year = 2004 | page = 65 | isbn =0781440890 }}</ref> Paul Weller's 2005 book ''Time for a Change'' notes that "Unifications have often popularly - and sometimes disparagingly - been referred to as 'Moonies', in reference to the founder of their movement."<ref>{{cite book | last =Weller | first =Paul | title =Time For A Change: Reconfiguring Religion, State And Society | publisher =T. & T. Clark Publishers | year =2005 | page =105 | isbn = 0567084876}}</ref> Eugene V. Gallagher writes in the 2006 work ''Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America'' that a pejorative use of the term is linked with a negative view of Sun Myung Moon: "even his name attracted the hostility of enemies who derided followers as 'Moonies' and the movement as a 'cult.'"<ref>{{cite book | last =Gallagher | first =Eugene V. | title =Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America | publisher =Greenwood Press | year =2006 | page =160 | isbn = 0275987132}}</ref> Don Lasseter notes in his 2006 book ''If I Can't Have You, No One Can'' that "'Unificationists' now regard the term 'Moonies' as a denigration of their people and beliefs."<ref name="lasseter">{{cite book | last = Lasseter | first = Don | title = If I Can't Have You, No One Can | publisher = Pinnacle | year = 2006 | page = 111 | isbn =0786018208 }}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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{{Portal box|Korea|Language|Religion}} |
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*] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Wiktionary|moonie}} |
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*, court discussion of registration of term "moonies" |
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**Discussion of the term from this source later cited in and , ] |
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* Article by a Christian theologian which praises the character of Unification Church members, yet uses the word "Moonie". |
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* (November 1997), includes discussion by critic ] about term |
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*, answer at Unification Church website about term Moonies |
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* by a Unification Church member |
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* which contains a discussion of the use of "Moonie" |
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{{Sun Myung Moon}} |
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] |
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