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{{Short description|Family of fishes}}
{{for|people named Hake|Hake (surname)}} {{For|people named Hake|Hake (surname)}}
The term '''hake''' refers to ] in either of:
], ''Merluccius bilinearis'']]
* ] ] (subfamily Phycinae)
], ''Urophycis regia'']]
* family ] (both subfamilies Merlucciinae and Steindachneriinae).


'''Hake''' {{IPAc-en|h|eɪ|k}} is the ] for fish in the ] family of the northern and southern oceans<ref name="SmithsFishes">{{cite book |author1=Smith, Margaret M. |author2=Heemstra, Philip C. | title = Smiths' Sea Fishes | publisher = Southern Book Publishers | location = Grahamstown, South Africa | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-1-86812-032-1 }}</ref> and the ] family{{Efn|Sometimes considered a subfamily of ].}} of the northern oceans. Hake is a commercially important fish in the same taxonomic order, ], as ] and ].
⚫ An old European source mentions a hake that was transplanted from the coast of Ireland to Cape Cod. It is uncertain which species this is, but the reference is given below:<blockquote>''This is an Irish salt water fish, similar in appearance to the tom cod. In Galway bay, and other sea inlets of Ireland, the hake is exceedingly abundant, and is taken in great numbers. It is also found in England and France. Since the Irish immigration to America, the hake has followed in the wake of their masters, as it is now found in New York bay, in the waters around Boston, and off Cape Cod. Here it is called the stock fish, and the Bostonians call them poor Johns. It is a singular fact that until within a few years this fish was never seen in America. It does not grow as large here as in Europe, though here they are from ten to eighteen inches in length. The general color of this fish is a reddish brown, with some golden tints - the sides being of a pink silvery luster.''</blockquote>


==Description==
Hake is also taken in large numbers in the Pacific ocean off the coast of British Columbia.
Hakes are medium-to-large fish averaging from {{convert|0.5|to|3.6|kg|lb|abbr=off|0}} in weight, with specimens as large as {{convert|27|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="theworldwidegourmet1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theworldwidegourmet.com/products/fish/hake/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206223802/http://www.theworldwidegourmet.com/products/fish/hake/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=February 6, 2009 |title=Hake - all about fish on The Worldwide Gourmet |publisher=Theworldwidegourmet.com |access-date=2010-09-15}}</ref> The fish can grow up to {{convert|1|m}} in length with a ] of as long as 14 years.


Hake may be found in the ] and ] in waters from {{convert|200|to|350|m|-1}} deep. The fish stay in deep water during the day and come to shallower depths during the night. An undiscerning ], hake feed on prey found near or on the ]. Male and female hake are very similar in appearance.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.msc.org/track-a-fishery/certified/south-atlantic-indian-ocean/south-africa-hake-trawl-fishery |title=South Africa hake trawl — MSC |publisher=Msc.org |access-date=2010-09-15}}</ref>
== Hake as Food ==
Hake is used in ] and ] cuisine. It is caught from shoals off the Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean. This is very good in imitation crab meat.
⚫ == References ==
{{unreferenced|article}}
<references>
</references>
== See also ==
* ]
⚫ ]
⚫ ]


After ], the hake eggs float on the surface of the sea where the larvae develop. After a certain period of time, the baby hake then migrate to the bottom of the sea, preferring depths of less than {{convert|200|m|0}}.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>


==''Merlucciidae''==
{{Actinopterygii-stub}}
A total of 13 hake species are known in the family ''Merlucciidae'':


*] (''Merluccius hubbsi''), found off ]
]
*] (''Merluccius polli''), found off ]
]
*Deep-water hake ('']'') found in the ]
]
*] (''Merluccius merluccius''), found off the ] and western ], in the ], and in the ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2238/en |title=FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture – Species Fact Sheets – ''Merluccius merluccius'' (Linneaus, 1758) (''sic'') |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=2015-08-21}}</ref>
]
*Gayi hake (''Merluccius gayi''), found in the ]
]
*] (''Merluccius productus''), found in the North Pacific
]
*] (''Merluccius albidus''), found off the ]
]
*] (''Merluccius angustimanus''), found in the Eastern Pacific
]
*Senegalese hake (''Merluccius senegalensis''), found off the Atlantic coast of western ]
]
*Shallow-water hake ('']''), found in the southern Atlantic Ocean
]
*] (''Merluccius bilinearis''), found in the ]
]
*Southern hake ('']''), found off ] and off New Zealand
]

]
==Commercial use==
{{more citations needed|section|date=October 2023}}
].]]
Not all hake species are viewed as commercially important, but the deep-water and shallow-water hakes are known to grow rapidly and make up the majority of harvested species.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Wilhelm|first1=M. R.|title=Biology and fisheries of the shallow-water hake ( Merluccius capensis ) and the deep-water hake ( Merluccius paradoxus ) in Namibia|date=2015-09-11|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781118568262.ch3|work=Hakes|pages=70–100|editor-last=Arancibia|editor-first=Hugo|place=Chichester, UK|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118568262.ch3|isbn=978-1-118-56826-2|access-date=2021-04-18|last2=Kirchner|first2=C. H.|last3=Roux|first3=J. P.|last4=Jarre|first4=A.|last5=Iitembu|first5=J. A.|last6=Kathena|first6=J. N.|last7=Kainge|first7=P.}}</ref> Indicators of quality in hake products for human consumption include white ] free of signs of ], dryness, or grayness, and with a fresh, seawater smell.<ref name="theworldwidegourmet1"/> Hake is sold as frozen, ] or steaks, fresh, ], or ].

===Fisheries===
The main catching method of deep-water hake is primarily ], and shallow-water hake is mostly caught by inshore trawl and ]. Hake are mostly found in the Southwest Atlantic (] and ]), Southeast Pacific (] and ]), Southeast Atlantic (] and ]), Southwest Pacific (]), and ] and ] (], ], ], ] and ]).

===Over-exploitation===
Due to ], Argentine hake catches have declined drastically. About 80% of adult hake has apparently disappeared from Argentine waters. Argentine hake is not expected to disappear, but the stock may be so low that it is no longer economical for commercial fishing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/03/22/argentine-hake-fishery-and-markets-at-risk-because-of-over-fishing-says-ngo |title=Argentine hake fishery and markets at risk because of over-fishing, says NGO — MercoPress |publisher=En.mercopress.com |date=2010-03-22 |access-date=2010-09-15}}</ref> In addition, this adversely affects Argentine employment, because of many jobs in the fishing industries. Conversely, Argentine hake prices rose due to hake scarcity, reducing exports and affecting the economy.<ref name="globefish1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.globefish.org/hake-january-2010.html |title=Fao Globefish |publisher=Globefish.org |access-date=2010-09-15}}</ref>

In Chile, seafood exports, especially Chilean hake, have decreased dramatically. Hake export has decreased by almost 19 percent. The main cause of this decline is the February ] and ]. These disasters destroyed most processing plants, especially manufacturing companies that produce ] and frozen fillets.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fis.com/fis/worldnews/worldnews.asp?monthyear=&day=27&id=37905&l=e&special=&ndb=1%20target= |title=Worldnews - Sharp decline in exports to the south-central area |publisher=FIS |date=2010-08-27 |access-date=2010-09-15}}</ref>

European hake catches are well below historical levels because of hake ] in the ] and ]. Various factors might have caused this decline, including a too-high ], unsustainable fishing, ] problems, juvenile catches, or non-registered catches.

Namibia is the only country that has increased its hake quota, from {{convert|130,000|t}} in 2009 to {{convert|145,000|t}} in 2010.<ref></ref> Furthermore, the ] adheres to strict rules regarding the catch of hake. For example, the closed seasons for hake lasts approximately two months, in September and October, depending on the level of stock. This rule has been applied to ensure the regrowth of the hake population. Supplemental restrictions forbid ] for Hake in waters less than {{convert|200|m|ft|0}} deep (to avoid damaging non-target species ]) and to minimize ].

==Human introduction to non-native areas==
⚫ ]'s '']'' in 1885 mentions a hake that was transplanted from the coast of ] to ] on the coast of ] in the ]. It is uncertain which species it was, but the ''Fishermens' Guide'' stated:<blockquote>This is an Irish ] fish, similar in appearance to the ]. In ], and other sea ]s of Ireland, the hake is exceedingly abundant, and is taken in great numbers. It is also found in ] and ]. Since the ] to America, the hake has followed in the wake of their masters, as it is now found in ], in the waters around ], and off Cape Cod. Here it is called the stock fish, and the Bostonians call them poor Johns. It is a singular fact that until within a few years this fish was never seen in America. It does not grow as large here as in Europe, though here they are from ten to eighteen inches in length.{{nbsp}}... The general color of this fish is a reddish brown, with some golden tints—the sides being of a pink silvery luster.<ref>{{cite book|title=Frank Forrester's Fishermens' Guide|url=http://chestofbooks.com/outdoors/fishing/Fishermen-Guide/index.html|last=Forrester|first=Frank|author-link=Frank Forester|publisher=Advance Publishing Company|location=New York|year=1855}}</ref></blockquote>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

⚫ ==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

⚫ ]
⚫ ]
]

Latest revision as of 01:10, 21 December 2024

Family of fishes For people named Hake, see Hake (surname).
Silver hake, Merluccius bilinearis
Spotted codling, Urophycis regia

Hake /heɪk/ is the common name for fish in the Merlucciidae family of the northern and southern oceans and the Phycidae family of the northern oceans. Hake is a commercially important fish in the same taxonomic order, Gadiformes, as cod and haddock.

Description

Hakes are medium-to-large fish averaging from 0.5 to 3.6 kilograms (1 to 8 pounds) in weight, with specimens as large as 27 kg (60 lb). The fish can grow up to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) in length with a lifespan of as long as 14 years.

Hake may be found in the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean in waters from 200 to 350 metres (660 to 1,150 ft) deep. The fish stay in deep water during the day and come to shallower depths during the night. An undiscerning predator, hake feed on prey found near or on the bottom of the sea. Male and female hake are very similar in appearance.

After spawning, the hake eggs float on the surface of the sea where the larvae develop. After a certain period of time, the baby hake then migrate to the bottom of the sea, preferring depths of less than 200 metres (656 ft).

Merlucciidae

A total of 13 hake species are known in the family Merlucciidae:

Commercial use

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Hake" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Battered hake from Valencia.

Not all hake species are viewed as commercially important, but the deep-water and shallow-water hakes are known to grow rapidly and make up the majority of harvested species. Indicators of quality in hake products for human consumption include white flesh free of signs of browning, dryness, or grayness, and with a fresh, seawater smell. Hake is sold as frozen, fillets or steaks, fresh, smoked, or salted.

Fisheries

The main catching method of deep-water hake is primarily trawling, and shallow-water hake is mostly caught by inshore trawl and longlining. Hake are mostly found in the Southwest Atlantic (Argentina and Uruguay), Southeast Pacific (Chile and Peru), Southeast Atlantic (Namibia and South Africa), Southwest Pacific (New Zealand), and Mediterranean and Black Sea (Italy, Portugal, Spain, Greece and France).

Over-exploitation

Due to over-fishing, Argentine hake catches have declined drastically. About 80% of adult hake has apparently disappeared from Argentine waters. Argentine hake is not expected to disappear, but the stock may be so low that it is no longer economical for commercial fishing. In addition, this adversely affects Argentine employment, because of many jobs in the fishing industries. Conversely, Argentine hake prices rose due to hake scarcity, reducing exports and affecting the economy.

In Chile, seafood exports, especially Chilean hake, have decreased dramatically. Hake export has decreased by almost 19 percent. The main cause of this decline is the February 2010 Chile earthquake and tsunami. These disasters destroyed most processing plants, especially manufacturing companies that produce fish meal and frozen fillets.

European hake catches are well below historical levels because of hake depletion in the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Various factors might have caused this decline, including a too-high Total Annual Catch, unsustainable fishing, ecological problems, juvenile catches, or non-registered catches.

Namibia is the only country that has increased its hake quota, from 130,000 tonnes (130,000 long tons; 140,000 short tons) in 2009 to 145,000 tonnes (143,000 long tons; 160,000 short tons) in 2010. Furthermore, the Namibian Ministry of Fisheries adheres to strict rules regarding the catch of hake. For example, the closed seasons for hake lasts approximately two months, in September and October, depending on the level of stock. This rule has been applied to ensure the regrowth of the hake population. Supplemental restrictions forbid trawling for Hake in waters less than 200 metres (656 ft) deep (to avoid damaging non-target species habitat) and to minimize by-catch.

Human introduction to non-native areas

Frank Forrester's Fishermens' Guide in 1885 mentions a hake that was transplanted from the coast of Ireland to Cape Cod on the coast of Massachusetts in the United States. It is uncertain which species it was, but the Fishermens' Guide stated:

This is an Irish salt water fish, similar in appearance to the tom cod. In Galway bay, and other sea inlets of Ireland, the hake is exceedingly abundant, and is taken in great numbers. It is also found in England and France. Since the Irish immigration to America, the hake has followed in the wake of their masters, as it is now found in New York bay, in the waters around Boston, and off Cape Cod. Here it is called the stock fish, and the Bostonians call them poor Johns. It is a singular fact that until within a few years this fish was never seen in America. It does not grow as large here as in Europe, though here they are from ten to eighteen inches in length. ... The general color of this fish is a reddish brown, with some golden tints—the sides being of a pink silvery luster.

Notes

  1. Sometimes considered a subfamily of Gadidae.

References

  1. Smith, Margaret M.; Heemstra, Philip C. (1995). Smiths' Sea Fishes. Grahamstown, South Africa: Southern Book Publishers. ISBN 978-1-86812-032-1.
  2. ^ "Hake - all about fish on The Worldwide Gourmet". Theworldwidegourmet.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
  3. ^ "South Africa hake trawl — MSC". Msc.org. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
  4. "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture – Species Fact Sheets – Merluccius merluccius (Linneaus, 1758) (sic)". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 2015-08-21.
  5. Wilhelm, M. R.; Kirchner, C. H.; Roux, J. P.; Jarre, A.; Iitembu, J. A.; Kathena, J. N.; Kainge, P. (2015-09-11), Arancibia, Hugo (ed.), "Biology and fisheries of the shallow-water hake ( Merluccius capensis ) and the deep-water hake ( Merluccius paradoxus ) in Namibia", Hakes, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 70–100, doi:10.1002/9781118568262.ch3, ISBN 978-1-118-56826-2, retrieved 2021-04-18
  6. "Argentine hake fishery and markets at risk because of over-fishing, says NGO — MercoPress". En.mercopress.com. 2010-03-22. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
  7. "Fao Globefish". Globefish.org. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
  8. "Worldnews - Sharp decline in exports to the south-central area". FIS. 2010-08-27. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
  9. Katti could pocket N$42m from 1% oil block sale
  10. Forrester, Frank (1855). Frank Forrester's Fishermens' Guide. New York: Advance Publishing Company.
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