Major basilica: Difference between revisions

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	'''Major basilica''' ({{lang-la\|'''Basilicae maiores'''}}, {{lang\|la\|Basilica Maior}} in singular) is the title given to the four highest-ranking Roman Catholic churches.
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	All other churches that have the title of a basilica are ''minor basilicas'' ({{lang-la\|'''Basilicae Minor'''}})<ref> For ] basilicas, it is often refer to them as ''Immemorial basilicas'' </ref>.
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	To this class belong the four great ancient churches of Rome:
	* ], also called the Lateran Basilica, is the cathedral of the Bishop of Rome, the ]. It is the only one called an "archbasilica". Its full official name is "Papal Basilica of Saint John Lateran, Archbasilica of the Most Holy Saviour and of Saints John the Baptist and the Evangelist at the Lateran, Cathedral of Rome".<ref>Basilica Papale di San Giovanni in Laterano - Arcibasilica del SS.mo Salvatore e dei Santi Giovanni Battista ed Evangelista al Laterano - Cattedrale di Roma (] 2007, ISBN 98-88-209-7908-9, p. 1332).</ref>
	* ], also called the Vatican Basilica, is a major pilgrimage site, built over the burial place of ]. Perhaps the largest church in the world, it is used for most of the chief religious ceremonies in which the Pope participates. Its official name is the "Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican".<ref>Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano (] 2007, ISBN 98-88-209-7908-9, p. 1330).</ref>
	* ], also known as the Ostian Basilica because it is situated on the road that led to ], is built over the burial place of ]. Its official name is the "Papal Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls".<ref>Basilica Papale di San Paolo fuori le mura (] 2007, ISBN 98-88-209-7908-9, p. 1333).</ref>
	* ], also called the Liberian Basilica because the original building (not the present one) was attributed to ], is the largest church in Rome dedicated to the ], whence its name of Saint Mary Major, i.e. the Greater. Its official name is the "Papal Basilica of Saint Mary Major".<ref>Basilica Papale di Santa Maria Maggiore (] 2007, ISBN 98-88-209-7908-9, p. 1334).</ref>

	== Privileges and attributes ==
	These four major basilicas are also distinguished by their having a ] and to which a visit is always prescribed as one of the conditions for gaining the ]. Furthermore, no one may celebrate mass at the high altar except the Pope and those specially delegated by the Pope to act in his stead. At least until recently, these churches were also open twenty-four hours a day and their staff included a college of priests whose sole function was to be continually available to hear confessions.

	:] in the cloister of the ], Rome.]]
	== Lateran treaty ==
	According to the 1927 ], the three major basilicas located in Italian territory enjoy extraterritorial status similar to that of foreign ].<ref name='treaty'>{{PDFlink\|}}</ref><ref name="treaty text"/> The major basilicas are patrolled internally by police agents of Vatican City State and not by ]. These properties, scattered all over Rome, were found essential institutions necessary to the character and mission of the Holy See.<ref name="treaty text">Excerpt of ] as per the Lateran Treaty of 1929:
	; Article 13
	: Italy recognizes the full ownership of the Holy See over the patriarchal Basilicas of St. John Lateran, Sta. Maria Maggiore, and St. Paul, with their annexed buildings.
	: The State transfers to the Holy See the free management and administration of the said Basilica of St. Paul and its dependent Monastery, also paying over to the Holy See all monies representing the sums set aside annually for that church in the budget of the Ministry of Education.
	: It is also understood that the Holy See shall remain the absolute owner of the edifice of S. Callisto, adjoining Sta. Maria in Trastevere.</ref>

	== Decision of Pope Benedict XVI==
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	The four papal<ref></ref> or major basilicas were formerly known as "patriarchal basilicas". Together with the minor basilica of ], they were associated with the five ancient ]al sees of Christendom (see ])<ref>{{CathEncy\|wstitle=Patriarch and Patriarchate\|author=Adrian Fortescue}}</ref>: St. John Lateran was associated with Rome, St. Peter's with ] (present-day Istanbul), St. Paul's with ] (in Egypt), St. Mary Major with ] (the Levant) and St. Lawrence with ].

	Upon relinquishing in 2006 the title of ], ] renamed these basilicas from "Patriarchal Basilicas" to "Papal Basilicas".

	Until ], the title "patriarchal" (now "papal") was officially given to two churches associated with Saint ] situated in or near his home town:
	* ]
	* ] in ]

	== References ==
	{{reflist}}

	{{Portal\|Christianity}}
	{{Wiktionary\|basilica}}

	== External links ==
	{{CathEncy\| wstitle =Basilica\|author=Gietmann, G. and Thurston, Herbert }}
	* & by Giga-Catholic Information.

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Latest revision as of 23:33, 26 December 2022

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Basilicas in the Catholic Church#Major and papal basilicas

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