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{{Short description|1791 opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart}}
{{Other uses}} {{Other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2017}}
{{Mozart operas}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
'''''The Magic Flute''''' ({{Lang-de|'''Die Zauberflöte'''}}, ] 620) is an ] in two acts composed in 1791 by ] to a German ] by ]. The work is in the form of a '']'', a popular form that included both singing and spoken dialogue.
{{Infobox opera
| name = {{lang|de|Die Zauberflöte}}<br />The Magic Flute
| type = ]
| composer = ]
| image = Mozart magic flute.jpg
| caption = The arrival of the Queen of the Night. Stage set by ] for an 1815 production.
| image_upright = 1.3
| librettist = ]
| language = German
| premiere_date = {{Start date|1791|09|30|df=y}}
| premiere_location = ], Vienna
}}
'''''The Magic Flute''''' ({{langx|de|'''Die Zauberflöte'''|links=no}}, {{IPA|de|diː ˈtsaʊbɐˌfløːtə|pron|De-Ger Die Zauberflöte.ogg}}), ]&nbsp;620, is an ] in two acts by ] to a German ] by ]. The work is in the form of a '']'', a popular form during the time it was written that included both singing and spoken dialogue.{{efn|The genre of the work is hard to specify. The programme at the premiere performance announced it as {{Lang|de|Eine grosse oper}} (A grand opera). Mozart entered the work in his personal catalog as a "German opera", and the first printed libretto called it a ''Singspiel''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Foil|first1=David|last2=Berger|first2=William|title=The Magic Flute – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Emanuel Schikaneder, Carl Ludwig Giesecke|date=2007|publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal Pub. : Distributed by Workman Pub. Co.|isbn=9781579127596|oclc=145431789}}</ref>}} The work premiered on 30 September 1791 at Schikaneder's theatre, the ] in Vienna, just two months before the composer's death. It was the last opera that Mozart composed. The opera was an outstanding success from its first performances, and remains a staple of the ] to this day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Top 50 operas|author=]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/aug/20/top-50-operas|access-date=9 June 2024|newspaper=]|date=19 August 2011}}</ref>


In the opera the Queen of the Night persuades Prince Tamino to rescue her daughter Pamina from captivity under the high priest Sarastro; instead, he learns the high ideals of Sarastro's community and seeks to join it. Separately, then together, Tamino and Pamina undergo severe trials of initiation, which end in triumph, with the Queen and her cohorts vanquished. The earthy Papageno, who accompanies Tamino on his quest, fails the trials completely but is rewarded anyway with the hand of his ideal female companion Papagena.
==Premiere and reception==
The opera was premiered in ] on 30 September 1791, at the suburban ].<ref></ref> Mozart conducted the orchestra,<ref>This is known from testimony by Ignaz von Seyfried (1776–1841), a composer who later (1798) became the musical director at the same theater. According to Seyfried's memories (which he published in the '']'', vol.&nbsp;12, 5 June 1840, p.&nbsp;184), " personally directed the premiere there on 30 September 1791, at which ], the faithful ], sat to his right, diligently turning the pages of the score." The description implies that Mozart was seated at a keyboard instrument, playing along with the orchestra, rather than standing on a podium with a baton; this was fairly standard practice for conductors in Mozart's time. (Source: Buch 2005)</ref> Schikaneder himself played Papageno, while the role of the Queen of the Night was sung by Mozart's sister-in-law ].


==Composition==
On the reception of the opera, Mozart scholar ] writes:
], librettist of ''Die Zauberflöte'', as Papageno]]
{{quote|Although there were no reviews of the first performances, it was immediately evident that Mozart and Schikaneder had achieved a great success, the opera drawing immense crowds and reaching hundreds of performances during the 1790s.<ref name=Solomon487>Solomon (1995), 487</ref>}}
] appearing as Papageno. He wears his pipes and carries his magic bells; both instruments are essential to the plot.]]
The opera was the culmination of a period of increasing involvement by Mozart with Schikaneder's theatrical troupe, which since 1789 had been the resident company at the Theater auf der Wieden. Mozart was a close friend of one of the singer-composers of the troupe, tenor ] (the first Tamino), and had contributed to the compositions of the troupe, which were often collaboratively written. Mozart's participation increased with his contributions to the 1790 collaborative opera '']'' (''The Philosopher's Stone''), including the duet ("Nun liebes Weibchen", K.&nbsp;625/592a) among other passages. Like ''The Magic Flute'', ''Der Stein der Weisen'' was a fairy-tale opera and can be considered a kind of precursor; it employed much the same cast in similar roles.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Buch|first=David J.|author-link=David J. Buch|title=Mozart and the Theater auf der Wieden: New attributions and perspectives1|journal=Cambridge Opera Journal|date=1997|volume=9|issue=3|pages=195–232|doi=10.1017/S0954586700004808|s2cid=193162027 |issn=1474-0621}}</ref>


The ], written by Schikaneder, is thought by scholars to be based on many sources. Some works of literature current in Vienna in Schikaneder's day that may have served as sources include the medieval romance '']'' by ], the novel '']'' by ], and the essay "On the mysteries of the Egyptians" by ]. The libretto is also a natural continuation of a series of fairy tale operas produced at the time by Schikaneder's troupe, including an adaptation of ]'s Singspiel '']'' as well as ''Der Stein der Weisen''.{{sfn|Branscombe|1991|loc=ch. 2}} Especially for the role of Papageno, the libretto draws on the ] tradition of the Viennese popular theatre. Many scholars also acknowledge an influence of ].{{efn|For detailed discussion of sources see {{harvnb|Branscombe|1991}}, as well as '']''.}}
The success of ''The Magic Flute'' lifted the spirits of its composer, who had fallen ill while in ] a few weeks before. Solomon continues:
{{quote|Mozart's delight is reflected in his last three letters, written to ], who with her sister Sophie was spending the second week of October in ]. "I have this moment returned from the opera, which was as full as ever," he wrote on 7 October, listing the numbers that had to be encored. "But what always gives me the most pleasure is the ''silent approval''! You can see how this opera is becoming more and more esteemed." … He went to hear his opera almost every night, taking along relatives.<ref name=Solomon487 />}}


''The Magic Flute'' appears to have two references to the music of ]. The first is that the Papageno–Papagena duet is similar to the Cucuzze cavatina in Salieri's '']''. Both are centred around musical-textual playfulness with humorous bird-like utterances of pseudo-Italian words.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Mozart's Competition with Antonio Salieri and ''The Magic Flute''|journal=The Opera Journal|publisher=National Opera Association|volume=48|number=2|pages=3–20|date=2015|last=Shaked|first=Guy}}</ref> ''The Magic Flute'' also echoes Salieri's music in that Papageno's whistle is based on a motif borrowed from Salieri's Concerto for Clavicembalo in B-flat major.<ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Litai-Jacoby |first=Ruth |date=2008 |title=Mozart ve'Acherim: Hatsagat Dmut Ha'acher 'Umashma'uta Ba'operot Hakomiot shel Mozart|trans-title=Mozart and Others: Representing the Image of the Other and Its Meaning in Mozart's Comic Operas|publisher=]|page=247}}</ref>
The opera celebrated its 100th performance in November 1792. Mozart did not have the pleasure of witnessing this milestone, having died of his illness on 5 December 1791.

==Premiere and reception==
The opera was premiered in Vienna on 30 September 1791 at the suburban ].{{sfn|Anon.|2014}} Mozart conducted the orchestra{{efn|This is known from testimony by Ignaz von Seyfried (1776–1841), a composer who later (1798) became the musical director at the same theatre. According to Seyfried's memories (which he published in the '']'', vol.&nbsp;12, 6June 1848, p.&nbsp;184), " personally directed the premiere there on 30 September 1791, at which ], the faithful ], sat to his right, diligently turning the pages of the score." The description implies that Mozart was seated at a keyboard instrument, playing along with the orchestra, rather than standing on a podium with a baton; this was fairly standard practice for conductors in Mozart's time.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Buch|first1=David J.|author-link=David J. Buch|title=Three Posthumous Reports Concerning Mozart in His Late Viennese Years|journal=Eighteenth-Century Music|date=2005|volume=2|issue=1|pages=125–129|doi=10.1017/S147857060500028X|s2cid=162890801|issn=1478-5714}}</ref> Mozart conducted only the first two performances, whereupon direction was taken over by the regular leader of the orchestra, ] ({{harvnb|Abert|2007|loc=1246}}).}} and Schikaneder himself played Papageno, while the role of the Queen of the Night was sung by Mozart's sister-in-law ].

On the reception of the opera, Mozart scholar ] writes:
{{quote|Although there were no reviews of the first performances,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mozartdocuments.org/documents/1-october-1791/|title=1 October 1791: The earliest published report on the premiere of ''Die Zauberflöte'' – ''Münchner Zeitung'', no. 158, 7 October 1791|author1=]|author2=David Black|date=16 March 2015|website=Mozart: New Documents}}</ref> it was immediately evident that Mozart and Schikaneder had achieved a great success, the opera drawing immense crowds and reaching hundreds of performances during the 1790s.{{sfn|Solomon|1995|p=487}}}}


As Mozart's letters show, he was very pleased to have achieved such a success. Solomon continues:
Since its premiere, ''The Magic Flute'' has always been one of the most beloved works in the operatic repertoire, and is presently the eighth most frequently performed opera in North America.<ref></ref>
{{quote|Mozart's delight is reflected in his last three letters, written to ], who with her sister Sophie was spending the second week of October in ]. "I have this moment returned from the opera, which was as full as ever", he wrote on 7 October, listing the numbers that had to be encored. "But what always gives me the most pleasure is the ''silent approval''! You can see how this opera is becoming more and more esteemed." ... He went to hear his opera almost every night, taking along relatives.{{sfn|Solomon|1995|p=487}}}}


The opera celebrated its 100th performance in November 1792, though Mozart did not have the pleasure of witnessing this milestone, as he had died on 5 December 1791. The opera was first performed outside Vienna (21 September 1792) in ],<ref> ] and David Black</ref> then in ]. It then made "triumphal progress through Germany's opera houses great and small",{{sfn|Branscombe|1991|page=162}} and with the early 19th century spread to essentially all the countries of Europe—and eventually, everywhere in the world—where opera is cultivated.<ref>For extensive discussion of the spread of ''The Magic Flute'' and its performance traditions, see {{harvnb|Branscombe|1991|loc=ch. 7}}.</ref>
==Background==
], librettist of ''Die Zauberflöte'', shown performing in the role of Papageno. The object on his back is a birdcage; see below.]]


As ] documents, the earlier performances were often of highly altered, sometimes even mutilated, versions of the opera (see '']''). Productions of the past century have tended to be more faithful to Mozart's music, though faithful rendering of Mozart and Schikaneder's original (quite explicit) stage directions and dramatic vision continues to be rare; with isolated exceptions, modern productions strongly reflect the creative preferences of the stage director.<ref>For discussion and examples, see {{harvnb|Branscombe|1991|loc=ch. 7}}.</ref>
''The Magic Flute'' is noted for its prominent ] elements; Schikaneder and Mozart were Masons and lodge brothers (''see: ]''). The opera is also influenced by ] philosophy, and can be regarded as an allegory advocating ]. The Queen of the Night represents a dangerous form of ] or, according to some interpreters, contemporary Roman Catholicism.<ref>
{{cite web
|title= Brother Mozart and ''The Magic Flute''
|first= Newcomb
|last= Condee
|url= http://www.masonmusic.org/mozart.html
|accessdate= 18 December 2009
}}</ref> Her antagonist Sarastro symbolises the enlightened sovereign who rules according to principles based on reason, wisdom, and nature. The story itself portrays the education of mankind, progressing from chaos through religious superstition to rationalistic enlightenment, by means of trial (Tamino) and error (Papageno), ultimately to make "the Earth a heavenly kingdom, and mortals like the gods" ("Dann ist die Erd' ein Himmelreich, und Sterbliche den Göttern gleich." This couplet is sung in the finales to both acts.)


''The Magic Flute'' is among the most frequently performed of all operas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Most Popular Operas in the world|url=https://www.operasense.com/most-popular-operas/|website=opera sense|date=14 September 2016}} Number 3.</ref><ref>, ], 19 July 2022. Number 7</ref>
The opera was the culmination of a period of increasing involvement by Mozart with Schikaneder's theatrical troupe, which since 1789 had been the resident company at the Theater auf der Wieden. Mozart was a close friend of one of the singer-composers of the troupe, tenor ] (the first Tamino), and had contributed to the compositions of the troupe, which were often collaboratively written. Mozart's participation increased with his contributions to the 1790 collaborative opera ''Der Stein der Weisen'' (''The Philosopher's Stone''), including the duet ("Nun liebes Weibchen," K.&nbsp;625/592a) and perhaps other passages. Like ''The Magic Flute'', ''Der Stein der Weisen'' was a fairy-tale opera and can be considered a kind of precursor; it employed much the same cast in similar roles.<ref>Source for this paragraph: Buch (1997)</ref>


==First publication==
Mozart evidently wrote keeping in mind the skills of the singers intended for the premiere, which included both virtuosi and ordinary comic actors, asked to sing for the occasion.<ref>For the case of Monostatos (Johann Joseph Nouseul) see Deutsch 1965, 408</ref> Thus, the vocal lines for Papageno and Monostatos are often stated first in the strings so the singer can find his pitch, and are frequently doubled by instruments. In contrast, Mozart's sister-in-law Josepha Hofer, who premiered the role of the Queen of the Night, evidently needed little such help: this role is famous for its difficulty. In ensembles, Mozart skillfully combined voices of different ability levels.
On 28 December 1791, three and a half weeks after Mozart's death, his widow Constanze offered to send a manuscript score of ''The Magic Flute'' to the electoral court in ]. ] published this text in the first full-score edition (Bonn, 1814), claiming that it was "in accordance with Mozart's own wishes" ('']'', 13 September 1815).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL.Loeb:278361|title=First full-score edition (Bonn, 1814)|publisher=Eda Kuhn Loeb Music Library, ]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Freyhan|first1=Michael|title=The Authentic Magic Flute Libretto: Mozart's Autograph or the First Full Score Edition?|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810869677|language=en|oclc=665842164}}</ref>


==Themes==
A particularly demanding aria is the Queen of the Night's "]" ("The vengeance of Hell boils in my heart"), which reaches a high F6 (see ]), rare in opera. At the low end, the part of Sarastro includes a conspicuous F in a few locations.
{{Main|Libretto of The Magic Flute{{!}}Libretto of ''The Magic Flute''}}
{{see also|Mozart and Freemasonry|}}


''The Magic Flute'' is noted for its prominent ] elements,<ref>See, for instance, ], "''Die Zauberflöte''" in '']'', ed. ], 4 vols. (London and New York, 1992), Volume 4, pp. 1215–1218, and in "Mozart" in volume III of the same dictionary, pp. 489–503.</ref> although some scholars hold that the Masonic influence is exaggerated.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Macpherson|first1=Jay|title=''The Magic Flute'' and Freemasonry|journal=]|date=October 2007|volume=76|issue=4|pages=1080–1083|doi=10.3138/utq.76.4.1072}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Buch|first=David J.|author-link=David J. Buch|title=Fairy-Tale Literature and ''Die Zauberflöte''|journal=]|date=January 1992|volume=64|issue=1|pages=32–36|doi=10.2307/932991|jstor=932991}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267333252|title=''Die Zauberflöte'', Masonic Opera, and Other Fairy Tales}} (PDF download available)</ref> Schikaneder and Mozart were Freemasons, as was ], engraver and printer of the first libretto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mozart2051.tripod.com/libretto_illustrations.htm|title=Libretto|website=mozart2051.tripod.com}}</ref> The opera is also influenced by ] philosophy and can be regarded as advocating ]. The Queen of the Night is seen by some to represent a dangerous form of ], by others to represent Roman Catholic Empress ],<ref>{{cite web
On 28 December 1791, 3½ weeks after Mozart's death, his widow Constanze offered to send a manuscript score of ''The Magic Flute'' to the electoral court in Bonn. ] published this text in the first full-score edition (Bonn, 1814), claiming that it was "in accordance with Mozart's own wishes" ('']'', 13 September 1815).<ref> at ]</ref><ref>See Freyhan, p. ? 2009</ref>
|title = Brother Mozart and ''The Magic Flute''
|first = Newcomb
|last = Condee
|url = http://www.masonmusic.org/mozart.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030814041513/http://www.masonmusic.org/mozart.html
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 14 August 2003
|access-date = 18 December 2009
}}</ref> who banned Freemasonry from Austria.<ref>{{cite video|author=Joshua Borths|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8iKd-P4Bcac&feature=youtu.be&t=179 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/8iKd-P4Bcac| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=The secrets of Mozart's ''Magic Flute''|date=November 22, 2016|website=YouTube|publisher=]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Still others see the Roman Catholic Church itself, which was and still is ].<ref name="RefWordsworth">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKiDsveTpBwC&q=empress+maria+theresa+freemason+catholic&pg=PA91|title=The Wordsworth Book of Opera|first1=Arthur|last1=Jacobs|first2=Stanley|last2=Sadie|author2-link=Stanley Sadie|date=21 October 1996|publisher=Wordsworth Editions|via=Google Books|isbn=9781853263705}}</ref> Likewise, the literature repeatedly addresses the fact that the central theme of the work is not only "love", but also becoming a better person by overcoming trials (similar to Wagner's '']'' later on).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stark |first=Jonathan |date=2022-03-31 |title=Tamino, Who Are You? |url=https://starkconductor.com/tamino/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=starkconductor.com}}</ref>


==Roles== ==Roles==
& R priv Wieden Theater / Today, Friday 30 September 1791. / The Actors of the Imperial and Royal Privileged Theater on the Wieden will have the honor to perform / ''For the First Time'': / DIE ZAUBERFLÖTE / A Grand Opera in 2 Acts, by Emanuel Schikaneder. / ''Characters'' / Sarastro ... Herr Gerl. / Tamino ... Herr Schack. / Speaker ... Herr Winter / {First, Second, Third} Priest ... {Her Schikaneder, sen, Herr Kistler, Herr Moll} / Queen of Night ... Mme. Hofer. / Pamina, her Daughter ... Mlle. Gottlieb / {First, Second, Third} Lady ... {Mlle. Klöpfer, Mlle. Hofmann, Mme. Schack} / Papageno ... Her Schikaneder, jun / An Old Woman ... Mme. Gerl / Monostatos, a Moor ... Herr Nouseul / {First, Second, Third} Slave ... {Herr Gieseke, Herr Frasel, Herr Starke} / Priests, Slaves, Retinue / The music is by Herr Wolfgang Amade Mozart, Kapellmeister, an actual I and R Chamber Composer. Herr Mozard, out of respect for a gracious and honourable public, and from friendship for the author of this piece, will today direct the orchestra in person. / The book of the opera, furnished with two copper-plates, on which is engraved Herr Schikaneder in the costume he wears for the role of Papageno, may be had at the box office for 30 kr. / Herr Gayl, theater painter, and Herr Nesslthaler as designer, flatter themselves that they have worked with the utmost artistic zeal according to the prescribed plan of the piece. / Prices of admission are as usual. To begin at 7 o' clock. (English translation from Deutsch (1965, 407–408))</ref>]] & R priv Wieden Theatre / Today, Friday 30 September 1791. / The actors of the Imperial and Royal privileged Theatre on the Wieden will have the honour to perform / ''For the first time'': / Die Zauberflöte. / A grand opera in 2 acts, by Emanuel Schikaneder. / ''Characters.'' / Sarastro. ... Hr. Gerl. / Tamino. ... Hr. Schack. / Speaker. ... Hr. Winter / {First, Second, Third} priest {...} {Hr. Schikaneder the elder. Hr. Kistler. Hr. Moll.} / Queen of the Night ... Mad. Hofer. / Pamina, her daughter. ... Mlle. Gottlieb. / {First, Second, Third} lady. ... {Mlle. Klöpfer. Mlle. Hofmann. Mad. Schack.} / Papageno. ... Hr. Schikaneder the younger. / An old woman . ... Mad. Gerl. / Monostatos a Moor. ... Hr. Nouseul. / {First, Second, Third} slave. ... {Hr. Gieseke. Hr. Frasel. Hr. Starke.} / Priests, slaves, retinue. / The music is by Herr Wolfgang Amade Mozart, Kapellmeister, an actual I and R Chamber Composer. Herr Mozart, out of respect for a gracious and honourable public, and from friendship for the author of this piece, will today direct the orchestra in person. / The book of the opera, furnished with two copper-plates, on which is engraved Herr Schikaneder in the costume he wears for the role of Papageno, may be had at the box office for 30 kr. / Herr Gayl, theatre painter, and Herr Nesslthaler as designer, flatter themselves that they have worked with the utmost artistic zeal according to the prescribed plan of the piece. / Prices of admission are as usual. / To begin at 7 o'clock. (According to English translation from {{harvnb|Deutsch|1966|pp=407–408}})}}]]
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|+ {{sronly|Roles, voice types as originally written and contemporary classification, premiere cast}}
!Role !Role
!]<ref>, '']''</ref>
!]
!Contemporary<br />classification<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Magic-Flute|title=The Magic Flute|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica|author=Betsy Schwarm}}</ref>
!Premiere cast, 30 September 1791<br />(]: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
!Premiere cast, 30 September 1791<br />]: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
|- |-
|Tamino |Tamino
|] | colspan="2"|]
|] |]
|- |-
|Papageno |Papageno
|]
|] |]
|] |]
|- |-
|Pamina |Pamina
|] | colspan="2"|]
|] |]
|- |-
|The Queen of the Night<ref>The Queen is sometimes referred to by the name "Astrifiammante", which evidently comes from an Italian translation, such as , of the adjective "sternflammende" ("star-blazing") in the original libretto.</ref> |The Queen of the Night{{efn|The Queen is sometimes referred to by the name "Astrifiammante", an Italian translation of the German adjective "sternflammende" ("star-blazing") in the original libretto}}
|soprano |soprano
|]
|] |]
|- |-
|Sarastro |Sarastro
|] | colspan="2"|bass
|] |]
|- |-
|Three ladies |Three ladies
|2 sopranos, ] |3 sopranos
|sopranos, ]
|Mlle Klöpfer, Mlle Hofmann, Mme Elisabeth<ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Branscombe |title=Die Zauberflöte| page=148 |series=Cambridge Opera Handbooks |publisher=] |year=1991 |isbn=0-521-31916-1}}</ref> Schack |M<sup>lle</sup> Klöpfer, M<sup>lle</sup> Hofmann, Elisabeth{{sfn|Branscombe|1991|page=148}} Schack
|- |-
|Monostatos |Monostatos
|tenor |tenor
|baritone
|] |]
|- |-
| Three boys | Three boys
|soprano{{efn|The three child-spirits are often portrayed by young ] but also sometimes by mature women, particularly in studio recordings}}
|], ], mezzo-soprano
|treble, alto, mezzo-soprano
|]; Anselm Handelgruber; Franz Anton Maurer
|]; Anselm Handelgruber; Franz Anton Maurer
|- |-
|Speaker of the temple |Speaker of the temple
|bass
|] |]
|Herr Winter |Herr Winter
|- |-
|First Priest
|Three priests
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |tenor
|tenor, 2 basses
|Johann Michael Kistler, ], Herr Moll | rowspan="2" |Johann Michael Kistler
|- |-
|First armoured man
|Papagena
|soprano
|]
|- |-
|Second Priest
|Two armoured men
|tenor, bass | colspan="2" |bass
|]
|Johann Michael Kistler, Herr Moll
|- |-
|Third Priest
|Three slaves||2 tenors, bass||], Herr Frasel, Herr Starke
|speaking role
|bass
| rowspan="2" |Herr Moll
|- |-
|Second armoured man
| colspan="3"|''Priests, women, people, slaves, chorus''
| colspan="2" |bass
|-
|Papagena
| colspan="2"|soprano
|]
|-
|Three slaves
|speaking roles
|bass, 2 tenors
|], Herr Frasel, Herr Starke
|-
| colspan="4"|''Priests, women, people, slaves, chorus''
|} |}
The names of the performers at the premiere are taken from a preserved playbill for this performance (at right), which does not give full names; "Hr."&nbsp;=&nbsp;Herr, Mr., "Mme."&nbsp;=&nbsp;Madame, Mrs., "Mlle."&nbsp;=&nbsp;Mademoiselle, Miss.<ref>Playbill information taken from the Website , which cites Branscombe 1991.</ref>


The names of the performers at the premiere are taken from ] (at right), which does not give full names; "Hr."&nbsp;=&nbsp;Herr, Mr.; "Mme."&nbsp;=&nbsp;Madame, Mrs.; "Mlle."&nbsp;=&nbsp;Mademoiselle, Miss.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://opera.stanford.edu/Mozart/Zauberflote/synopsis.html|title=Synopsis: Die Zauberflöte|website=opera.stanford.edu}}</ref>{{sfn|Branscombe|1991|pp=145–151}}
While the female roles in the opera are assigned to different voice types, the playbill for the premiere performance referred to all of the female singers as "sopranos". The casting of the roles relies on the actual pitch range of the part.<ref>For relevant discussion see Boldrey and Caldwell (1995).</ref>


While the female roles in the opera are assigned to different ]s, the playbill for the premiere performance referred to all of the female singers as "sopranos". The casting of the roles relies on the actual ] of the part.{{sfn|Boldrey|1994}}
These singers perform with an orchestra consisting of two ]s (one doubling on ]), two ]s, two ]s (doubling ]s), two ]s, two ], two ]s, three ]s (alto, tenor, and bass), ] and ]. The work also requires a four-part ] for several numbers (notably the finales of each act); and a ] to perform the music of Papageno's magic bells.


== Instrumentation ==
==Synopsis==
Note: ''Many modern productions of the opera may edit the spoken dialogue and omit sections that today may be considered sexist and/or racist''.


The work is scored for two ]s (one doubling on ]), two ]s, two ]s (doubling ]s), two ]s, two ], two ]s, three ]s (alto, tenor, and bass), ] and ]. It also requires a four-part ] for several numbers (notably the finales of each act). Mozart also called for a ''{{Lang|it|stromento d'acciaio}}'' (instrument of steel) to perform Papageno's magic bells. This instrument has since been lost to history, though modern day scholars believe it to be a ], which is usually replaced with a ] in modern-day performances.<ref> by Louise Schwartzkoff, '']'', 28 July 2009</ref>
===Act 1===
''Scene 1''


] has remarked on the character of Mozart's orchestration:
After the Overture, we are introduced to Tamino, a handsome prince who is lost in a distant land and is being pursued by a serpent (Quartet: "Zu Hilfe! Zu Hilfe!") . He faints from fatigue and three ladies, attendants of the Queen of the Night, appear and kill the serpent. They find the unconscious prince extremely attractive, and each tries to convince the other two to leave, in order to be alone with him. After arguing, they decide that it is best that they all leave together.
<blockquote>
''Die Zauberflöte'' has the greatest variety of orchestral color that the eighteenth century was to know; the very lavishness, however, is paradoxically also an economy as each effect is a concentrated one, each one—Papageno's whistle, the Queen of the Night's coloratura, the bells, Sarastro's trombones, even the farewell in scene 1 for clarinets and pizzicato strings—a single dramatic stroke."{{sfn|Rosen|1997|p=}}
</blockquote>


==Synopsis==
Tamino recovers, and Papageno enters, arrayed entirely in the plumage of birds. He sings of his job as a bird catcher and the fact that he is longing for a wife, or, at least, a girlfriend (Aria: "Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja"). Papageno tells Tamino that he, Papageno, strangled the serpent with his bare hands. At this moment, the three ladies appear and punish his lie by placing a padlock over his mouth. They tell Tamino that they were responsible for saving him, and show to the prince a portrait of a young maiden, Pamina, with whom he falls instantly in love (Aria: "]" / "This image is enchantingly lovely, Like no eye has ever beheld!").
===Overture===
{{Listen|type=music|filename=Mozart - Magic Flute Overture.ogg|title=Overture|description=Performed by ]}}
The overture, composed after the other parts of the opera were complete, begins with a solemn three-chord sequence from the brass, associated with the Priests of the Temple of Wisdom. (The number three is highly significant in ] and recurs as the number of ladies, boys and temples.)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lifeforcearts.org/mozarts-magic-flute-magick-and-masonry/ |title=Mozart's Magic Flute, Magick and Masonry |last=DuQuette |first=Lon Milo |date=January 30, 2013 |website=Life Force Arts |publisher= |access-date=November 5, 2023 |quote=}}</ref> It transitions in an ] to a lively ]<ref>, ]. Retrieved 2 February 2016. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006040600/http://m.kennedy-center.org/home/program/5201?_ga=1.51535081.1573597235.1454471661 |date=6 October 2016 }}</ref> in E-flat major. Halfway through, there is a false ending. After another three-chord brass sequence, the fugue resumes in E-flat minor, returning to E-flat major.


===Act 1===
] (1781–1841) for an 1815 production]]
====Scene 1: A rough, rocky landscape====
The Queen of the Night now appears. She tells Tamino that the girl in the portrait, Pamina, is her daughter, who has been captured by her enemy, Sarastro. She demands that Tamino go to Sarastro's temple and rescue Pamina, promising that he can marry Pamina in return. (Recitative and aria: "]" / "Oh, tremble not, my dear son! You are innocent, wise, pious"). After the Queen leaves, the ladies give Tamino a magic flute that can change men's hearts, remove the padlock from Papageno, and present him with a chime of bells to protect him. Papageno is ordered to accompany Tamino on his rescue-mission, and together they set forth. (Quintet: "Hm hm hm hm"). The ladies introduce three child-spirits, who will guide Tamino and Papageno to Sarastro's temple.
]
Tamino, a handsome prince lost in a distant land, is pursued by a serpent and asks the gods to save him (aria: "{{Lang|de|Zu Hilfe! Zu Hilfe!|italic=no}}" / Help! Help!, segued into trio "{{Lang|de|Stirb, Ungeheuer, durch uns're Macht!||italic=no}}" / Die, monster, by our might!). He faints, and three ladies, attendants of the Queen of the Night, appear and kill the serpent. They find the unconscious prince extremely attractive, and each of them tries to persuade the other two to leave her alone with him. After arguing, they reluctantly decide to leave together.


{{Listen|image=none|help=no|type=music|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 03. Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title=Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja|description=], ], ] (1953)}}
''Scene 2: A room in Sarastro's palace''
Tamino wakes up, and is surprised to find himself still alive and the serpent dead. Papageno enters dressed as a bird. He describes his life as a bird-catcher, complaining he has no wife or girlfriend (aria: "{{Lang|de|Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja|italic=no}}" / The birdcatcher am I indeed). Tamino introduces himself to Papageno, thinking Papageno killed the serpent. Papageno happily takes the credit – claiming he strangled it with his bare hands. The three ladies suddenly reappear and instead of giving Papageno wine, cake and figs, they give him water and a stone, and padlock his mouth closed as a warning not to lie. They give Tamino a portrait of the Queen of the Night's daughter Pamina, with whom Tamino falls instantly in love (aria: {{Lang|de|"]"|italic=no}} / This portrait is enchantingly beautiful).


The ladies return and tell Tamino that Pamina has been captured by Sarastro, whom they describe as a powerful, evil demon. Tamino vows to rescue Pamina. The Queen of the Night appears and promises Tamino that Pamina will be his if he rescues her from Sarastro (Recitative: {{Lang|de|"]"|italic=no}} / Oh, tremble not, my dear son! – and aria: {{Lang|de|"Du, Du, Du wirst sie zu befreien gehen |italic=no}} / You will go to free her). The Queen and the ladies leave and Papageno can only hum to bemoan the padlock on his mouth. (Quintet: "Hm! Hm! Hm! Hm!"). The ladies return and remove the padlock with a warning not to lie any more. They give Tamino a magic flute which has the power to change sorrow into joy, and Papageno magic bells for protection, telling him to go with Tamino. The ladies tell of three boys who will guide Tamino and Papageno to Sarastro's temple. Together Tamino and Papageno set forth.
Pamina is dragged in by Sarastro's moorish slave Monostatos. (Trio: "Du feines Täubchen, nun herein!") Papageno, sent ahead by Tamino to help find Pamina, enters. Monostatos and Papageno are each terrified by the other's strange appearance and both flee the stage. But Papageno soon returns and announces to Pamina that her mother has sent Tamino to her aid. Pamina rejoices to hear that Tamino is in love with her, and then offers sympathy and hope to Papageno, who longs for a wife to love. Together they sing an ode to love (Duet: "Bei Männern welche Liebe fühlen"), then depart.


''Scene 3: Grove and entrance to the temples'' ====Scene 2: A room in Sarastro's palace====
] production]]
Pamina is dragged in by Sarastro's slaves, having tried to escape. Monostatos, a ] and chief of the slaves, orders them to chain her and leave her alone with him. Papageno, sent ahead by Tamino to help find Pamina, enters (Trio: "{{Lang|de|Du feines Täubchen, nur herein!|italic=no}}" / Just come in, you fine little dove!). Monostatos and Papageno are each terrified by the other's strange appearance and both flee, each thinking the other is the devil. Papageno returns and announces to Pamina that her mother has sent Tamino to save her. Pamina rejoices to hear that Tamino is in love with her. She offers sympathy and hope to Papageno, who longs for a wife. Together they reflect on the joys and sacred value of marital love (duet: "{{Lang|de|Bei Männern welche Liebe fühlen|italic=no}}" / In men, who feel love).


====Finale. Scene 3: A grove in front of a temple====
The three child-spirits lead Tamino to Sarastro's temple, promising that if he remains faithful and steadfast, he will succeed in rescuing Pamina. As Tamino reaches the temple, he is denied entrance at two of its three gates, by invisible voices singing "Go back!". But when he tries the third gate, an old priest appears and gradually convinces him that Sarastro is benevolent, not evil, and that women's opinions should not be taken seriously. After the priest leaves him, Tamino plays his magic flute in hopes of summoning Pamina and Papageno. The tones summon a group of magically tamed beasts, which listen in rapture to Tamino's music. Then Tamino hears Papageno's pipes, which Papageno, offstage, is blowing in response to the sound of Tamino's flute. Ecstatic at the thought of meeting Pamina, Tamino hurries off.
]
The three boys lead Tamino to Sarastro's temple, promising that if he remains patient, wise and steadfast, he will succeed in rescuing Pamina (Quartet: "{{Lang|de|Zum Ziele führt dich diese Bahn|italic=no}}" / This path leads you to your goal). Tamino approaches the right-hand entrance (the Temple of Reason) and is denied access by voices from within. The same happens when he goes to the entrance on the left (the Temple of Nature). But from the entrance in the middle (the Temple of Wisdom), a senior priest appears. (The priest is referred to as "The Speaker" in the libretto, but his role is sung.) He tells Tamino that Sarastro is benevolent, not evil, and that he should not trust the Queen of the Night. With a hidden male chorus, he promises that Tamino's confusion will be lifted when he approaches the temple in a spirit of friendship, and that Pamina is alive. Tamino plays his magic flute. Animals appear and dance, enraptured, to his music. Tamino hears Papageno's pipes sounding offstage, and hurries off to find him (aria: "{{Lang|de|Wie stark ist nicht dein Zauberton|italic=no}}" / How strong is thy magic tone).


]. Pamina appears at left, Papageno at right. In the background are the temples of Wisdom, Reason, and Nature.]]
Papageno appears with Pamina, following the distant sound of Tamino's flute. The two are suddenly captured by Monostatos and his slaves. Papageno then works an enchantment on the slaves using his magic bells, and they dance, mesmerised by the music of the bells, off the stage.
Papageno and Pamina enter, searching for Tamino (trio: "{{Lang|de|Schnelle Füße, rascher Mut|italic=no}}" / Swift steps, ready courage). They are recaptured by Monostatos and his slaves. Papageno plays his magic bells, causing Monostatos and his slaves to dance off the stage, mesmerised by the beauty of the music (chorus: "{{Lang|de|Das klinget so herrlich|italic=no}}" / That sounds so splendid). Papageno and Pamina hear the sound of Sarastro's retinue approaching. Papageno is frightened and asks Pamina what they should say. She answers that they must tell the truth. Sarastro enters, with a crowd of followers. (chorus: "{{Lang|de|Es lebe Sarastro!|italic=no}}" / Long live Sarastro!) Pamina falls at Sarastro's feet and confesses that she tried to escape because Monostatos had forced his attentions on her. Sarastro receives her kindly and assures her that he wishes only for her happiness, but he refuses to return her to her mother, whom he describes as a proud, headstrong woman, and a bad influence on those around her. Pamina, he says, must be guided by a man.


Monostatos brings in Tamino. The two lovers see one another for the first time and embrace, causing indignation among Sarastro's followers. Monostatos tells Sarastro that he caught Papageno and Pamina trying to escape, and demands a reward. Sarastro ironically "rewards" Monostatos with a beating and sends him away. He announces that Tamino and Pamina must both undergo trials to be purified. The priests declare that virtue and righteousness will sanctify life and make mortals like gods ("{{Lang|de|Wenn Tugend und Gerechtigkeit|italic=no}}" / If virtue and justice).
Papageno now hears the approach of Sarastro and his large retinue. He is frightened and asks Pamina what they should say. She answers that they must tell the truth. Sarastro and his followers enter.

Overcome by Sarastro's majesty, Pamina falls at his feet and confesses that she was trying to escape because Monostatos had demanded her love. Sarastro receives her kindly and tells her that he will not force her inclinations, but cannot give her freedom nor return her to her mother, because she must be guided by a man.

Monostatos then enters with Tamino captive. The two lovers see one another for the first time and instantly embrace, causing indignation among Sarastro's followers. Monostatos tries to point the finger of blame at Tamino. Sarastro, however, punishes Monostatos for his lustful intentions toward Pamina, and leads Tamino and Papageno into the temple of ordeal. The Brotherhood send them off in a glorious chorus.


===Act 2=== ===Act 2===
{{Listen
''Scene 4: A grove of palms''
| image = none
| help = no
| type = music
| filename = March of the Priests.ogg
| title = "March of the Priests" (beginning of act 2)
| description = ], 2006, conducted by ]
| filename2 = W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 14. O Isis und Osiris (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg
| title2 = "O Isis und Osiris", and subsequent dialogue
| description2 = ], RIAS-Symphonie-Orchester, ], Ferenc Fricsay (1953)
| filename3 = W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 18. Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg
| title3 = "Der Hölle Rache", Queen of the Night
| description3 = ], RIAS-Symphonie-Orchester, Ferenc Fricsay (1953)
| filename4 = W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 19. In diesen heil'gen Hallen (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg
| title4 = "In diesen heil'gen Hallen"
| description4 = Josef Greindl, RIAS-Symphonie-Orchester, RIAS Kammerchor, Ferenc Fricsay (1953)
| filename5 = TelefunkenE2688 01.oga
| title5 = "Ach, ich fühl's", Pamina, act 2
| description5 = ] (soprano), Orchester des Deutschen Opernhauses, Berlin, conducted in 1938 by ]
}}
====Scene 1: A grove of palms====
The council of priests of ] and ], headed by Sarastro, enters to the sound of a solemn march. Sarastro tells the priests that Tamino is ready to undergo the ordeals that will lead to enlightenment. He invokes the gods Isis and Osiris, asking them to protect Tamino and Pamina (Aria and chorus: "{{Lang|de|O Isis und Osiris|italic=no}} / O Isis and Osiris").


====Scene 2: The courtyard of the Temple of Ordeal====
The council of priests of Isis and Osiris, headed by Sarastro, enters to the sound of a solemn march. They determine that Tamino and Pamina shall be married, and that Tamino will succeed Sarastro as leader, if he succeeds in passing the priests' trials. Sarastro explains that the Queen of the Night has attempted to bewilder the people with ] and groundless fears. He then sings a prayer to the gods ] and ], asking them to protect Tamino and Pamina and to take them into their heavenly dwelling place should they die in the course of their trials (Aria: "O Isis und Osiris").
Tamino and Papageno are led in by two priests for the first trial. The two priests advise Tamino and Papageno of the dangers ahead of them, warn them of women's wiles and swear them to silence (Duet: "{{Lang|de|Bewahret euch von Weibertücken|italic=no}}" / Keep yourselves from women's tricks). The three ladies appear and remind Tamino and Papageno of what the Queen has said about Sarastro, trying to tempt them into speaking. (Quintet: "{{Lang|de|Wie, wie, wie|italic=no}}" / How, how, how) Papageno cannot resist answering the ladies, but Tamino remains aloof, angrily instructing Papageno not to listen to the ladies' threats and to keep quiet. Seeing that Tamino will not speak to them, the ladies withdraw in confusion. The Speaker and a priest return and lead Tamino and Papageno away.


====Scene 3: A garden====
''Scene 5: The courtyard of the temple of Ordeal''
Pamina is asleep. Monostatos creeps in and ogles her. (Aria: "{{Lang|de|Alles fühlt der Liebe Freuden|italic=no}}" / All feel the joys of love) He is about to kiss her, when the Queen of the Night appears. Monostatos hides. Waking, Pamina tells her that Tamino is joining Sarastro's brotherhood and that she is thinking of accompanying him. The Queen is not pleased. She explains that her husband, the previous owner of the temple, on his deathbed gave the ownership to Sarastro instead of to her, rendering the Queen powerless (this is in the original libretto, but is usually omitted from modern productions). She gives Pamina a dagger, ordering her to kill Sarastro with it and threatening to disown her if she does not. (Aria: "{{Lang|de|]|italic=no}}" / Hell's vengeance boils in my heart). She leaves. Monostatos returns and tries to force Pamina's love by threatening to reveal the Queen's plot, but Sarastro enters and drives him off. Pamina begs Sarastro to forgive her mother and he reassures her that revenge and cruelty have no place in his domain (Aria: "{{Lang|de|In diesen heil'gen Hallen|italic=no}}" / Within these sacred halls).


====Scene 4: A hall in the Temple of Ordeal====
Tamino and Papageno are led into the temple. A priest cautions Tamino that this is his last chance to turn back, but Tamino boldly promises that he will undergo every trial to win his Pamina. Papageno declines the trials at first, saying that he doesn't care much about wisdom or enlightenment, and only wants food, wine, and a pretty woman. The priest tells Papageno that Sarastro may have a woman for him if he undergoes the trials, and that she is called Papagena. Reluctantly, Papageno agrees to undergo the trials.
]
Tamino and Papageno are led in by priests, who remind them that they must remain silent. Papageno complains of thirst. An old woman enters and offers Papageno a cup of water. He drinks and teasingly asks whether she has a boyfriend. She replies that she does and that his name is Papageno. She disappears as Papageno asks for her name, and the three boys bring in food, the magic flute, and the bells, sent from Sarastro (Trio: "{{Lang|de|Seid uns zum zweiten Mal willkommen|italic=no}}" / We welcome you a second time). Tamino begins to play the flute, which summons Pamina. She tries to speak with him, but Tamino, bound by his vow of silence, cannot answer her, and Pamina begins to believe that he no longer loves her. (Aria: "{{Lang|de|Ach, ich fühl's, es ist verschwunden|italic=no}}" / Oh, I feel it, it is gone) She leaves in despair.


====Scene 5: The pyramids====
The first test requires that Tamino and Papageno remain silent while being tempted and threatened by women. (Short duet by two priests: "Bewahret euch von Weibertücken") The three ladies appear, and tempt them to speak. (Quintet: "Wie, wie, wie") Papageno cannot resist answering the ladies, but Tamino remains aloof, speaking only to Papageno, and then only to tell him to shut up. Seeing that Tamino will not speak to them, the ladies withdraw in confusion.
The priests celebrate Tamino's successes so far, and pray that he will succeed and become worthy of their order (Chorus: "{{Lang|de|O Isis und Osiris|italic=no}}" / O Isis and Osiris). Pamina is brought in and Sarastro instructs Pamina and Tamino to bid each other farewell before the greater trials ahead, alarming them by describing it as their "final farewell". (Trio: Sarastro, Pamina, Tamino – "{{Lang|de|Soll ich dich, Teurer, nicht mehr sehn?|italic=no}}" / Shall I see you no more, dear one? — Note: In order to preserve the continuity of Pamina's suicidal feelings, this trio is sometimes performed earlier in act 2, preceding or immediately following the chorus "{{Lang|de|O Isis und Osiris|italic=no}}".{{efn|For instance, in the videotaped performance from the Bayerisches Staatsoper, Munich, 19 September 1983, available from Deutsche Grammophon}}<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4rNjwC5HShkC&q=magic+flute+trio+order+second+act&pg=PA220 |title=Mozart and His Operas |first=David |last=Cairns |author-link=David Cairns (writer)|year=2006|publisher=University of California Press |via=Google Books |isbn=9780520228986}}</ref>) They exit and Papageno enters. The priests grant his request for a glass of wine and he expresses his desire for a wife. (Aria: "{{Lang|de|Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen|italic=no}}" / A girl or a woman). The elderly woman reappears and warns him that unless he immediately promises to marry her, he will be imprisoned forever. When Papageno promises to love her faithfully (muttering that he will only do this until something better comes along), she is transformed into the young and pretty Papagena. Papageno rushes to embrace her, but the priests drive him back, telling him that he is not yet worthy of her.


====Finale. Scene 6: A garden====
One priest congratulates Tamino for successfully passing the first test. Another priest scolds Papageno for his weakness, and tells him that he will never know the enlightened bliss of the gods. Papageno replies that there are a great many people in the world like himself, unenlightened but happy, and asks why he must undergo tests if Sarastro already has a woman selected for him. The priest says that it is the only way.
The three boys hail the dawn. They observe Pamina, who is contemplating suicide because she believes Tamino has abandoned her. The boys restrain her and reassure her of Tamino's love. (Quartet: "{{Lang|de|Bald prangt, den Morgen zu verkünden|italic=no}}" / To herald the morning, soon will shine). The scene changes without a break, leading into scene 7.


''Scene 6: A garden, Pamina asleep'' ====Scene 7: At the Mountains of Ordeal====

Monostatos approaches and gazes upon Pamina with rapture. (Aria: "Alles fühlt der Liebe Freuden") He is about to kiss her sleeping face, when the Queen of the Night appears and frightens him away. She wakes Pamina and gives her a dagger, ordering her to kill Sarastro with it. (Aria: "]" / "Hell's vengeance boileth in mine heart"). After she leaves, Monostatos returns and tries to force Pamina's love by threatening to reveal the murder-plot, but Sarastro enters and drives him off. Sarastro forgives and comforts Pamina (Aria: "In diesen heil'gen Hallen").

''Scene 7: A hall in the temple of Ordeal''

Tamino and Papageno must again suffer the test of silence, a more difficult variation this time: Pamina enters and tries to speak with Tamino. Since Tamino silently refuses to answer, Pamina believes he no longer loves her. (Aria: "Ach, ich fühl's, es ist verschwunden") She leaves in despair. An old woman enters and offers Papageno a drink of water. Although it is forbidden, he engages her in conversation and asks her how old she is. She replies that she is eighteen years and two minutes old. Papageno bursts into laughter and teases her that she must have a boyfriend. She replies that she does and that his name is Papageno. Then she disappears without telling him her name.

''Scene 8: The pyramids''

The Priests of the Temple celebrate Tamino's successes so far, and predict that he will succeed and become worthy of their order (Chorus: "O Isis und Osiris"). Sarastro separates Pamina and Tamino. (Trio: Sarastro, Pamina, Tamino – "Soll ich dich, Teurer, nicht mehr sehn?") They exit and Papageno enters. Papageno plays his magic bells and sings a ditty about his desire for a wife. (Aria, Papageno: "Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen"). The elderly woman reappears and demands that he pledge engagement to her, warning that if he doesn't, he will remain alone forever. Reluctantly, Papageno promises to love her faithfully. She immediately transforms into the young and pretty Papagena. As Papageno rushes to embrace her, however, the priests drive her away with thunder and lightning.

''Scene 9: An open country''
] (1868–1932)]] ] (1868–1932)]]
(One mountain has a waterfall, the other emits fire.) Two men in armor lead Tamino in. They promise enlightenment to those who successfully overcome the fear of death ("{{Lang|de|Der, welcher wandert diese Strasse voll Beschwerden|italic=no}}" / He who walks this path weighed down with cares – sung to a ] ], inspired by ]'s ] "]" / Oh God, look down from heaven{{efn|The hymn was translated by ] in 1524 from the ]{{sfn|Heartz|2009|p=284}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Eighteenth-Century Music |volume=13 |issue=2 |date=September 2016 |pages=235–252 |title=Mozart, Kirnberger, and the idea of musical purity: Revisiting two sketches from 1782 |doi=10.1017/S1478570616000063 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |last1=Rathey |first1=Markus |doi-access=free}}</ref>). Tamino declares that he is ready to be tested. Pamina calls to him from offstage. The men in armour assure him that the trial by silence is over and he is free to speak with her. Pamina enters and declares her intention to undergo the remaining trials with him. She hands him the magic flute to help them through the trials ("{{Lang|de|Tamino mein, o welch ein Glück!|italic=no}} / Oh, what luck, my Tamino!"). Protected by the music of the magic flute, they pass unscathed through fire and water. Offstage, the priests hail their triumph and invite the couple to enter the temple. The scene changes without a break, leading into scene 8.


====Scene 8: A garden with a tree ====
The three child-spirits see Pamina attempting to commit suicide because she believes Tamino has abandoned her. They restrain her and take away her dagger, promising that she will see him soon. (Quartet: "Bald prangt, den Morgen zu verkünden").
]]]
Papageno despairs at having lost Papagena and decides to hang himself (Aria/Quartet: "{{Lang|de|Papagena! Papagena! Papagena! Weibchen, Täubchen, meine Schöne|italic=no}}" / Papagena! Papagena! Papagena! Dear woman, dear dove, my beauty) He hesitates, counting to three, but more and more slowly. The three boys appear and stop him. They remind him he can play his magic bells to summon Papagena. She appears and, united, the happy couple stutter in astonishment and make bird-like courting sounds at each other. They plan their future and dream of the many children they will have together (Duet: "Pa... pa... pa...").{{efn|For the origin of this duet, see ]}} The scenes change without a break, leading into scene 9.


====Scene 9: A rocky landscape outside the temple; night====
''Scene 10: A hall or room with two doors: one leading to a chamber of trial by water and the other to a cavern of fire.''
Monostatos appears with the Queen of the Night and her three ladies. They plot to destroy the temple ("{{Lang|de|Nur stille, stille|italic=no}}" / Just quiet, quiet) and the Queen confirms her promise to give Pamina to Monostatos, but suddenly, with thunder and lightning, they are cast out into eternal night. The scene changes without a break, leading into scene 10.


====Scene 10: The Temple of the Sun====
Two men in armour lead Tamino onstage. They recite, in unison, one of the formal creeds of the goddess Isis, promising enlightenment to those who successfully overcome the fear of death ("Der, welcher wandert diese Strasse voll Beschwerden"). This recitation takes the musical form of a ] ], to the tune of the ] ] "]" ("Oh God, look down from heaven").<ref>Heartz (2007, 284). The hymn was translated by ] in 1524 from the ].</ref> Tamino declares he is ready to be tested, but Pamina, offstage, calls for him to wait for her. The men in armour assure Tamino that the trial by silence is over and he is free to speak with her. She enters, and exchanges loving words with Tamino ("Tamino mein, o welch ein Glück!"). United in harmony, they enter the trial-caverns together. Protected by the music of the magic flute, they pass unscathed through fire and water. Offstage, the priests hail their triumph.
Sarastro announces the sun's triumph over the night and the fraudulent power of hypocrites. The chorus hails the newly consecrated Tamino and Pamina, and gives thanks to Isis and Osiris.


== Musical numbers ==
Papageno, having given up hope of winning Papagena, tries to hang himself (Aria/Quartet: "Papagena! Papagena! Papagena!"), but at the last minute the three child-spirits appear and remind him that he should use his magic bells to summon her, instead. Papagena reenters, and the happy couple is united, stuttering at first in astonishment (Duet: "Pa … pa … pa ...").<ref>For the origin of this duet, see ].</ref>
{| class="wikitable"

|+
The traitorous Monostatos appears with the Queen of the Night and her ladies, plotting to destroy the temple ("Nur stille, stille"), but they are magically cast out into eternal night.
|-

|Overture. The overture is frequently played on its own.||{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 01. Ouvertüre (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title=Overture<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/DieZauberflote|access-date=10 March 2024|title=''Die Zauberflöte'', complete recording|author1=]|author2=]|display-authors=etal|date=1955|via=]}}</ref>}}
The scene now changes to the entrance of the chief temple, where Sarastro bids the young lovers welcome and unites them. The final chorus sings the praises of Tamino and Pamina in enduring their trials and gives thanks to the gods.
|-

|'''Act 1'''<br />1. Introduction: "Zu Hilfe! Zu Hilfe! Sonst bin ich verloren" – Tamino, Three Ladies
:''The opera may sometimes be divided into three acts in which case, the third act typically begins with scene 8. Even in the two-act version, the numbers in Act 2 are sometimes rearranged, with the Sarastro-Tamino-Pamina trio occurring earlier and Sarastro's prayer occurring later.''
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 02. Zu hilfe! Zu hilfe! (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title="Zu Hilfe!"}}

|-
== Noted highlights ==
|2. Aria: "Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja" – Papageno
{{listen
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 03. Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title="Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja"}}
| filename = Magic Flute Overture.ogg
|-
| title = Overture to ''The Magic Flute''
|3. Aria: "]" – Tamino
| description =
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 04. Dies Bildnis ist bezaubernd schön (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title="Dies Bildnis ..."}}
| filename2 = March of the Priests.ogg
|-
| title2 = "March of the Priests" (beginning of act two)
|4. Recitative and aria: "]" – The Queen of the Night
| description2 =
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 05. O zittre nicht, mein lieber Sohn (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title="O zittre nicht"}}
| filename3 = Der Hoelle Rache.ogg
|-
| title3 = Queen of the Night's second aria, "Der Hölle Rache"
|5 Quintet: "Hm Hm Hm" – Tamino, Papageno, Three Ladies
| description3 =
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 06. Hm, hm, hm (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title="Hm, hm, hm"}}
| filename4 = TelefunkenE2688 01.mp3.ogg
|-
| title4 = "Ach, ich fühl's", Pamina, act 2
|6. Terzet: "Du feines Täubchen, nur herein!" – Monostatos, Pamina, Papageno
}}
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 07. Du feines Täubchen, nur herein! (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title="Du feines Täubchen"}}
{{col-begin}}
|-
''Act 1''
* "Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja" (The birdcatcher am I) – Papageno, Scene 1 |7. Duet: "Bei Männern, welche Liebe fühlen" – Pamina and Papageno
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 08. Bei Männern, welche Liebe fühlen (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title="Bei Männern"}}
* "]" (Oh, tremble not, my beloved son) – The Queen of the Night, Scene 1
|-
* "]" (This image is enchantingly beautiful) – Tamino, Scene 1
* "Wie stark ist nicht dein Zauberton" (How strong is thy magic tone) – Tamino, Finale |8. Finale 1: "Zum Ziele führt dich diese Bahn"<br />{{0|8. Finale 1: }}"Wie stark ist nicht dein Zauberton"<br />{{0|8. Finale 1: }}"Schnelle Füße, rascher Mut ... Das klinget so herrlich"<br />{{0|8. Finale 1: }}"Es lebe Sarastro"
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 09. Zum Ziele führt dich diese Bahn (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title="Zum Ziele ..."
''Act 2''
|filename2=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 10. Wie stark ist nicht dein Zauberton (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title2="Wie stark ..."
* "O Isis und Osiris" (O Isis and Osiris) – Sarastro in, Scene 1
|filename3=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 11. Schnelle Füße, rascher Mut (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title3="Schnelle Füße ... Das klinget"
* "Alles fühlt der Liebe Freuden" (All feel the joys of love) – Monostatos, Scene 3
|filename4=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 12. Es lebe Sarasto, Sarastro soll leben! (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title4="Es lebe Sarasto"}}
* "]" (Hell's vengeance boileth in mine heart) – The Queen of the Night, Scene 3
|-
* "In diesen heil'gen Hallen" (Within these sacred halls) – Sarastro, Scene 3
|'''Act 2'''<br />9. March of the Priests
* "Ach, ich fühl's, es ist verschwunden" (Ah, I feel it, it is vanished) – Pamina, Scene 4
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 13. Marsch der Priester (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title=March of the Priests}}
* "Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen" (A girl or a woman) – Papageno, Scene 5
|-
* "Pa–, pa–, pa–" – Papageno and Papagena, Scene 10
|10. Aria with chorus: "O Isis und Osiris" – Sarastro
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 14. O Isis und Osiris (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title="O Isis und Osiris"}}
|-
|11. Duet: "Bewahret euch vor Weibertücken" – Second Priest, Speaker
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 15. Bewahret euch vor Weibertuecken (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title="Bewahret euch"}}
|-
|12. Quintet: "Wie? Ihr an diesem Schreckensort?" – Three Ladies, Tamino, Papageno
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 16. Wie wie wie (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title="Wie?"}}
|-
|13. Aria: "Alles fühlt der Liebe Freuden" – Monostatos
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 17. Alles Fuehlt der Liebe Freunden (Ferenc_Fricsay,_1953).ogg|title="Alles fühlt"}}
|-
|14. Aria: "]" – The Queen of the Night
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 18. Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title="Der Hölle Rache"}}
|-
|15. Aria: "In diesen heil'gen Hallen" – Sarastro
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 19. In diesen heil'gen Hallen (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title="In diesen heil'gen Hallen"}}
|-
|16. Terzet: "Seid uns zum zweitenmal willkommen" – Three Boys
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 20. Seid uns zum zweiten Mal willkommen (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title="Seid uns zum zweiten Mal"}}
|-
|17. Aria: "Ach, ich fühl's, es ist verschwunden" – Pamina
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 21. Ach, ich fuehl's (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title="Ach, ich fühl's"}}
|-
|18. Chorus: "{{ill|O Isis und Osiris|fr||it}}" – Priests
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 22. O Isis und Osiris, welche Wonne! (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title=O Isis und Osiris}}
|-
|19. Terzet: "Soll ich dich, Teurer, nicht mehr seh'n?" – Pamina, Tamino, Sarastro
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 23. Soll ich dich, Teurer, nicht mehr sehn (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title=Soll ich dich, Teurer}}
|-
|20. Aria: "Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen" (A girl or a woman) – Papageno
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 24. Ein Maedchen oder Weibchen (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title="Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen"}}
|-
|21. Finale 2: "Bald prangt, den Morgen zu verkünden"<br />{{0|21. Finale 2: }}"Der, welcher wandert diese Straße voll Beschwerden"<br />{{0|21. Finale 2: }}"Tamino mein! ... Triumph, Triumph! du edles Paar! Besieget hast du die Gefahr!"<br />{{0|21. Finale 2: }}"Papagena! Weibchen, Täubchen, meine Schöne ... Pa-Pa-Pa-Pa-Pa"<br />{{0|21. Finale 2: }}"Nur stille"<br />{{0|21. Finale 2: }}"Die Strahlen der Sonne vertreiben die Nacht ... Es siegte die Stärke"
|{{Listen|plain=yes|filename=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 25. Bald prangt, den Morgen zu verkuenden (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title="Bald prangt"
|filename2=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 26. Der, welcher wandert diese Strasse voll Beschwerden (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title2="Der, welcher wandert"
|filename3=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 27. Tamino mein! O welch ein Glueck! (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title3="Tamino mein! ... Triumph!"
|filename4=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 28. Papagena! Papagena! Papagena! (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title4="Papagena! ... Pa-Pa-Pa..."
|filename5=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 29. Nur stille, stille, stille, stille! (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|29. Only silence|title5="Nur stille"
|filename6=W. A. Mozart - Die Zauberflöte - 30. Die Strahlen der Sonne vertreiben die Nacht (Ferenc Fricsay, 1953).ogg|title6="Die Strahlen ... Es siegte"}}
|}


==Recordings== ==Recordings==
{{Main|Discography of The Magic Flute}} {{Main|The Magic Flute discography{{!}}''The Magic Flute'' discography}}


The first known recording of ''The Magic Flute''{{'}}s overture was issued around 1903, by the ] and played by the Victor Grand Concert Band.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/talent/detail/30081/Mozart_Wolfgang_Amadeus_composer|title=Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (composer) – Discography of American Historical Recordings|website=adp.library.ucsb.edu}}</ref>
==Film versions==
*'']'' (1975), a Swedish-language film directed by ]
*An animated film by Rens Groot, dating from 1992 or earlier, set to a complete recording in the original German<ref>{{cite web|title=''Die Zauberflöte'' (VHS, 1992)|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00004R6JP|publisher=Amazon.co.uk|accessdate=14 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sunier|first=John|title=Mozart: ''The Magic Flute'' (complete opera)|url=http://www.audaud.com/article.php?ArticleID=2196|publisher=Audiophile Audition|accessdate=14 June 2010|date=5 December 2006}}</ref>
*''The Magic Flute'' (1995), a ] film directed by ] for the series '']'', set to a half-hour, English-language version<ref>{{cite video |date=17 February 1995|title="Operavox" ''The Magic Flute''|url=http://uk.imdb.com/title/tt0759224|medium=DVD|publisher=Metrodome Distribution|location=London|id= }}</ref>
*'']'' (2006), an English version set against a background inspired by ], directed by ]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/4397244.stm | work=BBC News | title=Branagh to make Mozart opera film | date=1 November 2005 | accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref>


The first complete recording of ''The Magic Flute'' was of a live performance at the 1937 ], with ] conducting the ] and ], though the recording was not officially issued until many years later. The first studio recording of the work, with Sir ] conducting the ], was completed in 1938. Both of these historic recordings have been reissued on LP and ]. Since then there have been many recordings, in both audio and video formats.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.prestoclassical.co.uk/w/2/Wolfgang-Amadeus-Mozart-Die-Zauberfl%C3%B6te-K620|title= Mozart: ''Die Zauberflöte'', K620 (''The Magic Flute'')|publisher= Presto Classical|access-date= 19 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Gruber|editor-first=Paul|title=The Metropolitan Guide to Recorded Opera|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=London|year=1993|isbn=0-500-01599-6}}</ref>
==Works inspired by ''The Magic Flute''==
===Art===
*], a screenprint illustrating the arrival of “Queen of the Night″ in Act II, ''Magic Flute II'', 1994.


===Films=== ==See also==
*''],'' a 1983 children's movie (originally released in 1976) loosely based on ''The Magic Flute'' * ]


== Notes and references==
===Books===
'''Notes'''
* ], A children's book based on ''The Magic Flute'', 1962.
{{Notelist|30em}}
* ], ''Night's Daughter'', a novel based on ''The Magic Flute'', 1985. It sets the story in an Atlantis-like world with human-animal hybrid creatures. Bradley enthusiastically agrees with Bergman that Sarastro is Pamina's father.
* ], ''Temples of Delight'', 1990. A novel which, though set in contemporary England, takes its structure very loosely from ''The Magic Flute''. Characters in the novel are analogous to Pamina, Tamino, Papageno and Sarastro although the novel strays heavily from the original plot with the 'Pamina' character ultimately rejecting 'Tamino' in favour of a romantic relationship with 'Sarastro'.
* ], ''Sunlight and Shadow'', (part of the ''Once Upon A Time'' series), 2004, a retelling of ''The Magic Flute'' for teen readers; Dokey's novel also states that Sarastro is Pamina's father.
* ], ''Mateki: The Magic Flute'', an adaptation of the opera illustrated by himself and retold using classic Japanese elements.
* ], ''Magic Flutes'', a teen romance period novel, centred around the Viennese opera, and the main performance of ''The Magic Flute''
* ] and ], ''The Magic Flute'', the published screenplay of the 2006 film version


===Adaptations=== ===References===
{{reflist}}
*'']'' is an English-language adaptation of the opera, set in rural Alaska.
* ''Pamina Devi'' is the ]n ] adaptation of ''The Magic Flute''. However, it is not entirely based on the same plot and includes elements foreign to the original.
*Pioneering guitarist and composer ] transcribed "Six Airs from ''The Magic Flute''", Op.&nbsp;19, for solo guitar around 1820–1821.
*] wrote a sets of variations for violoncello and piano for two numbers from the opera. His twelve variations in F major on "Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen" is catalogued as Op.&nbsp;66 and his seven variations in E-flat major on "Bei Männern" is catalogued as WoO&nbsp;46.
* Flutist ] made a transcription of three arias from the aria.


==See also== ===Sources===
{{div col|colwidth=45em}}
*]
* {{Cite book|last=Abert|first=Hermann|author-link=Hermann Abert|year=2007|title=W. A. Mozart|translator=Stewart Spencer|editor=Cliff Eisen|editor-link=Cliff Eisen|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0300072235|postscript=;}} with supplementary footnotes by Cliff Eisen.
* {{cite web|author=Anon.|title=''Die Zauberflöte''|url=http://www.metopera.org/PageFiles/41061/Oct%2025%20Flute.pdf|page=41|publisher=]|type=Program notes|date=25 October 2014|access-date=2015-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125040704/http://www.metopera.org/PageFiles/41061/Oct%2025%20Flute.pdf|archive-date=2015-11-25|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last1=Boldrey|first1=Richard|title=Guide to Operatic Roles & Arias|date=1994|publisher=Pst Inc.|location=Dallas|isbn=978-1877761645|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mVcYAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Branscombe|first1=Peter|author-link=Peter Branscombe|title=Die Zauberflöte|date=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780521319164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgmEInkITx0C}}
* {{cite book|last=Deutsch|first=Otto Erich|author-link=Otto Erich Deutsch|title=Mozart: a documentary biography|date=1966|orig-year=1965|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, California|isbn=9780804702331|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8AtwaddUW4C|others=Translated by ], ] and ]}}
* {{cite book|last1=Heartz|first1=Daniel|author-link=Daniel Heartz|title=Mozart, Haydn and early Beethoven, 1781–1802|date=2009|publisher=W. W. Norton|location=New York|isbn=978-0-393-06634-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ra6qxvtVs20C}}
* {{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Charles|author-link=Charles Rosen|year=1997|title=The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven|location=New York|publisher=W. W. Norton|isbn=0-393-31712-9|oclc=1029266214|url=https://archive.org/details/classicalstyleha00rose|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last1=Solomon|first1=Maynard|author-link=Maynard Solomon|title=Mozart: A Life|year=1995|publisher=Harper Collins|location=New York|isbn=9780060190460|url=https://archive.org/details/mozartlife0002solo|url-access=registration}}
{{div col end}}


== Further reading ==
==Notes==
{{div col|colwidth=45em}}
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Batley|first1=E. M.|title=Textual Unity in ''Die Zauberflöte''|journal=The Music Review|date=1967|volume=28|pages=81–92|ref=none}}

* {{cite book|last1=Besack|first1=Michael|title=Which Craft?: W.A. Mozart and The Magic Flute|date=2002|publisher=Regent Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-1587900136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0QZAQAAIAAJ|ref=none}}
==References==
* {{cite journal|last1=Buch|first1=David J.|author-link=David J. Buch|title=''Die Zauberflöte'', Masonic Opera, and Other Fairy Tales|journal=]|date=2004|volume=76|issue=2|pages=193–219|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267333252|ref=none}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chailley|first1=Jacques|author-link = Jacques Chailley|title=The Magic Flute unveiled: esoteric symbolism in Mozart's masonic opera. An interpretation of the libretto and the music|date=1992|publisher=Inner Traditions International|location=Rochester, Vermont|isbn=9780892813582|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJ9wQgAACAAJ|ref=none}}
*Boldney, Richard and Robert Caldwell (1994) "Voice Categories," in Richard Boldrey, ''Guide to Operatic Roles & Arias''. Dallas: Pst Inc., ISBN 1877761648
* {{cite book|last1=Melitz|first1=Leo|author-link=:de:Leo Melitz|title=The Opera Goers' Complete Guide: Comprising Two Hundred and Sixty-Eight Opera Plots with Musical Numbers and Casts|date=1913|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Co.|location=New York|isbn=9781297599934|url=https://archive.org/details/operagoerscompl00saligoog|via=]|translator=Richard Salinger|ref=none}}
*Branscombe, Peter (1991) ''Die Zauberflöte'', Cambridge Opera Handbooks series, Cambridge University Press.
* {{cite book|last1=Schikaneder|first1=Emanuel|last2=von Winter|first2=Peter|author-link1=Emanuel Schikaneder|author-link2=Peter von Winter|editor1-last=Jahrmärker|editor1-first=Manuela|editor2-last=Waidelich|editor2-first=Till Gerrit|title=Der Zauberflöte zweyter Theil unter dem Titel: Das Labyrinth oder der Kampf mit den Elementen. Eine große heroisch-komische Oper in zwey Aufzügen von Emanuel Schikaneder. In Musik gesetzt von Herrn Peter Winter, Kapellmeister in Churpfalz-bayrischen Diensten. Vollständiges Textbuch. Erstveröffentlichung nach den zeitgenössischen Quellen und mit einem Nachwort|date=1992|publisher=Schneider |isbn=9783795206949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73UXAQAAIAAJ|ref=none}} see also '']''
*Buch, David J. (1997) "Mozart and the Theater auf der Wieden: New attributions and perspectives," ''Cambridge Opera Journal'' 9: 195–232.
{{div col end}}
*Buch, David J. (2004) "''Die Zauberflöte'', Masonic Opera, and Other Fairy Tales", ''Acta Musicologica'' 76, (Kassel etc.: Bärenreiter), 2:193–219, debunking most of the alleged masonic allusions.
*Buch, David J. (2005) "Three posthumous reports concerning Mozart in his late Viennese years," ''Eighteenth-Century Music'' 2:125–129.
*Chailley, Jacques (1992) ''The Magic Flute Unveiled: Esoteric Symbolism in Mozart's Masonic Opera'', an analysis of masonic and esoteric symbolism of the opera.
*] (1965) ''Mozart: A Documentary Biography''. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
*Freyhan, Michael (2009) ''The Authentic Magic Flute Libretto: Mozart's Autograph or the First Full-Score Edition?'' Scarecrow Press.
*Heartz, Daniel (2007) ''''. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-06634-0
*Melitz, Leo (1921) ''The Opera Goer's Complete Guide'', source for plot summary given here.
*] (1995) ''Mozart: A Life''. New York: Harper Perennial
{{Refend}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category|Die Zauberflöte}} {{Commons category|Die Zauberflöte}}
* {{NMA|73|1|74|13|Die Zauberflöte}} {{NMA|73|1|74|13|Die Zauberflöte}}
*, ]s, ]s, source evaluation (German only), links to online DME recordings; Digital Mozart Edition
* ''Die Zauberflöte''.
* ''Die Zauberflöte''.
*{{IMSLP2|id=Die Zauberflöte, K.620 (Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus)|cname=''Die Zauberflöte''}}
* {{IMSLP|work=Die Zauberflöte, K.620 (Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus)|cname=''Die Zauberflöte''}}
* , Synopsis, libretto, highlights
* Soundfiles (MIDI) * , synopsis, libretto, highlights
* , soundfiles (MIDI)
* from Aria-Database.com
* , Aria-Database.com
* from internetloge.org
*
* {{YouTube|id=ZNEOl4bcfkc|title="Der Hölle Rache"}}, sung by ]
* from 2006 Opera Gold production, ]
* {{YouTube|id=09PbyWS_2c4|title="Der Hölle Rache"}}, sung by ]
* with Nick Reveles: Mozart's ''The Magic Flute'', ] and ]
* {{YouTube|id=hnXGjiN41nM|title="Der Hölle Rache"}}, sung by ]
* {{YouTube|NfLk5VKs5sQ|Animated score, full performance (2hrs 35 mins)}}, ] conducting the ] Orchestra, 1992; see ].
* {{YouTube|id=DvuKxL4LOqc|title="Der Hölle Rache"}}, sung by ]

* * from recent Opera Gold production, Goldsmiths, University of London
{{The Magic Flute}}
* with Nick Reveles: Mozart's ''The Magic Flute'', ] and ]
{{Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart}}
* {{de icon}}
{{Mozart operas (horizontal)}}
* by Uri Golomb, ''Goldberg Early Music Magazine'' 40 (June 2006): 40-51
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Latest revision as of 02:01, 6 January 2025

1791 opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart For other uses, see The Magic Flute (disambiguation).

Die Zauberflöte
The Magic Flute
Opera by W. A. Mozart
The arrival of the Queen of the Night. Stage set by Karl Friedrich Schinkel for an 1815 production.
LibrettistEmanuel Schikaneder
LanguageGerman
Premiere30 September 1791 (1791-09-30)
Theater auf der Wieden, Vienna

The Magic Flute (German: Die Zauberflöte, pronounced [diː ˈtsaʊbɐˌfløːtə] ), K. 620, is an opera in two acts by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to a German libretto by Emanuel Schikaneder. The work is in the form of a Singspiel, a popular form during the time it was written that included both singing and spoken dialogue. The work premiered on 30 September 1791 at Schikaneder's theatre, the Freihaus-Theater auf der Wieden in Vienna, just two months before the composer's death. It was the last opera that Mozart composed. The opera was an outstanding success from its first performances, and remains a staple of the opera repertory to this day.

In the opera the Queen of the Night persuades Prince Tamino to rescue her daughter Pamina from captivity under the high priest Sarastro; instead, he learns the high ideals of Sarastro's community and seeks to join it. Separately, then together, Tamino and Pamina undergo severe trials of initiation, which end in triumph, with the Queen and her cohorts vanquished. The earthy Papageno, who accompanies Tamino on his quest, fails the trials completely but is rewarded anyway with the hand of his ideal female companion Papagena.

Composition

Emanuel Schikaneder, librettist of Die Zauberflöte, as Papageno
Baritone Markus Werba appearing as Papageno. He wears his pipes and carries his magic bells; both instruments are essential to the plot.

The opera was the culmination of a period of increasing involvement by Mozart with Schikaneder's theatrical troupe, which since 1789 had been the resident company at the Theater auf der Wieden. Mozart was a close friend of one of the singer-composers of the troupe, tenor Benedikt Schack (the first Tamino), and had contributed to the compositions of the troupe, which were often collaboratively written. Mozart's participation increased with his contributions to the 1790 collaborative opera Der Stein der Weisen (The Philosopher's Stone), including the duet ("Nun liebes Weibchen", K. 625/592a) among other passages. Like The Magic Flute, Der Stein der Weisen was a fairy-tale opera and can be considered a kind of precursor; it employed much the same cast in similar roles.

The libretto for The Magic Flute, written by Schikaneder, is thought by scholars to be based on many sources. Some works of literature current in Vienna in Schikaneder's day that may have served as sources include the medieval romance Yvain by Chrétien de Troyes, the novel Life of Sethos by Jean Terrasson, and the essay "On the mysteries of the Egyptians" by Ignaz von Born. The libretto is also a natural continuation of a series of fairy tale operas produced at the time by Schikaneder's troupe, including an adaptation of Sophie Seyler's Singspiel Oberon as well as Der Stein der Weisen. Especially for the role of Papageno, the libretto draws on the Hanswurst tradition of the Viennese popular theatre. Many scholars also acknowledge an influence of Freemasonry.

The Magic Flute appears to have two references to the music of Antonio Salieri. The first is that the Papageno–Papagena duet is similar to the Cucuzze cavatina in Salieri's Prima la musica e poi le parole. Both are centred around musical-textual playfulness with humorous bird-like utterances of pseudo-Italian words. The Magic Flute also echoes Salieri's music in that Papageno's whistle is based on a motif borrowed from Salieri's Concerto for Clavicembalo in B-flat major.

Premiere and reception

The opera was premiered in Vienna on 30 September 1791 at the suburban Freihaus-Theater auf der Wieden. Mozart conducted the orchestra and Schikaneder himself played Papageno, while the role of the Queen of the Night was sung by Mozart's sister-in-law Josepha Hofer.

On the reception of the opera, Mozart scholar Maynard Solomon writes:

Although there were no reviews of the first performances, it was immediately evident that Mozart and Schikaneder had achieved a great success, the opera drawing immense crowds and reaching hundreds of performances during the 1790s.

As Mozart's letters show, he was very pleased to have achieved such a success. Solomon continues:

Mozart's delight is reflected in his last three letters, written to Constanze, who with her sister Sophie was spending the second week of October in Baden. "I have this moment returned from the opera, which was as full as ever", he wrote on 7 October, listing the numbers that had to be encored. "But what always gives me the most pleasure is the silent approval! You can see how this opera is becoming more and more esteemed." ... He went to hear his opera almost every night, taking along relatives.

The opera celebrated its 100th performance in November 1792, though Mozart did not have the pleasure of witnessing this milestone, as he had died on 5 December 1791. The opera was first performed outside Vienna (21 September 1792) in Lemberg, then in Prague. It then made "triumphal progress through Germany's opera houses great and small", and with the early 19th century spread to essentially all the countries of Europe—and eventually, everywhere in the world—where opera is cultivated.

As Branscombe documents, the earlier performances were often of highly altered, sometimes even mutilated, versions of the opera (see Ludwig Wenzel Lachnith). Productions of the past century have tended to be more faithful to Mozart's music, though faithful rendering of Mozart and Schikaneder's original (quite explicit) stage directions and dramatic vision continues to be rare; with isolated exceptions, modern productions strongly reflect the creative preferences of the stage director.

The Magic Flute is among the most frequently performed of all operas.

First publication

On 28 December 1791, three and a half weeks after Mozart's death, his widow Constanze offered to send a manuscript score of The Magic Flute to the electoral court in Bonn. Nikolaus Simrock published this text in the first full-score edition (Bonn, 1814), claiming that it was "in accordance with Mozart's own wishes" (Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, 13 September 1815).

Themes

Main article: Libretto of The Magic Flute See also: Mozart and Freemasonry

The Magic Flute is noted for its prominent Masonic elements, although some scholars hold that the Masonic influence is exaggerated. Schikaneder and Mozart were Freemasons, as was Ignaz Alberti, engraver and printer of the first libretto. The opera is also influenced by Enlightenment philosophy and can be regarded as advocating enlightened absolutism. The Queen of the Night is seen by some to represent a dangerous form of obscurantism, by others to represent Roman Catholic Empress Maria Theresa, who banned Freemasonry from Austria. Still others see the Roman Catholic Church itself, which was and still is strongly anti-Masonic. Likewise, the literature repeatedly addresses the fact that the central theme of the work is not only "love", but also becoming a better person by overcoming trials (similar to Wagner's Parsifal later on).

Roles

Playbill for the premiere
Roles, voice types as originally written and contemporary classification, premiere cast
Role Voice type Contemporary
classification 		Premiere cast, 30 September 1791
Conductor: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Tamino tenor Benedikt Schack
Papageno bass baritone Emanuel Schikaneder
Pamina soprano Anna Gottlieb
The Queen of the Night soprano coloratura soprano Josepha Hofer
Sarastro bass Franz Xaver Gerl
Three ladies 3 sopranos sopranos, mezzo-soprano M Klöpfer, M Hofmann, Elisabeth Schack
Monostatos tenor baritone Johann Joseph Nouseul
Three boys soprano treble, alto, mezzo-soprano Anna Schikaneder; Anselm Handelgruber; Franz Anton Maurer
Speaker of the temple bass bass-baritone Herr Winter
First Priest tenor Johann Michael Kistler
First armoured man
Second Priest bass Urban Schikaneder
Third Priest speaking role bass Herr Moll
Second armoured man bass
Papagena soprano Barbara Gerl
Three slaves speaking roles bass, 2 tenors Karl Ludwig Giesecke, Herr Frasel, Herr Starke
Priests, women, people, slaves, chorus

The names of the performers at the premiere are taken from a preserved playbill for this performance (at right), which does not give full names; "Hr." = Herr, Mr.; "Mme." = Madame, Mrs.; "Mlle." = Mademoiselle, Miss.

While the female roles in the opera are assigned to different voice types, the playbill for the premiere performance referred to all of the female singers as "sopranos". The casting of the roles relies on the actual vocal range of the part.

Instrumentation

The work is scored for two flutes (one doubling on piccolo), two oboes, two clarinets (doubling basset horns), two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, three trombones (alto, tenor, and bass), timpani and strings. It also requires a four-part chorus for several numbers (notably the finales of each act). Mozart also called for a stromento d'acciaio (instrument of steel) to perform Papageno's magic bells. This instrument has since been lost to history, though modern day scholars believe it to be a keyed glockenspiel, which is usually replaced with a celesta in modern-day performances.

Charles Rosen has remarked on the character of Mozart's orchestration:

Die Zauberflöte has the greatest variety of orchestral color that the eighteenth century was to know; the very lavishness, however, is paradoxically also an economy as each effect is a concentrated one, each one—Papageno's whistle, the Queen of the Night's coloratura, the bells, Sarastro's trombones, even the farewell in scene 1 for clarinets and pizzicato strings—a single dramatic stroke."

Synopsis

Overture

Overture Performed by Musopen Symphony Orchestra
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The overture, composed after the other parts of the opera were complete, begins with a solemn three-chord sequence from the brass, associated with the Priests of the Temple of Wisdom. (The number three is highly significant in Freemasonry and recurs as the number of ladies, boys and temples.) It transitions in an adagio to a lively fugue in E-flat major. Halfway through, there is a false ending. After another three-chord brass sequence, the fugue resumes in E-flat minor, returning to E-flat major.

Act 1

Scene 1: A rough, rocky landscape

Libretto cover design by Peter Hoffer, 1959. From the opening scene: the Three Ladies, with Tamino in the distance, standing before a pyramid.

Tamino, a handsome prince lost in a distant land, is pursued by a serpent and asks the gods to save him (aria: "Zu Hilfe! Zu Hilfe!" / Help! Help!, segued into trio "Stirb, Ungeheuer, durch uns're Macht!" / Die, monster, by our might!). He faints, and three ladies, attendants of the Queen of the Night, appear and kill the serpent. They find the unconscious prince extremely attractive, and each of them tries to persuade the other two to leave her alone with him. After arguing, they reluctantly decide to leave together.

Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, RIAS-Symphonie-Orchester, Ferenc Fricsay (1953)

Tamino wakes up, and is surprised to find himself still alive and the serpent dead. Papageno enters dressed as a bird. He describes his life as a bird-catcher, complaining he has no wife or girlfriend (aria: "Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja" / The birdcatcher am I indeed). Tamino introduces himself to Papageno, thinking Papageno killed the serpent. Papageno happily takes the credit – claiming he strangled it with his bare hands. The three ladies suddenly reappear and instead of giving Papageno wine, cake and figs, they give him water and a stone, and padlock his mouth closed as a warning not to lie. They give Tamino a portrait of the Queen of the Night's daughter Pamina, with whom Tamino falls instantly in love (aria: "Dies Bildnis ist bezaubernd schön" / This portrait is enchantingly beautiful).

The ladies return and tell Tamino that Pamina has been captured by Sarastro, whom they describe as a powerful, evil demon. Tamino vows to rescue Pamina. The Queen of the Night appears and promises Tamino that Pamina will be his if he rescues her from Sarastro (Recitative: "O zittre nicht, mein lieber Sohn" / Oh, tremble not, my dear son! – and aria: "Du, Du, Du wirst sie zu befreien gehen / You will go to free her). The Queen and the ladies leave and Papageno can only hum to bemoan the padlock on his mouth. (Quintet: "Hm! Hm! Hm! Hm!"). The ladies return and remove the padlock with a warning not to lie any more. They give Tamino a magic flute which has the power to change sorrow into joy, and Papageno magic bells for protection, telling him to go with Tamino. The ladies tell of three boys who will guide Tamino and Papageno to Sarastro's temple. Together Tamino and Papageno set forth.

Scene 2: A room in Sarastro's palace

Pamina (Tiffany Speight) and Papageno (Richard Burkhard) sing "Bei Männern, welche Liebe fühlen" in a 2006 New Zealand Opera production

Pamina is dragged in by Sarastro's slaves, having tried to escape. Monostatos, a blackamoor and chief of the slaves, orders them to chain her and leave her alone with him. Papageno, sent ahead by Tamino to help find Pamina, enters (Trio: "Du feines Täubchen, nur herein!" / Just come in, you fine little dove!). Monostatos and Papageno are each terrified by the other's strange appearance and both flee, each thinking the other is the devil. Papageno returns and announces to Pamina that her mother has sent Tamino to save her. Pamina rejoices to hear that Tamino is in love with her. She offers sympathy and hope to Papageno, who longs for a wife. Together they reflect on the joys and sacred value of marital love (duet: "Bei Männern welche Liebe fühlen" / In men, who feel love).

Finale. Scene 3: A grove in front of a temple

Tamino charms the animals with his flute.

The three boys lead Tamino to Sarastro's temple, promising that if he remains patient, wise and steadfast, he will succeed in rescuing Pamina (Quartet: "Zum Ziele führt dich diese Bahn" / This path leads you to your goal). Tamino approaches the right-hand entrance (the Temple of Reason) and is denied access by voices from within. The same happens when he goes to the entrance on the left (the Temple of Nature). But from the entrance in the middle (the Temple of Wisdom), a senior priest appears. (The priest is referred to as "The Speaker" in the libretto, but his role is sung.) He tells Tamino that Sarastro is benevolent, not evil, and that he should not trust the Queen of the Night. With a hidden male chorus, he promises that Tamino's confusion will be lifted when he approaches the temple in a spirit of friendship, and that Pamina is alive. Tamino plays his magic flute. Animals appear and dance, enraptured, to his music. Tamino hears Papageno's pipes sounding offstage, and hurries off to find him (aria: "Wie stark ist nicht dein Zauberton" / How strong is thy magic tone).

Arrival of Sarastro on a chariot pulled by lions, from a 1793 production in Brno. Pamina appears at left, Papageno at right. In the background are the temples of Wisdom, Reason, and Nature.

Papageno and Pamina enter, searching for Tamino (trio: "Schnelle Füße, rascher Mut" / Swift steps, ready courage). They are recaptured by Monostatos and his slaves. Papageno plays his magic bells, causing Monostatos and his slaves to dance off the stage, mesmerised by the beauty of the music (chorus: "Das klinget so herrlich" / That sounds so splendid). Papageno and Pamina hear the sound of Sarastro's retinue approaching. Papageno is frightened and asks Pamina what they should say. She answers that they must tell the truth. Sarastro enters, with a crowd of followers. (chorus: "Es lebe Sarastro!" / Long live Sarastro!) Pamina falls at Sarastro's feet and confesses that she tried to escape because Monostatos had forced his attentions on her. Sarastro receives her kindly and assures her that he wishes only for her happiness, but he refuses to return her to her mother, whom he describes as a proud, headstrong woman, and a bad influence on those around her. Pamina, he says, must be guided by a man.

Monostatos brings in Tamino. The two lovers see one another for the first time and embrace, causing indignation among Sarastro's followers. Monostatos tells Sarastro that he caught Papageno and Pamina trying to escape, and demands a reward. Sarastro ironically "rewards" Monostatos with a beating and sends him away. He announces that Tamino and Pamina must both undergo trials to be purified. The priests declare that virtue and righteousness will sanctify life and make mortals like gods ("Wenn Tugend und Gerechtigkeit" / If virtue and justice).

Act 2

"March of the Priests" (beginning of act 2) Siam Philharmonic Orchestra, 2006, conducted by Trisdee na Patalung
"O Isis und Osiris", and subsequent dialogue Josef Greindl, RIAS-Symphonie-Orchester, RIAS Kammerchor, Ferenc Fricsay (1953)
"Der Hölle Rache", Queen of the Night Rita Streich, RIAS-Symphonie-Orchester, Ferenc Fricsay (1953)
"In diesen heil'gen Hallen" Josef Greindl, RIAS-Symphonie-Orchester, RIAS Kammerchor, Ferenc Fricsay (1953)
"Ach, ich fühl's", Pamina, act 2 Aulikki Rautawaara (soprano), Orchester des Deutschen Opernhauses, Berlin, conducted in 1938 by Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt

Scene 1: A grove of palms

The council of priests of Isis and Osiris, headed by Sarastro, enters to the sound of a solemn march. Sarastro tells the priests that Tamino is ready to undergo the ordeals that will lead to enlightenment. He invokes the gods Isis and Osiris, asking them to protect Tamino and Pamina (Aria and chorus: "O Isis und Osiris / O Isis and Osiris").

Scene 2: The courtyard of the Temple of Ordeal

Tamino and Papageno are led in by two priests for the first trial. The two priests advise Tamino and Papageno of the dangers ahead of them, warn them of women's wiles and swear them to silence (Duet: "Bewahret euch von Weibertücken" / Keep yourselves from women's tricks). The three ladies appear and remind Tamino and Papageno of what the Queen has said about Sarastro, trying to tempt them into speaking. (Quintet: "Wie, wie, wie" / How, how, how) Papageno cannot resist answering the ladies, but Tamino remains aloof, angrily instructing Papageno not to listen to the ladies' threats and to keep quiet. Seeing that Tamino will not speak to them, the ladies withdraw in confusion. The Speaker and a priest return and lead Tamino and Papageno away.

Scene 3: A garden

Pamina is asleep. Monostatos creeps in and ogles her. (Aria: "Alles fühlt der Liebe Freuden" / All feel the joys of love) He is about to kiss her, when the Queen of the Night appears. Monostatos hides. Waking, Pamina tells her that Tamino is joining Sarastro's brotherhood and that she is thinking of accompanying him. The Queen is not pleased. She explains that her husband, the previous owner of the temple, on his deathbed gave the ownership to Sarastro instead of to her, rendering the Queen powerless (this is in the original libretto, but is usually omitted from modern productions). She gives Pamina a dagger, ordering her to kill Sarastro with it and threatening to disown her if she does not. (Aria: "Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen" / Hell's vengeance boils in my heart). She leaves. Monostatos returns and tries to force Pamina's love by threatening to reveal the Queen's plot, but Sarastro enters and drives him off. Pamina begs Sarastro to forgive her mother and he reassures her that revenge and cruelty have no place in his domain (Aria: "In diesen heil'gen Hallen" / Within these sacred halls).

Scene 4: A hall in the Temple of Ordeal

Papagena as imagined by Jacques Drésa for a 1922 performance

Tamino and Papageno are led in by priests, who remind them that they must remain silent. Papageno complains of thirst. An old woman enters and offers Papageno a cup of water. He drinks and teasingly asks whether she has a boyfriend. She replies that she does and that his name is Papageno. She disappears as Papageno asks for her name, and the three boys bring in food, the magic flute, and the bells, sent from Sarastro (Trio: "Seid uns zum zweiten Mal willkommen" / We welcome you a second time). Tamino begins to play the flute, which summons Pamina. She tries to speak with him, but Tamino, bound by his vow of silence, cannot answer her, and Pamina begins to believe that he no longer loves her. (Aria: "Ach, ich fühl's, es ist verschwunden" / Oh, I feel it, it is gone) She leaves in despair.

Scene 5: The pyramids

The priests celebrate Tamino's successes so far, and pray that he will succeed and become worthy of their order (Chorus: "O Isis und Osiris" / O Isis and Osiris). Pamina is brought in and Sarastro instructs Pamina and Tamino to bid each other farewell before the greater trials ahead, alarming them by describing it as their "final farewell". (Trio: Sarastro, Pamina, Tamino – "Soll ich dich, Teurer, nicht mehr sehn?" / Shall I see you no more, dear one? — Note: In order to preserve the continuity of Pamina's suicidal feelings, this trio is sometimes performed earlier in act 2, preceding or immediately following the chorus "O Isis und Osiris".) They exit and Papageno enters. The priests grant his request for a glass of wine and he expresses his desire for a wife. (Aria: "Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen" / A girl or a woman). The elderly woman reappears and warns him that unless he immediately promises to marry her, he will be imprisoned forever. When Papageno promises to love her faithfully (muttering that he will only do this until something better comes along), she is transformed into the young and pretty Papagena. Papageno rushes to embrace her, but the priests drive him back, telling him that he is not yet worthy of her.

Finale. Scene 6: A garden

The three boys hail the dawn. They observe Pamina, who is contemplating suicide because she believes Tamino has abandoned her. The boys restrain her and reassure her of Tamino's love. (Quartet: "Bald prangt, den Morgen zu verkünden" / To herald the morning, soon will shine). The scene changes without a break, leading into scene 7.

Scene 7: At the Mountains of Ordeal

Tamino and Pamina undergo their final trial; watercolor by Max Slevogt (1868–1932)

(One mountain has a waterfall, the other emits fire.) Two men in armor lead Tamino in. They promise enlightenment to those who successfully overcome the fear of death ("Der, welcher wandert diese Strasse voll Beschwerden" / He who walks this path weighed down with cares – sung to a Baroque chorale prelude, inspired by Martin Luther's hymn "Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein" / Oh God, look down from heaven). Tamino declares that he is ready to be tested. Pamina calls to him from offstage. The men in armour assure him that the trial by silence is over and he is free to speak with her. Pamina enters and declares her intention to undergo the remaining trials with him. She hands him the magic flute to help them through the trials ("Tamino mein, o welch ein Glück! / Oh, what luck, my Tamino!"). Protected by the music of the magic flute, they pass unscathed through fire and water. Offstage, the priests hail their triumph and invite the couple to enter the temple. The scene changes without a break, leading into scene 8.

Scene 8: A garden with a tree

Papageno and Papagena; from a production at Texas A&M University–Commerce

Papageno despairs at having lost Papagena and decides to hang himself (Aria/Quartet: "Papagena! Papagena! Papagena! Weibchen, Täubchen, meine Schöne" / Papagena! Papagena! Papagena! Dear woman, dear dove, my beauty) He hesitates, counting to three, but more and more slowly. The three boys appear and stop him. They remind him he can play his magic bells to summon Papagena. She appears and, united, the happy couple stutter in astonishment and make bird-like courting sounds at each other. They plan their future and dream of the many children they will have together (Duet: "Pa... pa... pa..."). The scenes change without a break, leading into scene 9.

Scene 9: A rocky landscape outside the temple; night

Monostatos appears with the Queen of the Night and her three ladies. They plot to destroy the temple ("Nur stille, stille" / Just quiet, quiet) and the Queen confirms her promise to give Pamina to Monostatos, but suddenly, with thunder and lightning, they are cast out into eternal night. The scene changes without a break, leading into scene 10.

Scene 10: The Temple of the Sun

Sarastro announces the sun's triumph over the night and the fraudulent power of hypocrites. The chorus hails the newly consecrated Tamino and Pamina, and gives thanks to Isis and Osiris.

Musical numbers

Overture. The overture is frequently played on its own. Overture[41]
Act 1
1. Introduction: "Zu Hilfe! Zu Hilfe! Sonst bin ich verloren" – Tamino, Three Ladies 		"Zu Hilfe!"
2. Aria: "Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja" – Papageno "Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja"
3. Aria: "Dies Bildnis ist bezaubernd schön" – Tamino "Dies Bildnis ..."
4. Recitative and aria: "O zittre nicht, mein lieber Sohn" – The Queen of the Night "O zittre nicht"
5 Quintet: "Hm Hm Hm" – Tamino, Papageno, Three Ladies "Hm, hm, hm"
6. Terzet: "Du feines Täubchen, nur herein!" – Monostatos, Pamina, Papageno "Du feines Täubchen"
7. Duet: "Bei Männern, welche Liebe fühlen" – Pamina and Papageno "Bei Männern"
8. Finale 1: "Zum Ziele führt dich diese Bahn"
8. Finale 1: "Wie stark ist nicht dein Zauberton"
8. Finale 1: "Schnelle Füße, rascher Mut ... Das klinget so herrlich"
8. Finale 1: "Es lebe Sarastro" 		"Zum Ziele ..."
"Wie stark ..."
"Schnelle Füße ... Das klinget"
"Es lebe Sarasto"
Act 2
9. March of the Priests 		March of the Priests
10. Aria with chorus: "O Isis und Osiris" – Sarastro "O Isis und Osiris"
11. Duet: "Bewahret euch vor Weibertücken" – Second Priest, Speaker "Bewahret euch"
12. Quintet: "Wie? Ihr an diesem Schreckensort?" – Three Ladies, Tamino, Papageno "Wie?"
13. Aria: "Alles fühlt der Liebe Freuden" – Monostatos "Alles fühlt"
14. Aria: "Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen" – The Queen of the Night "Der Hölle Rache"
15. Aria: "In diesen heil'gen Hallen" – Sarastro "In diesen heil'gen Hallen"
16. Terzet: "Seid uns zum zweitenmal willkommen" – Three Boys "Seid uns zum zweiten Mal"
17. Aria: "Ach, ich fühl's, es ist verschwunden" – Pamina "Ach, ich fühl's"
18. Chorus: "O Isis und Osiris [fr; it]" – Priests O Isis und Osiris
19. Terzet: "Soll ich dich, Teurer, nicht mehr seh'n?" – Pamina, Tamino, Sarastro Soll ich dich, Teurer
20. Aria: "Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen" (A girl or a woman) – Papageno "Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen"
21. Finale 2: "Bald prangt, den Morgen zu verkünden"
21. Finale 2: "Der, welcher wandert diese Straße voll Beschwerden"
21. Finale 2: "Tamino mein! ... Triumph, Triumph! du edles Paar! Besieget hast du die Gefahr!"
21. Finale 2: "Papagena! Weibchen, Täubchen, meine Schöne ... Pa-Pa-Pa-Pa-Pa"
21. Finale 2: "Nur stille"
21. Finale 2: "Die Strahlen der Sonne vertreiben die Nacht ... Es siegte die Stärke" 		"Bald prangt"
"Der, welcher wandert"
"Tamino mein! ... Triumph!"
"Papagena! ... Pa-Pa-Pa..."
"Nur stille"
"Die Strahlen ... Es siegte"

Recordings

Main article: The Magic Flute discography

The first known recording of The Magic Flute's overture was issued around 1903, by the Victor Talking Machine Company and played by the Victor Grand Concert Band.

The first complete recording of The Magic Flute was of a live performance at the 1937 Salzburg Festival, with Arturo Toscanini conducting the Vienna Philharmonic and Vienna State Opera, though the recording was not officially issued until many years later. The first studio recording of the work, with Sir Thomas Beecham conducting the Berlin Philharmonic, was completed in 1938. Both of these historic recordings have been reissued on LP and compact disc. Since then there have been many recordings, in both audio and video formats.

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. The genre of the work is hard to specify. The programme at the premiere performance announced it as Eine grosse oper (A grand opera). Mozart entered the work in his personal catalog as a "German opera", and the first printed libretto called it a Singspiel.
  2. For detailed discussion of sources see Branscombe 1991, as well as Libretto of The Magic Flute.
  3. This is known from testimony by Ignaz von Seyfried (1776–1841), a composer who later (1798) became the musical director at the same theatre. According to Seyfried's memories (which he published in the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, vol. 12, 6June 1848, p. 184), " personally directed the premiere there on 30 September 1791, at which Süßmayr, the faithful Pylades, sat to his right, diligently turning the pages of the score." The description implies that Mozart was seated at a keyboard instrument, playing along with the orchestra, rather than standing on a podium with a baton; this was fairly standard practice for conductors in Mozart's time. Mozart conducted only the first two performances, whereupon direction was taken over by the regular leader of the orchestra, Johann Baptist Henneberg (Abert 2007, 1246).
  4. I & R priv Wieden Theatre / Today, Friday 30 September 1791. / The actors of the Imperial and Royal privileged Theatre on the Wieden will have the honour to perform / For the first time: / Die Zauberflöte. / A grand opera in 2 acts, by Emanuel Schikaneder. / Characters. / Sarastro. ... Hr. Gerl. / Tamino. ... Hr. Schack. / Speaker. ... Hr. Winter / {First, Second, Third} priest {...} {Hr. Schikaneder the elder. Hr. Kistler. Hr. Moll.} / Queen of the Night ... Mad. Hofer. / Pamina, her daughter. ... Mlle. Gottlieb. / {First, Second, Third} lady. ... {Mlle. Klöpfer. Mlle. Hofmann. Mad. Schack.} / Papageno. ... Hr. Schikaneder the younger. / An old woman . ... Mad. Gerl. / Monostatos a Moor. ... Hr. Nouseul. / {First, Second, Third} slave. ... {Hr. Gieseke. Hr. Frasel. Hr. Starke.} / Priests, slaves, retinue. / The music is by Herr Wolfgang Amade Mozart, Kapellmeister, an actual I and R Chamber Composer. Herr Mozart, out of respect for a gracious and honourable public, and from friendship for the author of this piece, will today direct the orchestra in person. / The book of the opera, furnished with two copper-plates, on which is engraved Herr Schikaneder in the costume he wears for the role of Papageno, may be had at the box office for 30 kr. / Herr Gayl, theatre painter, and Herr Nesslthaler as designer, flatter themselves that they have worked with the utmost artistic zeal according to the prescribed plan of the piece. / Prices of admission are as usual. / To begin at 7 o'clock. (According to English translation from Deutsch 1966, pp. 407–408)
  5. The Queen is sometimes referred to by the name "Astrifiammante", an Italian translation of the German adjective "sternflammende" ("star-blazing") in the original libretto
  6. The three child-spirits are often portrayed by young boy singers but also sometimes by mature women, particularly in studio recordings
  7. For instance, in the videotaped performance from the Bayerisches Staatsoper, Munich, 19 September 1983, available from Deutsche Grammophon
  8. The hymn was translated by Martin Luther in 1524 from the eleventh Psalm
  9. For the origin of this duet, see Emanuel Schikaneder

References

  1. Foil, David; Berger, William (2007). The Magic Flute – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Emanuel Schikaneder, Carl Ludwig Giesecke. Black Dog & Leventhal Pub. : Distributed by Workman Pub. Co. ISBN 9781579127596. OCLC 145431789.
  2. Fiona Maddocks (19 August 2011). "Top 50 operas". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  3. Buch, David J. (1997). "Mozart and the Theater auf der Wieden: New attributions and perspectives1". Cambridge Opera Journal. 9 (3): 195–232. doi:10.1017/S0954586700004808. ISSN 1474-0621. S2CID 193162027.
  4. Branscombe 1991, ch. 2.
  5. Shaked, Guy (2015). "Mozart's Competition with Antonio Salieri and The Magic Flute". The Opera Journal. 48 (2). National Opera Association: 3–20.
  6. Litai-Jacoby, Ruth (2008). Mozart ve'Acherim: Hatsagat Dmut Ha'acher 'Umashma'uta Ba'operot Hakomiot shel Mozart [Mozart and Others: Representing the Image of the Other and Its Meaning in Mozart's Comic Operas] (PhD). Bar-Ilan University. p. 247.
  7. Anon. 2014.
  8. Buch, David J. (2005). "Three Posthumous Reports Concerning Mozart in His Late Viennese Years". Eighteenth-Century Music. 2 (1): 125–129. doi:10.1017/S147857060500028X. ISSN 1478-5714. S2CID 162890801.
  9. Dexter Edge; David Black (16 March 2015). "1 October 1791: The earliest published report on the premiere of Die Zauberflöte – Münchner Zeitung, no. 158, 7 October 1791". Mozart: New Documents.
  10. ^ Solomon 1995, p. 487.
  11. Lemberg, today the Ukrainian city of Lviv, was at the time a provincial center of the Austrian Empire. The Lviv performance was brought to the attention of musical scholarship only recently by Dexter Edge and David Black
  12. Branscombe 1991, p. 162.
  13. For extensive discussion of the spread of The Magic Flute and its performance traditions, see Branscombe 1991, ch. 7.
  14. For discussion and examples, see Branscombe 1991, ch. 7.
  15. "Top 10 Most Popular Operas in the world". opera sense. 14 September 2016. Number 3.
  16. "The 20 greatest operas ever written", Classic FM (UK), 19 July 2022. Number 7
  17. "First full-score edition (Bonn, 1814)". Eda Kuhn Loeb Music Library, Harvard Library.
  18. Freyhan, Michael (2009). The Authentic Magic Flute Libretto: Mozart's Autograph or the First Full Score Edition?. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810869677. OCLC 665842164.
  19. See, for instance, Julian Rushton, "Die Zauberflöte" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie, 4 vols. (London and New York, 1992), Volume 4, pp. 1215–1218, and in "Mozart" in volume III of the same dictionary, pp. 489–503.
  20. Macpherson, Jay (October 2007). "The Magic Flute and Freemasonry". University of Toronto Quarterly. 76 (4): 1080–1083. doi:10.3138/utq.76.4.1072.
  21. Buch, David J. (January 1992). "Fairy-Tale Literature and Die Zauberflöte". Acta Musicologica. 64 (1): 32–36. doi:10.2307/932991. JSTOR 932991.
  22. "Die Zauberflöte, Masonic Opera, and Other Fairy Tales". (PDF download available)
  23. "Libretto". mozart2051.tripod.com.
  24. Condee, Newcomb. "Brother Mozart and The Magic Flute". Archived from the original on 14 August 2003. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
  25. Joshua Borths (22 November 2016). The secrets of Mozart's Magic Flute. YouTube. TED-Ed. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.
  26. Jacobs, Arthur; Sadie, Stanley (21 October 1996). The Wordsworth Book of Opera. Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 9781853263705 – via Google Books.
  27. Stark, Jonathan (31 March 2022). "Tamino, Who Are You?". starkconductor.com. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  28. Score (roles), Neue Mozart-Ausgabe
  29. Betsy Schwarm. "The Magic Flute". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  30. Branscombe 1991, p. 148.
  31. "Synopsis: Die Zauberflöte". opera.stanford.edu.
  32. Branscombe 1991, pp. 145–151.
  33. Boldrey 1994.
  34. "The otherworldly feeling of Mozart's magic" by Louise Schwartzkoff, The Sydney Morning Herald, 28 July 2009
  35. Rosen 1997, p. 254.
  36. DuQuette, Lon Milo (30 January 2013). "Mozart's Magic Flute, Magick and Masonry". Life Force Arts. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  37. "The Magic Flute Overture", Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Retrieved 2 February 2016. Archived 6 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  38. Cairns, David (2006). Mozart and His Operas. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520228986 – via Google Books.
  39. Heartz 2009, p. 284.
  40. Rathey, Markus (September 2016). "Mozart, Kirnberger, and the idea of musical purity: Revisiting two sketches from 1782". Eighteenth-Century Music. 13 (2). Cambridge University Press: 235–252. doi:10.1017/S1478570616000063.
  41. RIAS Symphonie-Orchester; Ferenc Fricsay; et al. (1955). "Die Zauberflöte, complete recording". Retrieved 10 March 2024 – via Internet Archive.
  42. "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (composer) – Discography of American Historical Recordings". adp.library.ucsb.edu.
  43. "Mozart: Die Zauberflöte, K620 (The Magic Flute)". Presto Classical. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  44. Gruber, Paul, ed. (1993). The Metropolitan Guide to Recorded Opera. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-01599-6.

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