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{{Short description|City in the Southern Levant}} | |||
{{POV-lead|date=February 2011}} | |||
{{redirect2|Al-Quds|Bayt al-Maqdis||Jerusalem (disambiguation)|and|Al-Quds (disambiguation)|and|Bayt al-Maqdis (disambiguation)}} | |||
{{Redirect|al-Quds}} | |||
{{ |
{{pp-move}} | ||
{{pp-extended|small=yes}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} | |||
{{Use British English|date=October 2022}} | |||
{{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| name = Jerusalem | |||
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | |||
| native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|he|יְרוּשָׁלַיִם}}|{{native name|ar|القُدس}}}} | |||
| name = Jerusalem | |||
| settlement_type = ] | |||
| native_name = <br>{{lang|he|יְרוּשָׁלַיִם}} (Yerushalayim), {{lang|ar|القُدس}} (al-Quds) | |||
| |
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image | ||
| perrow = 1/2/3/2 | |||
| image_skyline = Jerusalem infobox image.JPG | |||
| border = infobox | |||
| imagesize = 250px | |||
| total_width = 290 | |||
| image_caption = '''From upper left''': Jerusalem skyline viewed from ], the ] and the ], a ] in the ], the ], the ], the ] and the Old City walls | |||
| caption_align = center | |||
| image_flag = Flag of Jerusalem.svg{{!}}border | |||
| image1 = Jerusalem-1712855.jpg | |||
| caption1 = ] from the ] with ] and ] on the ] | |||
| shield_size = 60px | |||
| image2 = המצודה בלילה.jpg | |||
| shield_alt = Emblem of Jerusalem | |||
| caption2 = ] | |||
| shield_link = | |||
| image3 = הרברט סמואל ירושלים.jpg | |||
| nickname = ''Ir ha-Kodesh'' (Holy City), ''Bayt al-Maqdis'' (House of the Holiness) | |||
| caption3 = ] | |||
| motto = Holiest city in Judaism | |||
| image4 = Jerusalem Chords Bridge 5 (cropped).jpg | |||
| pushpin_map = Israel | |||
| caption4 = ] | |||
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Jerusalem | |||
| image5 = Old city walls and mamilla ave. at night - as seen from "Rooftop" restauran - Jerusalem, Israel.jpg | |||
|coordinates_region = IL | |||
| caption5 = ] | |||
|subdivision_type1 = ] | |||
| image6 = 16-03-30-Klagemauer Jerusalem RalfR-DSCF7704.jpg | |||
| latd=31 |latm=47 |lats= |latNS=N | |||
| caption6 = ] | |||
| longd=35 |longm=13 |longs=|longEW=E | |||
| image7 = Billy Rose Art Garden (14755133799).jpg | |||
| coordinates_display = inline,title | |||
| caption7 = ] | |||
| image8 = East Jerusalem - The Old City - 171 (4261730886).jpg | |||
| subdivision_name1 = ] | |||
| caption8 = ] | |||
| leader_title = Mayor | |||
| leader_name = ] | |||
| unit_pref = dunam | |||
| area_total_dunam = 125156 | |||
| area_metro_km2 = 652 | |||
| elevation_m = 630 | |||
| population_total = 780,200 | |||
| population_metro = 1,029,300 | |||
| population_as_of = 2009 | |||
| population_density_km2 = 6183 | |||
| population_demonym = Jerusalemite | |||
| timezone1 = ] | |||
| utc_offset1 = +2 | |||
| timezone1_DST = ] | |||
|region = ] | |||
| utc_offset1_DST = +3 | |||
| area_code = overseas dialing +972; local dialing 02 | |||
| website = {{en icon}}<br>{{he icon}}<br> {{ar icon}} | |||
| footnotes = | |||
}} | }} | ||
| image_flag = | |||
{{Jerusalem large}} | |||
| flag_alt = | |||
| flag_link = | |||
| image_shield = | |||
| shield_alt = | |||
| shield_link = | |||
| shield_size = | |||
| nickname = {{ubl|{{transliteration|ar|Ir ha-Kodesh}} (The Holy City)|{{transliteration|ar|Bayt al-Maqdis}} (House of the Holiness)}} | |||
| pushpin_map = Israel#Palestine#Middle East2#Asia | |||
| pushpin_relief = | |||
| pushpin_label_position = bottom | |||
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Jerusalem | |||
| coordinates = {{Coord|31|47|N|35|13|E|region:IL-JM_type:city|display=inline,title}} | |||
| subdivision_type = Administered by | |||
| subdivision_name = Israel | |||
| subdivision_type1 = Claimed by | |||
| subdivision_name1 = ] and ]{{refn|group=note|The State of Palestine (according to the Basic Law of Palestine, Title One: Article 3) regards Jerusalem as its capital.<ref name=BasicLawPal-T1A3> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211183132/http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |date=11 February 2016 }}. Basic Law of Palestine. Retrieved 9 December 2012.</ref> However, the documents of the ]'s Negotiations Affairs Department (NAD) often refer to ] (rather than the whole of Jerusalem) as a future capital, and sometimes as the current capital. One of its 2010 documents, described as "for discussion purposes only", says that Palestine has a '"vision"' for a future in which "East Jerusalem ... shall be the capital of Palestine, and West Jerusalem shall be the capital of Israel",<ref name=PLO-NAD-2010>{{cite web |work=PLO-NAD |date=June 2010 |url=http://www.nad-plo.org/userfiles/file/Non-Peper/Jerusalem%20Non-Paper-%20Final%20%20June%202010.pdf |title=Jerusalem Non-Paper |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206101131/http://www.nad-plo.org/userfiles/file/Non-Peper/Jerusalem%20Non-Paper-%20Final%20%20June%202010.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2012 |access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nad-plo.org/etemplate.php?id=59 |title=Statements and Speeches |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418223336/http://www.nad-plo.org/etemplate.php?id=59 |archive-date=18 April 2016 |work=nad-plo.org |access-date=25 November 2014 |page=2 |quote="This paper is '''for discussion purposes only'''. Nothing is agreed until everything is agreed. Palestinian '''vision''' for Jerusalem...Pursuant to our '''vision''', '''East Jerusalem''', as defined by its pre-1967 occupation municipal borders, '''shall be the capital of Palestine, and West Jerusalem shall be the capital of Israel''', with each state enjoying full sovereignty over its respective part of the city."}}</ref> and one of its 2013 documents refers to "Palestine's capital, East Jerusalem", and states that "Occupied East Jerusalem is the natural socio-economic and political center for the future Palestinian state", while also stating that "Jerusalem has always been and remains the political, administrative and spiritual heart of Palestine" and that "The Palestinian acceptance of the 1967 border, which includes East Jerusalem, is a painful compromise".<ref name=PLO-NAD-2013>{{cite web |work=PLO-Negotiations Affairs Department (NAD) |date=August 2013 |url=http://www.nad-plo.org/userfiles/file/Factsheet%202013/EJ%20TODAY_FINAL%20REPORT_II.pdf |title=East Jerusalem today – Palestine's Capital: The 1967 border in Jerusalem and Israel's illegal policies on the ground |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121305/http://www.nad-plo.org/userfiles/file/Factsheet%202013/EJ%20TODAY_FINAL%20REPORT_II.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=25 November 2014}}</ref>}} | |||
| subdivision_type2 = ] | |||
| subdivision_name2 = ] | |||
| subdivision_type3 = ] | |||
| subdivision_name3 = ] | |||
| established_title = ] settlement | |||
| established_date = 3000–2800 BCE | |||
| established_title1 = ] | |||
| established_date1 = {{circa|1000 BCE}} | |||
| established_title2 = ] built | |||
| established_date2 = 1541 | |||
| established_title3 = ] | |||
| established_date3 = 1948 | |||
| established_title4 = ] | |||
| established_date4 = 1967 | |||
| established_title5 = ] | |||
| established_date5 = 1980 | |||
| government_type = ] | |||
| governing_body = ] | |||
| leader_party = ] | |||
| leader_title = ] | |||
| leader_name = ] | |||
| unit_pref = dunam | |||
| area_total_dunam = 125156 | |||
| area_metro_dunam = 652000 | |||
| elevation_m = 754 | |||
| population_as_of = 2022 | |||
| population_total = 981,711 | |||
| population_density_km2 = auto | |||
| population_metro = 1,253,900 | |||
| population_demonyms = {{ubl|]|(Hebrew: {{transliteration|he|Yerushalmi}})|(Arabic: {{transliteration|ar|], ]}})}} | |||
| demographics1_title1 = ] | |||
| demographics1_info1 = 59.9% | |||
| demographics1_title2 = ] | |||
| demographics1_info2 = 37.2% | |||
| demographics1_title3 = ] | |||
| demographics1_info3 = 1.7% | |||
| demographics1_title4 = others | |||
| demographics1_info4 = 1.1% | |||
| timezone1 = ], ] | |||
| utc_offset1 = +02:00 | |||
| timezone1_DST = ], ] | |||
| utc_offset1_DST = +03:00 | |||
| postal_code_type = ] | |||
| postal_code = 9XXXXXX | |||
| area_code_type = ] | |||
| area_code = +972-2 | |||
| website = {{URL|https://www.jerusalem.muni.il/en|jerusalem.muni.il}} | |||
| footnotes = {{Infobox designation list | |||
|embed = yes | |||
|designation1 = World Heritage Site | |||
|designation1_offname = ] | |||
|designation1_type = Cultural | |||
|designation1_criteria = ii, iii, vi | |||
|designation1_date = 1981 | |||
|designation1_number = | |||
|designation1_free1name = Region | |||
|designation1_free1value= ] | |||
|designation1_free2name = ] | |||
|designation1_free2value= 1982–present | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
{{Jerusalem sidebar}} | |||
'''Jerusalem'''{{refn|group=note|{{IPAc-en|dʒ|ə|ˈ|r|uː|s|əl|ə|m|,|_|-|z|ə|-}} {{respell|jə|ROO|sə|ləm|,_|-|zə|-}}; {{Langx|he|יְרוּשָׁלַיִם|Yerushaláyim}}, {{IPA|he|jeʁuʃaˈlajim|pron|He-Jerusalem.ogg}}; {{Langx|ar|القُدس|al-Quds}}, {{IPA|ar|al.quds|pron|ArAlquds.ogg}}, {{IPA-all|il.ʔuds|local}}<ref>''A-Z Guide to the Qur'an: A Must-have Reference to Understanding the Contents of the Islamic Holy Book'' by Mokhtar Stork (1999): "JERUSALEM: Referred to in Arabic as Baitul Muqaddas (The Holy House) or Baitul Maqdis (The House of the Sanctuary)".</ref><ref>''Pan-Islamism in India & Bengal'' by Mohammad Shah (2002), p. 63: "... protector of Mecca, Medina and Baitul Muqaddas, the sacred places of pilgrimage of the Muslim world"</ref><ref name="Elihay2011" /><br />In other languages:<br/>Official Arabic in Israel: {{langx|ar|أورشليم القدس|ʾŪršalīm al-Quds}} (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names)<br />{{langx|grc|Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα|Hierousalḗm, Hierosóluma}}<br />{{langx|hy|Երուսաղեմ|Erusałēm}}}} is a city in the ], on a plateau in the ] between the ] and the ]. It is one of the ], and is considered ] to the three major ]—], ], and ]. Both the ] and the ] claim Jerusalem as their ]. Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there, and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power. Neither claim is widely ].{{refn|group=note|Jerusalem is the capital under ]. The presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament (]) are there. The State of Palestine (according to the Basic Law of Palestine, Title One: Article 3) regards Jerusalem as its capital.<ref name=BasicLawPal-T1A3/> The UN and most countries do not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Most countries maintain their embassies in ] and its suburbs or suburbs of Jerusalem, such as ] <small>(see and {{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-date=1 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601135924/https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |url-status=live }} {{small|(319 KB)}})</small> See ] for more information.}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/dec/06/donald-trump-us-jerusalem-israel-capital |title=Donald Trump confirms US will recognise Jerusalem as capital of Israel |last=Smith |first=William |date=6 December 2017 |work=The Guardian |access-date=13 May 2017 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005074952/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/dec/06/donald-trump-us-jerusalem-israel-capital |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
'''Jerusalem''' ({{lang-he-n|יְרוּשָׁלַיִם}} <small>{{Audio|He-Jerusalem.ogg|(audio)}}</small>, ''{{lang|he-Latn|Yerushaláyim}}'', <small>]</small> ''Yrušalaym'', "Abode of Peace"; ]: {{lang|ar|القُدس}} <small>{{Audio|ArAlquds.ogg|(audio)}}</small>, ''al-Quds '', "The Holy Sanctuary"){{ref label|names|ii|}} is claimed to be the ] of ], though not internationally recognized as such.{{ref label|capital|iii|}} If the area and population of occupied Palestinian ] is included, it is Israel's ]<ref>Largest city: | |||
Throughout ], Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice, ], captured and recaptured 44 times, and attacked 52 times.<ref name=Moment>{{cite web |url=http://www.momentmag.com/Exclusive/2008/2008-03/200803-Jerusalem.html |work=Moment Magazine |title=Do We Divide the Holiest Holy City? |access-date=5 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603214950/http://www.momentmag.com/Exclusive/2008/2008-03/200803-Jerusalem.html |archive-date=3 June 2008}} According to Eric H. Cline's tally in Jerusalem Besieged.</ref> The part of Jerusalem called the ] shows first signs of settlement in the 4th millennium BCE, in the shape of encampments of nomadic shepherds.<ref name=Greenberg>{{cite web |first1=Raphael |last1=Greenberg |first2=Yonathan |last2=Mizrachi |title=From Shiloah to Silwan – A Visitor's Guide |publisher=Emek Shaveh |date=10 September 2013 |url=https://alt-arch.org/en/from-shiloah-to-silwan-a-visitors-guide |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815180019/https://alt-arch.org/en/from-shiloah-to-silwan-a-visitors-guide |url-status=dead}}</ref> During the ] period (14th century BCE), Jerusalem was named as ''Urusalim'' on ]ian tablets, probably meaning "City of ]" after a ]. During the ] period, significant construction activity in Jerusalem began in the 10th century BCE (Iron Age II), and by the 9th century BCE, the city had developed into the religious and administrative center of the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Two Houses of Israel: State Formation and the Origins of Pan-Israelite Identity |last=Sergi |first=Omer |publisher=SBL Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-62837-345-5 |pages=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nLMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187 |access-date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024041210/https://books.google.com/books?id=4nLMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1538, the ] for a last time around Jerusalem under ] of the ]. Today those walls define the ], which since the 19th century has been divided into four quarters – the ], ], ], and ] quarters.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jerusalem in the 19th Century, The Old City |last=Ben-Arieh |first=Yehoshua |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben Zvi & St. Martin's Press |year=1984 |page= |isbn=978-0-312-44187-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/jerusalemin19thc00bena/page/14}}</ref><ref name=Teller/> The Old City became a ] in 1981, and is on the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/148 |title=Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Convention |access-date=11 September 2010 |archive-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804093930/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/148 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 1860, ] far beyond the Old City's boundaries. In 2022, Jerusalem had a ] of some 971,800 residents, of which almost 60% were Jews and almost 40% Palestinians.<ref name="cbs.gov.il 2022">{{cite web |title=Selected Data on the Occasion of Jerusalem Day, 2022 |website=cbs.gov.il |date=26 May 2022 |url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/mediarelease/Pages/2022/Selected-Data-on-the-Occasion-of-Jerusalem-Day-2022.aspx |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528121851/https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/mediarelease/Pages/2022/Selected-Data-on-the-Occasion-of-Jerusalem-Day-2022.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Statistics regarding the demographics of Jerusalem refer to the unified and expanded Israeli municipality, which includes the pre-1967 Israeli and ]ian municipalities as well as several additional ] villages and neighborhoods to the northeast. Some of the Palestinian villages and neighborhoods have been relinquished to the ] ''de facto'' by way of the ],<ref name=laub2006/> but their legal statuses have not been reverted.}} In 2020, the population was 951,100, of which ] comprised 570,100 (59.9%), ] 353,800 (37.2%), ] 16,300 (1.7%), and 10,800 unclassified (1.1%).<ref name=PopRel>{{cite web |url=https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/shnaton_C0922.pdf |title=Table III/9 – Population in Israel and in Jerusalem, by Religion, 1988 – 2020 |year=2022 |website=jerusaleminstitute.org.il |access-date=27 December 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034034/https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/shnaton_C0922.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
* "… modern Jerusalem, Israel's largest city …" (Erlanger, Steven. , '']'', April 16, 2006.) | |||
* "Jerusalem is Israel's largest city." ("{{Dead link|date=September 2010}}", ] ], 2006, p. 3. Retrieved October 18, 2006. 2009-10-31.) | |||
* "Since 1975 unified Jerusalem has been the largest city in Israel." (, ], 2006. Retrieved October 18, 2006. 2008-06-21) | |||
* "Jerusalem is the largest city in the State of Israel. It has the largest population, the most Jews and the most non-Jews of all Israeli cities." (Klein, Menachem. ''Jerusalem: The Future of a Contested City'', New York University Press, March 1, 2001, p. 18. ISBN 0-8147-4754-X) | |||
* "In 1967, Tel Aviv was the largest city in Israel. By 1987, more ''Jews'' lived in Jerusalem than the total population of Tel Aviv. Jerusalem had become Israel's premier city." (Friedland, Roger and Hecht, Richard. ''To Rule Jerusalem'', University of California Press, September 19, 2000, p. 192. ISBN 0-520-22092-7).</ref> in both population and area,<ref name="cbs">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2006n/11_06_106e.pdf |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics |title=Press Release: Jerusalem Day |date=2006-05-24 |accessdate=2007-03-10 |format=PDF}}</ref> with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of {{convert|125.1|km2|sqmi|lk=out|abbr=on}}.<ref name="mfa-40th">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2009/table3.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |title=TABLE 3. – POPULATION(1) OF LOCALITIES NUMBERING ABOVE 2,000 RESIDENTS AND OTHER RURAL POPULATION ON 31/12/2008 |date=2008-12-31 |accessdate=2009-10-26}}</ref><ref name="profile">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2009/table3.pdf|publisher=]|title=Local Authorities in Israel 2007, Publication #1295 – Municipality Profiles – Jerusalem|accessdate=2007-12-31|format=PDF|language=Hebrew}}</ref>{{ref label|cbs-stats|iv|}} Located in the ], between the ] and the northern edge of the ], modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the ]. | |||
According to the ], King ] ] from the ]s and established it as the capital of the ], and his son, King ], commissioned the building of the ].{{refn|group=note|name=bible-david|Much of the information regarding King David's conquest of Jerusalem comes from ] accounts, but some modern-day historians have begun to give them credit due to a 1993 excavation.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Return to Sodom & Gomorrah |last=Pellegrino |first=Charles R. |publisher=Harper Paperbacks |edition=Second revised |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-380-72633-2 |page= |quote= |url=https://archive.org/details/returntosodomgom00pell/page/271}}</ref>}} Modern scholars argue that Israelites branched out of the ]ite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct ]—and later ]—religion centered on ]/].<ref name="Tubb98">Tubb (1998), pp. 13–14.</ref><ref name="Smith02">Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)</ref> These foundational events, straddling the dawn of the 1st millennium BCE, assumed central symbolic ] for the ].<ref name=1000BCE>Since the 10th century BCE: | |||
Jerusalem is a holy city to the three major ]—], ] and ]. In ], Jerusalem has been the holiest city since, according to the ], King ] of Israel first established it as the capital of the ] in c. ], and his son ] commissioned the building of the ] in the city.<ref name="1000BCE">Since the 10th century BCE:{{ref label|bible-david|v|a}} | |||
* "Israel was first forged into a unified nation from Jerusalem some 3,000 years ago, when ] seized the crown and united the ] from this city |
* "Israel was first forged into a unified nation from Jerusalem some 3,000 years ago, when ] seized the crown and united the ] from this city... For a thousand years Jerusalem was the seat of Jewish sovereignty, the household site of kings, the location of its legislative councils and courts. In exile, the Jewish nation came to be identified with the city that had been the site of its ancient capital. Jews, wherever they were, prayed for its restoration." Roger Friedland, Richard D. Hecht. ''To Rule Jerusalem'', University of California Press, 2000, p. 8. {{ISBN|978-0-520-22092-8}} | ||
* "The centrality of Jerusalem to Judaism is so strong that even secular Jews express their devotion and attachment to the city, and cannot conceive of a modern State of Israel without it.... For Jews Jerusalem is sacred simply because it exists... Though Jerusalem's sacred character goes back three millennia...". Leslie J. Hoppe. ''The Holy City: Jerusalem in the theology of the Old Testament'', Liturgical Press, 2000, p. 6. {{ISBN|978-0-8146-5081-3}} | |||
* "The Jewish bond to Jerusalem was never broken. For three millennia, Jerusalem has been the center of the Jewish faith, retaining its symbolic value throughout the generations." , Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, February 23, 2003. Accessed March 24, 2007. | |||
* "Ever since King David made Jerusalem the capital of Israel 3,000 years ago, the city has played a central role in Jewish existence." Mitchell Geoffrey Bard, ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Middle East Conflict'', Alpha Books, 2002, p. 330. {{ISBN|978-0-02-864410-3}} | |||
* "The centrality of Jerusalem to Judaism is so strong that even secular Jews express their devotion and attachment to the city, and cannot conceive of a modern State of Israel without it.... For Jews Jerusalem is sacred simply because it exists... Though Jerusalem's sacred character goes back three millennia ...". Leslie J. Hoppe. ''The Holy City: Jerusalem in the theology of the Old Testament'', Liturgical Press, 2000, p. 6. ISBN 0-8146-5081-3 | |||
* "Jerusalem became the center of the Jewish people some 3,000 years ago" Moshe Maoz, Sari Nusseibeh, ''Jerusalem: Points of Friction – And Beyond'', Brill Academic Publishers, 2000, p. 1. {{ISBN|978-90-411-8843-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |quote=The Jewish people are inextricably bound to the city of Jerusalem. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, politics, culture, religion, national life and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Since King David established the city as the capital of the Jewish state circa 1000 BCE, it has served as the symbol and most profound expression of the Jewish people's identity as a nation." |url=http://www.adl.org/israel/advocacy/glossary/jerusalem.asp |title=Basic Facts you should know: Jerusalem |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104013732/http://www.adl.org/israel/advocacy/glossary/Jerusalem.asp |archive-date=4 January 2013 |work=] |year=2007 |access-date=28 March 2007}}</ref> The sobriquet of holy city ({{langx|he|עיר הקודש|link=no|translit='Ir ha-Qodesh}}) was probably attached to Jerusalem in ] times.<ref>Reinoud Oosting, {{Google books |id=at6SOl54gqAC |page=117 |title=The Role of Zion/Jerusalem in Isaiah 40–55: A Corpus-Linguistic Approach}} Brill 2012 pp. 117–18. ] 48:2; 51:1; ] 11:1, 18; cf. ] 4:17: ] 5:24. The Isaiah section where they occur belong to deutero-Isaiah.</ref><ref>Shalom M. Paul, {{Google books |id=SkFTmo4ZnzMC |title=Isaiah 40–66||publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2012 |page=306}} The 'holiness' (''qodesh'') arises from the temple in its midst, the root ] referring to a sanctuary. The concept is attested in Mesopotamian literature, and the epithet may serve to distinguish Babylon, the city of exiles, from the city of the Temple, to where they are enjoined to return.</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Norman |last=Golb |url=http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/Jerusalem_OneCity.shtml |title=Karen Armstrong's Jerusalem – One City, Three Faiths |publisher=The Bible and Interpretation |year=1997 |quote=The available texts of antiquity indicate that the concept was created by one or more personalities among the Jewish spiritual leadership, and that this occurred no later than the 6th century B.C. |access-date=10 July 2013 |archive-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011220541/http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/Jerusalem_OneCity.shtml |url-status=dead}}</ref> The holiness of ], conserved in the ],<ref name=":5">Isaiah 52:1 πόλις ἡ ἁγία.</ref> which Christians adopted as the ],<ref name=":6">Joseph T. Lienhard, ''The Bible, the Church, and Authority: The Canon of the Christian Bible in History and Theology'', Liturgical Press, 1995 pp. 65–66: 'The Septuagint is a Jewish translation and was also used in the synagogue. But at the end of the first century C.E. many Jews ceased to use the Septuagint because the early Christians had adopted it as their own translation, and it began to be considered a Christian translation.'</ref> was reinforced by the ] account of ] and ] there. Meanwhile, in ], Jerusalem is the third-holiest city, after ] and ].<ref name="3rd">Third-holiest city in Islam: | |||
* "Ever since King David made Jerusalem the capital of Israel 3,000 years ago, the city has played a central role in Jewish existence." Mitchell Geoffrey Bard, ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Middle East Conflict'', Alpha Books, 2002, p. 330. ISBN 0-02-864410-7 | |||
*{{Cite book |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/whateveryoneneed00espo |url-access=limited |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |isbn=978-0-19-515713-0 |page= |quote=The Night Journey made Jerusalem the third holiest city in Islam}} | |||
* "For Jews the city has been the pre-eminent focus of their spiritual, cultural, and national life throughout three millennia." Yossi Feintuch, ''U.S. Policy on Jerusalem'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 1987, p. 1. ISBN 0-313-25700-0 | |||
*{{Cite book |title=Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics |last=Brown |first=Leon Carl |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-231-12038-8 |page=11 |chapter=Setting the Stage: Islam and Muslims |quote=The third holiest city of Islam—Jerusalem—is also very much in the center...}} | |||
* "Jerusalem became the center of the Jewish people some 3,000 years ago" Moshe Maoz, Sari Nusseibeh, ''Jerusalem: Points of Friction – And Beyond'', Brill Academic Publishers, 2000, p. 1. ISBN 90-411-8843-6 | |||
*{{Cite book |title=The Holy City: Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament |last=Hoppe |first=Leslie J. |publisher=Michael Glazier Books |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8146-5081-3 |page=14 |quote=Jerusalem has always enjoyed a prominent place in Islam. Jerusalem is often referred to as the third holiest city in Islam...}}</ref><ref>''Middle East peace plans'' by Willard A. Beling: "The Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount is the third holiest site in Sunni Islam after Mecca and Medina".</ref> The city was the first ] for ],<ref name=":7">{{cite book |editor1-last=Lewis |editor1-first=Bernard |editor2-last=Holt |editor2-first=P. M. |editor3-last=Lambton |editor3-first=Ann |title=Cambridge History of Islam |year=1986 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> and ], ] made his ] there in 621, ascending to heaven where he spoke to ], per the ].<ref name=":9">{{Qref|17|1–3|b=yl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Buchanan |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Buchanan |year=2004 |title=States, Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making Boundaries |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52575-6 |url={{Google books |id=bntCSupRlO4C |page=192 |plainurl=yes}} |access-date=9 June 2008}}</ref> As a result, despite having an area of only {{cvt|0.9|km2|sqmi|frac=8}},<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kollek |first=Teddy |author-link=Teddy Kollek |chapter=Afterword |editor=John Phillips |title=A Will to Survive – Israel: the Faces of the Terror 1948-the Faces of Hope Today |publisher=Dial Press/James Wade |year=1977 |quote=about {{convert|225|acre|ha |order=flip|}}}}</ref> the Old City is home to many sites of seminal ], among them the ] with its ], ] and ], and the ]. | |||
* "The Jewish people are inextricably bound to the city of Jerusalem. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, politics, culture, religion, national life and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Since King David established the city as the capital of the Jewish state circa 1000 BCE, it has served as the symbol and most profound expression of the Jewish people's identity as a nation." , ], 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2007.</ref> In ], Jerusalem has been a holy city since, according to the ], ] in c. 30 CE and 300 years later Saint ] found the ] in the city. In ], Jerusalem is the ] city.<ref name="3rd-holiest">Third-holiest city in Islam: | |||
* {{Cite book|title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2002-11-02 |last=Esposito |first=John L. |authorlink=John Esposito |accessdate=2007-03-11 |isbn=0195157133 |page=157 |quote=The Night Journey made Jerusalem the third holiest city in Islam}} | |||
* {{Cite book|title=Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics |last=Brown |first=Leon Carl |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=2000-09-15 |isbn=0231120389 |page=11 |chapter=Setting the Stage: Islam and Muslims |quote=The third holiest city of Islam—Jerusalem—is also very much in the center ... |accessdate=2007-03-11}} | |||
* {{Cite book|title=The Holy City: Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament |last=Hoppe |first=Leslie J. |publisher=Michael Glazier Books |month=August |year=2000 |isbn=0814650813 |page=14 |quote=Jerusalem has always enjoyed a prominent place in Islam. Jerusalem is often referred to as the third holiest city in Islam ... |accessdate=2007-03-11}}</ref><ref>"Middle East peace plans" by Willard A. Beling": The Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount is the third holiest site in Sunni Islam after Mecca and Medina</ref> It became the first ], the focal point for Muslim prayer (]) in 610 CE,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Lewis|editor1-first=Bernard|editor2-last=Holt|editor2-first=P. M.|editor3-last=Lambton|editor3-first=Ann|title=Cambridge History of Islam|year=1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> and, according to Islamic tradition, ] made his ] there ten years later.<ref>{{Quran-usc-range|17|1|end=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Allen |first=Edgar |authorlink=Edgar Allen |year=2004 |title=States, Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making Boundaries |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521525756 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=bntCSupRlO4C&pg=PA192&dq=Al-Masjid+Al-Aqsa |accessdate=9 June 2008}}</ref> As a result, and despite having an area of only {{convert|0.9|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kollek |first=Teddy |authorlink=Teddy Kollek |chapter=Afterword |editor=John Phillips |title=A Will to Survive – Israel: the Faces of the Terror 1948-the Faces of Hope Today|publisher=Dial Press/James Wade|year=1977|quote=about {{convert|225|acre|km2}}}}</ref> the Old City is home to sites of key religious importance, among them the ], the ], the ], the ] and ]. | |||
At present, the ] remains one of the core issues in the ]. Under the 1947 ], Jerusalem was to be "established as a '']'' under a special international regime" administered by the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web |title=A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947 |url=https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010090147/https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=3 December 2024 |publisher=United Nations General Assembly}}</ref> During the ], ] was among the areas ] into Israel, while ], including the Old City, was occupied and ] by ]. Israel occupied East Jerusalem from Jordan during the 1967 ] and subsequently ] it into the city's municipality, together with additional surrounding territory.{{refn|group=note|] comprises approximately one third of the municipal area of Jerusalem, with ] comprising approximately two-thirds. On the annexation of East Jerusalem, Israel also incorporated an area of the West Bank into the Jerusalem municipal area which represented more than ten times the area of East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule.<ref>Walid Khalidi (1996) Islam, the West and Jerusalem. Center for Contemporary Arab Studies & Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding, Georgetown University, quotes the breakdown as follows: West Jerusalem in 1948: 16,261 dunums (14%); West Jerusalem added in 1967: 23,000 dunums (20%); East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule: 6,000 dunums (5%); West Bank area annexed and incorporated into East Jerusalem by Israel: 67,000 dunums (61%)</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Aronson |first=Geoffrey |year=1995 |title=Settlement Monitor: Quarterly Update on Developments |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |volume=25 |issue=1 |publisher=University of California Press, Institute for Palestine Studies |pages=131–40 |doi=10.2307/2538120 |jstor=2538120 |quote=West Jerusalem: 35%; East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule: 4%; West Bank area annexed and incorporated into East Jerusalem by Israel: 59%| issn=0377-919X}}</ref><ref name=Benvenisti1976>{{cite book |last=Benvenisti |first=Meron |title=Jerusalem, the Torn City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQjwAQAACAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Books on Demand |isbn=978-0-7837-2978-7 |page=113 |quote=East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule: 6,000 dunums; West Bank area annexed and incorporated into East Jerusalem by Israel: 67,000}}</ref>}} One of Israel's ], the 1980 ], refers to Jerusalem as the country's undivided capital. All branches of the Israeli government are located in Jerusalem, including the ] (Israel's parliament), the ] and ], and the ]. The ] rejects the annexation as illegal and regards East Jerusalem as ].<ref>{{cite web |date=25 September 1971 |title=Resolution 298 September 25, 1971 |url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/441329a958089eaa852560c4004ee74d?OpenDocument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819003928/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/441329a958089eaa852560c4004ee74d?OpenDocument |archive-date=19 August 2013 |access-date=25 July 2018 |publisher=] |quote=Recalling its resolutions... concerning measures and actions by Israel designed to change the status of the Israeli-occupied section of Jerusalem,...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Question of Palestine & the United Nations |date=2003 |publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information |chapter=The status of Jerusalem |quote=East Jerusalem has been considered, by both the General Assembly and the Security Council, as part of the occupied Palestinian territory. |chapter-url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ch12.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808102228/https://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ch12.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 2010 |title=Israeli authorities back 600 new East Jerusalem homes |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538791.stm |access-date=18 September 2013 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140111/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8538791.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=9 November 2010 |title=Israel plans 1,300 East Jerusalem Jewish settler homes |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11709617 |quote=East Jerusalem is regarded as occupied Palestinian territory by the international community, but Israel says it is part of its territory. |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119213308/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11709617 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times.<ref name="Moment">{{Cite web|url=http://www.momentmag.com/Exclusive/2008/2008-03/200803-Jerusalem.html |publisher=Moment Magazine |title=Do We Divide the Holiest Holy City? |accessdate=2008-03-05| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080603214950/http://www.momentmag.com/Exclusive/2008/2008-03/200803-Jerusalem.html| archivedate = June 3, 2008}}. According to Eric H. Cline’s tally in Jerusalem Besieged.</ref> The oldest part of the city was settled in the ], making Jerusalem one of the ].<ref name="aice">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/jerutime.html |title=Timeline for the History of Jerusalem |work=Jewish Virtual Library |accessdate=2007-04-16 |publisher=American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise}}</ref> The old walled city, a ] site, has been traditionally divided into four quarters, although the names used today—the ], ], ], and ] Quarters—were introduced in the early 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jerusalem in the 19th Century, The Old City |last=Ben-Arieh |first=Yehoshua |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben Zvi & St. Martin's Press |year=1984 |page=14 |isbn=0312441878}}</ref> The Old City was nominated for inclusion on the ] by Jordan in 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/148 |title=Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref> | |||
==Etymology and names== | |||
Today, the ] remains one of the core issues in the ]. After the 1967 Arab Israeli War, Israel annexed ] (which was controlled by Jordan following the 1948 war) and considers it a part of Israel, although the international community has rejected the annexation as illegal and considers East Jerusalem to be ] held by Israel under ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11709617|title=Israel plans 1,300 East Jerusalem Jewish settler homes|work=BBC News|date=9 November 2010|quote=East Jerusalem is regarded as occupied Palestinian territory by the international community, but Israel says it is part of its territory.}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The Question of Palestine & the United Nations|publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information|chapter=The status of Jerusalem|chapter-url=http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ch12.pdf|quote=East Jerusalem has been considered, by both the General Assembly and the Security Council, as part of the occupied Palestinian territory.}}</ref><ref> BBC 26 February 2010</ref><ref> "Recalling its resolutions ... concerning measures and actions by Israel designed to change the status of the Israeli-occupied section of Jerusalem,..."</ref> Israel, however, considers the entire city to be a part of Israel following its annexation of East Jerusalem through the ] of 1980. | |||
{{further|Names of Jerusalem}} | |||
===Etymology=== | |||
According to ] 208,000 ] live in East Jerusalem, which is sought as a future capital of ].<ref name="umd">{{Cite web|url=http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/IPPP/Fall97Report/negotiating_jerusalem.htm |last=Segal |first=Jerome M. |publisher=The University of Maryland School of Public Policy |title=Negotiating Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-25 |date=Fall 1997| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060514191731/http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/IPPP/Fall97Report/negotiating_jerusalem.htm| archivedate = May 14, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Møller, Bjørn |title=A Cooperative Structure for Israeli-Palestinian Relations |version=Working Paper No. 1 |publisher=Centre for European Policy Studies |month=November | year=2002 |url=http://shop.ceps.be/downfree.php?item_id=171 |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-04-16| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20040106192631/http://shop.ceps.be/downfree.php?item_id=171| archivedate = January 6, 2004}}</ref><ref name="Jpost_EJ_P"></ref> | |||
The name "Jerusalem" is variously etymologized to mean "foundation (Semitic ''yry''' 'to found, to lay a cornerstone') of the pagan god ]";<ref>Meir Ben-Dov, ''Historical Atlas of Jerusalem'', Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002, p. 23.</ref><ref name=Binz>{{cite book |title=Jerusalem, the Holy City |last=Binz |first=Stephen J. |year=2005 |publisher=Twenty-Third Publications |location=Connecticut |isbn=978-1-58595-365-3 |page=2 |url={{Google books |id=7zLuDlzdTFYC |page=1 |plainurl=yes}} |access-date=17 December 2011}}</ref> the god Shalem was thus the original ] of the Bronze Age city.<ref>G. Johannes Bottereck, Helmer Ringgren, Heinz-Josef Fabry, (eds.) ''Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament'', tr. David E. Green, vol. XV, pp. 48–49 William B. Eeerdmanns Co. Grand Rapids, Michigan/Cambridge UK 2006, pp. 45–46</ref> | |||
Shalim or Shalem was the name of the god of dusk in the ], whose name is based on the same root ] from which the Hebrew word for "peace" is derived (''Shalom'' in ], cognate with ] ''Salam'').<ref>{{cite book |title=Jerusalem |last=Elon |first=Amos |url=http://www.usna.edu/Users/history/tucker/hh362/TelAvivandJerusalem.HTM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030310223636/http://www.usna.edu/Users/history/tucker/hh362/TelAvivandJerusalem.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2003 |isbn=978-0-00-637531-9 |access-date=26 April 2007 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers Ltd |quote=The epithet may have originated in the ancient name of Jerusalem–Salem (after the pagan deity of the city), which is etymologically connected in the Semitic languages with the words for peace (shalom in Hebrew, salam in Arabic). |year=1996}}</ref><ref>Ringgren, H., ''Die Religionen des Alten Orients'' (Göttingen, 1979), 212.</ref> The name thus offered itself to etymologizations such as "The City of Peace",<ref name=Binz/><ref name=Hastings>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of the Bible: Volume II: (Part II: I – Kinsman), Volume 2 |last=Hastings |first=James |author-link=James Hastings |year=2004 |publisher=Reprinted from 1898 edition by University Press of the Pacific |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-1-4102-1725-7 |page=584 |url={{Google books |id=0wvtFPz03GsC |page=584 |plainurl=yes}} |access-date=17 December 2011}}</ref> "Abode of Peace",<ref name=Bosworth>{{cite book |title=Historic cities of the Islamic world |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |year=2007 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |location=The Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-15388-2 |pages=225–226 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&pg=PA226 |access-date=17 December 2011 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218083731/https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&pg=PA226 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=DeGarmo>{{cite web |url=http://centre4conflictstudies.org/wanderingthoughts/category/denise-degarmo/ |title=Abode of Peace? |author=Denise DeGarmo |date=9 September 2011 |work=Wandering Thoughts |publisher=Center for Conflict Studies |access-date=17 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426042313/http://centre4conflictstudies.org/wanderingthoughts/category/denise-degarmo/ |archive-date=26 April 2012}}</ref> "Dwelling of Peace" ("founded in safety"),<ref>Marten H. Wouldstra, ''The Book of Joshua'', William B. Eerdmanns Co. Grand Rapids, Michigan (1981) 1995, p. 169 n.2</ref> or "Vision of Peace" in some Christian authors.<ref name=Harrison>{{cite book |title=Millennium: a Latin reader, A |last=Bosworth |first=Francis Edward |year=1968 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |asin=B0000CO4LE |page=183 |url={{Google books |id=5sC2pJYlzbsC |page=183 |plainurl=yes}} |access-date=17 December 2011}}</ref> | |||
All branches of the Israeli government are located in Jerusalem, including the ] (Israel's parliament), the residences of the ] and ], and the ]. Jerusalem is home to the ] and to the ] with its ]. The ] has ranked consistently as Israel's top tourist attraction for Israelis.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosenblum |first=Irit |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/843385.html |title=Haareez Biblical Zoo favorite tourist site in 2006 |publisher=Haaretz.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lis |first=Jonathan |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/978314.html |title=Jerusalem Zoo is Israel's number one tourist attraction |publisher=Haaretz.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref> | |||
The ending ''-ayim'' indicates the ], thus leading to the suggestion that the name ''Yerushalayim'' refers to the fact that the city initially sat on two hills.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-0-405-10298-1 |last=Wallace |first=Edwin Sherman |title=Jerusalem the Holy |date=August 1977 |page=16 |quote=A similar view was held by those who give the Hebrew dual to the word |publisher=Arno Press |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924083674295 |last=Smith |first=George Adam |year=1907 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |page= |quote=The termination -aim or -ayim used to be taken as the ordinary termination of the dual of nouns, and was explained as signifying the upper and lower cities |isbn=978-0-7905-2935-6}} (see {{Google books |id=Nf4QAAAAIAAJ |page=251 |title=Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70, Volume 1}})</ref> | |||
==Etymology== | |||
{{further|]}} | |||
A city called ''Rušalimum'' or ''Urušalimum'' (Foundation of ])<ref name="Stephen J. Binz"> by Stephen J. Binz, 2005</ref> appears in ancient ] records as the first two references to Jerusalem, in c. 2000 BCE and c. 1330 BCE respectively.<ref>G.Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren (eds.) ''Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament'', (tr.David E.Green) William B.Eerdmann, Grand Rapids Michigan, Cambridge, UK 1990, Vol. VI, p.348</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.specialtyinterests.net/eae.html#287 |title=EA287 ''Abdi Hiba of Jerusalem to the king, No. 3'' |publisher=Specialtyinterests.net |date= |accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/semitic/EA263-end.html |title=''The El Amarna Letters from Canaan'' |publisher=Tau.ac.il |date= |accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref> The form ''Yerushalayim'' (Jerusalem) first appears in the ], in the book of Joshua. This form has the appearance of a ] (blend) of ''Yireh'' (an abiding place of the fear and the service of God)<ref name="Louis Ginzberg"> by Louis Ginzberg, Release Date: October, 1998</ref> and the original root ] and is not a simple phonetic evolution of the form in the ]. The meaning of the common root ] is unknown but is thought to refer to either "peace" (Salam or Shalom in modern Arabic and Hebrew) or ], the god of dusk in the Canaanite religion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Jerusalem |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date= |accessdate=2010-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Jerusalem |last=Elon |first=Amos |url=http://www.usna.edu/Users/history/tucker/hh362/telavivandjerusalem.htm |isbn=0006375316 |date=1996-01-08 |accessdate=2007-04-26 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers Ltd |quote=The epithet may have originated in the ancient name of Jerusalem—Salem (after the pagan deity of the city), which is etymologically connected in the Semitic languages with the words for peace (shalom in Hebrew, salam in Arabic).}}</ref><ref>Ringgren, H., ''Die Religionen des Alten Orients'' (Göttingen, 1979), 212.</ref> | |||
] neighborhood]] | |||
Typically the ending ''-im'' indicates the plural in Hebrew grammar and ''-ayim'' the dual thus leading to the suggestion that the name refers to the fact that the city sits on two hills.<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=0405102984 |last=Wallace |first=Edwin Sherman |title=Jerusalem the Holy |month=August |year=1977 |page=16 |quote=A similar view was held by those who give the Hebrew dual to the word |accessdate=2007-04-25|publisher=Arno Press|location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70 |last=Smith |first=George Adam |year=1907 |accessdate=2007-04-25 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |page=251 |quote=The termination -aim or -ayim used to be taken as the ordinary termination of the dual of nouns, and was explained as signifying the upper and lower cities|isbn=0790529351}} (see here )</ref> However the pronunciation of the last syllable as ''-ayim'' appears to be a late development, which had not yet appeared at the time of the ]. | |||
===Ancient Egyptian sources=== | |||
The tradition names the oldest settled neighborhood of Jerusalem '']''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} "]" initially referred to part of the city, but later came to signify the city as a whole and as a metaphor for the Biblical ]. In Greek and Latin the city's name was transliterated ''Hierosolyma'' (Ἱεροσόλυμα), although the city was renamed ] for part of the ] period of its history. In Arabic, Jerusalem is most commonly known as القُدس, transliterated as ''al-Quds'' and meaning "The Holy". | |||
The ] of the ] (c. 19th century BCE), which refer to a city called ''rwšꜣlmm'' or '']'', variously transcribed as ''Rušalimum'', or ''Urušalimum'',<ref>Sethe, Kurt (1926) "Die Ächtung feindlicher Fürsten, Völker und Dinge auf altägyptischen Tongefäßscherben des Mittleren Reiches nach den Originalen im Berliner Museum herausgegeben und erklärt" in ''Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'', 1926 issue, philosophisch-historische Klasse, number 5, page 53</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period |last=Hoch |first=James E |year=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton}}</ref> may indicate Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite book |author1=David Noel Freedman |author2=Allen C. Myers |author3=Astrid B. Beck |title=Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC |access-date=19 August 2010 |year=2000 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4 |pages=694–95 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218083747/https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren (eds.) ''Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament'', (tr. David E. Green) William B. Eerdmann, Grand Rapids Michigan, Cambridge, UK 1990, Vol. VI, p. 348</ref> Alternatively, the ] of ] (1330s BCE), which reference an ''Úrušalim'', may be the earliest mention of the city.<ref name=vaughn>{{Cite book |title=Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: the First Temple Period |author1=Vaughn, Andrew G. |author2=Ann E. Killebrew |date=1 August 2003 |contribution=Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C |isbn=978-1-58983-066-0 |pages=32–33 |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |location=Atlanta |access-date=10 May 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701140948/https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_2.html |publisher=Bar-Ilan University, Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies |title=History of Jerusalem from its Beginning to David |work=Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City |access-date=18 January 2007 |last=Shalem |first=Yisrael |date=3 March 1997 |archive-date=17 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117203409/http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_2.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/semitic/EA263-end.html |title=The El Amarna Letters from Canaan |publisher=TAU.ac.il |access-date=11 September 2010 |archive-date=14 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214052256/http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/semitic/EA263-end.html |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
===Hebrew Bible and Jewish sources=== | |||
The form ''Yerushalem'' or ''Yerushalayim'' first appears in the Bible, in the ]. According to a ], the name is a combination of two names united by God, ''Yireh'' ("the abiding place", the name given by ] to the place where ]) and '']'' ("Place of Peace", the name given by high priest ]).<ref>Ginzberg, Louis (1909). ''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313050820/http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends |date=13 March 2020 }}'' (Translated by Henrietta Szold) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.</ref> | |||
===Oldest written mention of ''Jerusalem''=== | |||
One of the earliest extra-biblical ] writing of the word ''Jerusalem'' is dated to the sixth or seventh century BCE<ref>''Writing, Literacy, and Textual Transmission: The Production of Literary'' by Jessica N. Whisenant p. 323</ref><ref>''King Manasseh and Child Sacrifice: Biblical Distortions of Historical Realities'' by Francesca Stavrakopoulou p. 98</ref> and was discovered in ] near ] in 1961. The inscription states: "I am Yahweh thy God, I will accept the cities of Judah and I will redeem Jerusalem",<ref>''Oral World and Written Word: Ancient Israelite Literature'' by Susan Niditch p. 48</ref><ref>''The Mountain of the Lord'' by Benyamin Mazar p. 60</ref><ref>''Blessing and Curse in Syro-Palestinian Inscriptions'' by T. G Crawford p. 137</ref> or as other scholars suggest: "Yahweh is the God of the whole earth. The mountains of Judah belong to him, to the God of Jerusalem".<ref name=Naveh2001>{{cite journal |author=Joseph Naveh |title=Hebrew Graffiti from the First Temple Period |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |volume=51 |number=2 |year=2001 |pages=194–207}}</ref><ref>''Discovering the World of the Bible'' by LaMar C. Berrett p. 178</ref> An earlier example of the name appears in a papyrus from the 7th century BCE.<ref>Ahituv, S., Klein, E. and Ganor, A. 2016. To Jerusalem: A Seventh Century BCE Shipping | |||
Certificate. In: Stiebel, G.D., Uziel, J., Citryn-Silverman, K., Re’em, A. and Gadot, Y., | |||
eds. New Studies in the Archaeology of Jerusalem and Its Region 10: 239–251 (In Hebrew)</ref><ref name=Baruch>{{cite journal |title=The Name Jerusalem in a Late Second Temple Period Jewish Inscription |author=Baruch, Yuval |author2=Levi, Danit |author3=] |journal=Tel Aviv |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=108–18 |year=2020 |doi=10.1080/03344355.2020.1707452 |s2cid=219879544}}</ref> | |||
], showing the earliest extra-biblical Hebrew writing of the word ''Jerusalem'', dated to the seventh or sixth century BCE]] | |||
In extra-biblical inscriptions, the earliest known example of the ''-ayim'' ending was discovered on a column about 3 km west of ancient Jerusalem, dated to the first century BCE.<ref name=Baruch/> | |||
===Jebus, Zion, City of David=== | |||
An ancient settlement of Jerusalem, founded as early as the Bronze Age on the hill above the ], was, according to the Bible, named ].<ref>{{bibleverse|Judges|19:10}}: יְב֔וּס הִ֖יא יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם: "Jebus, it Jerusalem"</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=1012257 |title=Bible, King James Version |work=umich.edu |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=11 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211102731/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=1012257 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Gagrinp113>{{Google books |id=lNV6-HsUppsC |page=113 |title=The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome, Volume 1}}, p. 113</ref> Called the "Fortress of Zion" (''metsudat Zion''), it was renamed as the "City of David",<ref>{{bibleverse|2 Samuel 5:7,9|multi=yes}}. Cited in {{cite book |author1=] |author2=] |editor=Brian B. Schmidt |title=The Quest for the Historical Israel: Debating Archaeology and the History of Early Israel |page=127 |date=2007 |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |isbn=978-1-58983-277-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpbngoKHg8gC&pg=PA177 |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706081119/https://books.google.com/books?id=jpbngoKHg8gC&pg=PA177 |url-status=live}}</ref> and was known by this name in antiquity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bar-Kochva |first=Bezalel |year=2002 |title=Judas Maccabeus: The Jewish Struggle Against the Seleucids |page=447 |url={{Google books |id=SIKuW_bl6LAC |page=447 |plainurl=yes}} |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-01683-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mazar |first=Eilat |title=The Complete Guide to the Temple Mount Excavations |year=2002 |publisher=Shoham Academic Research and Publication |location=Jerusalem |isbn=978-965-90299-1-4 |page=1}}</ref> Another name, "]", initially referred to a distinct part of the city, but later came to signify the city as a whole, and afterwards to represent the whole biblical ]. | |||
===Greek, Roman and Byzantine names=== | |||
In Greek and Latin, the city's name was transliterated ''Hierosolyma/Hierosoluma'' (Greek: Ἱεροσόλυμα; in Greek ''hieròs'', ''ἱερός'', means holy), and was the term used by ] and ] in their ] instead of the Hebrew term.<ref name="Hierosolyma">{{cite journal |last1=Brenk |first1=Frederick E. |title="Hierosolyma". The Greek Name of Jerusalem |journal=Glotta |date=2011 |volume=87 |issue=1–4 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.13109/glot.2011.87.14.1 |jstor=41416798 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41416798 |access-date=7 November 2024 |issn=0017-1298}}</ref> | |||
Up until the 2010s the consensus among ]s was that following ]'s conquest, Hierosoluma was set to be incorporated into the larger temple cities of the ], and to be ] as ''Hierapolis.''<ref name="Hierosolyma"/> However, modern historians dispute this as a proper Ancient Greek translation for the ] would be similar to ''Hierolophos''.<ref name="Hierosolyma"/> | |||
The city was renamed ] for part of the ] period of its history.{{cn|date=November 2024}} | |||
===Salem=== | |||
The ] ] of the ] (1QapGen 22:13) equates Jerusalem with the earlier "Salem" (שלם), said to be the kingdom of ] in Genesis 14.<ref>{{bibleverse|Genesis|14:18}}</ref> Other early Hebrew sources,<ref>For example: | |||
* ] . | |||
** (See: by R.H. Charles, with introduction and notes{{snd}}{{cite book |last1=Charles |first1=R. H. |title=The book of Jubilees, or The little Genesis |date=1902 |publisher=A. & C. Black |location=London |author-mask=0 |at= |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofjubileesor00char/page/n7/mode/2up}} | |||
* the ] version of {{bibleverse|Jer|48:5}} (as Συχὲμ {{grc-transl|Συχὲμ}}) | |||
* and possibly the Masoretic text of {{bibleverse|Genesis|33:18}} (''see'' KJV and the margin translation of the Revised Version).</ref> early Christian renderings of the verse<ref>''E.g.'', the ] and ] versions. J.A. Emerton, "The site of Salem: the City of Melchizedek ({{bibleverse|Genesis|xiv 18}})," pp. 45–72 of ''Studies in the Pentateuch'' ed. by J.A. Emerton, vol. 41 of ''Supplements to Vetus Testamentum'' (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1990) ("Emerton"), p. 45. ''See also'' {{bibleverse|John|3:23}} where "Salim" or "Sylem" (Συχὲμ) is said to be near ], thought to be in the valley of ], one of two mountains in the vicinity of Nablus.</ref> and '']'',<ref>], ] and ]. Emerton, p. 45.</ref> however, put Salem in Northern Israel near ] (Sichem), now ], a city of some importance in early sacred Hebrew writing.<ref>{{bibleverse|Genesis|12:6–7}} (where Abram built an altar), {{bibleverse|Genesis 33:18–20, Deuteronomy 11:29 & 28:11, Joshua 8:33, 1 Kings 12|multi=yes}}. Emerton, p. 63.</ref> Possibly the redactor of the Apocryphon of Genesis wanted to dissociate Melchizedek from the area of Shechem, which at the time was in possession of the ].<ref>Paul Winter, "Note on Salem – Jerusalem", ''Novum Testamentum'', vol. 2, pp. 151–152 (1957).</ref> However that may be, later Rabbinic sources also equate Salem with Jerusalem, mainly to link Melchizedek to later Temple traditions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.templestudiesgroup.com/Papers/Robert_Hayward.pdf |last=Raymond Hayward |title=Melchizedek as Priest of the Jerusalem Temple in Talmud, Midrash, and Targum |publisher=The Temple Studies Group |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903233953/http://www.templestudiesgroup.com/Papers/Robert_Hayward.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
===Arabic names=== | |||
{{redirect|Al-Quds}} | |||
Originally titled Bayt al-Maqdis, today, Jerusalem is most commonly known in ] as {{lang|ar|القُدس}}, transliterated as ''al-Quds'' and meaning "the holy" or "the holy sanctuary",<ref name=Bosworth/><ref name=DeGarmo/> cognate with {{langx|he|הקדש|ha-qodesh}}. The name is possibly a shortened form of {{lang|ar|مدينة القُدس}} ''Madīnat al-Quds'' "city of the holy sanctuary" after the Hebrew nickname with the same meaning, ''Ir ha-Qodesh'' ({{lang|he|עיר הקדש}}). The {{lang|ar|ق}} (Q) is pronounced either with a ] (/q/), as in ], or with a ] (ʔ) as in ].<ref name=Elihay2011>{{Cite book |last=Elihay |first=Yohanan |title=Speaking Arabic: a course in conversational Eastern (Palestinian) Arabic |date=2011 |publisher=Minerva |others=Rothberg International School |isbn=978-965-7397-30-5 |edition=, reprinted with corr. 2011 |location=Jerusalem |oclc=783142368 |page=36 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/783142368}}</ref> Official Israeli government policy mandates that {{lang|ar|أُورُشَلِيمَ}}, transliterated as ''Ūrušalīm'', which is the name frequently used in Christian translations of the Bible into Arabic,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: ﻳﺸﻮﻉ 10:1 - Ketab El Hayat |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=%EF%BB%B3%EF%BA%B8%EF%BB%AE%EF%BB%89%2010%3A1&version=NAV |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229075025/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=%EF%BB%B3%EF%BA%B8%EF%BB%AE%EF%BB%89%2010:1&version=NAV |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.bible.com/ar/bible/67/ACT.1.12.%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B4%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D8%25A9 |title=أعمال الرسل 12:1 فرَجَعَ الرّسُلُ إلى أُورُشليمَ مِنَ الجبَلِ الذي يُقالُ لَه جبَلُ الزّيتونِ، وهوَ قَريبٌ مِنْ أُورُشليمَ على مَسيرةِ سَبتٍ مِنها. {{!}} الترجمة العربية المشتركة (المشتركة) {{!}} Download The Bible App Now |language=ar |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229075025/https://www.bible.com/ar/bible/67/ACT.1.12.%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B4%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D8%25A9 |url-status=live }}</ref> be used as the Arabic language name for the city in conjunction with {{lang|ar|القُدس}}, giving {{lang|ar|أُورُشَلِيمَ-القُدس}}, Ūrušalīm-al-Quds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_main/defaultnew.asp?lng=3 |title=The Official Website of Jerusalem |date=19 September 2011 |publisher=Municipality of Jerusalem |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427222723/http://www.hotzvim.org.il/SiteFiles/1/35/901.asp |archive-date=27 April 2007}}</ref> Palestinian Arab families who hail from this city are often called "''Qudsi''" ({{Lang|ar|قُدسي}}) or "''Maqdasi''" ({{Lang|ar|مقدسي}}), while Palestinian Muslim Jerusalemites may use these terms as a ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sonbol |first1=Amira |title=Women, the Family, and Divorce Laws in Islamic History |date=1996 |page=133}}</ref> | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
{{Main |
{{Main|History of Jerusalem}} | ||
{{For timeline}} | |||
{{See also|History of Israel|History of the Southern Levant}} | |||
{{See also|Cartography of Jerusalem|l1=Historical maps of Jerusalem}} | |||
Jerusalem is one of the world's oldest cities, with a history spanning over 5,000 years. Its origins trace back to around 3000 BCE, with the first settlement near the ]. The city is first mentioned in Egyptian ] around 2000 BCE as "Rusalimum." By the 17th century BCE, Jerusalem had developed into a fortified city under ]ite rule, with massive walls protecting its water system. During the ], Jerusalem became a vassal of ], as documented in the ]. | |||
The city's importance grew during the ''Israelite period'', which began around 1000 BCE when ] captured Jerusalem and made it the capital of the ]. David's son, ], built the ], establishing the city as a major religious center. Following the kingdom's split, Jerusalem became the capital of the ] until it was captured by the ] in 586 BCE. The ] destroyed the First Temple, leading to the ] of the Jewish population. After the Persian conquest of Babylon in 539 BCE, ] allowed the Jews to return and rebuild the city and its temple, marking the start of the ''Second Temple period''. Jerusalem fell under ] rule after the conquests of ] in 332 BCE, leading to increasing cultural and political influence from ]. The ] revolt in 164 BCE briefly restored Jewish autonomy, with Jerusalem as the capital of an independent state. | |||
===Overview=== | |||
Given the city's central position in both Israeli nationalism (]) and ], the selectivity required to summarise more than 5,000 years of inhabited history is often<ref name="bishara">{{cite web |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2010/995/focus.htm |title= A brief note on Jerusalem |author=] |accessdate=22 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="pipes">{{cite web |url= http://www.danielpipes.org/blog/2002/05/counterfeit-history-jerusalem |title= Constructing a Counterfeit History of Jerusalem |author=] |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=22 2010}}</ref> influenced by ideological bias or background (see ]). For example, the Jewish periods of the city's history are important to Israeli nationalists (]), whose ] suggests that modern ] descend from the ] and ],<ref>“No city in the world, not even Athens or Rome, ever played as great a role in the life of a nation for so long a time, as Jerusalem has done in the life of the Jewish people.” ], 1947</ref><ref>“For three thousand years, Jerusalem has been the center of Jewish hope and longing. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, culture, religion and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Throughout centuries of exile, Jerusalem remained alive in the hearts of Jews everywhere as the focal point of Jewish history, the symbol of ancient glory, spiritual fulfillment and modern renewal. This heart and soul of the Jewish people engenders the thought that if you want one simple word to symbolize all of Jewish history, that word would be ‘Jerusalem.’” ] (DC: Washington Institute For Near East Policy, 1990), pp. 19-20.</ref> whilst the ], ] and other non-Jewish periods of the city's history are important to ], whose ] suggests that modern ] descend from all the different peoples who have lived in the region.<ref>"Throughout history a great diversity of peoples has moved into the region and made Palestine their homeland: ], ], ] from ], Anatolian and ]n Greeks, ], ], ], ], ], ], Arabs, and European ], to name a few. Each of them appropriated different regions that overlapped in time and competed for sovereignty and land. Others, such as ], ], ], ], and ], were historical 'events' whose successive occupations were as ravaging as the effects of major earthquakes ... Like shooting stars, the various cultures shine for a brief moment before they fade out of official historical and cultural records of Palestine. The people, however, survive. In their customs and manners, fossils of these ancient civilizations survived until modernity—albeit modernity camouflaged under the veneer of Islam and ]." Ali Qleibo, Palestinian anthropologist</ref><ref>"(With reference to Palestinians in ] times) Although proud of their ] heritage and ancestry, the ] considered themselves to be descended not only from Arab conquerors of the seventh century but also from ] who had lived in the country since time immemorial, including the ancient ] and the ] before them. Acutely aware of the distinctiveness of Palestinian history, the Palestinians saw themselves as the heirs of its rich associations." ], 1984, ''Before Their Diaspora: A Photographic History of the Palestinians, 1876-1948''. Institute for Palestine Studies</ref> As a result, both sides claim the history of the city has been politicized by the other in order to strengthen their relative claims to the city,<ref name="bishara" /><ref name="pipes" /><ref>{{cite web |url= http://hnn.us/articles/7257.html |title= How Jews and Arabs Use (and Misuse) the History of Jerusalem to Score Points |author=] |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=22 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2010/995/focus.htm |title= A brief note on Jerusalem |author=] |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=22 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http:// www.mythsandfacts.com/conflict/3/jerusalem.pdf |title= One Nation’s Capital Throughout History |author= Eli E. Hertz |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=22 September 2010}}</ref> and that this is borne out by the different focuses the different writers place on the various events and eras in the city's history. | |||
In 63 BCE, Jerusalem was conquered by ] and became part of the ]. The city remained under Roman control until the ], which culminated in the destruction of the ] in 70 CE. The city was renamed ''Aelia Capitolina'' and rebuilt as a Roman colony after the ] (132–136 CE), with Jews banned from entering the city. Jerusalem gained significance during the ] as a center of ], particularly after ] endorsed the construction of the ]. In 638 CE, Jerusalem was conquered by the ], and under early ] rule, the ] and ] were built, solidifying its religious importance in Islam. | |||
===Overview of Jerusalem's historical periods=== | |||
{{Graphical Overview of Jerusalem's Historical Periods}} | |||
During the ], Jerusalem changed hands multiple times, being captured by the Crusaders in 1099 and recaptured by ] in 1187. It remained under ] control through the ] and ] periods, until it became part of the ] in 1517. In the modern period, Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan after the ]. Israel captured ] during the ] in 1967, uniting the city under Israeli control. The ] remains a highly contentious issue, with both Israelis and Palestinians claiming it as their capital. Historiographically, the city's history is often interpreted through the lens of competing national narratives. ] scholars emphasize the ancient Jewish connection to the city, while ] narratives highlight the city's broader historical and multicultural significance. Both perspectives influence contemporary discussions of Jerusalem's status and future. | |||
===Ancient period=== | |||
{{See|City of David|History of ancient Israel and Judah}} | |||
], City of David]] | |||
Ceramic evidence indicates the occupation of ], within present-day Jerusalem, as far back as the ] (c. 4th millennium BCE),<ref name="aice"/><ref name="freedman2000">{{Cite book|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |last=Freedman |first=David Noel |publisher=Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=0802824005 |date=2000-01-01 |accessdate=2007-08-07 |pages=694–95}}</ref> with evidence of a permanent settlement during the early ] (c. 3000–2800 BCE).<ref name="freedman2000"/><ref>Killebrew Ann E. "Biblical Jerusalem: An Archaeological Assessment" in Andrew G. Vaughn and Ann E. Killebrew, eds., "Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period" (SBL Symposium Series 18; Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003)</ref> The ] (c. 19th century BCE), which refer to a city called ''Roshlamem'' or ''Rosh-ramen''<ref name="freedman2000"/> and the ] (c. 14th century BCE) may be the earliest mention of the city.<ref name="vaughn">{{Cite book|title=Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: the First Temple Period |author={{Dead link|date=July 2009}} |coauthors= |date=2003-08-01 |accessdate=2007-01-15 |chapter=Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy |isbn=1589830660 |pages=32–33|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|location=Atlanta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_2.html |publisher=Bar-Ilan University Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies |title=History of Jerusalem from Its Beginning to David |work=Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City |accessdate=2007-01-18 |last=Shalem |first=Yisrael |date=1997-03-03}}</ref> Some archaeologists, including ], believe Jerusalem<ref>the original name URU URU salem KI in Akkadian—listed in the Amarna letters when it was still a fortified well of the Egyptians and ruled by Abi Heba—meant "city of peace"</ref> as a city was founded by ] people with organized settlements from around ]. According to Jewish tradition, the city was founded by ] and ], ancestors of ]. In the ] account, Jerusalem ("Salem") when first mentioned is ruled by ], an ally of Abraham (identified with Shem in legend). Later, in the time of Joshua<!--which century?-->, Jerusalem lay within territory allocated to the ] ({{bibleverse||Joshua|18:28|NIV}}), but continued to be under the independent control of the ]s until it was conquered by ] and made into the capital of the united ] (c. 11th century BCE).<ref name="promise">{{Cite book|title=A Promise Fulfilled: Theodor Herzl, Chaim Weizmann, David Ben-Gurion, and the Creation of the State of Israel |last=Greenfeld |first=Howard |date=2005-03-29 |publisher=Greenwillow |isbn=006051504X |accessdate=2007-01-18 |page=32}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cityofdavid.org.il/timeline_eng.asp |work=City of David |title=Timeline |publisher=Ir David Foundation |accessdate=2007-01-18}}</ref>{{ref label|bible-david|v|b}} Recent excavations of a ] and a nearby ] are widely believed{{by whom|date=December 2010}} to be the remains of King David's palace. The excavations have been interpreted by some archaeologists as lending credence to the biblical narrative.<ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news|title=King David's Palace Is Found, Archaeologist Says |last=Erlanger |first=Steven |date=2005-08-05 |accessdate=2007-05-24 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/05/international/middleeast/05jerusalem.html?ex=1280894400&en=3c435bc7bd0cd531&ei=5088 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> | |||
==Political status== | |||
According to Hebrew scripture, King ] reigned until 970 BCE. He was succeeded by his son ],<ref name="wwbible">{{Cite book|title=The Complete Book of When and Where: In The Bible And Throughout History |last=Michael |first=E. |coauthors=Sharon O. Rusten, Philip Comfort, and Walter A. Elwell |publisher=Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. |isbn=0842355081 |date=2005-02-28 |accessdate=2007-01-22 |pages=20–1, 67}}</ref> who built | |||
{{Main|Positions on Jerusalem}} | |||
the ] on ]. ] (later known as the ''First Temple''), went on to play a pivotal role in ] as the repository of the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.andrews.edu/ARCHAEOLOGY/archive/merling/newpage3.htm |publisher=Andrew's University |title=Where is the Ark of the Covenant? |author= |accessdate=2007-01-22 |date=1993-08-26}}</ref> For more than 400 years, until the ]n conquest in 587 BCE, Jerusalem was the political capital of the united ] and then the ]. During this period, known as the ],<ref name="bu2-2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period2-2-1.htm |publisher=Boston University |last=Zank |first=Michael |title=Capital of Judah I (930–722) |accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref> the Temple was the religious center of the Israelites.<ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 11</ref> On Solomon's death (c. 930 BCE), the ] split off to form the ]. Under the leadership of the House of David and Solomon, Jerusalem remained the capital of the ].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period2-2.htm |publisher=Boston University |title=Capital of Judah (930–586) |last=Zank |first=Michael |accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref> | |||
]:6;<br/>''Pray for the peace of Jerusalem!...'']] | |||
From 1923 until 1948, Jerusalem served as the administrative capital of ].<ref>Jerusalem as administrative capital of the British Mandate: | |||
*{{Cite book |last=Orfali |first=Jacob G. |title=Everywhere You Go, People Are the Same |publisher=Ronin Publishing |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-914171-75-1 |page=25 |quote=In the year 1923, became the capital of the British Mandate in Palestine}} | |||
When the ]ns conquered the Kingdom of Israel in 722 BCE, Jerusalem was strengthened by a great influx of refugees from the northern kingdom. The First Temple period ended around 586 BCE, as the Babylonians conquered Judah and Jerusalem, and laid waste to Solomon's Temple.<ref name="bu2-2" /> In 538 BCE, after 50 years of ], ] ] ] invited the Jews to return to Judah to rebuild the Temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra%201:1-4;%206:1-5&version=51; |title=Ezra 1:1–4; 6:1–5 |publisher=Biblegateway.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref> Construction of the ] was completed in 516 BCE, during the reign of ], 70 years after the destruction of the First Temple.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Between Rome and Jerusalem: 300 Years of Roman-Judaean Relations |last=Sicker |first=Martin |isbn=0275971406 |publisher=Praeger Publishers |date=2001-01-30 |page=2 |accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period2-3.htm |publisher=Boston University |title=Center of the Persian Satrapy of Judah (539–323) |last=Zank |first=Michael |accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref> In about 445 BCE, King ] issued a decree allowing the city and the walls to be rebuilt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nehemiah%201:3;%202:1-8;&version=51; |title=Nehemiah 1:3; 2:1–8 |publisher=Biblegateway.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref> Jerusalem resumed its role as capital of Judah and center of Jewish worship. | |||
*{{cite book |last=Oren-Nordheim |first=Michael |url=http://sachlav.huji.ac.il/mskark/ |title=Ruth Kark |author2=Ruth Kark |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8143-2909-2 |page=36 |quote=The three decades of British rule in Palestine (1917/18–1948) were a highly significant phase in the development, with indelible effects on the urban planning and development of the capital – Jerusalem. |access-date=17 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216063555/http://sachlav.huji.ac.il/mskark/ |archive-date=16 December 2007 |url-status=dead}} is a professor in the Department of Geography at the ]. | |||
*{{Cite book |last=Dumper |first=Michael |title=The Politics of Jerusalem Since 1967 |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-231-10640-5 |page=59 |quote=the city that was to become the administrative capital of Mandate Palestine...}}</ref> | |||
From 1949 until 1967, West Jerusalem served as Israel's capital, but was not recognized as such internationally because ] envisaged Jerusalem as an ]. As a result of the Six-Day War in 1967, the whole of Jerusalem ]. On 27 June 1967, the government of ] extended Israeli law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem, but agreed that administration of the Temple Mount compound would be maintained by the ], under the Jordanian Ministry of Religious Endowments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jcpa.org/jcprg10.htm |title=Jerusalem in International Diplomacy |author=Dore Gold |access-date=20 July 2008 |author-link=Dore Gold |archive-date=28 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028044557/http://www.jcpa.org/jcprg10.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
===Classical antiquity=== | |||
{{See|Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period}} | |||
When Macedonian ruler ] conquered the ], Jerusalem and ] came under Macedonian control, eventually falling to the ] under ]. In 198 BCE, ] lost Jerusalem and ] to the ] under ]. The ] attempt to recast Jerusalem as a ] ] came to a head in 168 BCE with the successful ] of ] the ] and his five sons against ], and their establishment of the ] in 152 BCE with Jerusalem again as its capital. In 63 BCE, ] intervened in a Hasmonean struggle for the throne and captured Jerusalem, incorporating Judea into the ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schiffman|first=Lawrence H.|title=From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism|publisher=Ktav Publishing House|year=1991|isbn=0-88125-371-5|pages=60–79}}</ref> | |||
In 1988, Israel ordered the closure of ], home of the Arab Studies Society, but also the headquarters of the ], for security reasons. The building reopened in 1992 as a Palestinian guesthouse.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jerusalemites.org/jerusalem/cultural_dimensions/3.htm |title=The New Orient House: A History of Palestinian Hospitality |publisher=jerusalemites.org |access-date=9 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217143302/http://jerusalemites.org/jerusalem/cultural_dimensions/3.htm |archive-date=17 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Jerusalem: The Future of a Contested City |last=Klein |first=Menachem |isbn=978-0-8147-4754-4 |publisher=New York University Press |year=2001 |page=189 |chapter=The PLO and the Palestinian Identity of East Jerusalem}}</ref> The ] stated that the final status of Jerusalem would be determined by negotiations with the ]. The accords banned any official Palestinian presence in the city until a final peace agreement, but provided for the opening of a Palestinian trade office in East Jerusalem. The Palestinian Authority regards East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state.<ref name=umd>{{cite web |url=http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/IPPP/Fall97Report/negotiating_jerusalem.htm |last=Segal |first=Jerome M. |publisher=The University of Maryland School of Public Policy |title=Negotiating Jerusalem |access-date=25 February 2007 |date=Fall 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514191731/http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/IPPP/Fall97Report/negotiating_jerusalem.htm |archive-date=14 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Møller, Bjørn |title=A Cooperative Structure for Israeli–Palestinian Relations: Working Paper No. 1 |website=Centre for European Policy Studies |date=November 2002 |url=http://shop.ceps.be/downfree.php?item_id=171 |access-date=16 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040106192631/http://shop.ceps.be/downfree.php?item_id=171 |archive-date=6 January 2004}}</ref> | |||
] | |||
As ] became stronger it installed ] as a Jewish ]. Herod the Great, as he was known, devoted himself to developing and beautifying the city. He built walls, towers and palaces, and ], buttressing the courtyard with blocks of stone weighing up to 100 tons. Under Herod, the area of the Temple Mount doubled in size.<ref name="wwbible" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=This Is Jerusalem|last=Har-el|first=Menashe|publisher=Canaan Publishing House|pages= 68–95|year=1977|isbn=0866280022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Michael_Zank/Jerusalem/templemount.html |title=The Temple Mount |last=Zank |first=Michael |publisher=Boston University |accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref> Shortly after Herod's death, in 6 CE Judea came under direct Roman rule as the ],<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Historical Jesus: the life of a Mediterranean Jewish peasant |last=Crossan |first=John Dominic |authorlink=John Dominic Crossan |isbn=0060616296 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=San Francisco |date=1993-02-26 |edition=Reprinted |page=92 |quote=from 4 BCE until 6 CE, when Rome, after exiling to Gaul, assumed direct prefectural control of his territories}}</ref> although Herod's descendants through ] remained client kings of neighbouring territories until 96 CE. Roman rule over Jerusalem and the region began to be challenged with the ], which resulted in the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. Jerusalem once again served as the capital of Judea during the three-year rebellion known as the ], beginning in 132 CE. The Romans succeeded in suppressing the revolt in 135 CE. Emperor ] romanized the city, renaming it ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usd.edu/erp/Palestine/people&p.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080310053409/http://www.usd.edu/erp/Palestine/people&p.htm |archivedate=2008-03-10|title=Palestine: People and Places|accessdate=2007-04-18|last=Lehmann|first=Clayton Miles |work=The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces|publisher=The University of South Dakota}}</ref> and banned the Jews from entering it. Hadrian renamed the entire ] '']'', after the biblical ], in an attempt to de-Judaize the country.<ref name="erp-places">{{Cite web|url=http://www.usd.edu/erp/Palestine/history.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080310053428/http://www.usd.edu/erp/Palestine/history.htm |archivedate=2008-03-10 |title=Palestine: History |accessdate=2007-04-18 |date=2007-02-22 |last=Lehmann |first=Clayton Miles |work=The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces |publisher=The University of South Dakota}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Shaye J. D.|chapter=Judaism to Mishnah: 135–220 C.E|title=Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: A Parallel History of their Origins and Early Development|editor=Hershel Shanks|year=1996|location=Washington DC|page=196|publisher=Biblical Archaeology Society}}</ref> The enforcement of the ban on Jews entering ] continued until the 4th century CE. | |||
President ] has said that any agreement that did not include East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine would be unacceptable.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/No-agreement-without-a-Palestinian-capital-in-Jerusalem-Mahmoud-Abbas-/articleshow/6030905.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811100537/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-10/middle-east/28287403_1_solution-palestinian-capital-east-jerusalem |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=No agreement without a Palestinian capital in Jerusalem: Mahmoud Abbas |date=10 June 2010 |newspaper=] |access-date=9 September 2011}}</ref> Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has similarly stated that Jerusalem would remain the undivided capital of Israel. Due to its proximity to the city, especially the Temple Mount, ], a Palestinian suburb of Jerusalem, has been proposed as the future capital of a Palestinian state by Israel. Israel has not incorporated Abu Dis within its security wall around Jerusalem. The Palestinian Authority has built a possible future parliament building for the ] in the town, and its Jerusalem Affairs Offices are all located in Abu Dis.<ref>Bard, Mitchell G. ''Will Israel Survive?''</ref> | |||
In the five centuries following the Bar Kokhba revolt, the city remained under Roman then ] rule. During the 4th century, the ] ] constructed Christian sites in Jerusalem, such as the ]. Jerusalem reached a peak in size and population at the end of the Second Temple Period, when the city covered two square kilometers (0.8 sq mi.) and had a population of 200,000.<ref name="erp-places"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=This Is Jerusalem|last=Har-el|first=Menashe|publisher=Canaan Publishing House|pages=68–95|isbn=0866280022|unused_data=1977}}</ref> From the days of Constantine until the 7th century, Jews were banned from Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period3-2.htm |last=Zank |first=Michael |publisher=Boston University |title=Byzantian Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref> | |||
===International status=== | |||
The eastern continuation of the ], the ], maintained control of the city for years. Within the span of a few decades, Jerusalem shifted from Byzantine to ] rule and returned to Roman-Byzantine dominion once more. Following ] ]'s early 7th century push into ], advancing through Syria, Sassanid Generals ] and ] attacked the Byzantine-controlled city of Jerusalem ({{lang-fa|Dej Houdkh}}). They were aided by the Jews of Palestine, who had risen up against the Byzantines.<ref name="AntiochusStrategos">{{Cite book | |||
While the international community regards East Jerusalem, including the entire Old City, as part of the ], neither part, West or East Jerusalem, is recognized as part of the territory of Israel or the ].<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121191334/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/the-controversial-sovereignty-over-the-city-of-jerusalem |date=21 November 2018 }} "No U.S. president has ever officially acknowledged Israeli sovereignty over any part of Jerusalem (...) The refusal to recognize Jerusalem as Israeli territory is a near universal policy among Western nations."</ref><ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806054724/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42218042 |date=6 August 2019 }}"Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem has never been recognised internationally"</ref><ref>Whither Jerusalem (Lapidot) page 17: "Israeli control in west Jerusalem since 1948 was illegal and most states have not recognized its sovereignty there"</ref><ref>The ] states that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel" and the city serves as the seat of the government, home to the President's residence, government offices, supreme court, and ]. ] (20 August 1980; 14–0, U.S. abstaining) declared the Jerusalem Law "null and void" and called on member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from Jerusalem (see {{Harvard citation no brackets|Kellerman|1993|p=140}}). See ] for more information.</ref> Under the ] adopted by the ] in 1947, Jerusalem was envisaged to become a ] administered by the United Nations. In the war of 1948, the western part of the city was occupied by forces of the nascent state of Israel, while the eastern part was occupied by Jordan. The international community largely considers the legal status of Jerusalem to derive from the partition plan, and correspondingly refuses to recognize Israeli sovereignty over the city.<ref>"UN General Assembly Resolution 181 recommended the creation of an international zonea, or corpus separatum, in Jerusalem to be administered by the UN for a 10-year period, after which there would be referendum to determine its future. This approach applies equally to West and East Jerusalem and is not affected by the occupation of East jerusalem in 1967. To a large extent it is this approach that still guides the diplomatic behaviour of states and thus has greater force in international law" (Susan M. Akram, Michael Dumper, Michael Lynk, Iain Scobbie (eds.), International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Rights-Based Approach to Middle East Peace, Routledge, 2010 p.119. )</ref> | |||
|last=Conybeare | |||
|first=Frederick C. | |||
|authorlink=Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare | |||
|title=The Capture of Jerusalem by the Persians in 614 AD | |||
|publisher= | |||
| series = English Historical Review 25 | |||
|year=1910 | |||
|pages=502–517 | |||
|doi= | |||
|isbn=}}</ref> | |||
===Status under Israeli rule=== | |||
In the ] (614), after 21 days of relentless ], Jerusalem was captured. The Byzantine chronicles relate that the ] and the Jews slaughtered tens of thousands of Christians in the city, an episode which has been the subject of much debate between historians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=96507514 |last=Horowitz |first=Elliot |publisher=Jewish Social Studies |title=Modern Historians and the Persian Conquest of Jerusalem in 614 |accessdate=2011-01-20}}</ref> The conquered city would remain in Sassanid hands for some fifteen years until the Byzantine Emperor ] reconquered it in 629.<ref name="AntiochusStrategos" /> | |||
Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel extended its jurisdiction and administration over East Jerusalem, establishing new municipal borders. | |||
] houses the ] of Israel]] | |||
In 2010, Israel approved legislation giving Jerusalem the highest national priority status in Israel. The law prioritized construction throughout the city, and offered grants and tax benefits to residents to make housing, infrastructure, education, employment, business, tourism, and cultural events more affordable. Communications Minister ] said that the bill sent "a clear, unequivocal political message that Jerusalem will not be divided", and that "all those within the Palestinian and international community who expect the current Israeli government to accept any demands regarding Israel's sovereignty over its capital are mistaken and misleading".<ref>{{cite web |author=Tzippe Barrow |url=http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2010/October/Bill-to-Grant-Jerusalem-Priority-Status/ |title=Bill to Grant Jerusalem Priority Status – Inside Israel – CBN News – Christian News 24–7 |publisher=CBN.com |date=25 October 2010 |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904135513/http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2010/October/Bill-to-Grant-Jerusalem-Priority-Status/ |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
The status of the city, and especially its holy places, remains a core issue in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The Israeli government has approved building plans in the Muslim Quarter of the Old City<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402175606/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/10/AR2007021001571.html |date=2 April 2017 }} The Washington Post Foreign Service, 11 February 2007; p. A01</ref> in order to expand the Jewish presence in East Jerusalem, while some Islamic leaders have made claims that Jews have no historical connection to Jerusalem, alleging that the 2,500-year-old Western Wall was constructed as part of a mosque.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=79635 |title=Western Wall was never part of temple |newspaper=] |date=25 October 2007 |access-date=9 December 2012 |first=Mike |last=Seid}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/14529 |title=Camp David: An Exchange |journal=The New York Review of Books |date=20 September 2001 |access-date=7 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930193650/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/14529 |archive-date=30 September 2009}}</ref> Palestinians regard Jerusalem as the capital of the ],<ref name=PalestinianPosition/> and the city's borders have been the subject of bilateral talks. A team of experts assembled by the then Israeli Prime Minister ] in 2000 concluded that the city must be divided, since Israel had failed to achieve any of its national aims there.<ref name=Amirav01a>{{cite book |url={{Google books |id=IH9l4fUKZ_MC |page=28 |plainurl=yes}} |title=Jerusalem Syndrome: The Palestinian-Israeli Battle for the Holy City |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |author=Moshe Amirav |pages=28–29 |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-84519-347-8 |access-date=3 June 2014 |author-link=Moshe Amirav}}</ref> | |||
===Middle Ages=== | |||
] viewed through Cotton Gate]] | |||
Jerusalem is considered Islam's third holiest city after ] and ]. Among Muslims of an earliest era it was referred to as ''Madinat bayt al-Maqdis'' “City of the Temple”.<ref>Ben-Dov, M. ''Historical Atlas of Jerusalem''. Translated by David Louvish. New York: Continuum, 2002, p. 171</ref> which was restricted to the Temple Mount. The rest of the city "...was called Iliya, reflecting the Roman name given the city following the destruction of | |||
70 c.e.: ''Aelia Capitolina''".<ref>Linquist, J.M., ''The Temple of Jerusalem'', Praeger, London, 2008, p.184</ref> Later the Temple Mount became known as ''al-Haram al-Sharif'', “The Noble Sanctuary”, while the city around it became known as ''Bayt al-Maqdis'',<ref>Grabar, Oleg. The Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem. With Contributions by Mohammad al-Asad, Abeer Audeh, Said Nuseibeh. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996, p.112</ref> and later still, ''al-Quds al-Sharif'' "The Noble City". The ] of Jerusalem began in the first year A.H. (620 CE), when Muslims were instructed to face the city while performing their daily prostrations and, according to Muslim religious tradition, Muhammad's night journey and ascension to heaven took place. After 16 months, the direction of prayer was changed to Mecca.<ref></ref> In 638 the ]ic ] extended its dominion to Jerusalem.<ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 7</ref> With the ], Jews were allowed back into the city.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Palestine, 634–1099 |last=Gil |first=Moshe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |month=February |year=1997 |isbn=0521599849 |pages=70–71 |accessdate=2007-08-15}}</ref> The ] caliph ] signed a treaty with ] Patriarch ], assuring him that Jerusalem's Christian holy places and population would be protected under Muslim rule.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Crusades:The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem |last=Runciman |first=Steven |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1951 |pages=Vol.1 pp.3–4 |accessdate=2008-06-12|nopp=true|isbn=052134770X}}</ref> When led to pray at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the holiest site for Christians, the caliph Umar refused to pray in the church so that Muslims would not request converting the church to a mosque. He prayed outside the church, where the Mosque of Umar (Omar) stands to this day, opposite the entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. According to the Gaullic bishop ], who lived in Jerusalem from 679 to 688, the ] was a rectangular wooden structure built over ruins which could accommodate 3,000 worshipers.<ref name="Yisrael Shalem">{{Cite web|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_8.html |last=Shalem |first=Yisrael |publisher=Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies, ]|title=The Early Arab Period – 638–1099 |accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> | |||
When the Muslims went to Bayt Al-Maqdes for the first time, They searched for the site of the Far Away Holy Mosque (Al-Masjed Al-Aqsa) that was mentioned in Quran and Hadith according to Islamic beliefs. According to Islamic legend, they found the site full of rubbish, they cleaned it and started using it for prayers thereafter.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} The ] caliph ] commissioned the construction of the ] in the late 7th century.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Holy City: Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament |last=Hoppe |first=Leslie J. |publisher=Michael Glazier Books |month=August |year=2000 |isbn=0814650813 |page=15 |accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref> The 10th century historian ] writes that Abd al-Malik built the shrine in order to compete in grandeur with Jerusalem's monumental churches.<ref name="Yisrael Shalem"/> Over the next four hundred years Jerusalem's prominence diminished as Arab powers in the region jockeyed for control.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period4-3.htm |last=Zank |first=Michael |publisher=Boston University |title=Abbasid Period and Fatimid Rule (750–1099) |accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref> | |||
However, Israeli Prime Minister ] said in 2014 that "Jerusalem will never be divided".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/National-News/Netanyahu-47-years-ago-Jerusalem-was-reunited-and-thats-how-it-will-stay-354589 |title=Netanyahu: 'Jerusalem is the heart of the nation. We'll never divide our heart.' |newspaper=] |date=28 May 2014 |first=Tovah |last=Lazaroff |access-date=5 June 2014 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614120759/https://www.jpost.com/National-News/Netanyahu-47-years-ago-Jerusalem-was-reunited-and-thats-how-it-will-stay-354589 |url-status=live}}</ref> A poll conducted in June 2013 found that 74% of Israeli Jews reject the idea of a Palestinian capital in any portion of Jerusalem, though 72% of the public regarded it as a divided city.<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016001058/http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Post-poll-72-percent-of-Jewish-Israelis-view-Jlem-as-divided-315490 |date=16 October 2015 }}, Jerusalem Post 5 June 2013</ref> A poll conducted by Palestinian Centre for Public Opinion and American Pechter Middle East Polls for the Council on Foreign Relations, among East Jerusalem Arab residents in 2011 revealed that 39% of East Jerusalem Arab residents would prefer Israeli citizenship contrary to 31% who opted for Palestinian citizenship. According to the poll, 40% of Palestinian residents would prefer to leave their neighbourhoods if they would be placed under Palestinian rule.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4013000,00.html |title=Poll: Jerusalem Arabs prefer Israel |work=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |access-date=7 December 2012 |last1=Benhorin |first1=Yitzhak |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006161751/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4013000,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
] | |||
]]] | |||
In 1099, The ] ruler expelled the native Christian population before Jerusalem was ] by the ], who massacred most of its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants when they took the solidly defended city by assault, after a period of siege; later the Crusaders created the ]. By early June 1099 Jerusalem’s population had declined from 70,000 to less than 30,000.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hull|first=Michael D.|year=1999|month=June|title=First Crusade: Siege of Jerusalem|journal=Military History|url=http://www.historynet.com/historical_conflicts/3028446.html?page=4&c=y|accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> | |||
===Jerusalem as capital of Israel=== | |||
In 1187, the city was wrested from the Crusaders by ] who permitted Jews and Muslims to return and settle in the city.<ref name="century1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.centuryone.com/hstjrslm.html |publisher=The CenturyOne Foundation |title=Main Events in the History of Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-02 |year=2003 |work=Jerusalem: The Endless Crusade}}</ref> Under the ] of Saladin, a period of huge investment began in the construction of houses, markets, public baths, and pilgrim hostels as well as the establishment of religious endowments. However, for most of the 13th century, Jerusalem declined to the status of a village due to city's fall of strategic value and Ayyubid internecine struggles.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia | |||
] building]] | |||
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Cities+of+the+Middle+East#PPA156,M1|first1=Janet L.|last1=Abu-Lughod|first2=Michael|last2=Dumper|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576079195|page=209|accessdate=2009-07-22}}</ref> | |||
On 5 December 1949, Israel's first Prime Minister, ], proclaimed Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal" and "sacred" capital, and eight days later specified that only the war had "compelled" the Israeli leadership "to establish the seat of Government in Tel Aviv", while "for the State of Israel there has always been and always will be one capital only – Jerusalem the Eternal", and that after the war, efforts had been ongoing for creating the conditions for "the Knesset... returning to Jerusalem."<ref name=BGurion>{{cite web |url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/eng/bengurion-jer.htm |last=Ben-Gurion |first=David |author-link=David Ben-Gurion |publisher=The Knesset |title=Statements of the Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion Regarding Moving the Capital of Israel to Jerusalem |date=5 December 1949 |access-date=2 April 2007 |archive-date=23 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523152628/http://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/eng/bengurion-jer.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> This indeed took place, and since the beginning of 1950 all branches of the ]—], ], and ]—have resided there, except for the ], which is located at ] in ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105:H.R.4181.IH: |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903233952/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105%3AH.R.4181.IH%3A |archive-date=3 September 2015 |publisher=The Library of Congress |title=Jerusalem and Berlin Embassy Relocation Act of 1998 |access-date=12 February 2007 |url-status=dead |date=25 June 1998}}</ref><ref name=JTA>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jta.org/1950/01/25/archive/knesset-proclaims-jerusalem-as-israels-capital-mapam-and-herut-abstain-from-voting |title=Knesset Proclaims Jerusalem As Israel's Capital; Mapam and Herut Abstain from Voting |date=25 January 1950 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003004818/https://www.jta.org/1950/01/25/archive/knesset-proclaims-jerusalem-as-israels-capital-mapam-and-herut-abstain-from-voting |url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of Ben Gurion's proclamations and the ensuing Knesset vote of 24 January 1950,<ref name=JTA/> Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan, and thus the proclamation only applied to West Jerusalem. | |||
In 1244, Jerusalem was sacked by the ] ], who decimated the city's Christian population and drove out the Jews.<ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p.25.</ref> The Khwarezmian Tartars were driven out by the Ayyubids in 1247. From 1250 to 1517, Jerusalem was ruled by the ]s. During this period of time many clashes occurred between the Mamluks on one side and the crusaders and the ] on the other side. The area also suffered from many earthquakes and ]. | |||
In July 1980, Israel passed the ] as ]. The law declared Jerusalem the "complete and united" capital of Israel.<ref name=basiclaw>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1980_1989/Basic%20Law-%20Jerusalem-%20Capital%20of%20Israel |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=2 April 2007 |date=30 July 1980 |title=Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208165053/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1980_1989/Basic%20Law-%20Jerusalem-%20Capital%20of%20Israel |archive-date=8 February 2007}}</ref> The Jerusalem Law was condemned by the international community, which did not recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. The United Nations Security Council passed ] on 20 August 1980, which declared that the Jerusalem Law is ''"a violation of international law"'', is ''"null and void and must be rescinded forthwith"''. Member states were called upon to withdraw their diplomatic representation from Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/399/71/IMG/NR039971.pdf?OpenElement |publisher=United Nations |access-date=30 July 2008 |year=1980 |title=Resolution 478 (1980) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205073441/http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/399/71/IMG/NR039971.pdf?OpenElement |archive-date=5 February 2009}}</ref> | |||
===Early modern period=== | |||
] | |||
In 1517, Jerusalem and environs fell to the ], who generally remained in control until 1917.<ref name="century1" /> Jerusalem enjoyed a prosperous period of renewal and peace under ] – including the rebuilding of magnificent walls around the ]. Throughout much of Ottoman rule, Jerusalem remained a provincial, if religiously important center, and did not straddle the main trade route between ] and ].<ref>Amnon Cohen. "Economic Life in Ottoman Jerusalem"; Cambridge University Press, 1989</ref> The English reference book ''Modern history or the present state of all nations'' written in 1744 stated that "Jerusalem is still reckoned the capital city of Palestine".<ref>{{cite book |title= Modern history or the present state of all nations|last= Salmon|first= Thomas|page= 461| year= 1744|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=f7I-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA534&dq=palestine&hl=en&ei=QDlDTaeFMp2ShAfY9tzvAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwADgo#v=onepage&q=palestine&f=false|accessdate=28 Jan 2011}}</ref> | |||
Following the resolution, 22 of the 24 countries that previously had their embassy in (West) Jerusalem relocated them in Tel Aviv, where many embassies already resided prior to Resolution 478. ] and ] followed in 2006.<ref>Mosheh ʻAmirav, ''Jerusalem Syndrome: The Palestinian-Israeli Battle for the Holy City'', Sussex University Press, 2009 p. 27: 'In the summer of 2006, these two countries also announced the adoption of a new policy whereby they would no longer recognize Israel's sovereignty in Jerusalem, and transferred their embassies out of the city'.</ref><!-- The source given doesn't say that the two countries concerned had recognised West Jerusalem as Israel's capital, only that they had recognised Israel's sovereignty, ''de jure'', ''de facto'' or otherwise. Nor, presumably, does it say that 22 other countries had done so previously. --> There are five embassies—United States, Guatemala, Honduras, Papua-New Guinea and Kosovo | |||
The Ottomans brought many innovations: modern postal systems run by the various consulates; the use of the wheel for modes of transportation; stagecoach and carriage, the wheelbarrow and the cart; and the oil-lantern, among the first signs of modernization in the city.<ref name="multiref1">, Hebrew University, 2002</ref> In the mid 19th century, the Ottomans constructed the first paved road from Jaffa to Jerusalem, and by 1892 the railroad had reached the city.<ref name="multiref1"/> | |||
—and two consulates located within the city limits of Jerusalem, and two ]n states maintain embassies in the ] ] of ] (] and ]).<ref name=embassies>{{cite web |url=http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.php |title=Embassies and Consulates in Israel |publisher=Israel Science and Technology Homepage |access-date=5 August 2017 |archive-date=24 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724111910/http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.php |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180503-guatemala-embassy-in-israel-opens-in-jerusalem/ |title=Guatemala embassy in Israel opens in Jerusalem |date=3 May 2018 |work=Middle East Monitor |access-date=12 May 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=13 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513080855/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180503-guatemala-embassy-in-israel-opens-in-jerusalem/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/14/kosovo-opens-embassy-in-jerusalem-after-israel-recognises-its-independence|title=Kosovo opens embassy in Jerusalem after Israel recognises its independence|accessdate=2024-05-26|date=2021-03-14|work=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/5/papua-new-guinea-opens-israel-embassy-in-west-jerusalem|title=Papua-New Guinea opens Israel embassy in West Jerusalem|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=2023-09-05|access-date=26 May 2024|archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320104241/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/5/papua-new-guinea-opens-israel-embassy-in-west-jerusalem|url-status=live}}</ref> There are ] located in Jerusalem, which work primarily either with Israel, or the Palestinian authorities. | |||
In 1995, the United States Congress passed the ], which required, subject to conditions, that its embassy be moved from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ45/content-detail.html |title=Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |access-date=15 February 2007 |date=8 November 1995 |archive-date=17 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617043204/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ45/content-detail.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 December 2017 ] ] officially ] as Israel's capital and announced his intention to move the ] to Jerusalem, reversing decades of United States policy on the issue.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/12/06/president-donald-j-trumps-proclamation-jerusalem-capital-state-israel |title=President Donald J. Trump's Proclamation on Jerusalem as the Capital of the State of Israel |publisher=White House |access-date=6 December 2017 |date=6 December 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206191507/https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/12/06/president-donald-j-trumps-proclamation-jerusalem-capital-state-israel |archive-date=6 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/trump-to-declare-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/news-story/6f16170f8ceec70d7e2f10a9659309a1 |title=Trump Declares Jerusalem as Israel's Capital |work=News.com.au |date=7 December 2017 |access-date=7 December 2017 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206234846/http://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/trump-to-declare-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/news-story/6f16170f8ceec70d7e2f10a9659309a1 |url-status=live}}</ref> The move was criticized by many nations.<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222180040/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-israel-jerusalem-reaction/arabs-europe-u-n-reject-trumps-recognition-of-jerusalem-as-israeli-capital-idUSKBN1E0312 |date=22 December 2017 }}, Mark Heinrich, Reuters</ref> A resolution condemning the US decision was supported by all the 14 other members of the UN Security Council, but was vetoed by the US on 18 December 2017.<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510060242/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/18/us-forced-veto-un-resolution-condemning-trumps-decision-jerusalem/ |date=10 May 2018 }}, '']''</ref> A subsequent resolution condemning the US decision was passed in the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42446027 |title=UN rejects Trump's Jerusalem declaration |date=21 December 2017 |work=BBC News |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613053816/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42446027 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/general-assembly-rejects-trump-jerusalem-move-171221135806725.html |title=UN General Assembly rejects Trump's Jerusalem move |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222211816/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/general-assembly-rejects-trump-jerusalem-move-171221135806725.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/21/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-united-nations.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/21/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-united-nations.html |archive-date=3 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Defying Trump, U.N. General Assembly Condemns U.S. Decree on Jerusalem |first=Rick |last=Gladstone |date=21 December 2017 |newspaper=The New York Times}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/ES-10/L.22&Submit=Search&Lang=E |title=United Nations Official Document |publisher=United Nations |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222122638/http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/ES-10/L.22&Submit=Search&Lang=E |url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 May 2018, the United States officially opened its ], transforming its Tel Aviv location into a consulate. Due to the general lack of international recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital, some non-Israeli media outlets use Tel Aviv as a ] for Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-must-cooperate-over-fake-passports-says-david-miliband-1903544.html |title=Israel must co-operate over fake passports, says David Miliband |work=The Independent |location=UK |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=11 September 2010 |first=James |last=Tapsfield |archive-date=20 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820225541/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-must-cooperate-over-fake-passports-says-david-miliband-1903544.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8521246.stm |title=Dubai Hamas killing pledge by UK foreign secretary |work=BBC News |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=11 September 2010 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501194540/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8521246.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20090104a1.html |title=Editorial A bloody new year in Gaza |newspaper=The Japan Times |date=4 January 2009 |access-date=11 September 2010 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112509/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20090104a1.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921130217/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/tools_and_services/specials/style_guide/article986728.ece |date=21 September 2011 }} "Jerusalem must not be used as a metonym or variant for Israel. It is not internationally recognised as the Israeli capital, and its status is one of the central controversies in the Middle East."</ref> | |||
===Modern period=== | |||
In April 2017, the Russian Foreign Ministry announced it viewed Western Jerusalem as Israel's capital in the context of UN-approved principles which include the status of East Jerusalem as the capital of the future Palestinian state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Jpost-Exclusive-Moscow-surprisingly-says-west-Jerusalem-is-Israels-capital-486336 |title=Jpost Exclusive: Moscow surprisingly says west Jerusalem is Israel's capital – Israel News |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=6 April 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923193803/http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Jpost-Exclusive-Moscow-surprisingly-says-west-Jerusalem-is-Israels-capital-486336 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.pnn.ps/2017/04/08/russia-could-acknowledge-west-jerusalem-as-israeli-capital/ |title=Russia could acknowledge West Jerusalem as Israeli Capital |date=8 April 2017 |publisher=PNN |access-date=9 April 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409195147/http://english.pnn.ps/2017/04/08/russia-could-acknowledge-west-jerusalem-as-israeli-capital/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104201944/https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182 |date=4 January 2020 }}"We reaffirm our commitment to the UN-approved principles for a Palestinian-Israeli settlement, which include the status of East Jerusalem as the capital of the future Palestinian state. At the same time, we must state that in this context we view West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel."</ref> On 15 December 2018, ] officially recognized West Jerusalem as Israel's capital, but said their embassy in Tel Aviv would stay until a two-state resolution was settled.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/australia-recognizes-west-jerusalem-as-the-capital-of-israel/ |title=Australia recognizes west Jerusalem as the capital of Israel |work=CBS News |date=15 December 2018 |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216011904/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/australia-recognizes-west-jerusalem-as-the-capital-of-israel/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The decision was reversed in October 2022.<ref name="aureverse">{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/10/18/1129609399/australia-will-end-recognition-of-jerusalem-as-israel-capital |language=en-US |publisher=] |date=17 October 2022 |access-date=18 October 2022 |title=Australia says it will end its recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018054516/https://www.npr.org/2022/10/18/1129609399/australia-will-end-recognition-of-jerusalem-as-israel-capital |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
With the annexation of Jerusalem by ] in 1831, foreign missions and consulates began to establish a foothold in the city. In 1836, ] allowed Jerusalem's Jewish residents to restore four major synagogues, among them the ].<ref name="multiref2">''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 37</ref> In the ], Qasim al-Ahmad led his forces from ] and attacked Jerusalem, aided by the ] clan, entered the city on May 31, 1834. The Christians and Jews of Jerusalem were subjected to attacks. Ibrahim's Egyptian army routed Qasim's forces in Jerusalem the following month.<ref>1834 Palestinian Arab Revolt | |||
* Joel Beinin (2001) Workers and peasants in the modern Middle East Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-62903-9 p 33 | |||
* Beshara, Doumani. (1995). '''' University of California Press.</ref> | |||
====Government precinct and national institutions==== | |||
] | |||
The ] (national precinct) project is intended to house most government agencies and national cultural institutions. They are located in the ] (government complex) in the ] neighbourhood. Some government buildings are located in ]. The city is home to the Knesset,<ref>{{cite web |title=English gateway to the Knesset website |url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/main/eng/home.asp |access-date=18 May 2007 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502130558/https://knesset.gov.il/main/eng/home.asp |url-status=live}}</ref> the ],<ref>{{cite web |title=The State of Israel: The Judicial Authority |url=http://elyon1.court.gov.il/eng/home/index.html |access-date=18 May 2007 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428211321/https://elyon1.court.gov.il/eng/home/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> the ], the ], the official residences of the ] and ], the ], and all ministries except for the ] (which is located in central Tel Aviv's ] district) and the ] (which is located in ], in the wider Tel Aviv ], near ]). | |||
Ottoman rule was reinstated in 1840, but many Egyptian Muslims remained in Jerusalem and Jews from ] and North Africa began to settle in the city in growing numbers.<ref name="multiref2"/> In the 1840s and 1850s, the international powers began a tug-of-war in Palestine as they sought to extend their protection over the region's religious minorities, a struggle carried out mainly through consular representatives in Jerusalem.<ref>''Encyclopedia Judaica'', Jerusalem, Keter, 1978, Volume 9, "State of Israel (Historical Survey)", pp.304–306</ref> According to the Prussian consul, the population in 1845 was 16,410, with 7,120 Jews, 5,000 Muslims, 3,390 Christians, 800 Turkish soldiers and 100 Europeans.<ref name="multiref2"/> The volume of Christian pilgrims increased under the Ottomans, doubling the city's population around Easter time.<ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p.35</ref> | |||
====Israeli settlements==== | |||
In the 1860s, new neighborhoods began to develop outside the Old City walls to house pilgrims and relieve the intense overcrowding and poor sanitation inside the city. The ] and ] were founded in 1860.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Eylon |first=Lili |title=Jerusalem: Architecture in the Late Ottoman Period |work=Focus on Israel |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |month=April |year=1999 |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/1990_1999/1999/4/focus%20on%20israel-%20jerusalem%20-%20architecture%20in%20the%20l |accessdate=2007-04-20}}</ref> In 1867 an American Missionary reports an estimated population of Jerusalem of 'above' 15,000, with 4,000 to 5,000 Jews and 6,000 Muslims. Every year there were 5,000 to 6,000 Russian Christian Pilgrims.<ref>Ellen Clare Miller, ''Eastern Sketches – notes of scenery, schools and tent life in Syria and Palestine''. Edinburgh: William Oliphant and Company. 1871. Page 126: 'It is difficult to obtain a correct estimate of the number of inhabitants of Jerusalem...'</ref> | |||
{{See also|Israeli settlements}} | |||
{{Expand section|date=April 2023}} | |||
Since its capture in 1967, the Israeli government has built 12 ] in ], with a population amounting to 220,000 Israeli Jewish settlers as of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population |url=https://peacenow.org.il/en/settlements-watch/settlements-data/population |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=Peace Now |language=en-US |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611210642/https://peacenow.org.il/en/settlements-watch/settlements-data/population |url-status=live}}</ref> The international community consider Israeli settlements to be illegal under ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Adam |author-link=Adam Roberts (scholar) |year=1990 |title=Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8aaa/455b51d4c49285089a97a08496071e322877.pdf |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=85–86 |doi=10.2307/2203016 |jstor=2203016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215100933/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8aaa/455b51d4c49285089a97a08496071e322877.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2020 |quote=The international community has taken a critical view of both deportations and settlements as being contrary to international law. General Assembly resolutions have condemned the deportations since 1969, and have done so by overwhelming majorities in recent years. Likewise, they have consistently deplored the establishment of settlements, and have done so by overwhelming majorities throughout the period (since the end of 1976) of the rapid expansion in their numbers. The Security Council has also been critical of deportations and settlements; and other bodies have viewed them as an obstacle to peace, and illegal under international law... Although East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights have been brought directly under Israeli law, by acts that amount to annexation, both of these areas continue to be viewed by the international community as occupied, and their status as regards the applicability of international rules is in most respects identical to that of the West Bank and Gaza. |s2cid=145514740}}</ref> | |||
====British Mandate==== | |||
{{See|British Mandate of Palestine}} | |||
] enters the ] on December 11, 1917]] | |||
In 1917 after the ], the ], led by ], captured the city,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fromkin |first=David |publisher=Owl Books e|edition=2nd reprinted |isbn=0805068848 |date=2001-09-01 |title=A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East |accessdate=2007-02-02 |pages=312–3}}</ref> and in 1922, the ] at the ] entrusted the ] to administer the ], the neighbouring mandate of ] to the east across the ], and the ] beyond it. | |||
===Jerusalem as capital of Palestine=== | |||
From 1922 to 1948 the total population of the city rose from 52,000 to 165,000 with two thirds of Jews and one-third of Arabs (Muslims and Christians).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://focusonjerusalem.com/jerusalempopchart.html |title=Chart of the population of Jerusalem |publisher=Focusonjerusalem.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref> The situation between Arabs and Jews in Palestine was not quiet. In Jerusalem, in particular, ] and ]. Under the British, new garden suburbs were built in the western and northern parts of the city<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tamari |first=Salim |year=1999 |title=Jerusalem 1948: The Phantom City |journal=Jerusalem Quarterly File |issue=3 |format=Reprint |url=http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/tamjer.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060909050148/http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/tamjer.htm |archivedate=2006-09-09 |accessdate=2007-02-02}}</ref><ref name="ingeborg-mandate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_12.html |publisher=Bar-Ilan University Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies |title=The British Mandate |work=Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City |accessdate=2007-02-10 |last=Eisenstadt |first=David |date=2002-08-26}}</ref> and institutions of higher learning such as the ] were founded.<ref name="huji-history">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huji.ac.il/huji/eng/aboutHU_history_e.htm |publisher=The Hebrew University of Jerusalem |title=History |accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref> | |||
{{See also|East Jerusalem#Jerusalem as capital}} | |||
] | |||
]]] | |||
The ] views East Jerusalem as ] according to ]. The Palestinian Authority claims Jerusalem, including the ], as the capital of the State of Palestine,<ref name="PalestinianPosition">In the ]'s ] of 1988, Jerusalem is stated to be the capital of the State of Palestine. In 1997, the ] passed the Palestinian ''Basic Law'' (ratified by Chairman ] in 2002), designating the city as such. Article 3: ''"Jerusalem is the capital of Palestine."''<br /> | |||
See {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211183132/http://www.palestinianbasiclaw.org/basic-law/2003-amended-basic-law |date=11 February 2016 }}. Retrieved 2 June 2013; {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930185347/http://english.people.com.cn/200210/06/eng20021006_104530.shtml |date=30 September 2014 }}, People's Daily, published 6 October 2002; {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916221206/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2302961.stm |date=16 September 2015 }}, BBC News, published 6 October 2002.</ref> The PLO claims that West Jerusalem is also subject to permanent status negotiations. However, it has stated that it would be willing to consider alternative solutions, such as making Jerusalem an ].<ref name="PLO-NAD">{{cite web |work=PLO-Negotiations Affairs Department (NAD) |url=http://www.nad-plo.org/etemplate.php?id=59&more=1 |title=Jerusalem |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418223336/http://www.nad-plo.org/etemplate.php?id=59 |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref> | |||
The PLO's position is that East Jerusalem, as defined by the ], shall be the capital of Palestine and ] the capital of Israel, with each state enjoying full sovereignty over its respective part of the city and with its own municipality. A joint ''development council'' would be responsible for coordinated development.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nad-plo.org/userfiles/file/Factsheet%202013/EJ%20TODAY_FINAL%20REPORT_II.pdf |website=East Jerusalem today |title=Palestine's Capital: The 1967 border in Jerusalem and Israel's illegal policies on the ground |access-date=5 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825020708/http://www.nad-plo.org/userfiles/file/Factsheet%202013/EJ%20TODAY_FINAL%20REPORT_II.pdf |archive-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=PLO-Negotiations Affairs Department (NAD) |date=August 2013 |page=5}}</ref> ] in East Jerusalem served as the headquarters of the ] in the 1980s and 1990s. It was closed by Israel in 2001, two days after the ]. | |||
====Division and reunification 1948–1967==== | |||
{{See|1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|1948 Arab-Israeli War|Siege of Jerusalem (1948)}} | |||
{{See also|UN General Assembly Resolution 194|Occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan|East Jerusalem}} | |||
] near the ]]] | |||
Some states, such as ]<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726041642/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4015504,00.html |date=26 July 2013 }} "Russian president says Moscow has not changed its position since 1988 when it 'recognized independent Palestinian state with its capital in east Jerusalem'"</ref> and ],<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516095526/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/7592121.html |date=16 May 2013 }} "China recognizes Palestine as a country with east Jerusalem as its capital and possessing full sovereignty and independence, in accordance with borders agreed upon in 1967, according to Jiang"</ref> recognize the Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital. ] affirmed that the Palestinian people have the right to sovereignty over East Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/A2C2938216B39DE485256EA70070C849 |title=Resolution 58/292. Status of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem |date=17 May 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806133025/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/A2C2938216B39DE485256EA70070C849 |archive-date=6 August 2012 |publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
As the British Mandate for Palestine was expiring, the ] recommended "the creation of a special international regime in the City of Jerusalem, constituting it as a '']'' under the administration of the ]."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/52b7d0e66142a40e85256dc70072b982/6362111f689724d705256601007063f2!OpenDocument|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080126145437/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/52b7d0e66142a40e85256dc70072b982/6362111f689724d705256601007063f2!OpenDocument|archivedate=2008-01-26 |publisher=The United Nations |date=1948-01-22 |accessdate=2007-02-03 |title=Considerations Affecting Certain of the Provisions of the General Assembly Resolution on the "Future Government of Palestine": The City of Jerusalem}}</ref> The international regime (which also included the city of ]) was to remain in force for a period of ten years, whereupon a ] was to be held in which the residents were to decide the future regime of their city. However, this plan was not implemented, as the ], while the British withdrew from Palestine and ].<ref name="lapidoth"/> The war led to displacement of Arab and Jewish populations in the city. The 1,500 residents of the ] of the Old City were expelled and a few hundred taken prisoner when the Arab Legion captured the quarter on 28 May.<ref>], ''1948'' (2008), pp.218–219.</ref><ref>]</ref> The Arab Legion also attacked Western Jerusalem with snipers.<ref>], ''A Tale of Love and Darkness'', (2004), ISBN 0151008787</ref> Arab residents of ], ], and the ] were driven from their homes.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}} | |||
==== Palestinian offices and institutions ==== | |||
The war of 1948 resulted in Jerusalem being divided, with the ] lying entirely on the Jordanian side of the ]. A no-man's land between East and West Jerusalem came into being in November 1948: ], commander of the Israeli forces in Jerusalem, met with his Jordanian counterpart ] in a deserted house in Jerusalem’s ] neighborhood and marked out their respective positions: Israel’s position in red and Jordan's in green. This rough map, which was not meant as an official one, became the final ] in the ], which divided the city and left ] as an Israeli ] inside ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jposttravel.com/jerusalem_tours/FormerIsrael1008.html |title=No Man's Land |publisher=Jposttravel.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref> Barbed wire and concrete barriers ran down the center of the city, passing close by ] on the western side of the ], and a crossing point was established at ] slightly to the north of the ]. Military skirmishes frequently threatened the ceasefire. After the establishment of the State of Israel, Jerusalem was declared its capital. Jordan formally annexed East Jerusalem in 1950, subjecting it to Jordanian law.<ref name="lapidoth">{{Cite web | |||
{{See also|List of diplomatic missions in Palestine#Consulates}} | |||
|last=Lapidoth | |||
] — the home of the Belgian Consulate to Palestine]] | |||
|first=Ruth | |||
Government offices are located outside the Israeli municipal limits include the ], ], the ] and the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IDF forces take control of Governors House Compound in Abu Dis | Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/idf-forces-take-control-of-governors-house-compound-in-abu-dis-10-aug-2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227132111/https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/idf-forces-take-control-of-governors-house-compound-in-abu-dis-10-aug-2001 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2018/02/16/abu-dis-information/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227132110/https://www.israelhayom.com/2018/02/16/abu-dis-information/ |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=PA Institutions in Abu Dis Cut Off From East Jerusalem |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2004-01-19/ty-article/pa-institutions-in-abu-dis-cut-off-from-east-jerusalem/0000017f-db21-d3a5-af7f-fbaf31240000 |access-date=25 February 2024 |work=Haaretz |language=en}}</ref> There is a Palestinian Authority regional office and an electoral office located in the ] neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Israeli Authorities Were Unaware of Jerusalem City Limits When Shuttering Palestinian Mapping Office |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-03-21/ty-article/.premium/police-were-unaware-of-jerusalem-city-limits-when-shuttering-palestinian-mapping-office/0000017f-e06d-d38f-a57f-e67f01870000 |access-date=25 February 2024 |work=Haaretz |language=en}}</ref> | |||
|title=Jerusalem: Legal and Political Background | |||
|work=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs | |||
|accessdate=2008-07-22 | |||
|date=1998-06-30 | |||
|url=http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/mfa/peace%20process/guide%20to%20the%20peace%20process/jerusalem-%20legal%20and%20political%20background | |||
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070807025057/http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/mfa/peace+process/guide+to+the+peace+process/jerusalem-+legal+and+political+background | |||
|archivedate=2007-08-07 | |||
}}</ref><ref name="birzeit">{{Cite web | |||
|title=Legal Status in Palestine | |||
|work=Birzeit University Institute of Law | |||
|accessdate=2008-07-22 | |||
|url=http://lawcenter.birzeit.edu/iol/en/index.php?action_id=210 | |||
}}</ref> Only the ] and ] formally recognized such annexation, which, in regard to Jerusalem, was on a ''de facto'' basis.<ref>Announcement in the UK House of Commons of the recognition of the State of Israel and also of the annexation of the West Bank by the State of Jordan. Commons Debates (Hansard) 5th series, Vol 474, pp 1137–1141. April 27, 1950. ]</ref> Also, it is dubious if Pakistan recognized Jordan's annexation.<ref>S. R. Silverburg, Pakistan and the West Bank: A research note, ''Middle Eastern Studies'', 19:2 (1983) 261–263.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=P. R. Kumaraswamy |date=2000-03 |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/jcss/memoranda/memo55.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070628142556/http://www.tau.ac.il/jcss/memoranda/memo55.pdf |archivedate=2007-06-28 |title=Beyond the Veil: Israel-Pakistan Relations |publisher=Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University |location=Tel Aviv, Israel |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-07-22 }}</ref> | |||
==Municipal administration== | |||
After 1948, since the ] in its entirety was to the east of the armistice line, ] was able to take control of all the holy places therein, and contrary to the terms of the armistice agreement, Israelis were denied access to Jewish holy sites, many of which were desecrated. 34 of the 35 synagogues in the Old City ,including the ] and the ], were destroyed over the course of the next 19 years, either razed or used as stables and hen-houses. Many other historic and religiously significant buildings were replaced by modern structures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/A8138AD15B0FCAC385256B920059DEBF |title=Letter From The Permanent Representative Of Israel To The United Nations Addressed To The Secretary-General |publisher=Unispal.un.org |date= |accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref> The Jewish Quarter became known as ''Harat al-Sharaf'' and was occupied by refugees from the 1948 war. In 1966 the Jordanian authorities relocated 500 of them to the ] as part of plans to redevelop the area.<ref>Doson, Nandita and Sabbah, Abdul Wahad (editors) ''Stories from our Mothers'' (2010). ISBN 978 0 9956136 3 0. Pages 18/19.</ref> | |||
{{main|Municipality of Jerusalem}} | |||
The Jerusalem ] is a body of 31 elected members headed by the mayor, who serves a five-year term and appoints eight deputies. The former mayor of Jerusalem, ], was elected in 2003.<ref name=corridors>{{cite news |last=Cidor |first=Peggy |newspaper=] |date=15 March 2007 |title=Corridors of Power: A tale of two councils |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1173879092720&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |access-date=28 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716012336/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1173879092720&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> In the November 2008 city elections, ] was elected. In November 2018, ] was elected mayor.<ref>{{cite news |title=Moshe Lion elected Jerusalem Mayor in dramatic finish |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-moshe-lion-elected-jerusalem-mayor-in-dramatic-finish-1001260573 |date=14 November 2018 |access-date=15 December 2018 |first=Tal |last=Schneider |newspaper=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074141/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-moshe-lion-elected-jerusalem-mayor-in-dramatic-finish-1001260573 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
Jordan allowed only very limited access to Christian holy sites.<ref>Martin Gilbert, , ''The New Republic'', Nov. 14, 1994</ref> During this period, the ] and al-Aqsa Mosque underwent major renovations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0994/9409011.htm|title=Dispute Over Jerusalem Holy Places Disrupts Arab Camp|author=Greg Noakes|publisher=]|date=September/October 1994|accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> | |||
Apart from the mayor and his deputies, City Council members receive no salaries and work on a voluntary basis. The longest-serving Jerusalem mayor was ], who spent 28 years—six consecutive terms—in office. Most of the meetings of the Jerusalem City Council are private, but each month, it holds a session that is open to the public.<ref name=corridors/> Within the city council, religious political parties form an especially powerful faction, accounting for the majority of its seats.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jerusalem Becomes A Battleground Over Gay Rights Vs. Religious Beliefs |url=http://www.coxwashington.com/hp/content/reporters/stories/2006/11/11/BC_ISRAEL_GAYS10_COX.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223111106/http://www.coxwashington.com/hp/content/reporters/stories/2006/11/11/BC_ISRAEL_GAYS10_COX.html |archive-date=23 December 2007 |last=Coker |first=Margaret |access-date=28 March 2007 |date=11 November 2006 |publisher=Cox Newspapers}}</ref> | |||
] | |||
In 1967, the ] saw hand to hand fighting between Israeli and Jordanian soldiers on the ], and it resulted in Israel capturing ]. Hence Jewish and Christian access to the holy sites inside the ] was restored, while the ] remained under the jurisdiction of an Islamic '']''. The ], which was located adjacent to the Western Wall, was vacated and razed<ref>Rashid Khalidi, ''British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies'', Vol. 19, No. 2 (1992), pp. 133–143</ref> to make way for a plaza for those visiting the wall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC04.php?CID=6 |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy |accessdate=2008-07-20 |year=1988 |title=Jerusalem's Holy Places and the Peace Process}}</ref> Since the war, Israel has expanded the city's boundaries and established a ring of Jewish neighbourhoods on land east of the ]. Since 1967, Israel has gone to considerable lengths to make the sections of Jerusalem it captured in the Six Day War more Jewish.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bowen|first=Jeremy|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-10656890 |title=House-by-house struggle for East Jerusalem|publisher=BBC|date=2010-07-15|accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref> | |||
The headquarters of the Jerusalem Municipality and the mayor's office are at ] (''Kikar Safra'') on ]. The municipal complex, comprising two modern buildings and ten renovated historic buildings surrounding a large plaza, opened in 1993 when it moved from the ] building built by the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_sys/picture/atarim/site_form_atar_eng.asp?site_id=147&pic_cat=2&icon_cat=6&york_cat=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021031151337/http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_sys/picture/atarim/site_form_atar_eng.asp?site_id=147&pic_cat=2&icon_cat=6&york_cat=7 |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2002 |publisher=The Municipality of Jerusalem |access-date=24 April 2007 |title=Safra Square – City Hall}}</ref> The city falls under the ], with Jerusalem as the district's capital. 37% of the population is Palestinian, but in 2014 not more than 10% of tax revenues were allocated for them. In East Jerusalem, 52% of the land was excluded from development, 35% designated for Jewish settlements, and 13% for Palestinian use, almost all of which was already built upon.<ref name=Thrall >], {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906092249/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n23/nathan-thrall/rage-in-jerusalem |date=6 September 2015 }} ] Vol. 36 No. 23 4 December 2014, pp. 19–21.</ref> | |||
However, the takeover of East Jerusalem was met with international criticism. Following the passing of Israel's ], which declared Jerusalem, "complete and united", the capital of Israel,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1980_1989/Basic%20Law-%20Jerusalem-%20Capital%20of%20Israel |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Basic Law- Jerusalem- Capital of Israel |date=1980-07-30 |accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> the ] passed ] that declared the law "a violation of international law" and requested all member states to withdraw all remaining embassies from the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/399/71/IMG/NR039971.pdf?OpenElement |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=2008-07-30 |year=1980 |title=Resolution 478 (1980)}}</ref> | |||
In ], certain parts of few neighborhoods were allotted to the ]. Parts of ], Wadi al-Hummus, ] and ], altogether came under ], which is completely controlled by the Palestinian Authority.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Unique Status of the Jerusalem Suburb of Wadi Hummus |url=https://jcpa.org/article/the-unique-status-of-the-jerusalem-suburb-of-wadi-hummus/ |access-date=1 March 2024 |website=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |language=en-US |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220144346/https://jcpa.org/article/the-unique-status-of-the-jerusalem-suburb-of-wadi-hummus/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ] and ] are mostly in ], where both Palestine and Israel has control.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516124646/http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/pdfs/vprofile/Ar%20Ram_EN.pdf |date=16 May 2024 }}, ARIJ, 2012, pp. 18-19</ref> Other parts of ], ] and ] also falls under Area B.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122131509/http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/pdfs/vprofile/beithanina.pdf |date=22 November 2023 }}, ARIJ, 2013, p. 16</ref><ref name="ARIJ"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504131419/http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/pdfs/vprofile/Arab%20al%20Jahalin_EN.pdf |date=4 May 2023 }}, ARIJ, p. 17</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ragson |first=Adam |title=Jerusalem's no man's land: Chaos and anarchy in the Kafr Aqab neighborhood |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jerusalems-no-mans-land-chaos-and-anarchy-in-the-kafr-aqab-neighborhood/ |work=] |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301235637/https://www.timesofisrael.com/jerusalems-no-mans-land-chaos-and-anarchy-in-the-kafr-aqab-neighborhood/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
====Today==== | |||
{{See|Positions on Jerusalem}} | |||
The status of the city, and especially its holy places, remains a core issue in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Israeli government has approved building plans in the Muslim Quarter of the Old City<ref> The Washington Post Foreign Service, February 11, 2007; Page A01</ref> in order to expand the Jewish presence in East Jerusalem, while prominent Islamic leaders have made claims that Jews have no historical connection to Jerusalem, alleging that the 2,500-year old Western Wall was constructed as part of a mosque.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1192380646406&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/Printer|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071027091508/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1192380646406&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/Printer|archivedate=2007-10-27 |title='Western Wall was never part of temple' |publisher=] |date=2007-10-25 |accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> ] envision East Jerusalem as the capital of a ],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/913085.stm |title=No Mid-East advance at UN summit |publisher=BBC |date=2000-09-07 |accessdate=2007-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1167467711961&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |author=Khaled Abu Toameh |title=Abbas: Aim guns against occupation |date=2007-01-11 |accessdate=2007-02-03}}{{Dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref> and the city's borders have been the subject of bilateral talks. A strong longing for peace is symbolized by the Peace Monument (with farming tools made out of scrap weapons), facing the Old City wall near the former Israeli-Jordanian border and quoting from the book of Isaiah in Arabic and Hebrew.<ref></ref> | |||
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
{{wide image|Panorámica de Jerusalén desde el Monte de los Olivos.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|A panorama of the ] (Haram al-Sharif or Al-Aqsa compound), including ], and ], from the ]}} | |||
]]] | |||
Jerusalem is situated on the southern spur of a ] in the ], which include the ] (East) and ] (North East). The elevation of the Old City is approximately {{convert|760|m|ft|sigfig=3|abbr=on|lk=out}}.<ref>{{Cite book | |||
|title=Drought Management Planning in Water Supply Systems | |||
|last=Cabrera |first=Enrique | |||
|coauthors=Jorge García-Serra | |||
|accessdate=2007-02-09 | |||
|date=1998-12-31 | |||
|isbn=0792352947 | |||
|publisher=Springer | |||
|page=304 | |||
|quote=The Old City of Jerusalem (760 m) in the central hills}}</ref> The whole of Jerusalem is surrounded by valleys and dry ] ('']s''). The ], ], and ] Valleys intersect in an area just south of the Old City of Jerusalem.<ref name="bergsohn">{{Cite web | |||
|url=http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/nes263/spring06/scb48/Final%20Website/Geography%20Page.html | |||
|last=Bergsohn |first=Sam | |||
|date=2006-05-15 | |||
|accessdate=2007-02-09 | |||
|title=Geography | |||
|publisher=Cornell University| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070714134629/http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/nes263/spring06/scb48/Final+Website/Geography+Page.html| archivedate = July 14, 2007}}</ref> The ] runs to the east of the Old City and separates the ] from the city proper. Along the southern side of old Jerusalem is the ], a steep ravine associated in biblical ] with the concept of ] or ].<ref>{{Cite book | |||
|title=Four Views on Hell | |||
|last=Walvoord | |||
|first=John | |||
|publisher=Zondervan | |||
|date=1996-01-07 | |||
|coauthors=Zachary J. Hayes, Clark H. Pinnock, William Crockett, and Stanley N. Gundry | |||
|accessdate=2007-02-09 | |||
|isbn=0310212685 | |||
|page=58 | |||
|chapter=The Metaphorical View}}</ref> The ] commenced in the northwest near the ], ran south-southeasterly through the center of the Old City down to the ], and divided the lower part into two hills, the Temple Mount to the east, and the rest of the city to the west (the lower and the upper cities described by ]). Today, this valley is hidden by debris that has accumulated over the centuries.<ref name="bergsohn" /> | |||
] neighborhood]] | |||
In biblical times, Jerusalem was surrounded by forests of ], ] and ] trees. Over centuries of warfare and neglect, these forests were destroyed. Farmers in the Jerusalem region thus built stone terraces along the slopes to hold back the soil, a feature still very much in evidence in the Jerusalem landscape.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} | |||
Jerusalem is situated on the southern spur of a ] in the ], which include the ] (East) and ] (North East). The elevation of the Old City is approximately {{cvt|760|m|ft|sigfig=3}}.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Drought Management Planning in Water Supply Systems |last=Cabrera |first=Enrique |author2=Jorge García-Serra |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7923-5294-5 |publisher=Springer |page= |quote=The Old City of Jerusalem (760 m) in the central hills |url=https://archive.org/details/droughtmanagemen0000unse/page/304}}</ref> The whole of Jerusalem is surrounded by valleys and dry ] ('']s''). The ], ], and ] Valleys intersect in an area just south of the Old City of Jerusalem.<ref name=bergsohn>{{cite web |url=http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/nes263/spring06/scb48/Final%20Website/Geography%20Page.html |last=Bergsohn |first=Sam |date=15 May 2006 |access-date=9 February 2007 |title=Geography |publisher=Cornell University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714134629/http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/nes263/spring06/scb48/Final%20Website/Geography%20Page.html |archive-date=14 July 2007}}</ref> The ] runs to the east of the Old City and separates the ] from the city proper. Along the southern side of old Jerusalem is the ], a steep ravine associated in biblical ] with the concept of ] or ].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Four Views on Hell |last=Walvoord |first=John |publisher=Zondervan |year=1996 |author2=Zachary J. Hayes |author3=Clark H. Pinnock |author4=William Crockett |author5=Stanley N. Gundry |isbn=978-0-310-21268-3 |page=58 |chapter=The Metaphorical View}}</ref> | |||
Water supply has always been a major problem in Jerusalem, as attested to by the intricate network of ancient ]s, tunnels, pools and cisterns found in the city.<ref>{{Dead link|date=July 2009}}</ref> | |||
The ] commenced in the northwest near the ], ran south-southeasterly through the centre of the Old City down to the ], and divided the lower part into two hills, the Temple Mount to the east, and the rest of the city to the west, the lower and the upper cities described by ]. Today, this valley is hidden by debris that has accumulated over the centuries.<ref name=bergsohn/> In biblical times, Jerusalem was surrounded by forests of almond, olive and pine trees. Over centuries of warfare and neglect, these forests were destroyed. Farmers in the Jerusalem region built stone terraces along the slopes to hold back the soil, a feature still very much in evidence in the Jerusalem landscape.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} | |||
Jerusalem is {{convert|60|km|mi|0|sp=us}}<ref>{{Cite book | |||
|title=Taking Space Seriously: Law, Space and Society in Contemporary Israel | |||
|last=Rosen-Zvi |first=Issachar | |||
|isbn=0754623513 | |||
|month=June |year=2004 | |||
|publisher=Ashgate Publishing | |||
|page=37 | |||
|accessdate=2007-02-09 | |||
|quote=Thus, for instance, the distance between the four large metropolitan regions are—39 miles}}</ref> east of ] and the ]. On the opposite side of the city, approximately {{convert|35|km|mi|0|sp=us}}<ref>{{Cite news | |||
|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5750610/ | |||
|publisher=AP via MSNBC | |||
|date=2004-08-18 | |||
|title=Debate flares anew over Dead Sea Scrolls | |||
|accessdate=2007-02-09 | |||
|last=Federman |first=Josef}}</ref> away, is the ], the ] on Earth. Neighboring cities and towns include ] and ] to the south, ] and ] to the east, ] to the west, and ] and ] to the north.<ref>{{Cite web | |||
|url=http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~maeira/About%20us/Introduction/Introduction.html | |||
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080205182616/http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~maeira/About+us/Introduction/Introduction.html | |||
|archivedate=2008-02-05 | |||
|work=The Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Expedition | |||
|publisher=Bar Ilan University | |||
|accessdate=2007-04-24 | |||
|title=Introduction}} (Image located here )</ref><ref name="map">{{Cite web | |||
|url=http://www.eyeonisrael.com/Israel-touring-map.html | |||
|publisher=Eye On Israel | |||
|accessdate=2007-04-25 | |||
|title=Map of Israel}} (See map 9 for Jerusalem)</ref><ref>{{Cite news | |||
Water supply has always been a major problem in Jerusalem, as attested to by the intricate network of ancient ], tunnels, pools and cisterns found in the city.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=3137039 |title=The Water Supply of Jerusalem, Ancient and Modern |first=E. W. G. |last=Masterman |journal=The Biblical World |volume=19 |issue=2 |date=February 1902 |pages=87–112 |publisher=] |doi=10.1086/472951 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |||
|title="One more Obstacle to Peace" – A new Israeli Neighborhood on the lands of Jerusalem city | |||
|url=http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=1025 | |||
|publisher=The Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem | |||
|date=2007-03-10 | |||
|accessdate=2007-04-24}} (Image located here )</ref> | |||
Jerusalem is {{cvt|60|km|mi|0|sp=us}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Taking Space Seriously: Law, Space and Society in Contemporary Israel |last=Rosen-Zvi |first=Issachar |isbn=978-0-7546-2351-9 |date=2004 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |page=37 |quote=Thus, for instance, the distance between the four large metropolitan regions are—39 miles}}</ref> east of ] and the ]. On the opposite side of the city, approximately {{cvt|35|km|mi|0|sp=us}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5750610 |publisher=NBC News |agency=The Associated Press |date=18 August 2004 |title=Debate flares anew over Dead Sea Scrolls |access-date=9 February 2007 |last=Federman |first=Josef |archive-date=17 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017143456/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/5750610/ |url-status=live }}</ref> away, is the ], the ] on Earth. Neighbouring cities and towns include ] and ] to the south, ] and ] to the east, ] to the west, and Ramallah and ] to the north.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~maeira/About%20us/Introduction/Introduction.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405000137/http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~maeira/About%20us/Introduction/Introduction.html |archive-date=5 April 2005 |work=The Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Expedition |publisher=Bar Ilan University |access-date=24 April 2007 |title=Introduction}}{{cbignore}} (Image located here at the ] (31 July 2008).)</ref><ref name=map>{{cite web |url=http://www.eyeonisrael.com/Israel-touring-map.html |publisher=Eye on Israel |access-date=25 April 2007 |title=Map of Israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427145816/http://www.eyeonisrael.com/Israel-touring-map.html |archive-date=27 April 2007 |url-status=dead}} (See map 9 for Jerusalem)</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='One more Obstacle to Peace' – A new Israeli Neighborhood on the lands of Jerusalem city |url=http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=1025 |publisher=The Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem |date=10 March 2007 |access-date=24 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131211621/http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=1025 |archive-date=31 January 2008}})</ref> | |||
], including ], and ], from the ]]] | |||
], at the western side of the city near the ], serves as the national cemetery of Israel. | |||
<gallery widths="200" heights="135"> | |||
File:Jerusalem, Israel.JPG|Astronauts' view of Jerusalem | |||
File:Israel-2013-Aerial-Mount of Olives.jpg|Sunset aerial photograph of the ] | |||
</gallery> | |||
===Climate=== | ===Climate=== | ||
] | |||
The city is characterized by a ], with hot, dry summers, and mild, wet winters. Snow usually occurs once or twice a winter, although the city experiences heavy snowfall every three to four years on average. January is the coldest month of the year, with an average temperature of {{convert|9.1|°C|1|abbr=on}}; July and August are the hottest months, with an average temperature of {{convert|24.2|°C|1|abbr=on}}, and the summer months are usually rainless. The average annual precipitation is around {{convert|550|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}, with rain occurring mostly between October and May.<ref name="weather">{{Cite web | |||
The city is characterized by a ] (]: ''Csa''), with hot, dry summers, and mild, wet winters. Snow flurries usually occur once or twice a winter, although the city experiences heavy ] every three to four years, on average, with short-lived accumulation. | |||
|url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/ISXX0010?from=month_bottomnav_business | |||
|publisher=The Weather Channel | |||
January is the coldest month of the year, with an average temperature of {{cvt|9.1|°C|1}}; July and August are the hottest months, with an average temperature of {{cvt|24.2|°C|1}}, and the summer months are usually rainless. The average annual precipitation is around {{cvt|537|mm|in|0}}, with rain occurring almost entirely between October and May.<ref name=weather>{{cite web |title=Mean Daily Sunshine on each month for Jerusalem, Israel |publisher=The Weather Channel |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/ISXX0010?from=month_bottomnav_business |access-date=7 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114085738/http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/ISXX0010?from=month_bottomnav_business |archive-date=14 November 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Snowfall is rare, and large snowfalls are even more rare.<ref name=snow2013-1>{{cite news |title=Roads to Jerusalem closed as huge storm batters Israel |first=Yaakov |last=Lappin |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=13 December 2013 |url=http://www.jpost.com/National-News/Police-IDF-called-in-to-help-motorists-stranded-in-snow-in-Jerusalem-BG-Airport-shut-temporarily-334920 |access-date=13 December 2013 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425111635/https://www.jpost.com///national-news/police-idf-called-in-to-help-motorists-stranded-in-snow-in-jerusalem-bg-airport-shut-temporarily-334920 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=snow2013-2>{{cite news |title=Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot |first=Jason |last=Samenow |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=13 December 2013 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/wp/2013/12/13/rare-snow-in-cairo-jerusalem-paralyzed-in-historic-snow/ |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903233952/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/wp/2013/12/13/rare-snow-in-cairo-jerusalem-paralyzed-in-historic-snow/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Jerusalem received over {{cvt|30|cm|in}} of snow on 13 December 2013, which nearly paralyzed the city.<ref name=snow2013-1/><ref name=snow2013-2/> A day in Jerusalem has on average, 9.3 sunshine hours. With summers averaging similar temperatures as the coastline, the maritime influence from the ] is strong, in particular given that Jerusalem is located on a similar latitude as scorching hot deserts not far to its east. | |||
|accessdate=2007-02-07 | |||
|title=Monthly Averages for Jerusalem, Israel}}</ref> | |||
The highest recorded temperature in Jerusalem was {{cvt|44.4|°C|1}} on 28 and 30 August 1881, and the lowest temperature recorded was {{cvt|−6.7|°C|1}} on 25 January 1907. | |||
Most of the air pollution in Jerusalem comes from vehicular traffic.<ref name=friction>{{Cite book |title=Jerusalem: Points of Friction-And Beyond |last=Ma'oz |first=Moshe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2000 |author2=Sari Nusseibeh |isbn=978-90-411-8843-4 |pages=44–46}}</ref> Many main streets in Jerusalem were not built to accommodate such a large volume of traffic, leading to traffic congestion and more ] released into the air. Industrial pollution inside the city is sparse, but emissions from factories on the ] can travel eastward and settle over the city.<ref name=friction/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1189411414621&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Worst ozone pollution in Beit Shemesh, Gush Etzion |author=Rory Kess |newspaper=] |date=16 September 2007 |access-date=23 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624112024/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1189411414621&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=24 June 2011}}</ref> | |||
Most of the ] in Jerusalem comes from vehicular traffic.<ref name="friction">{{Cite book | |||
|title=Jerusalem: Points of Friction-And Beyond | |||
|last=Ma'oz |first=Moshe | |||
|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | |||
|month=March | |||
|year=2000 | |||
|coauthors=Sari Nusseibeh | |||
|isbn=9041188436 | |||
|pages=44–6 | |||
|accessdate=2007-02-10}}</ref> Many main streets in Jerusalem were not built to accommodate such a large volume of traffic, leading to traffic congestion and more ] released into the air. Industrial pollution inside the city is sparse, but emissions from factories on the ] can travel eastward and settle over the city.<ref name="friction" /><ref>{{Cite news | |||
|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1189411414621&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull | |||
|title=Worst ozone pollution in Beit Shemesh, Gush Etzion | |||
|author=Rory Kess | |||
|publisher=] | |||
|date=September 16, 2007 | |||
|accessdate=2007-10-23}}{{Dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref> | |||
{{Weather box | {{Weather box|location=Jerusalem (1991–2020 normals) | ||
|metric first= yes | |||
|location = Jerusalem (1881-2007) | |||
|single line=Y | |||
|metric first = Y | |||
|Jan record high C = 24.4 | |||
|single line = Y | |||
| |
|Feb record high C = 27.5 | ||
| |
|Mar record high C = 32.7 | ||
| |
|Apr record high C = 35.6 | ||
| |
|May record high C = 38.6 | ||
| |
|Jun record high C = 38.4 | ||
|Jun record high C = 36.8 | |||
|Jul record high C = 40.6 | |Jul record high C = 40.6 | ||
|Aug record high C = 44.4 | |Aug record high C = 44.4 | ||
|Sep record high C = |
|Sep record high C = 42.7 | ||
|Oct record high C = |
|Oct record high C = 36.5 | ||
|Nov record high C = |
|Nov record high C = 30.5 | ||
|Dec record high C = |
|Dec record high C = 28.5 | ||
|year record high C = 44.4 | |year record high C = 44.4 | ||
|Jan high C = |
|Jan high C = 12.7 | ||
|Feb high C = |
|Feb high C = 14.0 | ||
|Mar high C = |
|Mar high C = 17.4 | ||
|Apr high C = |
|Apr high C = 22.0 | ||
|May high C = |
|May high C = 26.2 | ||
|Jun high C = |
|Jun high C = 28.6 | ||
|Jul high C = |
|Jul high C = 30.0 | ||
|Aug high C = |
|Aug high C = 30.3 | ||
|Sep high C = 28. |
|Sep high C = 28.9 | ||
|Oct high C = |
|Oct high C = 25.9 | ||
|Nov high C = |
|Nov high C = 19.9 | ||
|Dec high C = 14. |
|Dec high C = 14.9 | ||
|year high C = |
|year high C = | ||
|Jan mean C = 9. |
|Jan mean C = 9.8 | ||
|Feb mean C = |
|Feb mean C = 10.7 | ||
|Mar mean C = |
|Mar mean C = 13.4 | ||
|Apr mean C = 17. |
|Apr mean C = 17.3 | ||
|May mean C = |
|May mean C = 21.2 | ||
|Jun mean C = |
|Jun mean C = 23.5 | ||
|Jul mean C = |
|Jul mean C = 25.0 | ||
|Aug mean C = |
|Aug mean C = 25.3 | ||
|Sep mean C = |
|Sep mean C = 24.0 | ||
|Oct mean C = |
|Oct mean C = 21.6 | ||
|Nov mean C = |
|Nov mean C = 16.4 | ||
|Dec mean C = 11. |
|Dec mean C = 11.9 | ||
|year mean C = |
|year mean C = | ||
|Jan low C = 6. |
|Jan low C = 6.7 | ||
|Feb low C = |
|Feb low C = 7.3 | ||
|Mar low C = |
|Mar low C = 9.5 | ||
|Apr low C = 12. |
|Apr low C = 12.5 | ||
|May low C = |
|May low C = 16.2 | ||
|Jun low C = |
|Jun low C = 18.3 | ||
|Jul low C = |
|Jul low C = 20.0 | ||
|Aug low C = |
|Aug low C = 20.2 | ||
|Sep low C = |
|Sep low C = 19.1 | ||
|Oct low C = |
|Oct low C = 17.3 | ||
|Nov low C = 12. |
|Nov low C = 12.9 | ||
|Dec low C = 8. |
|Dec low C = 8.8 | ||
|year low C = |
|year low C = | ||
|Jan record low C = -6.7 | |Jan record low C = -6.7 | ||
|Feb record low C = -2. |
|Feb record low C = -2.5 | ||
|Mar record low C = -0.3 | |Mar record low C = -0.3 | ||
|Apr record low C = 0.8 | |Apr record low C = 0.8 | ||
|May record low C = 7.6 | |May record low C = 7.6 | ||
|Jun record low C = 11 | |Jun record low C = 11.0 | ||
|Jul record low C = 14.6 | |Jul record low C = 14.6 | ||
|Aug record low C = 15.5 | |Aug record low C = 15.5 | ||
Line 361: | Line 354: | ||
|Oct record low C = 9.8 | |Oct record low C = 9.8 | ||
|Nov record low C = 1.8 | |Nov record low C = 1.8 | ||
|Dec record low C = 0. |
|Dec record low C = -0.4 | ||
|year record low C = -6.7 | |year record low C = -6.7 | ||
| |
|rain colour = green | ||
| |
|Jan rain mm = 136.8 | ||
| |
|Feb rain mm = 117.9 | ||
| |
|Mar rain mm = 67.2 | ||
| |
|Apr rain mm = 21.8 | ||
| |
|May rain mm = 7.1 | ||
| |
|Jun rain mm = 0.3 | ||
| |
|Jul rain mm = 0.0 | ||
| |
|Aug rain mm = 0.0 | ||
| |
|Sep rain mm = 0.7 | ||
| |
|Oct rain mm = 10.3 | ||
| |
|Nov rain mm = 51.1 | ||
| |
|Dec rain mm = 112.3 | ||
| |
|year rain mm = | ||
| |
|unit rain days = 1 mm | ||
| |
|Jan rain days = 9.2 | ||
| |
|Feb rain days = 8.5 | ||
| |
|Mar rain days = 6.2 | ||
| |
|Apr rain days = 2.4 | ||
| |
|May rain days = 0.8 | ||
| |
|Jun rain days = 0.0 | ||
| |
|Jul rain days = 0.0 | ||
| |
|Aug rain days = 0.0 | ||
| |
|Sep rain days = 0.2 | ||
| |
|Oct rain days = 1.9 | ||
|Nov rain days = 4.7 | |||
|source 1 = Israel Meteorological Service <ref>{{Cite web | |||
|Dec rain days = 7.7 | |||
| url = http://ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo | |||
|year rain days = | |||
| title = Long Term Climate Information for Israel }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | |||
|Jan humidity = 61 | |||
| url = http://ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael/ | |||
|Feb humidity = 59 | |||
| title = Record Data in Israel}}</ref> | |||
|Mar humidity = 52 | |||
|date = August 2010}} | |||
|Apr humidity = 39 | |||
|May humidity = 35 | |||
|Jun humidity = 37 | |||
|Jul humidity = 40 | |||
|Aug humidity = 40 | |||
|Sep humidity = 40 | |||
|Oct humidity = 42 | |||
|Nov humidity = 48 | |||
|Dec humidity = 56 | |||
|Jan sun = 192.9 | |||
|Feb sun = 243.6 | |||
|Mar sun = 226.3 | |||
|Apr sun = 266.6 | |||
|May sun = 331.7 | |||
|Jun sun = 381.0 | |||
|Jul sun = 384.4 | |||
|Aug sun = 365.8 | |||
|Sep sun = 309.0 | |||
|Oct sun = 275.9 | |||
|Nov sun = 228.0 | |||
|Dec sun = 192.2 | |||
|year sun = 3397.4 | |||
|source 1=] (records until 1990)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo |title=Long Term Climate Information for Israel |date=August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914010915/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo |archive-date=14 September 2010}}{{in lang|he}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael/ |title=Record Data in Israel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124024203/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael |archive-date=24 January 2010}}{{in lang|he}}</ref> | |||
|source 2 = NOAA (normal values & records, 1991–2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Israel/CSV/JERUSALEM_40183.csv |title=WMO Climate Normals for Jerusalem 1991–2020 |publisher=] |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112053004/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Israel/CSV/JERUSALEM_40183.csv |url-status=live }}</ref> (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name = NOAA>{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/IS/40184.TXT |title=Jerusalem Climate Normals 1961–1990 |publisher=] |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120155331/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/IS/40184.TXT |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
|date=August 2016}} | |||
==Demographics== | ==Demographics== | ||
===Demographic history=== | |||
]]] | |||
{{Main|Demographic history of Jerusalem}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; text-align:right" | |||
] | |||
|+ Population of Jerusalem | |||
Jerusalem's population size and composition has shifted many times over its 5,000-year history. Since the 19th century, the ] of Jerusalem has been divided into ], ], ], and ]. Matthew Teller writes that this convention may have originated in the ],<ref name=Teller>{{cite book |last=Teller |first=Matthew |title=Nine Quarters of Jerusalem: A New Biography of the Old City |publisher=] |year=2022 |issue=map |isbn=978-1-78283-904-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgQ3EAAAQBAJ |access-date=30 May 2023 |page=Chapter 1 |quote=What wasn't corrected, though - and what, in retrospect, should have raised much more controversy than it did (it seems to have passed completely unremarked for the last 170-odd years) – was map's]] labelling. Because here, newly arcing across the familiar quadrilateral of Jerusalem, are four double labels in bold capitals. At top left ''Haret En-Nassara'' and, beneath it, ''Christian Quarter''; at bottom left ''Haret El-Arman'' and ''Armenian Quarter''; at bottom centre ''Haret El-Yehud'' and ''Jews' Quarter''; and at top right – the big innovation, covering perhaps half the city – ''Haret El-Muslimin'' and ''Mohammedan Quarter'', had shown this before. Every map has shown it since. The idea, in 1841, of a Mohammedan (that is, Muslim) quarter of Jerusalem is bizarre. It's like a Catholic quarter of Rome. A Hindu quarter of Delhi. Nobody living there would conceive of the city in such a way. At that time, and for centuries before and decades after, Jerusalem was, if the term means anything at all, a Muslim city. Many people identified in other ways, but large numbers of Jerusalemites were Muslim and they lived all over the city. A Muslim quarter could only have been dreamt up by outsiders, searching for a handle on a place they barely understood, intent on asserting their own legitimacy among a hostile population, seeing what they wanted to see. Its only purpose could be to draw attention to what it excludes. |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609194835/https://books.google.com/books?id=SgQ3EAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> or at least Reverend ]' subsequent labelling of it.<ref name=Teller2>{{cite book |last=Teller |first=Matthew |title=Nine Quarters of Jerusalem: A New Biography of the Old City |publisher=] |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-78283-904-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgQ3EAAAQBAJ |access-date=30 May 2023 |page=Chapter 1 |quote=But it may not have been Aldrich and Symonds. Below the frame of their map, printed in italic script, a single line notes that 'The Writing' had been added by 'the ]' and 'the Revd. Robert Willis'… Some sources suggest arrived before Alexander]], in 1841. If so, did he meet Aldrich and Symonds? We don't know. But Williams became their champion, defending them when the Haram inaccuracy came up and then publishing their work. The survey the two Royal Engineers did was not intended for commercial release (Aldrich had originally been sent to ] under 'secret service'), and it was several years before their military plan of Jerusalem came to public attention, published first in 1845 by their senior officer Alderson in plain form, without most of the detail and labelling, and then in full in 1849, in the second edition of Williams's book The Holy City. Did Aldrich and/or Symonds invent the idea of four quarters in Jerusalem? It's possible, but they were military surveyors, not scholars. It seems more likely they spent their very short stay producing a usable street-plan for their superior officers, without necessarily getting wrapped up in details of names and places. The 1845 publication, shorn of street names, quarter labels and other detail, suggests that… Compounding his anachronisms, and perhaps with an urge to reproduce Roman urban design in this new context, Williams writes how two main streets, north-south and east-west, 'divide Jerusalem into four quarters.' Then the crucial line: 'The subdivisions of the streets and quarters are numerous, but unimportant.' Historians will, I hope, be able to delve more deeply into Williams's work, but for me, this is evidence enough. For almost two hundred years, virtually the entire world has accepted the ill-informed, dismissive judgementalism of a jejune Old Etonian missionary as representing enduring fact about the social make-up of Jerusalem. It's shameful… With Britain's increased standing in Palestine after 1840, and the growth of interest in biblical archaeology that was to become an obsession a few decades later, it was vital for the Protestant missionaries to establish boundaries in Jerusalem… Williams spread his ideas around. {{ill|Ernst Gustav Schultz|de||he|ארנסט גוסטב שולץ}}, who came to Jerusalem in 1842 as Prussian vice-consul, writes in his 1845 book Jerusalem: ''Eine Vorlesung'' ('A Lecture'): 'It is with sincere gratitude I must mention that, on my arrival in Jerusalem, Mr Williams ... willingly alerted me to the important information that he another young Anglican clergyman, Mr Rolands, had discovered about the topography of .' Later come the lines: 'Let us now divide the city into quarters,' and, after mentioning Jews and Christians, 'All the rest of the city is the Mohammedan Quarter.' Included was ], drawn by ], that labelled the four quarters, mirroring Williams's treatment in ''The Holy City''. |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609194835/https://books.google.com/books?id=SgQ3EAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
! Year !! Total | |||
Most population data before 1905 is based on estimates, often from foreign travellers or organisations, since previous census data usually covered wider areas such as the ].<ref>Usiel Oskar Schmelz, in Ottoman Palestine, 1800–1914: studies in economic and social history, Gad G. Gilbar, Brill Archive, 1990 {{Google books |id=sdYUAAAAIAAJ |title=Ottoman Palestine 1800 – 1940}}</ref> These estimates suggest that since the end of the ], Muslims formed the largest group in Jerusalem until the mid-nineteenth century. | |||
|- | |||
| 1844 || 15,510 | |||
Between 1838 and 1876, a number of estimates exist which conflict as to whether Jews or Muslims were the largest group during this period, and between 1882 and 1922 estimates conflict as to exactly when Jews became an absolute majority of the population. | |||
|- | |||
| 1876 || 25,030 | |||
===Current demographics=== | |||
|- | |||
{{See also|Demographics of Jerusalem by quarter}} | |||
| 1896 || 45,420 | |||
] | |||
|- | |||
{{sort under}} | |||
| 1922 || 62,578 | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under floatright" style="width:450px" | |||
|- | |||
|+Approximate 2021 population for East/West Jerusalem (UN-recognized 1967 border) | |||
| 1931 || 90,053 | |||
|- | |||
| 1944 || 157,000 | |||
|- | |||
| 1948 || 165,000 | |||
|- | |||
| 1967 || 263,307 | |||
|- | |||
| 1980 || 407,100 | |||
|- | |||
| 1985 || 457,700 | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="line-height:100%"| <small>West or East<br/>(1967 borders)</small> | |||
| 1990 || 524,400 | |||
!style="line-height:100%"| <small>Total</small> | |||
!style="line-height:100%"| <small>Jews<br/>and<br/>others</small> | |||
!style="line-height:100%"| <small>Jews<br/>and<br/>others<br/>%</small> | |||
!style="line-height:100%"| <small>Approx.<br/># of<br/>Ultra-<br/>Orthodox</small> | |||
!style="line-height:100%"| <small>Ultra-<br/>Orthodox<br/>as %<br/>of "Jews<br/>and Others"</small> | |||
!style="line-height:100%"| <small>Arabs/<br/>Pale-<br/>stinians</small> | |||
!style="line-height:100%"| <small>Pale-<br/>stinian<br/>%</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style=background:#fbd4d4; | '''East Jerusalem''' || style=background:#fbd4d4; |611,370 || style=background:#fbd4d4; |240,831|| style=background:#fbd4d4; | 39.4% || style=background:#fbd4d4; |111,121|| style=background:#fbd4d4; | 46.1%|| style=background:#fbd4d4; |370,532 || style=background:#fbd4d4; | 60.6% | |||
| 1995 || 617,000 | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style=background:aliceblue;| '''West Jerusalem''' || style=background:aliceblue;| 354,840 || style=background:aliceblue;| 349,734 || style=background:aliceblue;| 98.6% || style=background:aliceblue;| 166,688 || style=background:aliceblue;| 47.7% || style=background:aliceblue;| 5,088 || style=background:aliceblue;| 1.4% | |||
| 2000 || 657,500 | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style=background:#e6e6f6| '''Total Jerusalem''' || style=background:#e6e6f6| '''966,210''' ||style=background:#e6e6f6| '''590,565''' ||style=background:#e6e6f6| 61% ||style=background:#e6e6f6| '''277,809''' ||style=background:#e6e6f6| 29%||style=background:#e6e6f6| '''375,620'''||style=background:#e6e6f6| 39% | |||
| 2005 || 706,400 | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan = 8 style="background:white;text-align:left;line-height:100%"| <small>Some sub-quarters straddle the ] and in those cases the sub-quarter is assigned to the sector (East or West) into which most of the area falls. Source: Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Table III/5 - Population of Jerusalem by Population Group, Religious Identification, Quarter and Sub-Quarter, 2021 |url=https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shnaton_C0523.pdf |website=Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research |access-date=15 February 2024 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215221031/https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shnaton_C0523.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Totals do not sum exactly due to the presentation of some ethnoreligious groups as percentages of totals.</small> | |||
| 2010 || 776,000 | |||
|} | |} | ||
{{Main|Demographics of Jerusalem}} | |||
In December 2007, Jerusalem had a population of 747,600—64% were ]ish, 32% ], and 2% ].<ref name="mfa-40th"/> At the end of 2005, the ] was {{Pop density km2 to mi2|5750.4|spell=American}}.<ref name="cbs"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st02_14.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=] |title=Population and Density per km<sup>2</sup> in Localities Numbering Above 5,000 Residents on 31 XII 2005 |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-04-11}}</ref> According to a study published in 2000, the percentage of Jews in the city's population had been decreasing; this was attributed to a higher Muslim ], and Jewish residents leaving. The study also found that about nine percent of the Old City's 32,488 people were Jews.<ref> Reuters, September 26, 2000</ref> | |||
In December 2007, Jerusalem had a population of 747,600—63.7% were Jewish, 33.1% Muslim, and 2% Christian.<ref name="CBS2008">{{cite web |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |title=Table 3. – Population (1) of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents and Other Rural Population on 31/12/2008 |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2009/table3.pdf |access-date=26 October 2009 |archive-date=9 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409211826/http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2009/table3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
In 2005, 2,850 new immigrants settled in Jerusalem, mostly from the ], ] and the former ]. In terms of the local population, the number of outgoing residents exceeds the number of incoming residents. In 2005, 16,000 left Jerusalem and only 10,000 moved in.<ref name="cbs" /> Nevertheless, the population of Jerusalem continues to rise due to the high ], especially in the Arab and ] communities. Consequently, the ] in Jerusalem (4.02) is higher than in Tel Aviv (1.98) and well above the national average of 2.90. The average size of Jerusalem's 180,000 households is 3.8 people.<ref name="cbs" /> | |||
]]] | |||
In 2005, the total population grew by 13,000 (1.8%)—similar to Israeli national average, but the religious and ethnic composition is shifting. While 31% of the Jewish population is made up of children below the age fifteen, the figure for the Arab population is 42%.<ref name="cbs" /> This would seem to corroborate the observation that the percentage of Jews in Jerusalem has declined over the past four decades. In 1967, Jews accounted for 74 percent of the population, while the figure for 2006 is down nine percent.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3254277,00.html |publisher=YNet |title=Jerusalem: More tourists, fewer Jews |date=2006-05-23 |accessdate=2007-03-10 |last=Sel |first=Neta}}</ref> Possible factors are the high cost of housing, fewer job opportunities and the increasingly religious character of the city, although proportionally, young ] are leaving in higher numbers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} Many people are moving to the suburbs and coastal cities in search of cheaper housing and a more secular lifestyle.<ref name="Jewish-drop">{{Cite news|url=http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/jerus.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060909060853/http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/jerus.htm|archivedate=2006-09-09 |publisher=The Washington Post via Cornell University |title=Jewish Drop In Jerusalem Worries Israel |last=Hockstader |first=Lee |date=1998-08-16 |accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> | |||
According to a study published in 2000, the percentage of Jews in the city's population had been decreasing; this was attributed to a higher Muslim ], and Jewish residents leaving. The study also found that about nine percent of the Old City's 32,488 people were Jews.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/09/26/mideast.jerusalem.reut/index.html |title=Arab population growth outpaces Jews in Jerusalem |agency=Reuters |date=26 September 2000 |access-date=25 July 2018 |publisher=] |archive-date=24 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124020225/http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/09/26/mideast.jerusalem.reut/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Of the Jewish population, 200,000 live in East Jerusalem settlements which are considered illegal under international law.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24741524 |title=Israel approves new East Jerusalem settlement homes |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=12 February 2016 |date=30 October 2013 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016001058/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24741524 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
In 2009, the percentage of Haredim in the city is increasing. As of 2009, out of 150,100 schoolchildren, 59,900 or 40% are in state-run secular and ] schools, while 90,200 or 60% are in Haredi schools. This correlates with the high number of children in Haredi families.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/165421|title=Most Jerusalemites Attend Hareidi-Religious Schools|publisher=]|date=2009-05-21|accessdate=2009-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1086819.html|title=Most of Jerusalem's non-Jewish children live below poverty line|author=Nadav Shragai|publisher=Haaretz|date=2009-05-21|accessdate=2009-05-21}}</ref> | |||
In 2005, 2,850 new immigrants settled in Jerusalem, mostly from the United States, France and the former ]. In terms of the local population, the number of outgoing residents exceeds the number of incoming residents. In 2005, 16,000 left Jerusalem and only 10,000 moved in.<ref name="cbs">{{cite web |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics |title=Press Release: Jerusalem Day |date=24 May 2006 |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2006n/11_06_106e.pdf |access-date=10 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614014210/http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2006n/11_06_106e.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Nevertheless, the population of Jerusalem continues to rise due to the high birth rate, especially in the ] and ] communities. Consequently, the ] in Jerusalem (4.02) is higher than in Tel Aviv (1.98) and well above the national average of 2.90. The average size of Jerusalem's 180,000 households is 3.8 people.<ref name="cbs" /> | |||
While some Israelis see Jerusalem as poor, rundown and riddled with religious and political tension, the city has been a magnet for Palestinians, offering more jobs and opportunity than any city in the ] or ]. Palestinian officials have encouraged Arabs over the years to stay in the city to maintain their claim.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-orthodox5jun05,1,1841144.story?page=2&coll=la-util-nationworld-world|title=Clashing values alter a city's face|author=Richard Boudreaux|publisher=]|date=June 5, 2007|accessdate=2009-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/13/weekinreview/13myre.html?_r=2&oref=slogin|title=Israeli Riddle: Love Jerusalem, Hate Living There|author=Greg Myre|publisher=New York Times|date=May 13, 2007|accessdate=2009-07-22}}</ref> Palestinians are attracted to the access to jobs, ], ], other benefits, and ] Israel provides to Jerusalem residents.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-barrier4jun04,1,5137437.story?coll=la-util-nationworld-world|title=Change cast in concrete|author=Ken Ellingwood|publisher=]|date=June 4, 2007|accessdate=2009-07-22}}</ref> Arab residents of Jerusalem who choose not to have Israeli citizenship are granted an Israeli identity card that allows them to pass through checkpoints with relative ease and to travel throughout Israel, making it easier to find work. Residents also are entitled to the subsidized healthcare and social security benefits Israel provides its citizens. Arabs in Jerusalem can send their children to Israeli-run schools, although not every neighborhood has one, and universities. Israeli doctors and highly regarded hospitals such as ] are available to residents.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-barrier4jun04,1,5853828,full.story|title=Change cast in concrete|author=Ken Ellingwood|publisher=]|date=June 4, 2007|accessdate=2009-07-22}}</ref> | |||
In 2005, the total population grew by 13,000 (1.8%)—similar to the Israeli national average, but the religious and ethnic composition is shifting. While 31% of the Jewish population is made up of children below the age fifteen, the figure for the Arab population is 42%.<ref name="cbs" /> | |||
Demographics and the Jewish-Arab population divide play a major role in the dispute over Jerusalem. In 1998, the Jerusalem Development Authority proposed expanding city limits to the west to include more areas heavily populated with Jews.<ref name="laub2006">{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/02/AR2006120200463_pf.html |title=Jerusalem Barrier Causes Major Upheaval |date=2006-12-02 |publisher=The Associated Press via The Washington Post |last=Laub |first=Karin |accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> | |||
] | |||
In 1967, Jews accounted for 74 percent of the population, while the figure for 2006 is down nine percent.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3254277,00.html |website=Ynetnews |title=Jerusalem: More tourists, fewer Jews |access-date=10 March 2007 |last=Sela |first=Neta |archive-date=26 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126160709/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3254277,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Possible factors are the high cost of housing, fewer job opportunities and the increasingly religious character of the city, although proportionally, young ] are leaving in higher numbers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} The percentage of secular Jews, or those who 'wear their faith lightly' is dropping, with some 20,000 leaving the city over the past seven years (2012). They now number 31% of the population, the same percentage as the rising Haredi population. | |||
===Criticism of urban planning=== | |||
Critics of efforts to promote a Jewish majority in Israel say that government planning policies are motivated by demographic considerations and seek to limit Arab construction while promoting Jewish construction.<ref>Allison Hodgkins, "The Judaization of Jerusalem – Israeli Policies Since 1967"; PASSIA publication No. 101, December 1996, (English, Pp. 88)</ref> According to a ] report, the number of recorded building violations between 1996 and 2000 was four and half times higher in Jewish neighborhoods but four times fewer demolition orders were issued in West Jerusalem than in East Jerusalem; Arabs in Jerusalem were less likely to receive construction permits than Jews, and "the authorities are much more likely to take action against Palestinian violators" than Jewish violators of the permit process.<ref name = "worldbank"/> In recent years, private Jewish foundations have received permission from the government to develop projects on disputed lands, such as the ] archaeological park in the 60% Arab neighborhood of ] (adjacent to the Old City),<ref>Meron Rapoport.{{Dead link|date=September 2010}}; Haaretz, January 20, 2005</ref> and the ] on ] cemetery (adjacent to Zion Square).<ref name="worldbank">; World Bank Technical Team, May 9, 2007</ref><ref>Esther Zandberg.; Haaretz, February 24, 2007</ref> Opponents view such urban planning moves as geared towards the ].<ref>Allison Hodgkins. ; PASSIA publication No. 96, December 1996, (English, Pp. 88)</ref><ref>Meron Rapaport. ; Haaretz, November 22, 2007</ref><ref>Rothchild, Alice. ; CommonDreams, November 26, 2007</ref> | |||
In 2010, 61% of all Jewish children in Jerusalem studied in Haredi (Ultra-Orthodox) schools. This correlates with the high number of children in Haredi families.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3883620,00.html |title=Only 1 in 8 pupils in Jerusalem is secular |access-date=28 December 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228120210/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3883620,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
==Local government== | |||
], Jerusalem City Hall]] | |||
While some secular Jews leave Jerusalem for its relative lack of development and religious and political tensions, Jerusalem-born Palestinians cannot leave Jerusalem, or they lose their right to live in the city. Palestinians with a "Jerusalem resident status" are entitled to the subsidized healthcare and social security benefits Israel provides to its citizens, and have the right to vote in municipal elections, but not to be voted in municipal elections, or to vote in national elections. Arabs in Jerusalem can send their children to Israeli-run schools, although not every neighbourhood has one, and universities. Israeli doctors and highly regarded hospitals such as ] are available to residents.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-barrier4jun04,1,5853828,full.story |title=Change cast in concrete |author=Ken Ellingwood |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=22 July 2009 |date=4 June 2007 |archive-date=14 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414202513/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-barrier4jun04,1,5853828,full.story |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
The Jerusalem ] is a body of 31 elected members headed by the mayor, who serves a five-year term and appoints six deputies. The former mayor of Jerusalem, ], was elected in 2003.<ref name="corridors">{{Cite news|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1173879092720&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |accessdate=2007-03-28 |date=2007-03-15 |title=Corridors of Power: A tale of two councils |last=Cidor |first=Peggy}}{{Dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref> In the November 2008 city elections, ] came out as the winner and is now the mayor. Apart from the mayor and his deputies, City Council members receive no salaries and work on a voluntary basis. The longest-serving Jerusalem mayor was ], who spent 28 years—-six consecutive terms-—in office. Most of the meetings of the Jerusalem City Council are private, but each month, it holds a session that is open to the public.<ref name="corridors" /> Within the city council, religious political parties form an especially powerful faction, accounting for the majority of its seats.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jerusalem Becomes A Battleground Over Gay Rights Vs. Religious Beliefs |url=http://www.coxwashington.com/hp/content/reporters/stories/2006/11/11/BC_ISRAEL_GAYS10_COX.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071223111106/http://www.coxwashington.com/hp/content/reporters/stories/2006/11/11/BC_ISRAEL_GAYS10_COX.html |archivedate=2007-12-23 |last=Coker |first=Margaret |accessdate=2007-03-28 |date=2006-11-11 |publisher=Cox Newspapers}}</ref> | |||
The headquarters of the Jerusalem Municipality and the mayor's office are at ] (''Kikar Safra'') on ]. The municipal complex, comprising two modern buildings and ten renovated historic buildings surrounding a large plaza, opened in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_sys/picture/atarim/site_form_atar_eng.asp?site_id=147&pic_cat=2&icon_cat=6&york_cat=7 |publisher=The Municipality of Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-04-24 |title=Safra Square – City Hall}}</ref> The city falls under the ], with Jerusalem as the district's capital. | |||
Demographics and the Jewish-Arab population divide play a major role in the dispute over Jerusalem. In 1998, the ] expanded city limits to the west to include more areas heavily populated with Jews.<ref name=laub2006>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/02/AR2006120200463_pf.html |title=Jerusalem Barrier Causes Major Upheaval |date=2 December 2006 |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=The Washington Post |last=Laub |first=Karin |access-date=10 March 2007 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407094614/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/02/AR2006120200463_pf.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
==Political status== | |||
{{See also|Positions on Jerusalem}} | |||
] Building in Jerusalem, home to the legislative branch of the Israeli government]] | |||
Under the ] passed by the ] in 1947, Jerusalem was envisaged to become a ] administered by the United Nations. While the Jewish leaders accepted the partition plan, the Arab leadership (the ] in Palestine and the ]) rejected it, opposing any partition.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Palestinian refugees in Jordan 1948-1957 |last=Plascov |first=Avi |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |location= |isbn=978-0714631202 |page=2 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=daLPXTYcoewC&printsec=frontcover&q= |accessdate=2009-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Jerusalem question, 1917-1968 |last=Bovis |first=H. Eugene |year=1971 |publisher=Hoover Institution Press,U.S. |location= |isbn=978-0817932916 |page=40 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=1L49R1xKA6QC&printsec=frontcover&q= |accessdate=2009-12-11}}</ref> In the war of 1948, the western part of the city was occupied by forces of the nascent state of Israel, while the eastern part was occupied by Jordan. The international community largely considers the legal status of Jerusalem to derive from the partition plan, and correspondingly refuses to recognize Israeli sovereignty in the city. | |||
Within the past few years, there has been a steady increase in the Jewish birthrate and a steady decrease in the Arab birthrate. In May 2012, it was reported that the Jewish birthrate had overtaken the Arab birthrate. The city's birthrate stands about 4.2 children per Jewish family and 3.9 children per Arab family.<ref>{{cite web |author=Peggy Cidor |url=http://www.jpost.com/InJerusalem/CityFront/Article.aspx?id=270431 |title=Jerusalem 2012 – the state of things |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=17 May 2012 |access-date=7 December 2012 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031133233/http://www.jpost.com/InJerusalem/CityFront/Article.aspx?id=270431 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/155980 |title=Jewish Birthrate Up, Arab Rate Down in Jerusalem – Inside Israel |publisher=Arutz Sheva |date=20 May 2012 |access-date=7 December 2012 |archive-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408094412/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/155980 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, increasing numbers of Jewish immigrants chose to settle in Jerusalem. In the last few years, thousands of Palestinians have moved to previously fully Jewish neighbourhoods of East Jerusalem, built after the 1967 Six-Day War. In 2007, 1,300 Palestinians lived in the previously exclusively Jewish neighbourhood of ] and constituted three percent of the population in ]. In the ] neighbourhood, Palestinians today constitute one-sixth of the overall population.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ben |last=Hubbard |url=http://www.cjp.org/page.aspx?id=206230 |title=Holy city twist: Arabs moving into Jewish areas |work=Cjp.org |access-date=7 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730093730/http://www.cjp.org/page.aspx?id=206230 |archive-date=30 July 2013}}</ref>], a predominantly Arab neighbourhood on the road to ]]]At the end of 2008, the population of East Jerusalem was 456,300, comprising 60% of Jerusalem's residents. Of these, 195,500 (43%) were Jews, (comprising 40% of the Jewish population of Jerusalem as a whole), and 260,800 (57%) were Muslim (comprising 98% of the Muslim population of Jerusalem).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chosen |first1=Maya |last2=Korach |first2=Michal |title=Jerusalem: Facts and Trends 2006–2010 |url=https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/en/publications/jerusalem-facts-and-trends-2009-2010/ |website=Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research |access-date=24 November 2019 |archive-date=13 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113073547/https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/en/publications/jerusalem-facts-and-trends-2009-2010/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008, the ] reported the number of Palestinians living in East Jerusalem was 208,000 according to a recently completed census.<ref name=grow>{{cite web |title=Palestinians grow by a million in decade |publisher=The Jerusalem Post/AP |date=9 February 2008 |url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=91497 |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-date=4 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204001402/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=91497 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
On December 5, 1949, the State of Israel's first ], ], proclaimed Jerusalem as Israel's ],<ref name="ben-gurion" /> and since then all branches of the ]—], ], and ]—have resided there, except for the ], located at ] in ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105:H.R.4181.IH: |publisher=The Library of Congress |title=Jerusalem and Berlin Embassy Relocation Act of 1998 |date=1998-06-25 |accessdate=2007-02-12}}</ref> At the time of the proclamation, Jerusalem was divided between Israel and ] and thus only West Jerusalem was considered Israel's capital. Immediately after the 1967 Six-Day War, however, Israel took control of ], making it a '']'' part of the Israeli capital. Israel enshrined the status of the "complete and united" Jerusalem—west and east—as its capital, in the 1980 '']''.<ref name="basiclaw">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1980_1989/Basic%20Law-%20Jerusalem-%20Capital%20of%20Israel |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=2007-04-02 |date=1980-07-30 |title=Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel}}</ref> | |||
Jerusalem's Jewish population is overwhelmingly religious. Only 18% of Jewish residents are secular. In addition, ] comprise 35% of the city's adult Jewish population. In a phenomenon seen rarely around the world, the percentage of Jewish women who work, 81%, exceeds the percentage of Jewish men who work, 70%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/shnaton_G0522_64-25-1.pdf |title=Table VII/5 – Population Aged 25–64 in Jerusalem, by Labor Force Characteristics Population Group and Religious Identification, 2021 |website=jerusaleminstitute.org |access-date=27 December 2022 |archive-date=27 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227211152/https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/shnaton_G0522_64-25-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
The status of a "united Jerusalem" as Israel's "eternal capital"<ref name="ben-gurion">{{Cite web|url=http://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/eng/bengurion-jer.htm |last=Ben-Gurion |first=David |authorlink=David Ben-Gurion |publisher=The Knesset |title=Statements of the Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion Regarding Moving the Capital of Israel to Jerusalem |date=1949–12–05 |accessdate=2007–04–02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1990_1999/1999/3/The%20Status%20of%20Jerusalem |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=The Status of Jerusalem |date=1999–03–14 |accessdate=2007–02–12}}</ref> has been a matter of immense controversy within the international community. Although some countries maintain consulates in Jerusalem, all ] are located outside of the city proper, mostly in Tel Aviv.<ref name="kellerman">{{Cite book|title=Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century |last=Kellerman |first=Aharon |isbn=0791412954 |publisher=State University of New York Press |month=January |year=1993 |page=140 |quote= also contains most embassies, given the nonrecognition by many countries of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.}}</ref><ref name="foreign-embassies">{{Cite web|url=http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.asp |title=Embassies and Consulates in Israel |publisher=Israel Science and Technology Homepage |accessdate=2007–05–03}}</ref> Due to the non-recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital, some non-Israeli press use ] as a ] for Israel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-must-cooperate-over-fake-passports-says-david-miliband-1903544.html |title=Israel must co-operate over fake passports, says David Miliband |publisher=The Independent |date=2010-02-18 |accessdate=2010-09-11 | location=London | first=James | last=Tapsfield}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8521246.stm |title=Dubai Hamas killing pledge by UK foreign secretary|publisher=BBC News |date=2010-02-18 |accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20090104a1.html |title=EDITORIAL A bloody new year in Gaza |publisher=Japan Times|date=2009-01-04 |accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref><ref> "Jerusalem must not be used as a metonym or variant for Israel. It is not internationally recognised as the Israeli capital, and its status is one of the central controversies in the Middle East."</ref> | |||
Jerusalem had a population of 804,400 in 2011, of which Jews comprised 499,400 (62.1%), Muslims 281,100 (34.9%), Christians 14,700 (1.8%), and 9,000 (1.1%) were not classified by religion.<ref name=PopRel/> | |||
]]] | |||
Jerusalem had a population of 882,700 in 2016, of which Jews comprised 536,600 (60.8%), Muslims 319,800 (36.2%), Christians 15,800 (1.8%), and 10,300 unclassified (1.2%).<ref name=PopRel/> | |||
The ] ], passed on August 20, 1980, declared that the Basic Law was "null and void and must be rescinded forthwith." Member states were advised to withdraw their diplomatic representation from the city as a punitive measure. Most of the remaining countries with embassies in Jerusalem complied with the resolution by relocating them to ], where many embassies already resided prior to Resolution 478. Currently there are no embassies located within the city limits of Jerusalem, although there are embassies in ], on the outskirts of Jerusalem, and four consulates in the city itself.<ref name="foreign-embassies" /> In 1995, the United States Congress had planned to move its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem with the passage of the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ45/content-detail.html |title=Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |accessdate=2007-02-15 |date=1995-11-08}}</ref> However, former ] ] has argued that Congressional resolutions regarding the status of Jerusalem are merely advisory. The Constitution reserves foreign relations as an executive power, and as such, the United States embassy is still in Tel Aviv.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/09/print/20020930-8.html |title=Statement on FY 2003 Foreign Relations Authorization Act |accessdate=2007-05-23}}</ref> | |||
Jerusalem had a population of 951,100 in 2020, of which ] comprised 570,100 (59.9%), ] 353.800 (37.2%), ] 16.300 (1.7%), and 10,800 unclassified (1.1%).<ref name=PopRel/> | |||
On 28 October 2009, United Nations Secretary-General ] warned that Jerusalem must be the capital of both Israel and Palestine if peace is to be achieved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=32762&Cr=jerusalem&Cr1= |title=Jerusalem must be capital of both Israel and Palestine, Ban says |publisher=Un.org |date=2009-10-28 |accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref> | |||
According to ], approvals for building in Israeli settlements in ] have expanded by 60% under Donald Trump's term as U.S. president.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.apnews.com/98e4ad57e0784e05b9fdde2e0ffd7439 |title=New data shows Israeli settlement surge in east Jerusalem |date=12 September 2019 |work=Associated Press |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913182134/https://apnews.com/98e4ad57e0784e05b9fdde2e0ffd7439 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 1991, Palestinians, who make up the majority of the residents in East Jerusalem, have only received 30% of the building permits.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5587170,00.html |title=New data shows Israeli settlement surge in east Jerusalem |work=Ynetnews |date=12 September 2019 |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=12 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912113746/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5587170,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>] in the ]]] | |||
] | |||
===Urban planning issues=== | |||
Israel's most prominent governmental institutions, including the '']'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.knesset.gov.il/main/eng/home.asp |title=English gateway to the Knesset website |accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> the ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://elyon1.court.gov.il/eng/home/index.html |title=The State of Israel: The Judicial Authority |accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> and the official residences of the ] and ], are located in Jerusalem. Prior to the creation of the State of Israel, Jerusalem served as the administrative capital of the ], which included present-day Israel and Jordan.<ref>Jerusalem as administrative capital of the British Mandate: | |||
Critics of efforts to promote a Jewish majority in Jerusalem say that government planning policies are motivated by demographic considerations and seek to limit Arab construction while promoting Jewish construction.<ref>Allison Hodgkins, "The Judaization of Jerusalem – Israeli Policies Since 1967"; PASSIA publication No. 101, December 1996, (English, p. 88)</ref> According to a ] report, the number of recorded building violations between 1996 and 2000 was four and half times higher in Jewish neighbourhoods but four times fewer demolition orders were issued in West Jerusalem than in East Jerusalem; Arabs in Jerusalem were less likely to receive construction permits than Jews, and "the authorities are much more likely to take action against Palestinian violators" than Jewish violators of the permit process.<ref name=worldbank/> In recent years, private Jewish foundations have received permission from the government to develop projects on disputed lands, such as the ] in the 60% Arab neighbourhood of ] (adjacent to the Old City),<ref>{{cite news |first=Meron |last=Rapoport |url=http://news.haaretz.co.il/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=530047&contrassID=1 |title=Land lords |newspaper=] |date=20 January 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220142640/http://news.haaretz.co.il/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=530047&contrassID=1 |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> and the ] on Mamilla Cemetery (adjacent to Zion Square).<ref name=worldbank> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410135638/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WestBankrestrictions9Mayfinal.pdf |date=10 April 2010 }}; World Bank Technical Team, 9 May 2007</ref><ref>Esther Zandberg. {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506043837/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/825662.html |date=6 May 2005 }}; Haaretz, 24 February 2007</ref> | |||
* {{Cite book|title=Everywhere You Go, People Are the Same |last=Orfali |first=Jacob G. |publisher=Ronin Publishing |month=March |year=1995 |isbn=0914171755 |page=25 |quote=In the year 1923, became the capital of the British Mandate in Palestine |accessdate=2007-02-25}} | |||
* {{Cite book|last=Oren-Nordheim |first=Michael |coauthor=Ruth Kark |accessdate=2007-04-16 |title=Jerusalem and Its Environs: Quarters, Neighborhoods, Villages, 1800–1948 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=0814329098 |month=September |year=2001 |page=36 |quote=The three decades of British rule in Palestine (1917/18–1948) were a highly significant phase in the development, with indelible effects on the urban planning and development of the capital{{ndash}} Jerusalem.}} is a professor in the Department of Geography at the ]. | |||
* {{Cite book|title=The Politics of Jerusalem Since 1967 |last=Dumper |first=Michael |accessdate=2007-04-17 |page=59 |quote=...the city that was to become the administrative capital of Mandate Palestine... |isbn=0231106408 |date=1996-04-15 |publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> From 1949 until 1967, West Jerusalem served as Israel's capital, but was not recognized as such internationally because ] envisaged Jerusalem as an ]. As a result of the Six-Day War in 1967, the whole of Jerusalem came under Israeli control. On June 27, 1967, the government of ] extended Israeli law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem, but agreed that administration of the Temple Mount compound would be maintained by the Jordanian waqf, under the Jordanian Ministry of Religious Endowments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jcpa.org/jcprg10.htm|title=Jerusalem in International Diplomacy|author=] |accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> In 1988, Israel ordered the closure of ], home of the Arab Studies Society, but also the headquarters of the ], for security reasons. The building reopened in 1992 as a Palestinian guesthouse.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerusalemites.org/jerusalem/cultural_dimensions/3.htm|title=The New Orient House: A History of Palestinian Hospitality|publisher=jerusalemites.org |accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Jerusalem: The Future of a Contested City |last=Klein |first=Menachem |isbn=081474754X |publisher=New York University Press |month=March |year=2001 |page=189 |chapter=The PLO and the Palestinian Identity of East Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-25}}</ref> The ] stated that the final status of Jerusalem would be determined by negotiations with the ], which regards East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state.<ref name="umd"/> Mahmoud Abbas has said that any agreement that did not not include East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine would be unacceptable.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/No-agreement-without-a-Palestinian-capital-in-Jerusalem-Mahmoud-Abbas-/articleshow/6030905.cms |title=No agreement without a Palestinian capital in Jerusalem: Mahmoud Abbas |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2010-06-10 |accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref> | |||
==Religious significance== | ==Religious significance== | ||
{{Main|Religious significance of Jerusalem}} | {{Main|Religious significance of Jerusalem}} | ||
] is home to many sites of seminal ] for the three major ]—], ], and ].]] | |||
], known as the Kotel]] | |||
Jerusalem has been sacred to Judaism for roughly 3000 years, to Christianity for around 2000 years, and to Islam for approximately 1400 years. The 2000 Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem lists 1204 synagogues, 158 churches, and 73 mosques within the city.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Protecting Jerusalem's Holy Sites: A Strategy for Negotiating a Sacred Peace |url=https://archive.org/details/protectingjerusa00guin |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |edition=1st |last=Guinn |first=David E. |isbn=978-0-521-86662-0 |page=}}</ref> Despite efforts to maintain peaceful religious coexistence, some sites, such as the Temple Mount, have been a continuous source of friction and controversy. The ] is the holiest spot in ] and the third holiest site in Islam. Jews venerate it as the site of the two former ] and ]s believe that ] was transported from the ] to this location during the ]. | |||
], a sacred site for Muslims]] | |||
Jerusalem has been sacred to ] for roughly 3000 years, to ] for around 2000 years, and to ] for approximately 1400 years. The 2000 Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem lists 1204 ]s, 158 ], and 73 ]s within the city.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Protecting Jerusalem's Holy Sites: A Strategy for Negotiating a Sacred Peace |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006-10-02 |edition=1st |accessdate=2007-03-11 |last=Guinn |first=David E. |isbn=0521866626 |page=142}}</ref> Despite efforts to maintain peaceful religious coexistence, some sites, such as the Temple Mount, have been a continuous source of friction and controversy. | |||
=== Judaism === | |||
] | |||
{{Further|Jerusalem in Judaism}} | |||
Jerusalem has been the ] in Judaism and the ancestral and spiritual homeland of the Jewish people since King David proclaimed it his capital in the 10th century BCE.{{refn|group=note|name=bible-david}}<ref name="1000BCE" /> Without counting its other names, Jerusalem appears in the ] 669 times.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Muslim Claim to Jerusalem |date=5 July 2017 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315125374-3 |work=Nothing Abides |pages=11–38 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315125374-3 |isbn=978-1-315-12537-4 |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> The first section, the ] (Pentateuch), only mentions ], but in later parts of the Bible, the city is mentioned explicitly.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 June 1995 |title=Parshat Re'eh: No Jerusalem in Torah – Israel Opinion, Ynetnews |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3136760,00.html |access-date=17 October 2011 |work=Ynetnews |last1=Burg |first1=Avraham |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101044831/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3136760,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Temple Mount, which was the site of Solomon's Temple and the Second Temple, is the holiest site in Judaism and the place Jews turn towards during prayer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rivka |first=Gonen |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1148595286 |title=Contested Holiness: Jewish, Muslim, and Christian Perspectives on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem |publisher=KTAV Publishing House, Inc. |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88125-798-4 |location=Jersey City, NJ |pages=4 |oclc=1148595286 |quote=To the Jews the Temple Mount is the holiest place on Earth, the place where God manifested himself to King David and where two Jewish temples - Solomon's Temple and the Second Temple – were located.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Marshall J. |first1=Breger |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/48940385 |title=Jerusalem: A City and Its Future |last2=Ahimeir |first2=Ora |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8156-2912-2 |pages=296 |oclc=48940385}}</ref> The Western Wall, a remnant of the wall surrounding the Second Temple, is the holiest place where Jews are permitted to pray.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 July 2019 |title=The Temple Mount in the Herodian Period (37 BC–70 A.D.) |url=https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/temple-at-jerusalem/the-temple-mount-in-the-herodian-period/ |access-date=17 July 2020 |publisher=Biblical Archaeology Society |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805161750/https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/temple-at-jerusalem/the-temple-mount-in-the-herodian-period/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Synagogues around the world are traditionally built with the Holy Ark facing Jerusalem,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.schechter.edu/askrabbi/synagoguetemple.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131205934/http://www.schechter.edu/askrabbi/synagoguetemple.htm |archive-date=31 January 2008 |title=Synagogues |work=Ask the Rabbi |publisher=Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies |last=Goldberg |first=Monique Susskind |access-date=10 March 2007}}</ref> and Arks within Jerusalem face the ].<ref name="returning">{{Cite book |url=http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id=AdditionalReadings&content=content/segal_ch12 |publisher=Department of Education and Culture of the World Zionist Organization |title=Returning: The Land of Israel as Focus in Jewish History |last=Segal |first=Benjamin J. |location=Jerusalem, Israel |year=1987 |page=124 |access-date=10 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051223025133/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id=AdditionalReadings&content=content%2Fsegal_ch12 |archive-date=23 December 2005}}</ref> As prescribed in the ] and codified in the '']'', daily prayers are recited while facing towards Jerusalem and the Temple Mount. Many Jews have "]" plaques hung on a wall of their homes to indicate the direction of prayer.<ref name="returning" /><ref>The Jewish injunction to pray toward Jerusalem comes in the '']'' section of '']'' (94:1) – "When one rises to pray anywhere in the Diaspora, he should face towards the Land of Israel, directing himself also toward Jerusalem, the Temple, and the Holy of Holies."</ref> The ] is a remnant of the ] and the holiest place where Jews are permitted to pray. | |||
=== Christianity === | |||
Jerusalem has been sacred to the Jews since King David proclaimed it his capital in the 10th century BCE. Jerusalem was the site of ] and the Second Temple.<ref name="1000BCE"/> It is mentioned in the Bible 632 times. Today, the ], a remnant of the wall surrounding the Second Temple, is a Jewish holy site second only to the ] on the Temple Mount itself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.thekotel.org/content.asp?id=212 |publisher=The Kotel |title=What is the Western Wall? |accessdate=2007-03-06}}</ref> Synagogues around the world are traditionally built with the Holy Ark facing Jerusalem,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.schechter.edu/askrabbi/synagoguetemple.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080131205934/http://www.schechter.edu/askrabbi/synagoguetemple.htm|archivedate=2008-01-31 |title=Synagogues |publisher=Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies |work=Ask the Rabbi |last=Goldberg |first=Monique Susskind |accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> and Arks within Jerusalem face the ].<ref name="returning">{{Cite book|url=http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id=AdditionalReadings&content=content/segal_ch12 |publisher=Department of Education and Culture of the World Zionist Organization |title=Returning: The Land of Israel as Focus in Jewish History |last=Segal |first=Benjamin J. |location=Jerusalem, Israel |year=1987 |page=124 |accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> As prescribed in the ] and codified in the '']'', daily prayers are recited while facing towards Jerusalem and the Temple Mount. Many Jews have "]" plaques hung on a wall of their homes to indicate the direction of prayer.<ref name="returning" /><ref>The Jewish injunction to pray toward Jerusalem comes in the '']'' section of '']'' (94:1) — "When one rises to pray anywhere in the Diaspora, he should face towards the Land of Israel, directing himself also toward Jerusalem, the Temple, and the Holy of Holies."</ref> | |||
{{Further|Jerusalem in Christianity}} | |||
Jerusalem is generally considered the cradle of Christianity.<ref>{{cite book |title=Orientalism and Musical Mission: Palestine and the West |first=Rachel |last=Beckles Willson |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-107-03656-7 |page=146 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |quote=}}</ref> Christianity reveres Jerusalem for its ] history, and also for its significance in the life of Jesus. According to the ], Jesus was brought to Jerusalem soon after his birth<ref>From the ]: "And when the days of her purification according to the law of Moses were accomplished, they brought to Jerusalem, to present him to the Lord;" (] 2:22)</ref> and later in his life cleansed the Second Temple.<ref>From the ]: "And they come to Jerusalem: and Jesus went into the temple, and began to cast out them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves;" (] 11:15)</ref> The ], believed to be the site of Jesus' ], is located on ] in the same building that houses the ].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/jerusalemtimecru00boas |url-access=limited |last=Boas |first=Adrian J. |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-23000-1 |page= |chapter=Physical Remains of Crusader Jerusalem |quote=The interesting, if not reliable illustrations of the church on the round maps of Jerusalem show two distinct buildings on Mount Zion: the church of St Mary and the Cenacle (Chapel of the Last Supper) appear as separate buildings.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=A Life of Jesus |last=Endo |first=Shusaku |author-link=Shusaku Endo |isbn=978-0-8091-2319-3 |year=1999 |editor=Richard A. Schuchert |publisher=Paulist Press |page=116}}</ref> Another prominent Christian site in Jerusalem is ], the site of the ]. The ] describes it as being located outside Jerusalem,<ref>From the ]: "This title then read many of the Jews: for the place where Jesus was crucified was nigh to the city: and it was written in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin." (] 19:20)</ref> but recent archaeological evidence suggests Golgotha is a short distance from the Old City walls, within the present-day confines of the city.<ref name=worldwide>{{cite web |url=http://www.wcg.org/lit/jesus/golgotha.htm |publisher=Worldwide Church of God |title=Where Was Golgotha? |last=Stump |first=Keith W. |year=1993 |access-date=11 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402020110/http://www.wcg.org/lit/jesus/golgotha.htm |archive-date=2 April 2007}}</ref> The land occupied by the ] is considered one of the top candidates for Golgotha and thus has been a Christian pilgrimage site for the past 2000 years.<ref name=worldwide/><ref>{{Cite book |title=St. John's Gospel: A Bible Study Guide and Commentary for Individuals and Groups |last=Ray |first=Stephen K. |isbn=978-0-89870-821-9 |year=2002 |page=340 |publisher=Ignatius Press |location=San Francisco, CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=PilgrFile: Adventures of the Spirit |last=O'Reilly |first=Sean |author2=James O'Reilly |isbn=978-1-885211-56-9 |date=30 November 2000 |publisher=Travelers' Tales |edition=1st |page= |quote=The general consensus is that the Church of the Holy Sepulchre marks the hill called Golgotha, and that the site of the Crucifixion and the last five Stations of the Cross are located under its large black domes. |url=https://archive.org/details/pilgrimageadvent0000unse/page/14}}</ref> The ] is generally considered the most important church in ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The World of the Crusades: A Daily Life Encyclopedia |first=Andrew |last=Holt |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-4408-5462-0 |page=57 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |quote=was housed in the most important church in Christendom, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.}}</ref> It contains the two holiest sites in ]: the site where ] was ], and Jesus's empty tomb, where he is believed by Christians to have been ] and ]. | |||
=== Islam === | |||
Christianity reveres Jerusalem not only for its ] history but also for its significance in the life of ]. According to the ], Jesus was brought to Jerusalem soon after his birth<ref>From the ]: "And when the days of her purification according to the law of Moses were accomplished, they brought to Jerusalem, to present him to the Lord;" (] 2:22)</ref> and later in his life cleansed the Second Temple.<ref>From the ]: "And they come to Jerusalem: and Jesus went into the temple, and began to cast out them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves;" (] 11:15)</ref> The ], believed to be the site of Jesus' ], is located on ] in the same building that houses the ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades |last=Boas |first=Adrian J. |publisher=Routledge |date=2001-10-12 |isbn=0415230004 |page=112 |chapter=Physical Remains of Crusader Jerusalem |quote=The interesting, if not reliable illustrations of the church on the round maps of Jerusalem show two distinct buildings on Mount Zion: the church of St Mary and the Cenacle (Chapel of the Last Supper) appear as separate buildings. |accessdate=2007-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A Life of Jesus |last=Endo |first=Shusaku |authorlink=Shusaku Endo |isbn=0809123193 |year=1999 |editor=Richard A. Schuchert |publisher=Paulist Press |accessdate=2007-03-11 |page=116}}</ref> Another prominent Christian site in Jerusalem is ], the site of the ]. The ] describes it as being located outside Jerusalem,<ref>From the ]: "This title then read many of the Jews: for the place where Jesus was crucified was nigh to the city: and it was written in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin." (] 19:20)</ref> but recent archaeological evidence suggests Golgotha is a short distance from the Old City walls, within the present-day confines of the city.<ref name="worldwide">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcg.org/lit/jesus/golgotha.htm |publisher=Worldwide Church of God |title=Where Was Golgotha? |last=Stump |first=Keith W. |year=1993 |accessdate=2007-03-11}}</ref> The land currently occupied by the ] is considered one of the top candidates for Golgotha and thus has been a Christian pilgrimage site for the past two thousand years.<ref name="worldwide" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=St. John's Gospel: A Bible Study Guide and Commentary for Individuals and Groups |last=Ray |first=Stephen K. |isbn=0898708214 |month=October |year=2002 |page=340 |accessdate=2007-03-11|publisher=Ignatius Press|location=San Francisco, CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=PilgrFile: Adventures of the Spirit |last=O'Reilly |first=Sean |coauthor=James O'Reilly |isbn=1885211562 |date=2000-11-30 |publisher=Travelers' Tales |edition=1st |page=14 |accessdate=2007-03-11 |quote=The general consensus is that the Church of the Holy Sepulchre marks the hill called Golgotha, and that the site of the Crucifixion and the last five Stations of the Cross are located under its large black domes.}}</ref> | |||
{{Further|Jerusalem in Islam}} | |||
]]] | |||
{{see also|Islamization of Jerusalem}} | |||
Jerusalem is considered by some as the ] in Sunni Islam.<ref name="3rd-holiest"/> For approximately a year, before it was permanently switched to the ] in ], the '']'' (direction of ]) for Muslims was Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Israeli-Palestinian War: Escalating to Nowhere |last=Cordesman |first=Anthony H. |publisher=Praeger Security International |date=2005-10-30 |isbn=0275987582 |page=62 |chapter=The Final Settlement Issues: Asymmetric Values & Asymmetric Warfare |accessdate=2007-03-11 |authorlink=Anthony Cordesman}}</ref> The city's lasting place in Islam, however, is primarily due to ]'s ] (c. CE 620). Muslims believe Muhammad was miraculously transported one night from ] to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, whereupon he ascended to ] to meet previous ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Monotheists: The Peoples of God |last=Peters |first=Francis E. |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=2003-10-20 |isbn=0691114609 |authorlink=Francis Edwards Peters |chapter=Muhammad the Prophet of God |pages=95–6 |accessdate=2007-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sahih Bukhari |url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/093.sbt.html#009.093.608 |publisher=University of Southern California |work=Compendium of Muslim Texts |accessdate=2007-03-11}} (from an English translation of ], Volume IX, Book 93, Number 608)</ref> The first verse in the ] ] notes the destination of Muhammad's journey as ''al-Aqsa'' (the farthest) mosque,<ref>From ]'s English translation of the ]: "Glory to (Allah) Who did take His servant for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless,- in order that We might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the One Who heareth and seeth (all things)." (]:1)</ref> in assumed reference to the location in Jerusalem. Today, the Temple Mount is topped by two Islamic landmarks intended to commemorate the event—], derived from the name mentioned in the ], and the ], which stands over the ], from which Muslims believe Muhammad ascended to Heaven.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_8.html |title=The Early Arab Period – 638–1099 |accessdate=2007-04-24 |publisher=Bar-Ilan University Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies |month=March |year=1997 |work=Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City}}</ref> | |||
Jerusalem is the third-holiest city in ].<ref name="3rd" /> Islamic tradition holds that for approximately a year, before it was permanently switched to the ] in ], the '']'' (direction of ]) for Muslims was Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Israeli-Palestinian War: Escalating to Nowhere |last=Cordesman |first=Anthony H. |publisher=Praeger Security International |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-275-98758-9 |page=62 |chapter=The Final Settlement Issues: Asymmetric Values & Asymmetric Warfare |author-link=Anthony Cordesman}}</ref><ref>{{Qref|2|142|b=yl|c=}}</ref> The city's lasting place in Islam, however, is primarily due to ]'s ] ({{Circa|620 CE}}). Muslims believe that Muhammad was miraculously transported one night from the ] to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, whereupon he ascended to ] to meet previous ].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Monotheists: The Peoples of God |last=Peters |first=Francis E. |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11460-6 |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |chapter=Muhammad the Prophet of God |pages= |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/monotheistsjewsc00pete_0/page/95}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahih Bukhari |url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/093.sbt.html#009.093.608 |publisher=University of Southern California |work=Compendium of Muslim Texts |access-date=9 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081127160919/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/093.sbt.html |archive-date=27 November 2008}} (from an English translation of ], Volume IX, Book 93, Number 608)</ref><ref>{{Quotehadith|bukhari|7517|b=yl}}</ref> The first verse in the ]'s ] notes the destination of Muhammad's journey as ''al-masjid al-aqṣā'' ("the farthest place of prayer").<ref>From ]'s English translation of the ]: "Glory to (Allah) Who did take His servant for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless,- in order that We might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the One Who heareth and seeth (all things)." (]:1)</ref><ref>{{Qref|17|1|b=yl}}</ref> In the earliest days of Islam, this was understood as a reference to a site in the heavens,<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=Brill |year=2006 |edition=New ed. 2006 |volume=7 |pages=97–105}}</ref> however, Post-] Islamic scholars understood it as relating to Jerusalem, and particularly to the site of the former Jewish Temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Colby |first=Frederick S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sasZCjcTisIC&pg=PA15 |title=Narrating Muhammad's Night Journey: Tracing the Development of the Ibn 'Abbas Ascension Discourse |date=6 August 2008 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-7788-5 |pages=15 |language=en |quote=From the earliest extant Muslim texts, it becomes clear that a group of Muslims from the beginning interpreted the 'furthest place of prayer' (al-masjid al-aqṣā) with the city of Jerusalem in general and its Herodian/Solomonic Temple in particular... Eventually, a general consensus formed around the idea that Muhammad's journey did indeed take him to Jerusalem.}}</ref> The ], a collection of the sayings of Muhammad, mentions that the location of the Al-Aqsa Mosque is in Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://haditsbukharionline.blogspot.ca/2010/11/merits-of-helpers-in-madinah-ansaar.html |title=Merits of the Helpers in Madinah (Ansaar) – Hadith Sahih Bukhari |publisher=Haditsbukharionline.blogspot.ca |access-date=7 December 2012 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101044831/http://haditsbukharionline.blogspot.ca/2010/11/merits-of-helpers-in-madinah-ansaar.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The ], originally named after the wider compound it sits within,<ref>{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Aaron W. |author-link=Aaron W. Hughes |title=Theorizing Islam: Disciplinary Deconstruction and Reconstruction |publisher=Taylor & Francis |series=Religion in Culture |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-54594-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWV_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 |page=45 |quote=Although later commentators would debate whether or not this journey was a physical one or took place at an internal level, it would come to play a crucial role in establishing Muhammad's prophetic credentials. In the first part of this journey, referred to as the isra, he traveled from the Kaba in Mecca to "the farthest mosque" (al-masjid al-aqsa), identified with the Temple Mount in Jerusalem: the al-Aqsa mosque that stands there today eventually took its name from this larger precinct, in which it was constructed. |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719063147/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWV_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> was built on the Temple Mount under the Umayyad Caliph ] several decades after Muhammad's death to commemorate the place from which Muslims believe he had ascended to Heaven.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al-islam.org/al-miraj |title=Me'raj – The Night Ascension |date=27 September 2012 |publisher=Al-islam.org |access-date=7 December 2012 |archive-date=13 October 2009 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013221925/http://www.al-islam.org/al-miraj/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
{{Gallery |align=center |width=150 |height=150 |title=Gallery | |||
|File:THE TEMPLE MOUNT JERUSALEM.jpg|A view of the ] | |||
|File:Western Wall at night (20063).jpg|The ], also known as the Wailing Wall and the Kotel, i | |||
|File:The Church of the Holy Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG|The ] | |||
|File:Jerusalem-Garden-Tomb-KTM-1266.jpg|] – a new holy site established by British ] in the 19th century | |||
|File:Jerusalem-2013(2)-Temple Mount-Dome of the Rock (SE exposure).jpg|], where ] is believed by Muslims to have ascended to heaven | |||
|File:Al-Aqsa Mosque (Jerusalem).jpg|], on the Temple Mount (] or ]) | |||
}} | |||
== |
==Economy== | ||
], housing the Dead Sea Scrolls, at the ]]] | ]]] | ||
Historically, Jerusalem's economy was supported almost exclusively by religious pilgrims, as it was far from the major ports of ] and ].<ref name=politics67>{{Cite book |title=The Politics of Jerusalem Since 1967 |last=Dumper |first=Michael |isbn=978-0-231-10640-5 |year=1996 |publisher=Columbia University Press |pages=207–10}}</ref> Jerusalem's religious and cultural landmarks today remain the top draw for foreign visitors, with the majority of tourists visiting the Western Wall and the ].<ref name=cbs/> In 2010, Jerusalem was named the top leisure travel city in Africa and the Middle East by ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2010/cities/africa-middle-east-cities/15 |title=World's Best Awards 2010 – Africa and the Middle East |access-date=11 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712140230/http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2010/cities/africa-middle-east-cities/15 |archive-date=12 July 2010}}</ref> | |||
in 2013, 75% of the 3.5 million tourists to Israel visited Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/2013-record-year-for-tourism-government-says |title=2013 'record year' for tourism, government says |author=Yiffa Yaakov |newspaper=] |date=10 January 2014 |access-date=30 April 2015 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510114922/https://www.timesofisrael.com/2013-record-year-for-tourism-government-says |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
] high-tech park]] | |||
Although Jerusalem is known primarily for its ], the city is also home to many artistic and cultural venues. The ] attracts nearly one million visitors a year, approximately one-third of them tourists.<ref name="il-mus-about">{{Cite web|url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/about/index.html |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-27 |title=About the Museum}}</ref> The {{convert|20|acre|m2|adj=on}} museum complex comprises several buildings featuring special exhibits and extensive collections of Judaica, archaeological findings, and Israeli and European art. The ], discovered in the mid-20th century in the ] ] near the Dead Sea, are housed in the Museum's ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/shrine/index.html |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |title=Shrine of the Book |accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref> The Youth Wing, which mounts changing exhibits and runs an extensive art education program, is visited by 100,000 children a year. The museum has a large outdoor sculpture garden, and a scale-model of the Second Temple.<ref name="il-mus-about" /> The ], located in East Jerusalem, was the first archaeological museum in the Middle East. It was built in 1938 during the British Mandate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/rockefeller/index.html |title=The Rockefeller Archaeological Museum |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/rockefeller/permanent.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071211171315/http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/rockefeller/permanent.html|archivedate=2007-12-11 |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |title=The Rockefeller Archaeological Museum: About the Museum: The Permanent Exhibition |accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref> | |||
Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the national government has remained a major player in Jerusalem's economy. The government, centred in Jerusalem, generates a large number of jobs, and offers subsidies and incentives for new business initiatives and start-ups.<ref name=politics67/> Although Tel Aviv remains Israel's financial centre, a growing number of ] companies are moving to Jerusalem, providing 12,000 jobs in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1182951036437&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624113544/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1182951036437&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 June 2011 |title=Bet your bottom dollar? |author=Gil Zohar |newspaper=] |date=28 June 2007 |access-date=10 July 2007}}</ref> Northern Jerusalem's ] industrial park and the ] in south Jerusalem are home to large ] centres of international tech companies, among them ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and more.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotzvim.org.il/SiteFiles/1/35/901.asp |publisher=Har Hotzvim Industrial Park |title=Har Hotzvim Industrial Park |access-date=13 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427222723/http://www.hotzvim.org.il/SiteFiles/1/35/901.asp |archive-date=27 April 2007}}</ref> In April 2015, ] picked Jerusalem as one of the five emerging tech hubs in the world, proclaiming that "The city has become a flourishing centre for biomed, cleantech, Internet/mobile startups, accelerators, investors and supporting service providers."<ref> ''Time'', 28 April 2015</ref> | |||
] | |||
] adorned with upscale shops stands just outside the Old City Walls.]] | |||
]]] | |||
Higher than average percentages are employed in education (17.9% vs. 12.7%); health and welfare (12.6% vs. 10.7%); community and social services (6.4% vs. 4.7%); hotels and restaurants (6.1% vs. 4.7%); and public administration (8.2% vs. 4.7%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st12_14x.pdf |publisher=] |title=Employed Persons, by Industry, District and Sub-District of Residence, 2005 |access-date=11 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614014211/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st12_14x.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref> During the ], a law was passed requiring all buildings to be constructed of ] in order to preserve the unique historic and aesthetic character of the city.<ref name=BIUmandate>{{cite web |last=Eisenstadt |first=David |title=The British Mandate |work=Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City |publisher=Bar-Ilan University Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies |date=26 August 2002 |access-date=10 February 2007 |url=http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_12.html |archive-date=16 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216173540/http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_12.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Complementing this building code, which is still in force, is the discouragement of ] in Jerusalem; only about 2.2% of Jerusalem's land is zoned for "industry and infrastructure". By comparison, the percentage of land in Tel Aviv zoned for industry and infrastructure is twice as high, and in Haifa, seven times as high.<ref name=cbs/> Only 8.5% of the ] work force is employed in the manufacturing sector, which is half the national average (15.8%). | |||
Although many statistics indicate economic growth in the city, since 1967, East Jerusalem has lagged behind the development of West Jerusalem.<ref name=politics67/> Nevertheless, the percentage of households with employed persons is higher for Arab households (76.1%) than for Jewish households (66.8%). The unemployment rate in Jerusalem (8.3%) is slightly better than the national average (9.0%), although the civilian ] accounted for less than half of all persons fifteen years or older—lower in comparison to that of Tel Aviv (58.0%) and ] (52.4%).<ref name=cbs/> Poverty remains a problem in the city as 37% of the families in Jerusalem lived in 2011 below the poverty line. According to a report by the ] (ACRI), 78% of Arabs in Jerusalem lived in poverty in 2012, up from 64% in 2006. While the ACRI attributes the increase to the lack of employment opportunities, infrastructure and a worsening educational system, ] blames the legal status of Palestinians in Jerusalem.<ref name=Hasson>{{cite news |first=Nir |last=Hasson |title=Report: 78% of East Jerusalem Palestinians live in poverty |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/report-78-of-east-jerusalem-palestinians-live-in-poverty-1.431384?localLinksEnabled=false |work=Haaretz |date=20 May 2012 |access-date=23 May 2012 |archive-date=6 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106115700/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/report-78-of-east-jerusalem-palestinians-live-in-poverty-1.431384?localLinksEnabled=false |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
], Israel's national memorial to the victims of ], houses the world's largest library of Holocaust-related information,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yadvashem.org/ |publisher=The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority |title=Yad Vashem |accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref> with an estimated 100,000 books and articles. The complex contains a state-of-the-art museum that explores the genocide of the Jews through exhibits that focus on the personal stories of individuals and families killed in the Holocaust and an art gallery featuring the work of artists who perished. Yad Vashem also commemorates the 1.5 million Jewish children murdered by the Nazis, and honors the ].<ref name="yad-about">{{Cite web|url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_yad/index_about_yad.html |publisher=The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority |title=About Yad Vashem |accessdate=2007-02-28 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070217113512/http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_yad/index_about_yad.html |archivedate = 2007-02-17}}</ref> The Museum on the Seam, which explores issues of ] through art, is situated on the road dividing eastern and western Jerusalem.<ref name="seam">{{Cite web | |||
|title=The Museum | |||
|work=Museum On The Seam | |||
|accessdate=2008-07-20 | |||
|url=http://www.mots.org.il/eng/museum/about.asp | |||
}}</ref> | |||
].]] | |||
The ], established in the 1940s,<ref name="iba-history">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jso.co.il/history_english.php |publisher=Jerusalem Orchestra |accessdate=2007-03-04 |title=History| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928091514/http://www.jso.co.il/history_english.php| archivedate = September 28, 2007}}</ref> has appeared around the world.<ref name="iba-history" /> Other arts facilities include the ] (''Binyanei HaUma'') near the entrance to city, where the ] plays, the Jerusalem Cinemateque, the Gerard Behar Center (formerly Beit Ha'am) in downtown Jerusalem, the ] in ],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jerusalem Music Center |url=http://www.jmc.co.il/Default.asp |accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> and the Targ Music Center in ]. The ], featuring indoor and outdoor performances by local and international singers, concerts, plays and street theater, has been held annually since 1961; for the past 25 years, Jerusalem has been the major organizer of this event. The ] in the ] neighborhood hosts over 150 concerts a year, as well as theater and dance companies and performing artists from overseas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerusalem-theatre.co.il/about_en.asp |publisher=Jerusalem Theater |title=The Jerusalem Centre for the Performing Arts |accessdate=2007-03-04 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070202220213/http://www.jerusalem-theatre.co.il/about_en.asp <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-02-02}}</ref> The ], located in a ] opposite the old Jerusalem train station, is the city's only ] theater.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khan.co.il/about/index_english.php |publisher=The Khan Theatre |title=About Us |year=2004 |accessdate=2007-03-04}}</ref> The station itself has become a venue for cultural events in recent years, as the site of ''Shav'ua Hasefer'', an annual week-long book fair, and outdoor music performances.<ref>{{Cite web | |||
|title=Summer Nights Festival 2008 | |||
|work=Jerusalem Foundation | |||
|accessdate=2008-07-20 | |||
|url=http://www.jerusalemfoundation.org/news_article.aspx?MID=547&CID=558&AID=738&ID=2452 | |||
}}</ref> The ] is held annually, screening Israeli and international films.<ref name="filmfestival">{{Cite web | |||
|title=About The Festival | |||
|work=Jerusalem Film Festival | |||
|accessdate=2008-07-20 | |||
|url=http://www.jff.org.il/?CategoryID=361&ArticleID=163&sng=1 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
]]] | |||
The ], in downtown Jerusalem, houses the paintings of ] and the Judaica collections of her husband, an ophthalmologist who opened Jerusalem's first eye clinic in this building in 1912.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/Ticho_house/index.html |title=Ticho House |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref> Al-Hoash, established in 2004, is a gallery for the preservation of Palestinian art.<ref name="alhoash">{{Cite web | |||
|title=About Alhoash | |||
|work=Palestinian ART Court | |||
|accessdate=2008-07-20 | |||
|url=http://www.alhoashgallery.org/aboutus.shtml | |||
}}</ref> | |||
The increasing number of educated Palestinians in Jerusalem has brought about positive economic changes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Palestinian Entrepreneur Seeks to Turn Jerusalem Into Startup City - Together With Jews |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/2014-12-19/ty-article/.premium/turning-jerusalem-into-startup-city/0000017f-e126-d804-ad7f-f1fe221c0000 |access-date=20 February 2024 |work=Haaretz |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528102854/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/2014-12-19/ty-article/.premium/turning-jerusalem-into-startup-city/0000017f-e126-d804-ad7f-f1fe221c0000 |url-status=live }}</ref> Through reforms and initiatives in sectors like technology, tourism, trade, and infrastructure, they have helped drive economic growth, create jobs, and improve living conditions in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JestWebsite |url=http://jesthub.org/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=jesthub.org |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126164603/http://jesthub.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supporting East Jerusalem Entrepreneurs |url=https://thisweekinpalestine.com/supporting-east-jerusalem-entrepreneurs/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=This Week in Palestine |language=en-US |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220153731/https://thisweekinpalestine.com/supporting-east-jerusalem-entrepreneurs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Various joint summits between Israeli and Palestinian entrepreneurs have been held in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NGO brings together Israeli and Palestinian entrepreneurs |url=https://azrielifoundation.org/media/ngo-brings-together-israeli-and-palestinian-entrepreneurs/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=The Azrieli Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220153731/https://azrielifoundation.org/media/ngo-brings-together-israeli-and-palestinian-entrepreneurs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ] have proposed various projects in Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amaar Jeruslalem {{!}} Home |url=https://amaar-jerusalem.com/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=amaar-jerusalem.com |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220153733/https://amaar-jerusalem.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Khaled |date=20 September 2020 |title=Tourism sector Eng page - PIF |url=https://www.pif.ps/tourism-sector-eng-page/,%20https://www.pif.ps/tourism-sector-eng-page/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Palestinian industrialist ] sought to make heavy investments in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Talk with Bashar Masri, Business, Economics and Homeland |url=https://jerusalem.24fm.ps/11680.html |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=Jerusalem24 |language=en-US |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220153732/https://jerusalem.24fm.ps/11680.html |url-status=live }}</ref> PA controlled industrial areas are located outskirts of Jerusalem, primarily in ], ] and ], engaging in manufacture of tires, food products and concretes.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304232213/https://www.maan-ctr.org/old/pdfs/BirNabala.pdf |date=4 March 2024 }} Ma'an Development Center and Bir Nabala Village Council Chairman Haj Tawfik Nabeli. February 2007.</ref> | |||
Jerusalem was declared the ] in 2009.<ref name="ynetnews.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3689673,00.html |title=Israel bans Palestinian cultural events – Israel News, Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |accessdate=2010-01-22}}</ref> Jerusalem is home to the ], which engages in cultural preservation as well as innovation, working to rekindle Palestinian interest in the arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pnt-pal.org/history.php |publisher=Palestinian National Theatre |title=History |accessdate=2007-03-04}}</ref> ] sponsors the Palestine Youth Orchestra<ref></ref> | |||
which toured the Gulf states and other Middle East countries in 2009.<ref>Joel Epstein, "Teaching in Palestine", ''The Strad'' June 2009, p. 42.</ref> The ] on the Temple Mount, established in 1923, houses many Islamic artifacts, from tiny ] flasks and rare manuscripts to giant marble columns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jmcc.org/palculture/go.htm |publisher=Jerusalem Media & Communication Centre |title=List of Palestinian Cultural & Archeological Sites |accessdate=2008-07-20| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080125080612/http://jmcc.org/palculture/go.htm| archivedate = January 25, 2008}}</ref> While Israel approves and financially supports Arab cultural activities, Arab Capital of Culture events were banned because they were sponsored by the Palestine National Authority.<ref name="ynetnews.com"/> In 2009, a four-day culture festival was held in the ] suburb of Jerusalem, attended by more than 15,000 people<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alquds2009.org/etemplate.php?id=273 |title=Promoting Palestinian culture presents challenge to occupation and celebrates heritage |publisher=Alquds2009.org |date= |accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref> | |||
High-tech industry is emerged among Palestinian society of Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palestinian innovation is going global and its first stop is Dubai |url=https://www.wamda.com/2022/10/palestinian-innovation-going-global-dubai |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=Wamda |language=en |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201175510/https://www.wamda.com/2022/10/palestinian-innovation-going-global-dubai |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferziger |first=Jonathan |date=4 September 2023 |title=Palestinian interns dodge obstacles for tech opportunities |url=https://circuit.news/2023/09/04/palestinian-interns-dodge-obstacles-for-tech-opportunities/ |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=The Circuit |language=en-US |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225213218/https://circuit.news/2023/09/04/palestinian-interns-dodge-obstacles-for-tech-opportunities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, Israel opened a technology park in East Jerusalem, known as EasTech. Local Palestinian engineers are employed in the complex by multinational companies, some of which includes ], ], ], ] and ]. Station J, an innovation hub is located in Sheikh Jarrah, which is yet another tech hub for Palestinians in the city. Hani Alami, a Jerusalem-based Palestinian entrepreneur has set up a start-+up accelerator.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Palestinian Entrepreneur Seeks to Turn Jerusalem Into Startup City - Together With Jews |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/2014-12-19/ty-article/.premium/turning-jerusalem-into-startup-city/0000017f-e126-d804-ad7f-f1fe221c0000 |access-date=25 February 2024 |work=Haaretz |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528102854/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/2014-12-19/ty-article/.premium/turning-jerusalem-into-startup-city/0000017f-e126-d804-ad7f-f1fe221c0000 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a part of ], interaction between Israeli and Palestinian business community, also contributes in growth of Palestinian IT sector in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2019 |title=Israeli and Palestinian architects and planners seek common ground on innovation, entrepreneurship |url=https://news.mit.edu/2019/israeli-and-palestinian-architects-planners-find-common-ground-around-innovation-0307 |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225213217/https://news.mit.edu/2019/israeli-and-palestinian-architects-planners-find-common-ground-around-innovation-0307 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stoller |first=Kristin |title=Here's How Young Palestinian And Israeli Entrepreneurs Are Forging Co-Existence Through Startups |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristinstoller/2022/06/02/heres-how-young-palestinian-and-israeli-entrepreneurs-are-forging-co-existence-through-startups/ |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225213217/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristinstoller/2022/06/02/heres-how-young-palestinian-and-israeli-entrepreneurs-are-forging-co-existence-through-startups/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
The Abraham Fund <ref></ref> and the Jerusalem Intercultural Center] (JICC) <ref></ref> promote joint Jewish-Palestinian cultural projects. The Jerusalem Center for Middle Eastern Music and Dance <ref></ref> is open to Arabs and Jews, and offers workshops on Jewish-Arab dialogue through the arts.<ref></ref> The Jewish-Arab Youth Orchestra performs both European classical and Middle Eastern music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jerusalemfoundation.org/he/project_overview.aspx?TAB=0&MID=769&CID=792&PID=841 |title=The Jewish-Arab Youth Orchestra |publisher=Jerusalemfoundation.org |date= |accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref> | |||
== Urban structure == | |||
In 2008, the ], an outdoor sculpture by ], was erected on a hill between Jewish ] and Arab ] as a symbol of Jerusalem's quest for peace.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Isabel |last=KERSHNER |title=Symbol of Peace Stands at Divide Between Troubled Jerusalem's East and West |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/18/world/middleeast/18jerusalem.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=tolerance%20monument&st=cse&oref=slogin |work=New York Times |date=2008-10-17 |accessdate=2008-10-18}}</ref> | |||
===High-rise construction=== | |||
==Economy== | |||
Jerusalem has traditionally had a low-rise skyline. About 18 tall buildings were built at different times in the downtown area when there was no clear policy over the matter. One of them, Holyland Tower 1, Jerusalem's tallest building, is a ] by international standards, rising 32 stories. Holyland Tower 2, which has been approved for construction, will reach the same height.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/statistics/tallest-buildings-jerusalem-israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113081540/http://www.emporis.com/statistics/tallest-buildings-jerusalem-israel |url-status=usurped |archive-date=13 November 2012 |title=Jerusalem's tallest buildings – Top 20 | Statistics |publisher=Emporis |access-date=7 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/holylandtower2-jerusalem-israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113081532/http://www.emporis.com/building/holylandtower2-jerusalem-israel |url-status=usurped |archive-date=13 November 2012 |title=Holyland Tower 2 | Buildings |location=Jerusalem / |publisher=Emporis |access-date=7 December 2012}}</ref> | |||
]]] | |||
] | |||
Historically, Jerusalem's economy was supported almost exclusively by religious pilgrims, as it was located far from the major ports of ] and ].<ref name="politics-1967">{{Cite book|title=The Politics of Jerusalem Since 1967 |last=Dumper |first=Michael |isbn=0231106408 |date=1996-04-15 |publisher=Columbia University Press |accessdate=2007-03-13 |pages=207–10}}</ref> Jerusalem's religious landmarks today remain the top draw for foreign visitors, with the majority of tourists visiting the ] and the ],<ref name="cbs" /> but in the past half-century it has become increasingly clear that Jerusalem's providence cannot solely be sustained by its religious significance.<ref name="politics-1967" /> | |||
A new master plan for the city will see many high-rise buildings, including skyscrapers, built in certain, designated areas of downtown Jerusalem. Under the plan, towers will line ] and ]. One of the proposed towers along King George Street, the Migdal Merkaz HaYekum, is planned as a 65-story building, which would make it one of the tallest buildings in Israel. At the entrance to the city, near the ] and the ], twelve towers rising between 24 and 33 stories will be built, as part of a complex that will also include an open square and an ] serving a new express line between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, and will be connected by bridges and tunnels. Eleven of the skyscrapers will be either office or apartment buildings, and one will be a 2,000-room hotel. The complex is expected to attract many businesses from Tel Aviv, and become the city's main business hub. In addition, a complex for the city's courts and the prosecutor's office will be built, as well as new buildings for Central Zionist Archives and ].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hasson |first=Nir |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/jerusalem-skyline-to-undergo-massive-transformation-with-12-new-skyscrapers.premium-1.458031 |title=Jerusalem skyline to undergo massive transformation with 12 new skyscrapers Israel News | Haaretz Daily Newspaper |work=Haaretz |date=2 April 2008 |access-date=7 December 2012 |archive-date=11 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911133440/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/jerusalem-skyline-to-undergo-massive-transformation-with-12-new-skyscrapers.premium-1.458031 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dvir |first=Noam |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/jerusalem-reaches-for-the-heavens-1.347554 |title=Jerusalem reaches for the heavens – Israel News | Haaretz Daily Newspaper |work=Haaretz |date=7 March 2011 |access-date=7 December 2012 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233542/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/jerusalem-reaches-for-the-heavens-1.347554 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lidman |first=Melanie |url=http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=281153 |title=Interior Ministry approves 12 skyscrapers for J'lem |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=14 August 2012 |access-date=7 December 2012 |archive-date=31 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031133243/http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=281153 |url-status=live }}</ref> The skyscrapers built throughout the city are expected to contain public space, shops, restaurants, and entertainment venues, and it has been speculated that this may lead to a revitalization of downtown Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://israelity.com/2011/03/07/a-revitalized-downtown-jerusalem-with-skyscrapers/ |title=A revitalized downtown Jerusalem – with skyscrapers |publisher=Israelity |date=7 March 2011 |access-date=7 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512123533/http://israelity.com/2011/03/07/a-revitalized-downtown-jerusalem-with-skyscrapers/ |archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/migdal-merkaz-hayekum-jerusalem-israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234922/http://www.emporis.com/building/migdal-merkaz-hayekum-jerusalem-israel |url-status=usurped |archive-date=30 December 2013 |title=Migdal Merkaz HaYekum | Buildings |location=Jerusalem / |publisher=Emporis |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> In August 2015, the city council approved construction of a 344-foot pyramid-shaped skyscraper designed by ] and Yigal Levi, in place of a rejected previous design by Libeskind; it is set to break ground by 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_eye/2015/08/03/daniel_libeskind_s_pyramid_in_jerusalem_the_new_skyscraper_will_be_the_city.html |title=The "Pyramid" Will Be the Newest Addition to Jerusalem's Skyline |date=3 August 2015 |work=Slate |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-date=21 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121164737/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_eye/2015/08/03/daniel_libeskind_s_pyramid_in_jerusalem_the_new_skyscraper_will_be_the_city.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
]]] | |||
Although many statistics indicate economic growth in the city, since 1967 ] has lagged behind the development of West Jerusalem.<ref name="politics-1967" /> Nevertheless, the percentage of households with employed persons is higher for Arab households (76.1%) than for Jewish households (66.8%). The unemployment rate in Jerusalem (8.3%) is slightly better than the national average (9.0%), although the civilian ] accounted for less than half of all persons fifteen years or older—lower in comparison to that of ] (58.0%) and ] (52.4%).<ref name="cbs" /> Poverty in the city has increased dramatically in recent years; between 2001 and 2007, the number of people below the ] increased by forty percent.<ref name="insider">{{Cite news|url=http://web.israelinsider.com/Articles/Briefs/10317.htm |publisher=] |title=Study shows poverty level in Jerusalem double that of other Israeli cities |date=2007-01-11 |accessdate=2007-03-11}}</ref> In 2006, the average monthly income for a worker in Jerusalem was ]5,940 (]1,410), NIS1,350 less than that for a worker in Tel Aviv.<ref name="insider" /> | |||
During the British Mandate, a law was passed requiring all buildings to be constructed of ] in order to preserve the unique historic and ] character of the city.<ref name="ingeborg-mandate" /> Complementing this building code, which is still in force, is the discouragement of ] in Jerusalem; only about 2.2% of Jerusalem's land is zoned for "industry and infrastructure." By comparison, the percentage of land in Tel Aviv zoned for industry and infrastructure is twice as high, and in Haifa, seven times as high.<ref name="cbs" /> Only 8.5% of the ] work force is employed in the manufacturing sector, which is half the national average (15.8%). Higher than average percentages are employed in education (17.9% vs. 12.7%); health and welfare (12.6% vs. 10.7%); community and social services (6.4% vs. 4.7%); hotels and restaurants (6.1% vs. 4.7%); and public administration (8.2% vs. 4.7%).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st12_14x.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=] |title=Employed Persons, by Industry, District and Sub-District of Residence, 2005 |accessdate=2007-04-11}}</ref> Although Tel Aviv remains Israel's financial center, a growing number of ] companies are moving to Jerusalem, providing 12,000 jobs in 2006.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1182951036437&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080203230544/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1182951036437&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|archivedate=2008-02-03|title=Bet your bottom dollar?|author=Gil Zohar|publisher=]|date=June 28, 2007|accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref> Northern Jerusalem's ] industrial park is home to some of Israel's major corporations, among them ], ], ] and ]. Expansion plans for the park envision one hundred businesses, a fire station, and a school, covering an area of 530,000 m<sup>2</sup> (130 acres).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotzvim.org.il/SiteFiles/1/35/901.asp |publisher=Har Hotzvim Industrial Park |title=Har Hotzvim Industrial Park |accessdate=2007-03-13}}</ref> | |||
=== New projects in Jerusalem === | |||
Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the national government has remained a major player in Jerusalem's economy. The government, centered in Jerusalem, generates a large number of jobs, and offers ] and incentives for new business initiatives and start-ups.<ref name="politics-1967" /> | |||
In 2021, ] announced and launched "Lana", a massive mix-used project in ], which is located in the neighborhood of ].<!--<ref name=":5" />--> The project is in a partnership between Massar International and the ]. It features 400 residential apartments along with a vibrant commercial center that hosts well-known global brands, ], ], ], and ]. The project also includes modern educational facilities, such as a school and a ], catering to the needs of residents.<!--<ref name=":7" />--> In addition to its focus on residential and commercial aspects, the Lana project emphasizes the improvement of infrastructure within the project and its surroundings.<!--<ref name=":9" />--> This involves the construction of three to four floors of underground parking to accommodate the residents' vehicles conveniently. Furthermore, there is a comprehensive plan to expand the road network surrounding the project, ensuring smooth transportation and accessibility for both residents and visitors. It is situated just 15 minutes away from the historic ].<!--<ref name=":6" />--><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kuttab |first1=Daoud |title=Israel Dashes Hopes for New Palestinian Neighborhood |url=https://www.jerusalemstory.com/en/article/palestinian-jerusalemites-organized-15-years-build-new-neighborhood-their-own-land-israeli |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Jerusalem Story |date=10 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418104749/https://www.jerusalemstory.com/en/article/palestinian-jerusalemites-organized-15-years-build-new-neighborhood-their-own-land-israeli |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
In 2010, Jerusalem was named the top leisure travel city in Africa and the Middle East by ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2010/cities/africa-middle-east-cities/15|title=World's Best Awards 2010 - Africa and the Middle East|accessdate=2010-07-11}}</ref> | |||
==Transportation== | ==Transportation== | ||
{{Main|Transport in Jerusalem}} | {{Main|Transport in Jerusalem}} | ||
]]] | |||
===Public transport=== | |||
]]] | ]]] | ||
]]] | |||
The airport nearest to Jerusalem is ], which was used for domestic flights until its closure in 2001. Since then it has been under the control of the Israel Defense Forces due to disturbances in ] and the ]. All air traffic from Atarot was rerouted to ], Israel's largest and busiest airport, which serves nine million passengers annually.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ask the Pilot |url=http://www.salon.com/tech/col/smith/2006/06/09/askthepilot189/index1.html |last=Smith |first=Patrick |date=2006-06-09 |publisher=Salon |accessdate=2007-03-14}}</ref> | |||
Jerusalem is served by highly developed communication infrastructures, making it a leading logistics hub for Israel. | |||
], the second-largest bus company in the world,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/11/Facets%20of%20the%20Israeli%20Economy-%20Transportation |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Facets of the Israeli Economy{{ndash}} Transportation |date=2001-11-01 |last=Solomon |first=Shoshanna |accessdate=2007-03-14}}</ref> handles most of the local and intercity bus service out of the city's ] on ] near the western entrance to Jerusalem from ]. As of 2008, Egged buses, ]s and private cars are the only transportation options in Jerusalem. This is expected to change with the completion of the ], a new rail-based transit system currently under construction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rakevetkala-jerusalem.org.il/ENB2.html |publisher=Jerusalem Mass Transit System Project |title=Solution |accessdate=2007-03-17| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070714063823/http://www.rakevetkala-jerusalem.org.il/ENB2.html| archivedate = July 14, 2007}}</ref> According to plans, the first rail line will be capable of transporting an estimated 200,000 people daily, and will have 24 stops.<ref name="panacea" /> It is scheduled for completion in 2010.<ref name=railtech>{{Cite web | |||
| title = Jerusalem Light Rail Project | |||
| work = Railway Technology | |||
| accessdate = 2008-11-22 | |||
| url = http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/jerusalem/ | |||
}}</ref> | |||
The ], located on ], is the busiest bus station in Israel. It is served by ], which is the second-largest bus company in the world,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/11/Facets%20of%20the%20Israeli%20Economy-%20Transportation |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Facets of the Israeli Economy – Transportation |date=1 November 2001 |last=Solomon |first=Shoshanna |access-date=14 March 2007 |archive-date=26 May 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526005406/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/11/Facets%20of%20the%20Israeli%20Economy-%20Transportation |url-status=live }}</ref> The ] serves the ]-Jerusalem route along with Egged, and ] serves the routes between Jerusalem, ], and ]. The companies operate from ]. Arab neighbourhoods in East Jerusalem and routes between Jerusalem and locations in the ] are served by the ], a transportation hub located near the Old City's ]. | |||
Another work in progress<ref name="panacea">{{Cite news|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1170359814381|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080203224846/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1170359814381|archivedate=2008-02-03 |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |last=Afra |first=Orit |title=Panacea or pain? |date=2007-02-08 |accessdate=2007-03-17}}</ref> is a new ] from ] to Jerusalem, which is scheduled to be completed in 2017. Its terminus will be an underground station ({{convert|80|m|2|abbr=on|lk=out}} deep) serving the ] and the Central Bus Station,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://overseas.huji.ac.il/campus.asp?cat=277&in=275 |publisher=Rothberg International Station{{ndash}} Hebrew University of Jerusalem |title=Life in Jerusalem{{ndash}} Transportation |accessdate=2007-03-14}}</ref> and is planned to be extended eventually to ]. ] operates train services to ] from Tel Aviv via ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.israrail.org.il/english/travel/jerusalem_m.html |publisher=Israel Railways |title=Jerusalem – Malha |accessdate=2007-03-14| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071006053005/http://www.israrail.org.il/english/travel/jerusalem_m.html| archivedate = October 6, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.israrail.org.il/english/travel/map.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071006052152/http://www.israrail.org.il/english/travel/map.html|archivedate=2007-10-06 |publisher=Israel Railways |title=Passenger Lines Map |accessdate=2007-03-14}}</ref> | |||
===Railway=== | |||
] is one of Jerusalem's major north-south thoroughfares; it runs on the western side of the city, merging in the north with ], which continues toward Tel Aviv. ] runs through the center of the city near the ] between East and West Jerusalem. Construction is progressing on parts of a 35-kilometer (22-mile) ] around the city, fostering faster connection between the ]s.<ref name="rings">{{Cite news|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1137605873879&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080203230517/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1137605873879&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|archivedate=2008-02-03 |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |date=2006-01-19 |accessdate=2007-03-17 |last=Burstein |first=Nathan |title=Running rings around us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1180527974291&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080203221925/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1180527974291&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|archivedate=2008-02-03 |title=Their way or the highway? |author=Gil Zohar |publisher=] |date=May 31, 2007 |accessdate=2007-06-11}}</ref> The eastern half of the project was conceptualized decades ago, but reaction to the proposed highway is still mixed.<ref name="rings" /> | |||
The ] initiated service in August 2011. According to plans, the first rail line will be capable of transporting an estimated 200,000 people daily, and has 23 stops. The route is from Pisgat Ze'ev in the north via the Old City and city centre to Mt. Herzl in the south. | |||
] tram on ]]] | |||
A ] connecting Tel Aviv to Jerusalem became partially operational in 2018 and was completed in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/245035 |title=Jerusalem-Tel Aviv train opening delayed until 2019 |last=Lev |first=Tzvi |date=26 April 2018 |website=Israel National News |language=en |access-date=10 May 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116124452/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/245035 |url-status=live }}</ref> Its terminus is at the ] ({{cvt|80|m|ft|0|disp=or}} deep) serving the ] and the Central Bus Station,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://overseas.huji.ac.il/campus.asp?cat=277&in=275 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912175341/http://overseas.huji.ac.il/campus.asp?cat=277&in=275 |archive-date=12 September 2007 |publisher=Rothberg International Station – Hebrew University of Jerusalem |title=Life in Jerusalem – Transportation |access-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> and is planned to be extended eventually to ]. ] operated train services to ] from Tel Aviv via ], but this service was discontinued in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keinan |first1=Lior |title=רגב נגד האוצר: מסרבת לבטל את הקו לדימונה - חרף מיעוט נוסעים |url=https://13news.co.il/item/news/domestic/transportation/train-dimona-1085407/ |access-date=19 March 2021 |work=Channel 13 News |date=27 June 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020002232/https://13news.co.il/item/news/domestic/transportation/train-dimona-1085407/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israrail.org.il/english/travel/jerusalem_m.html |publisher=Israel Railways |title=Jerusalem – Malha |access-date=14 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006053005/http://www.israrail.org.il/english/travel/jerusalem_m.html |archive-date=6 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israrail.org.il/english/travel/map.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006052152/http://www.israrail.org.il/english/travel/map.html |archive-date=6 October 2007 |publisher=Israel Railways |title=Passenger Lines Map |access-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> | |||
] is one of Jerusalem's major north–south thoroughfares; it runs on the western side of the city, merging in the north with ], which continues toward Tel Aviv. ] runs through the centre of the city near the ] between East and West Jerusalem. Construction is progressing on parts of a {{cvt|35|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} ] around the city, fostering faster connection between the suburbs.<ref name=rings>{{cite news |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1137605873879&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624104929/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1137605873879&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 June 2011 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=19 January 2006 |access-date=17 March 2007 |last=Burstein |first=Nathan |title=Running rings around us}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1180527974291&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624110449/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1180527974291&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 June 2011 |title=Their way or the highway? |author=Gil Zohar |newspaper=] |access-date=11 June 2007}}</ref> The eastern half of the project was conceptualized decades ago, but reaction to the proposed highway is still mixed.<ref name=rings/> | |||
===Airport=== | |||
In the past, Jerusalem was also served by the local ], locally known as Atarot Airport. It was the first airport built in the British Mandate of Palestine. Palestinians considered the Atarot Airport as a "symbol of Palestinian sovereignty".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2021 |title=PA: Jerusalem airport symbol of Palestinian sovereignty |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/pa-jerusalem-airport-symbol-of-palestinian-sovereignty-687548 |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222115053/https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/pa-jerusalem-airport-symbol-of-palestinian-sovereignty-687548 |url-status=live }}</ref> The airport falls beyond Green Line. After 1948 war, it came under control of Jordan. Following the Six Day War of 1967, the airport came under control of Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jerusalem's Posh Airport Had Direct Flights to Iran. This Is What It Looks Like Today |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2021-04-20/ty-article-magazine/jerusalems-posh-airport-now-home-to-weeds-heres-what-it-looks-like/0000017f-dc18-df9c-a17f-fe18f1dd0000 |access-date=22 February 2024 |work=Haaretz |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004222013/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2021-04-20/ty-article-magazine/jerusalems-posh-airport-now-home-to-weeds-heres-what-it-looks-like/0000017f-dc18-df9c-a17f-fe18f1dd0000 |url-status=live }}</ref> With increase of violence in the ], Atarot Airport ceased operation in 2000. Today Jerusalem is served by ], some {{cvt|50|km|mi|-1|abbr=off}} northwest of the Jerusalem, on the route to Tel Aviv. The ] runs non-stop from ] to the airport and began operation in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 August 2018 |title=Jerusalem's new high-speed train starts regular trips to Ben Gurion Airport |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jerusalems-new-high-speed-train-starts-regular-trips-to-ben-gurion-airport/ |access-date=1 June 2019 |website=The Times of Israel |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326040817/https://www.timesofisrael.com/jerusalems-new-high-speed-train-starts-regular-trips-to-ben-gurion-airport/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
Australian businessman ] proposed a masterplan of Jerusalem, which also includes the development of an airport for Jerusalem in the ], near ].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sanders |first1=Edmund |last2=Times |first2=Los Angeles |date=31 August 2012 |title=Investor Kevin Bermeister has big plans for Jerusalem, West Bank |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-aug-31-la-fg-israel-bermeister-qa-20120901-story.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222114517/https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-aug-31-la-fg-israel-bermeister-qa-20120901-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The airport is sought to be a joint Israeli-Palestinian airport. Palestinian Prime Minister ] have also appealed to Israeli authorities to redevelop the airport.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=Israel's Ramon Airport to open for Palestinian passengers - report |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-713876 |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222114517/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-713876 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, the Israeli government planned to redevelop Atarot Airport as a joint Israeli–Palestinian airport.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2021 |title=A New Airport Is Being Proposed to Serve Both Israel and the Palestinian Authority |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/israeli-palestinian-airport |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Architectural Digest |language=en-US |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125000707/https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/israeli-palestinian-airport |url-status=live }}</ref> The new Atarot Airport will include two separate Israeli and Palestinian terminals. | |||
==Education== | ==Education== | ||
===Universities=== | |||
] on ]]] | |||
Jerusalem is home to several prestigious universities offering courses in ], ] and English. | |||
], ] campus]] | |||
Founded in 1925, the ] has been ranked among the top 100 schools in the world.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=243&pubCode=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414230850/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=243&pubCode=1 |archive-date=14 April 2011 |title=Times Higher Education |magazine=Times Higher Education |date=9 October 2008 |access-date=5 May 2009}}</ref> The Board of Governors has included such prominent Jewish intellectuals as ] and ].<ref name=hujiHistory>{{cite web |title=History |publisher=The Hebrew University of Jerusalem |url=http://www.huji.ac.il/huji/eng/aboutHU_history_e.htm |access-date=18 March 2007 |archive-date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205121934/http://www.huji.ac.il/huji/eng/aboutHU_history_e.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The university has produced several ] laureates; recent winners associated with Hebrew University include ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2004/hershko-autobio.html |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |title=Avram Hershko |last=Hershko |first=Avram |access-date=18 March 2007 |archive-date=30 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530223313/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2004/hershko-autobio.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2004/gross-autobio.html |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |title=David J. Gross |last=Gross |first=David |access-date=18 March 2007 |archive-date=30 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530215540/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2004/gross-autobio.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2002/kahneman-autobio.html |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |title=Daniel Kahneman |last=Kahneman |first=Daniel |access-date=18 March 2007 |archive-date=30 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530215603/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2002/kahneman-autobio.html |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the university's major assets is the ], which houses over five million books.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Library: Main Collections |publisher=Jewish National and University Library |url=http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/col_general.html |access-date=27 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429175424/http://jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/col_general.html |archive-date=29 April 2007}}</ref> The library opened in 1892, over three decades before the university was established, and is one of the world's largest repositories of books on Jewish subjects. Today it is both the central library of the university and the national library of Israel.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Jewish National and University Library |title=About the Library: History and Aims |url=http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/history.html |access-date=27 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421084915/http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/history.html |archive-date=21 April 2007}}</ref> The Hebrew University operates three campuses in Jerusalem, on Mount Scopus, on ] and a medical campus at the ]. The ] are located in the Hebrew university in Givat Ram and the ] located near the ].] in ] neighbourhood|left]] | |||
The ], founded in 1969, combines training in engineering and other high-tech industries with a Jewish studies programme.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jct.ac.il/NR/exeres/56FCED6F-06D1-4E02-8C2F-15E36061D279.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201120754/http://www.jct.ac.il/NR/exeres/56FCED6F-06D1-4E02-8C2F-15E36061D279.htm |archive-date=1 February 2008 |publisher=Jerusalem College of Technology |title=About JCT |access-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> It is one of many schools in Jerusalem, from elementary school and up, that combine secular and religious studies. Numerous religious educational institutions and ], including some of the most prestigious yeshivas, among them the ], ], ] and ], are based in the city, with the Mir Yeshiva claiming to be the largest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Home/About/Press+Room/Jewish+Agency+In+The+News/2000+and+before/jpdec28.htm+188.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202163159/http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Home/About/Press%2BRoom/Jewish%2BAgency%2BIn%2BThe%2BNews/2000%2Band%2Bbefore/jpdec28.htm%2B188.htm |archive-date=2 February 2008 |publisher=Jewish Agency for Israel |title=The village of Mir, where Torah once flowed |last=Wohlgelernter |first=Elli |date=28 December 2000 |access-date=26 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There were nearly 8,000 twelfth-grade students in Hebrew-language schools during the 2003–2004 school year.<ref name=cbs/> However, due to the large portion of students in ] frameworks, only fifty-five percent of twelfth graders took ] exams ('']'') and only thirty-seven percent were eligible to graduate. Unlike ], many Haredi schools do not prepare students to take standardized tests.<ref name=cbs/> To attract more university students to Jerusalem, the city has begun to offer a special package of financial incentives and housing subsidies to students who rent apartments in downtown Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=572046 |title=The best medicine for Jerusalem |author=Jonathan Lis |date=4 May 2005 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-date=4 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104122607/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=572046 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
] of ] ]] | |||
] was established in 1984<ref name="quds1">{{cite web |url=http://www.alquds.edu/faculties/science/index.php?page=overview |publisher=al-Quds University |access-date=19 March 2007 |title=Science & Technology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061028/http://www.alquds.edu/faculties/science/index.php?page=overview |archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> to serve as a flagship university for the Arab and Palestinian peoples.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} It describes itself as the "only Arab university in Jerusalem".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alquds.edu/press/urgent_appeal.php |publisher=al-Quds University |title=Urgent Appeal |access-date=27 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317104232/http://www.alquds.edu/press/urgent_appeal.php |archive-date=17 March 2007}}</ref> ] of Annandale-on-Hudson, New York and Al-Quds University agreed to open a joint college in a building originally built to house the ] and ]'s office. The college gives ] degrees.<ref name="Kalman"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106005513/http://chronicle.com/article/Bard-CollegeAl-Quds/42380 |date=6 November 2011 }}. '']'', February 2008, by Matthew Kalman</ref> Al-Quds University resides southeast of the city proper on a {{cvt|190000|m2|acre|adj=on}} ] campus.<ref name="quds1" /> Other campuses of AQU are located within city limits of Jerusalem. A campus of university in ], which is one of the oldest faculties, is known as Hind Al Husseini College for Arts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2021 |title=Hind Taher al-Husseini |url=https://www.jerusalemstory.com/en/bio/hind-taher-al-husseini |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=www.jerusalemstory.com |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228001331/https://www.jerusalemstory.com/en/bio/hind-taher-al-husseini |url-status=live }}</ref> It was named after ], a Palestinian activists known for rescuing orphaned survivors of ] and giving them shelter in a palace of her grandfather, which was converted into an orphanage and later a college, which is a part today's Al Quds University.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2021 |title=Hind Al-Husseini Arts College continues its role as a vibrant scientific and cultural beacon in the heart of Jerusalem |url=https://www.alquds.edu/en/news/staff-news/4796/hind-al-husseini-arts-college-continues-its-role-as-a-vibrant-scientific-and-cultural-beacon-in-the-heart-of-jerusalem/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Al-Quds University |language=en-US |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308055116/https://www.alquds.edu/en/news/staff-news/4796/hind-al-husseini-arts-college-continues-its-role-as-a-vibrant-scientific-and-cultural-beacon-in-the-heart-of-jerusalem/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A joint campus of AQU and Bard College is located in ]. ], a Moroccan organization is constructing a new campus in same neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rahhou |first=Jihane |title=Morocco's Foundation for Palestine to Construct University in East Jerusalem |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/09/351292/moroccos-foundation-for-palestine-to-construct-university-in-east-jerusalem |access-date=22 February 2024 |work=Morocco World News |date=11 September 2022 |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222094302/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/09/351292/moroccos-foundation-for-palestine-to-construct-university-in-east-jerusalem |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
Other institutions of higher learning in Jerusalem are the ]<ref>{{cite web |title=Official site |work=] |url=http://www.jamd.ac.il/en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504003213/http://www.jamd.ac.il/english/ |archive-date=4 May 2010 |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> and ],<ref>{{cite web |title=Official site |work=] |url=http://www.bezalel.ac.il/homenew/ |language=he |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512014427/http://www.bezalel.ac.il/homenew/ |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bezalel.ac.il/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022092403/http://bezalel.ac.il/en/ |archive-date=22 October 2007 |access-date=24 July 2018 |title=Welcome to the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design Jerusalem}}</ref> whose buildings are located on the campuses of the Hebrew University. | |||
Jerusalem is home to several prestigious universities offering courses in ], ] and ]. Founded in 1925, the ] has been ranked among the top 100 schools in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=243&pubCode=1 |title=Times Higher Education |publisher=Times Higher Education |date=2008-10-09 |accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref> The Board of Governors has included such prominent Jewish intellectuals as ] and ].<ref name="huji-history" /> The university has produced several ] laureates; recent winners associated with Hebrew University include ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2004/hershko-autobio.html |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |title=Avram Hershko |last=Hershko |first=Avram |accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref> ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2004/gross-autobio.html |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |title=David J. Gross |last=Gross |first=David |accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref> and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2002/kahneman-autobio.html |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |title=Daniel Kahneman |last=Kahneman |first=Daniel |accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref> One of the university's major assets is the ], which houses over five million books.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/col_general.html |publisher=Jewish National and University Library |title=About the Library: Main Collections |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> The library opened in 1892, over three decades before the university was established, and is one of the world's largest repositories of books on Jewish subjects. Today it is both the central library of the university and the national library of Israel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/history.html |publisher=Jewish National and University Library |title=About the Library: History and Aims |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> The Hebrew University operates three campuses in Jerusalem, on ], on ] and a medical campus at the ]. | |||
===Arab schools=== | |||
] was established in 1984<ref name="al-quds1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.alquds.edu/faculties/science/index.php?page=overview |publisher=al-Quds University |accessdate=2007-03-19 |title=Science & Technology| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928061028/http://www.alquds.edu/faculties/science/index.php?page=overview| archivedate = September 28, 2007}}</ref> to serve as a flagship university for the Arab and Palestinian peoples. It describes itself as the "only Arab university in Jerusalem".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alquds.edu/press/urgent_appeal.php |publisher=al-Quds University |title=Urgent Appeal |accessdate=2007-03-27| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070317104232/http://www.alquds.edu/press/urgent_appeal.php| archivedate = March 17, 2007}}</ref> New York ] and Al-Quds University agreed to open a joint college, to operate in a building originally build to house the ] and ]’s office. The college is scheduled to open in fall 2010 and also have plans to provide a ] degree.<ref name="Matthew Kalman"> ], February 2008, by Matthew Kalman</ref> Al-Quds University resides southeast of the city proper on a {{convert|190000|m2|acre}} ] campus.<ref name="al-quds1" /> Other institutions of higher learning in Jerusalem are the ]<ref>Official site of the ]: , </ref> and ],<ref>Official site of ]: , </ref> whose buildings are located on the campuses of the Hebrew University. | |||
], a bilingual Jewish-Arab school in Jerusalem]]Israel's public schools for Arabs in Jerusalem and other parts of the country have been criticized for offering a lower quality education than those catering to Israeli Jewish students.<ref name="HumanRights">{{cite web |publisher=Human Rights Watch |work=Second Class Discrimination Against Palestinian Arab Children in Israel's Schools |title=Summary |date=September 2001 |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/israel2/ISRAEL0901-01.htm |access-date=27 March 2007 |archive-date=8 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208103444/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/israel2/ISRAEL0901-01.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> While many schools in the heavily Arab East Jerusalem are filled to capacity and there have been complaints of overcrowding, the Jerusalem Municipality is building over a dozen new schools in the city's Arab neighbourhoods.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1221034883085&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Bridging the gap |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916231636/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1221034883085&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archive-date=16 September 2011 |first=Etgar |last=Lefkovits |date=10 September 2008 |access-date=24 July 2018 |newspaper=]}}</ref> Schools in ] and ] opened in 2008.<ref name="lis">{{Cite news |last=Lis |first=Jonathan |title=Mayor to raise funds for E. J'lem Arabs to block Hamas |work=Haaretz |access-date=9 September 2011 |date=21 April 2008 |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/976126.html |archive-date=13 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413071254/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/976126.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> In March 2007, the Israeli government approved a five-year plan to build 8,000 new classrooms in the city, 40 percent in the Arab sector and 28 percent in the Haredi sector. A budget of 4.6 billion shekels was allocated for this project.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/839099.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607102540/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/839099.html |archive-date=7 June 2008 |title=8,000 new classrooms to be built in Arab, ultra-Orthodox schools |author=Or Kashti |date=18 March 2007 |access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> In 2008, Jewish British philanthropists donated $3 million for the construction of schools for Arabs in East Jerusalem.<ref name="lis" /> Arab high school students take the '']'' matriculation exams, so that much of their curriculum parallels that of other Israeli high schools and includes certain Jewish subjects.<ref name="HumanRights" /> | |||
] | |||
==Culture== | |||
The ], founded in 1969, combines training in ] and other high-tech industries with a Jewish studies program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jct.ac.il/NR/exeres/56FCED6F-06D1-4E02-8C2F-15E36061D279.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080201120754/http://www.jct.ac.il/NR/exeres/56FCED6F-06D1-4E02-8C2F-15E36061D279.htm|archivedate=2008-02-01 |publisher=Jerusalem College of Technology |title=About JCT |accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref> It is one of many schools in Jerusalem, from elementary school and up, that combine secular and religious studies. Numerous religious educational institutions and ], including some of the most prestigious yeshivas, among them the Brisk, Chevron, ] and ], are based in the city, with the Mir Yeshiva claiming to be the largest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Home/About/Press+Room/Jewish+Agency+In+The+News/2000+and+before/jpdec28.htm+188.htm|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080202163159/http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Home/About/Press+Room/Jewish+Agency+In+The+News/2000+and+before/jpdec28.htm+188.htm|archivedate=2008-02-02 |publisher=Jewish Agency for Israel |title=The village of Mir, where Torah once flowed |last=Wohlgelernter |first=Elli |date=2000-12-28 |accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> There were nearly 8,000 twelfth-grade students in Hebrew-language schools during the 2003–2004 school year.<ref name="cbs" /> However, due to the large portion of students in ] frameworks, only fifty-five percent of twelfth graders took ] exams ('']'') and only thirty-seven percent were eligible to graduate. Unlike ], many Haredi schools do not prepare students to take standardized tests.<ref name="cbs" /> To attract more university students to Jerusalem, the city has begun to offer a special package of financial incentives and housing subsidies to students who rent apartments in downtown Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=572046 |title=The best medicine for Jerusalem |author=Jonathan Lis |date=May 4, 2005 |accessdate=2009-07-22}}</ref> | |||
], housing the ], at the ]]] | |||
Although Jerusalem is known primarily for its ], the city is also home to many artistic and cultural venues. The ] attracts nearly one million visitors a year, approximately one-third of them tourists.<ref name=IMJ>{{cite web |title=About the Museum |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |access-date=27 February 2007 |url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/about/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206172904/http://www.imj.org.il/eng/about/index.html |archive-date=6 February 2007}}</ref> The {{cvt|20|acre|ha|0|order=flip|adj=on}} museum complex comprises several buildings featuring special exhibits and extensive collections of ], archaeological findings, and Israeli and European art. The ], discovered in the mid-20th century in the ] near the Dead Sea, are housed in the Museum's ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/shrine/index.html |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |title=Shrine of the Book |access-date=27 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228232740/http://www.imj.org.il/eng/shrine/index.html |archive-date=28 February 2007}}</ref> The Youth Wing, which mounts changing exhibits and runs an extensive art education programme, is visited by 100,000 children a year. The museum has a large outdoor sculpture garden and includes the ], a scale-model of the city during the late ].<ref name=IMJ/> The ] in downtown Jerusalem houses the paintings of ] and the Judaica collections of her husband, an ophthalmologist who opened Jerusalem's first eye clinic in this building in 1912.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/Ticho_house/index.html |title=Ticho House |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |access-date=28 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205165524/http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/Ticho_house/index.html |archive-date=5 February 2007}}</ref> | |||
Schools for Arabs in Jerusalem and other parts of Israel have been criticized for offering a lower quality education than those catering to Israeli Jewish students.<ref name="human-rights">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/israel2/ISRAEL0901-01.htm |publisher=Human Rights Watch |work=Second Class Discrimination Against Palestinian Arab Children in Israel's Schools |title=Summary |month=September |year=2001 |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> While many schools in the heavily Arab ] are filled to capacity and there have been complaints of overcrowding, the Jerusalem Municipality is currently building over a dozen new schools in the city's Arab neighborhoods.<ref>{{Dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref> Schools in ] and ] opened in 2008.<ref name="lis">{{Cite news | |||
|last=Lis | |||
|first=Jonathan | |||
|title=Mayor to raise funds for E. J'lem Arabs to block Hamas | |||
|work=Haaretz | |||
|accessdate=2008-07-20 | |||
|date=2008-04-21 | |||
|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/976126.html | |||
}}</ref> In March 2007, the Israeli government approved a 5-year plan to build 8,000 new classrooms in the city, 40 percent in the Arab sector and 28 percent in the Haredi sector. A budget of 4.6 billion shekels was allocated for this project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/839099.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080607102540/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/839099.html|archivedate=2008-06-07 |title=8,000 new classrooms to be built in Arab, ultra-Orthodox schools |author=Or Kashti |date=March 18, 2007 |accessdate=2009-07-22}}</ref> In 2008, Jewish British philanthropists donated $3 million for the construction of schools in Arab East Jerusalem.<ref name="lis"/> Arab high school students take the '']'' matriculation exams, so that much of their curriculum parallels that of other Israeli high schools and includes certain Jewish subjects.<ref name="human-rights" /> | |||
]]] | |||
==Sports== | |||
]]] | |||
The two most popular sports are ] (soccer) and ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Culture and Customs of Israel |last=Torstrick |first=Rebecca L. |isbn=0313320918 |date=2004-06-30 |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=141 |quote=The two most popular spectator sports in Israel are football and basketball. |accessdate=2007-03-07}}</ref> ] is one of the most well-known in Israel. Fans include political figures who often attend its games.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel%20beyond%20the%20conflict/Betar%20Jerusalem-%20A%20Local%20Sports%20Legend%20Exports%20Tal|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071231081639/http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel+beyond+the+conflict/Betar+Jerusalem-+A+Local+Sports+Legend+Exports+Tal|archivedate=2007-12-31 |publisher=Israel Magazine via the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |last=Griver |first=Simon |month=October |year=1997 |accessdate=2007-03-07 |title=Betar Jerusalem: A Local Sports Legend Exports Talent to Europe's Top Leagues}}</ref> Jerusalem's other major football team, and one of Beitar's top rivals, is ] Whereas Beitar has been ] champion seven times,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bjerusalem.co.il/ |title=בית"ר ירושלים האתר הרשמי – דף הבית |publisher=Bjerusalem.co.il |date= |accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref> Hapoel has only won the Cup once. Beitar has won the top league six times, while Hapoel never succeeded. Beitar plays in the more prestigious ], while Hapoel is in the seconed division ]. Since its opening in 1992, ] has been Jerusalem's primary football stadium, with a capacity of 21,600.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/2000_2009/2001/12/focus%20on%20israel-%20jerusalem%20-%20architecture%20since%2019 |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=2001-12-01 |accessdate=2007-03-07 |last=Eldar |first=Yishai |title=Jerusalem: Architecture Since 1948}}</ref> | |||
Next to the Israel Museum is the ], near ], which includes the ] offices. A World Bible Centre is planned to be built adjacent to ] at a site called the "Bible Hill". A planned ] is to be located on the nearby promenade, overlooking the Old City. The ], located in East Jerusalem, was the first archaeological museum in the Middle East. It was built in 1938 during the British Mandate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/rockefeller/index.html |title=The Rockefeller Archaeological Museum |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |access-date=28 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304085126/http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/rockefeller/index.html |archive-date=4 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/rockefeller/permanent.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211171315/http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/rockefeller/permanent.html |archive-date=11 December 2007 |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |title=The Rockefeller Archaeological Museum: About the Museum: The Permanent Exhibition |access-date=28 February 2007}}</ref> In 2006, a {{cvt|38|km|mi}} ] was opened, a hiking trail that goes to many cultural sites and ] in and around Jerusalem. The ] has ranked consistently as Israel's top tourist attraction for Israelis.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rosenblum |first=Irit |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/843385.html |title=Haareez Biblical Zoo favorite tourist site in 2006 |work=Haaretz |location=Israel |access-date=11 September 2010 |archive-date=29 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829180225/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/843385.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lis |first=Jonathan |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/978314.html |title=Jerusalem Zoo is Israel's number one tourist attraction |work=Haaretz |location=Israel |access-date=9 September 2011 |archive-date=16 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316210405/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/978314.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The national cemetery of Israel is located at the city's western edge, near the ] on ]. The western extension of Mount Herzl is the Mount of Remembrance, where the main Holocaust museum of Israel is located. ], Israel's national memorial to the victims of the ], houses the world's largest library of Holocaust-related information.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yadvashem.org/ |publisher=The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority |title=Yad Vashem |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=4 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204081835/http://www.yadvashem.org/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> It houses an estimated 100,000 books and articles. The complex contains a state-of-the-art museum that explores the genocide of the Jews through exhibits that focus on the personal stories of individuals and families killed in the Holocaust. An art gallery featuring the work of artists who perished is also present. Further, Yad Vashem commemorates the 1.5 million Jewish children murdered by the ], and honours the ].<ref name="YV">{{cite web |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_yad/index_about_yad.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070217113512/http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_yad/index_about_yad.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2007 |publisher=The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority |title=About Yad Vashem |access-date=28 February 2007}}</ref> | |||
The popular Palestinian football team is called ] (since 1976) which plays in ]. The team hails from ] at Jerusalem, part of the ], and plays at the ] at ], across the ].<ref name="pfa"></ref><ref name="James Montague, CNN">, by James Montague, ] September 17, 2010</ref> | |||
]|left]] | |||
In basketball, ] plays in the ]. The club has won the ] three times, and the ] in 2004.<ref>{{he icon}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.hapoel.co.il/hapoel.asp|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080102043627/http://www.hapoel.co.il/hapoel.asp|archivedate=2008-01-02 |publisher=Hapoel Migdal Jerusalem |title=Home |accessdate=2007-03-07}} (The listing of championship wins are located at the bottom after the completion of the Flash intro.)</ref> | |||
The ], established in the 1940s,<ref name=JSO>{{cite web |publisher=Jerusalem Orchestra |access-date=4 March 2007 |title=History |url=http://www.jso.co.il/history_english.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928091514/http://www.jso.co.il/history_english.php |archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> has appeared around the world.<ref name=JSO/> The ] (''Binyanei HaUma'') near the entrance to city houses the ]. The Jerusalem Cinemateque, the ] (formerly Beit Ha'Am) in downtown Jerusalem, the ] in ],<ref>{{cite web |title=Jerusalem Music Center |url=http://www.jmc.co.il/Default.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317224824/http://www.jmc.co.il/Default.asp |archive-date=17 March 2007 |access-date=18 May 2007}}</ref> and the Targ Music Centre in ] also present the arts. The ], featuring indoor and outdoor performances by local and international singers, concerts, plays, and street theatre has been held annually since 1961, and Jerusalem has been the major organizer of this event. The ] in the ] neighbourhood hosts over 150 concerts a year, as well as theatre and dance companies and performing artists from overseas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jerusalem-theatre.co.il/about_en.asp |publisher=Jerusalem Theater |title=The Jerusalem Centre for the Performing Arts |access-date=4 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202220213/http://www.jerusalem-theatre.co.il/about_en.asp |archive-date=2 February 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The ], located in a caravanserai opposite the old Jerusalem train station, is the city's only ] theatre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khan.co.il/about/index_english.php |publisher=The Khan Theatre |title=About Us |year=2004 |access-date=9 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811081440/http://www.khan.co.il/about/index_english.php |archive-date=11 August 2010}}</ref> The station itself has become a venue for cultural events in recent years as the site of ''Shav'ua Hasefer'' (an annual week-long book fair) and outdoor music performances.<ref>{{cite web |title=Summer Nights Festival 2008 |publisher=Jerusalem Foundation |access-date=20 July 2008 |url=http://www.jerusalemfoundation.org/news_article.aspx?MID=547&CID=558&AID=738&ID=2452 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220124345/http://www.jerusalemfoundation.org/news_article.aspx?MID=547&CID=558&AID=738&ID=2452 |archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> The ] is held annually, screening Israeli and international films.<ref name=filmfest>{{cite web |title=About The Festival |work=Jerusalem Film Festival |access-date=20 July 2008 |url=http://www.jff.org.il/?CategoryID=361&ArticleID=163&sng=1 |archive-date=2 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402180517/http://www.jff.org.il/?CategoryID=361&ArticleID=163&sng=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1974 the ] was founded. In 1981 it was moved to a new building on Hebron Road near the ] and the Old City. | |||
The Jerusalem Half Marathon is an annual event in which runners from all over the world compete on a course that takes in some of the city's most famous sights. In addition to the 21.1 km (13.1 miles) Half Marathon, runners can also opt for the shorter 10 km (6.2 miles) Fun Run. Both runs start and finish at the stadium in ].<ref></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Israel/Event/16248 |title=Events site Half Marathon and Fun Run summary |publisher=Iexplore.com |date=2009-01-03 |accessdate=2010-09-11}}</ref> | |||
Jerusalem was declared the ] in 2009.<ref name="ynetBan">{{cite news |date=20 June 1995 |title=Israel bans Palestinian cultural events |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3689673,00.html |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428211907/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3689673,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Jerusalem is home to the ], which engages in cultural preservation as well as innovation, working to rekindle Palestinian interest in the arts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pnt-pal.org/history.php |publisher=Palestinian National Theatre |title=History |access-date=4 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929051321/http://www.pnt-pal.org/history.php |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> ] sponsors the Palestine Youth Orchestra<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncm.birzeit.edu/pyo/about.htm |title=Palestine Youth Orchestra |publisher=Ncm.birzeit.edu |access-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927115145/http://ncm.birzeit.edu/pyo/about.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> which toured ] and other Middle East countries in 2009.<ref>Joel Epstein, "Teaching in Palestine", ''The Strad'' June 2009, p. 42.</ref> The ] on the Temple Mount, established in 1923, houses many Islamic artifacts, from tiny ] flasks and rare manuscripts to giant marble columns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jmcc.org/palculture/go.htm |publisher=Jerusalem Media & Communication Centre |title=List of Palestinian Cultural & Archeological Sites |access-date=20 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125080612/http://jmcc.org/palculture/go.htm |archive-date=25 January 2008}}</ref> Al-Hoash, established in 2004, is a gallery for the preservation of Palestinian art.<ref name=alhoash>{{cite web |title=About Alhoash |work=Palestinian ART Court |access-date=20 July 2008 |url=http://www.alhoashgallery.org/aboutus.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703223719/http://www.alhoashgallery.org/aboutus.shtml |archive-date=3 July 2008}}</ref> While Israel approves and financially supports some Arab cultural activities,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Pletcher |first1=Kenneth |last2=Levy |first2=Michael |last3=Augustyn |first3=Adam |last4=Etheredge |first4=Laura |last5=Tikkanen |first5=Amy |last6=McKenna |first6=Amy |last7=Tesch |first7=Noah |last8=Lotha |first8=Gloria |last9=Zeidan |first9=Adam |display-authors=etal |date=27 April 2023 |title=Israel – The arts |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Israel/The-arts |access-date=3 May 2023 |publisher=] |language=en |archive-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617000216/https://www.britannica.com/place/Israel/The-arts |url-status=live }}</ref> Arab Capital of Culture events were banned because they were sponsored by the ].<ref name=ynetBan/> In 2009, a four-day culture festival was held in the ] suburb of Jerusalem, attended by more than 15,000 people<ref>{{cite web |url=http://alquds2009.org/etemplate.php?id=273 |title=Promoting Palestinian culture presents challenge to occupation and celebrates heritage |publisher=Alquds2009.org |access-date=11 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180701/https://alquds2009.org/etemplate.php?id=273 |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | |||
* ] (''Yom Yerushalayim'') | |||
* ] (''Yawm al-Quds'') | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
] is based in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reiff |first=Ben |date=16 August 2023 |title=At local festivals, Palestinian cinema steps out of its comfort zone |url=https://www.972mag.com/palestinian-film-festivals-haifa-jerusalem/ |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=+972 Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222083326/https://www.972mag.com/palestinian-film-festivals-haifa-jerusalem/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Jerusalem has been location for "Jerusalem Arab Film Festival", for exhibiting ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reiff |first=Ben |date=2023-08-16 |title=At local festivals, Palestinian cinema steps out of its comfort zone |url=https://www.972mag.com/palestinian-film-festivals-haifa-jerusalem/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=+972 Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> The city is home to numerous artists, singers, actors, actresses and filmmakers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Culture in Al-Quds |url=https://thisweekinpalestine.com/culture-in-al-quds/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=This Week in Palestine |language=en-US}}</ref> Established in 1991, ] have been working on various projects to restore cultural and historical sites across ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Life Jacket: the Revitalisation and Development of Rural Jerusalem |url=https://cultureincrisis.org/projects/the-revitalisation-and-development-of-rural-jerusalem |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=Culture in Crisis |language=en}}</ref> Difficulties to operate in the ], it have successfully worked across those neighborhoods, rural and suburban area and Jerusalem Mountains (''Jibal al-Quds''), where the ] has control.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Tour of Rural Jerusalem |url=https://thisweekinpalestine.com/a-tour-of-rural-jerusalem/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=This Week in Palestine |language=en-US}}</ref> So far, the organization have restored a number of sites across neighborhoods of ], ], ] and ].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Establish Safe and Inclusive Spaces for Children and Families in Rural Jerusalem |url=https://tadamon.community/campaigns/establish-safe-and-inclusive-spaces-for-children-and-families-in-rural-jerusalem |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=tadamon.community}}</ref> Those restored structures serves as local community centers, cultural sites and headquarters of several NGOs and cultural groups.<ref name=":10" /> Yabous Cultural Center is the largest cultural center in the city, opened by Palestinian groups in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-31 |title=Yabous Cultural Centre |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/organization/yabous-cultural-centre |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Front Line Defenders |language=en}}</ref> ] have a branch in Jerusalem. | |||
==Twin towns and sister cities== | |||
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Palestinian territories}} | |||
* {{Flag icon|USA}} ], ] <small>''(since 1993)''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sci-icrc.org/icrc/directory/MiddleEast/Israel|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080117184923/http://www.sci-icrc.org/icrc/directory/MiddleEast/Israel|archivedate=2008-01-17 |publisher=Sister Cities International |accessdate=2007-04-05 |title=Online Directory: Israel, Middle East}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml |publisher=] |accessdate=2008-02-17 |title=New York City Global Partners}}</ref></small> | |||
* {{Flag icon|Morocco}} ], ] <small>''(since 1982)''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.portaildefes.ma/portal/media-type/html/user/anon/page/jumelage.psml/portlet/topicSideMenu?noteid=2812 |publisher=Fes city |accessdate=2010-12-10 |title=Jumelage }}</ref></small> | |||
] and the Hebrew University have unveiled a "Tree of Peace" statue at the ].<ref>{{Cite press release |last=Inc |first=Henry Schein |title=Henry Schein, Al-Quds University And Hebrew University-Hadassah Schools Of Dental Medicine Celebrate The Unveiling Of The Tree Of Peace And Dedication Of The Dr. Musa Bajali Henry Schein Cares Education Center |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/henry-schein-al-quds-university-and-hebrew-university-hadassah-schools-of-dental-medicine-celebrate-the-unveiling-of-the-tree-of-peace-and-dedication-of-the-dr-musa-bajali-henry-schein-cares-education-center-218717141.html |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref> The Museum on the Seam, which explores issues of coexistence through art, is situated on the road dividing eastern and western Jerusalem.<ref name=seam>{{cite web |title=The Museum |work=Museum on the Seam |access-date=9 September 2011 |url=http://www.mots.org.il/eng/museum/about.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429045200/http://www.mots.org.il/eng/museum/about.asp |archive-date=29 April 2009}}</ref> The Abraham Fund and the Jerusalem Intercultural Centre (JICC) promote joint Jewish-Palestinian cultural projects. The Jerusalem Centre for Middle Eastern Music and Dance<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jerusalemfoundation.org/project_overview.aspx?TAB=0&MID=550&CID=566&PID=641 |title=Jerusalem Center for Middle Eastern Music and Dance |publisher=Jerusalemfoundation.org |access-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001134242/http://www.jerusalemfoundation.org/project_overview.aspx?TAB=0&MID=550&CID=566&PID=641 |archive-date=1 October 2011}}</ref> is open to Arabs and Jews and offers workshops on Jewish-Arab dialogue through the arts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jicc.org.il/activityPage.asp?activityID=7&subActivityID=14&activityPageID=19 |title=''"Speaking Art" Conference: Jewish-Arab Dialogue Through the Arts'' at the Jerusalem Intercultural Center |publisher=Jicc.org.il |access-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105231109/http://www.jicc.org.il/activityPage.asp?activityID=7&subActivityID=14&activityPageID=19 |archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> The Jewish-Arab Youth Orchestra performs both European classical and Middle Eastern music.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jerusalemfoundation.org/he/project_overview.aspx?TAB=0&MID=769&CID=792&PID=841 |title=The Jewish-Arab Youth Orchestra |publisher=Jerusalemfoundation.org |access-date=11 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726062320/http://www.jerusalemfoundation.org/he/project_overview.aspx?TAB=0&MID=769&CID=792&PID=841 |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> In 2008, the ], an outdoor sculpture by ], was erected on a hill between Jewish ] and Arab ] as a symbol of Jerusalem's quest for peace.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Isabel |last=Kershner |title=Symbol of Peace Stands at Divide Between Troubled Jerusalem's East and West |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/18/world/middleeast/18jerusalem.html |work=The New York Times |date=17 October 2008 |access-date=18 October 2008 |archive-date=17 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717231128/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/18/world/middleeast/18jerusalem.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
==Endnotes== | |||
{| class="references-small" style="margin-left:13px; line-height:150%;" | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"|i. | |||
|{{note|muni-site}}The website for Jerusalem is available in three languages—, , and . | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"|ii. | |||
|{{note|names}}'''Jerusalem''' in other languages: Arabic Bibles use أورشليم Ûrshalîm (Ûrushalîm); official Arabic in Israel: أورشليم القدس, ''Ûrshalîm-al-Quds'' (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names) | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"|iii. | |||
|{{note|capital}}Jerusalem is the capital under ]. The presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament (]) are located there. The ] foresees East Jerusalem as the capital of its future state. The ] and most countries do not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Most countries maintain their embassies in ] and its suburbs or suburbs of Jerusalem, such as ] <small>(see and {{PDFlink||319 KB}})</small> See ] for more information. | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"|iv. | |||
|{{note|cbs-stats}}Statistics regarding the demographics of Jerusalem refer to the unified and expanded Israeli municipality, which includes the pre-1967 Israeli and ]ian municipalities as well as several additional ] villages and neighborhoods to the northeast. Some of the Palestinian villages and neighborhoods have been relinquished to the ] '']'' by way of the ],<ref name="laub2006"/> but their legal statuses have not been reverted. | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"|v. | |||
|^ {{note label|bible-david|v|a}}{{note label|bible-david|v|b}}Much of the information regarding King David's conquest of Jerusalem comes from ] accounts, but modern-day historians have begun to give them credit due to a 1993 excavation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Return to Sodom & Gomorrah |last=Pellegrino |first=Charles R. |publisher=Harper Paperbacks |edition=Second revised |date=1995-12-01 |accessdate=2007-01-18 |isbn=0380726335 |page=271 |quote=}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"|vi. | |||
|{{note|pact}}Sources disagree on the timing of the creation of the ] (Omar). Whereas some say the Pact originated during Umar's lifetime but was later expanded,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book, 315–1791 |last=Marcus |first=Jacob Rader |publisher=Hebrew Union College Press |month=March |year=2000 |isbn=087820217X |pages=13–15 |edition=Revised |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/jews-umar.html |accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jonsson |first=David J. |title=The Clash of Ideologies |isbn=1597810398 |publisher=Xulon Press |date=2005-02-19 |accessdate=2007-04-18 |page=256 |quote=During the reign of Umar, the Pact of Umar was established.}}</ref> others say the Pact was created after his death and retroactively attributed to him.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Christian-Muslim Relations |last=Goddard |first=Hugh |isbn=1566633400 |publisher=New Amsterdam Books |date=2001-04-25 |page=46 |quote=Although the documents are attributed to `Umar, in all probability they actually come from the second Islamic century... The covenant was drawn up in the schools of law, and came to be ascribed, like so much else, to `Umar I}}</ref> Further still, other historians believe the ideas in the Pact pre-date Islam and Umar entirely.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Christian-Muslim Relations |last=Goddard |first=Hugh |isbn=1566633400 |publisher=New Amsterdam Books |date=2001-04-25 |page=47 |quote=It has recently been suggested that many of the detailed regulations concerning what the ahl al-dhimma were and were not permitted to do come from an earlier historical precedent, namely the regulations which existed in the ] with reference to its religious minorities in Iraq.}}</ref> | |||
|} | |||
=== |
=== Media === | ||
The headquarters of the ] and its successor ] are located in Jerusalem, as well as television and radio studios for ], ], and part of the radio studios of ]. '']'' and '']'' are also headquartered in Jerusalem. Local newspapers include the Israeli '']'' and the Palestinian ]. ], an international Christian television network, is also based in the city. ], an organisation based in Jerusalem, transformed ] into a digital hub, which is the Middle East's first digital village and is also home to first Media Interactive Learning Center in the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The digital village in Jerusalemite Jaba' ... The first of its kind in the Middle East. |url=https://pyalara.org/en/trend/861.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Pyalara |language=en}}</ref> | |||
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} | |||
=== |
=== Sports === | ||
{{see also|Beitar Jerusalem F.C.|Hapoel Jerusalem B.C.|Jerusalem Marathon}} | |||
* Cheshin, Amir S.; Bill Hutman and Avi Melamed (1999). ''Separate and Unequal: the Inside Story of Israeli Rule in East Jerusalem'' ] ISBN 978-0-674-80136-3 | |||
], ]]] | |||
* Cline, Eric (2004) ''Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press ISBN 0-472-11313-5. | |||
]]] | |||
* Collins, Larry, and La Pierre, Dominique (1988). ''O Jerusalem!'' Simon and Shuster, N.Y. ISBN 0-671-66241-4 | |||
* Gold, Dore (2007) ''The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, The West, and the Future of the Holy City'' International Publishing Company J-M, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-59698-029-7 | |||
* ] (1981) ''The Legal Aspects of the Palestine Problem with Special Regard to the Question of Jerusalem'' Vienna: Braumüller ISBN 3-7003-0278-9 | |||
* ''The Holy Cities: Jerusalem'' produced by Danae Film Production, distributed by HDH Communications; 2006 | |||
* Wasserstein, Bernard (2002) ''Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy City'' New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09730-1 | |||
* "Keys to Jerusalem: A Brief Overview", The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Center, Amman, Jordan, 2010. http://www.rissc.jo/docs/J101-10-10-10.pdf | |||
The two most popular sports are ] (soccer) and basketball.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Culture and Customs of Israel |last=Torstrick |first=Rebecca L. |isbn=978-0-313-32091-0 |year=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=141 |quote=The two most popular spectator sports in Israel are football and basketball.}}</ref> ] is one of the most well known in Israel. Fans include political figures who often attend its games.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel%20beyond%20the%20conflict/Betar%20Jerusalem-%20A%20Local%20Sports%20Legend%20Exports%20Tal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402050714/http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel%2Bbeyond%2Bthe%2Bconflict/Betar%2BJerusalem-%2BA%2BLocal%2BSports%2BLegend%2BExports%2BTal |archive-date=2 April 2013 |publisher=Israel Magazine via the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |last=Griver |first=Simon |date=October 1997 |access-date=7 March 2007 |title=Betar Jerusalem: A Local Sports Legend Exports Talent to Europe's Top Leagues |url-status=dead}}</ref> Jerusalem's other major football team, and one of Beitar's top rivals, is ] Whereas Beitar has been ] champion seven times,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bjerusalem.co.il/ |title=בית"ר ירושלים האתר הרשמי – דף הבית |publisher=Bjerusalem.co.il |access-date=11 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823075655/http://www.bjerusalem.co.il/ |archive-date=23 August 2007}}</ref> Hapoel has won the Cup only once. Beitar has won the top league six times, while Hapoel has never succeeded. Beitar plays in the more prestigious ], while Hapoel is in the second division ]. Since its opening in 1992, ] has been Jerusalem's primary football stadium, with a capacity of 31,733<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.beitarfc.co.il/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%98%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%98%D7%93%D7%99/ |title=בית״ר ירושלים – איצטדיון טדי |website=בית״ר ירושלים |access-date=19 September 2022 |archive-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905144143/https://www.beitarfc.co.il/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%98%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%98%D7%93%D7%99/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
==External links== | |||
{{Sister project links}} | |||
* | |||
* , offers free virtual tours in mp3 format from the Jerusalem Municipality | |||
* {{Wikitravel}} | |||
The most popular Palestinian football club is ] (since 1976) which plays in West Bank Premier League. The club hails from Mount Scopus at Jerusalem, part of the ], and plays at the ] at ], across the ].<ref name="pfa">{{cite web |url=http://www.pfa.ps/clubdetails.aspx?clubid=13 |title=Palestinian Football Association, Jabal Al-Mokaber |publisher=Pfa.ps |access-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502075101/http://www.pfa.ps/clubdetails.aspx?clubid=13 |archive-date=2 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="footwall"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722062543/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/football/09/14/football.israel.palestine.beitar/index.html |date=22 July 2013 }}, by James Montague, ] 17 September 2010</ref> | |||
'''Government''' | |||
* {{PDFlink||159 KB}}, United Nations document related to the recent dispute over Jerusalem | |||
* , the Israeli law making Jerusalem the capital of Israel | |||
In basketball, ] is one of the top teams in the ]. The club has won Israel's championship in 2015, the ] four times, and the ] in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hapoel.co.il/hapoel.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102043627/http://www.hapoel.co.il/hapoel.asp |archive-date=2 January 2008 |publisher=Hapoel Migdal Jerusalem |title=Home |access-date=7 March 2007 |language=he}} (The listing of championship wins are located at the bottom after the completion of the Flash intro.)</ref> | |||
'''Culture''' | |||
* , one of Jerusalem's premier art museums | |||
* , Israeli memorial to victims of The Holocaust | |||
The ], established in 2011, is an international marathon race held annually in Jerusalem in the month of March. The full 42-kilometre race begins at the Knesset, passes through Mount Scopus and the Old City's Armenian Quarter, and concludes at Sacher Park. In 2012, the Jerusalem Marathon drew 15,000 runners, including 1,500 from fifty countries outside Israel.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baskin |first=Rebecca |title=First Jerusalem marathon to be held in 2011 |url=http://www.jpost.com/Sports/Article.aspx?id=159342 |access-date=2 February 2013 |newspaper=] |date=20 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Davidovich |first=Joshua |title=Kenyan slogs out Jerusalem marathon win through soggy weather |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/kenyan-slogs-out-jerusalem-marathon-win-through-soggy-weather/ |access-date=2 February 2013 |newspaper=] |date=16 March 2012 |agency=] |archive-date=6 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606204139/http://www.timesofisrael.com/kenyan-slogs-out-jerusalem-marathon-win-through-soggy-weather/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ward |first=Harold |title=Thousands brave rain, wind for Jerusalem marathon |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ileOZ_fQw-q-wWqRSxpZ8IOml_6Q?docId=CNG.cc1f0a0def2357600fe7ce8952046eeb.01 |access-date=2 February 2013 |agency=] |date=16 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305100043/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ileOZ_fQw-q-wWqRSxpZ8IOml_6Q?docId=CNG.cc1f0a0def2357600fe7ce8952046eeb.01 |archive-date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pazornik |first=Amanda |title=Jerusalem hills won't faze local marathon runners |url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/60665/jerusalem-hills-wont-faze-local-marathon-runners/ |access-date=2 February 2013 |newspaper=] |date=27 January 2011 |archive-date=19 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419173839/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/60665/jerusalem-hills-wont-faze-local-marathon-runners/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Interactive course map |url=http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_sys/marathon11/eng/kataveMessage.asp?msg_id=14702 |publisher=] |access-date=2 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427222723/http://www.hotzvim.org.il/SiteFiles/1/35/901.asp |archive-date=27 April 2007}}</ref> | |||
'''Education''' | |||
* , Jerusalem's foremost institution of higher learning | |||
* , the only Palestinian university in Jerusalem | |||
A popular non-competitive sports event is the ], held annually during the ] festival. | |||
'''Maps''' | |||
* , from City of Jerusalem. | |||
==Twin towns – sister cities== | |||
* , from the Jewish National Library at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem | |||
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel|List of twin towns and sister cities in the State of Palestine{{!}}Palestine}} | |||
* from ] | |||
Jerusalem is ] with: | |||
* , from Israel Star News | |||
{{div col|colwidth=20em}} | |||
{{Jerusalem District}} | |||
*{{flagicon|BRA}} ], Brazil<ref>{{cite web |title=Lei Nº3322 de 27 de Outubro de 2017 |url=http://pgm.niteroi.rj.gov.br/legislacao_pmn/2017/LEIS/Lei%203322%20Disp%C3%B5e%20e%20declara%20Jerusal%C3%A9m,%20cidade%20irm%C3%A3%20de%20Niter%C3%B3i%20e%20d%C3%A1%20outras%20provid%C3%AAncias.pdf |website=niteroi.rj.gov.br |publisher=Niterói |language=pt |date=28 October 2017 |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426051306/http://pgm.niteroi.rj.gov.br/legislacao_pmn/2017/LEIS/Lei%203322%20Disp%C3%B5e%20e%20declara%20Jerusal%C3%A9m,%20cidade%20irm%C3%A3%20de%20Niter%C3%B3i%20e%20d%C3%A1%20outras%20provid%C3%AAncias.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
*{{flagicon|BRA}} ], Brazil<ref>{{cite web |title=Lei Nº 5919 DE 17/07/2015 |url=https://www.legisweb.com.br/legislacao/?id=287203 |website=legisweb.com.br |publisher=Legisweb |language=pt |date=19 May 2017 |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710110153/https://www.legisweb.com.br/legislacao/?id=287203 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
*{{flagicon|BRA}} ], Brazil<ref>{{cite web |title=Salvador se torna cidade-irmã de Jerusalém |url=https://atarde.com.br/politica/salvador-se-torna-cidade-irma-de-jerusalem-1096471 |website=atarde.com.br |publisher=A Tarde |language=pt |date=31 October 2019 |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101153455/https://atarde.com.br/politica/salvador-se-torna-cidade-irma-de-jerusalem-1096471 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
*{{flagicon|EGY}} ], Egypt<ref>{{cite web|title=Brotherhood & Friendship Agreements|url=http://www.cairo.gov.eg/en/Pages/agreements.aspx|website=cairo.gov.eg|publisher=Cairo|access-date=2020-10-16|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124123644/http://www.cairo.gov.eg/en/Pages/agreements.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
*{{flagicon|IDN}} ], Indonesia<ref>{{cite web|title=Amid Violence in Holy City, Durable Social, Political Solutions Encouraged as International Conference on Question of Jerusalem Opens in Jakarta|url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-205302/|website=un.org|publisher=United Nations|date=2015-12-14|access-date=2021-07-21|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721081634/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-205302/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
*{{flagicon|IRN}} ], Iran<ref>{{cite web|title=گذری بر خواهرخوانده تهران در شرق اروپا|url=https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7|website=isna.ir|publisher=Iranian Students' News Agency|language=fa|date=2018-03-21|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=28 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528203620/https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
*{{flagicon|JPN}} ], ], Japan<ref>{{cite web |title=International Exchange: List of Sister Cities |url=http://www.pref.kyoto.jp/en/01-04-03.html |website=pref.kyoto.jp |publisher=Kyoto Prefecture |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919051110/http://www.pref.kyoto.jp/en/01-04-03.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
*{{flagicon|MRT}} ], Mauritania<ref>{{cite web|title=توقيع أتفاقية توأمة بين نواكشوط والقدس|url=http://www.ami.mr/Depeche-25006.html|website=ami.mr|publisher=Agence Mauritanienne d'Information|language=ar|date=2012-05-31|access-date=2020-10-22|archive-date=6 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206151958/https://www.ami.mr/Depeche-25006.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
*{{flagicon|MAR}} ], Morocco<ref>{{cite web|title=Twin Towns|url=https://www.fescity.com/en/twin-towns/|website=fescity.com|date=8 January 2019|publisher=Fes City|access-date=2020-05-29|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116180423/https://www.fescity.com/en/twin-towns/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
*{{flagicon|MAR}} ], Morocco<ref>{{cite web|title=La ville d'Oujda jumelée à Al-Qods|url=https://www.2m.ma/fr/news/la-ville-doujda-jumelee-a-al-qods-20180717/|website=2m.ma|language=fr|date=2018-07-17|access-date=2020-10-22|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024010938/https://www.2m.ma/fr/news/la-ville-doujda-jumelee-a-al-qods-20180717/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
*{{flagicon|PER}} ], Peru<ref>{{cite web |title=Ciudades Hermanas de Cusco |url=https://www.aatccusco.com/ciudades_hermanas.php |website=aatccusco.com |publisher=Asociación de Agencias de Turismo del Cusco |language=es |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329013108/https://www.aatccusco.com/ciudades_hermanas.php |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
*{{flagicon|USA}} ], ], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister City Agreements |url=https://data.jerseycitynj.gov/explore/dataset/sister-city-agreements/table/?sort=-date_of_resolution |website=jerseycitynj.gov |publisher=Jersey City |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502121026/https://data.jerseycitynj.gov/explore/dataset/sister-city-agreements/table/?sort=-date_of_resolution |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
*{{flagicon|USA}} ], ], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayor Adams Signs Sister City Agreement Between New York City And Athens, Greece |url=https://www.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/875-22/mayor-adams-signs-sister-city-agreement-between-new-york-city-athens-greece |publisher=Office of Mayor of the City of New York |date=1 December 2022 |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305222521/https://www.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/875-22/mayor-adams-signs-sister-city-agreement-between-new-york-city-athens-greece |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
{{div col end}} | |||
==See also== | |||
*] | |||
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==Notes== | |||
{{Reflist|group=note}} | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
==Bibliography== | |||
{{refbegin}} | |||
*] (1978). ''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas''. New York: Macmillan Publishing. | |||
*{{cite book |title=Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century |last=Kellerman |first=Aharon |year=1993 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-1295-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/societysettlemen0000kell}} | |||
{{refend}} | |||
==Further reading== | |||
{{refbegin|30em}} | |||
*Cheshin, Amir S.; Bill Hutman and Avi Melamed (1999). ''Separate and Unequal: the Inside Story of Israeli Rule in East Jerusalem''. ]. {{ISBN|978-0-674-80136-3}}. | |||
*Cline, Eric (2004). ''Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|978-0-472-11313-2}}. | |||
*Collins, Larry, and La Pierre, Dominique (1988). ''O Jerusalem!''. New York: Simon & Schuster {{ISBN|978-0-671-66241-7}}. | |||
*Gold, Dore (2007) ''The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, The West, and the Future of the Holy City''. International Publishing Company J-M, Ltd. {{ISBN|978-1-59698-029-7}}. | |||
*] (1981) ''The Legal Aspects of the Palestine Problem with Special Regard to the Question of Jerusalem'' Vienna: Braumüller {{ISBN|978-3-7003-0278-0}}. | |||
*''The Holy Cities: Jerusalem'' produced by Danae Film Production, distributed by HDH Communications; 2006 | |||
*Wasserstein, Bernard (2002) ''Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy City'' New Haven and London: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-300-09730-6}}. | |||
*" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222120957/http://rissc.jo/docs/J101-10-10-10.pdf |date=22 December 2010 }}", The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Center, Amman, Jordan, 2010. | |||
*] (2011) '']'', London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, {{ISBN|978-0-297-85265-0}}. | |||
*Young, Robb A (2012) ''Hezekiah in History and Tradition'' Brill Global Oriental Hotei Publishing, Netherlands. | |||
* Klein, Konstantin M.: Wienand, Johannes (2022) (eds.): ''City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity.'' De Gruyter, Berlin 2022, {{ISBN|978-3-11-071720-4}}. {{doi|10.1515/9783110718447}}. | |||
*John D. Hosler, _Jerusalem Falls: Seven Centuries of War and Peace_ (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 2022), {{ISBN|978-0-300-25514-0}} | |||
{{refend|30em}} | |||
==External links== | |||
{{Sister project links |voy=Jerusalem}} | |||
*{{Official website|https://www.jerusalem.muni.il/en/Pages/default.aspx}} of the ] | |||
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531061101/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26934435 |date=31 May 2018 }} ] | |||
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526031014/https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/The-Status-of-Jerusalem-Engish-199708.pdf |date=26 May 2023 }}. ] document related to the dispute over the city | |||
*, joint project by ] and the ] | |||
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206072153/http://new.huji.ac.il/en |date=6 December 2017 }} of the ], the city's foremost institution of higher education | |||
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206203332/https://www.alquds.edu/en |date=6 December 2017 }} of ], the only Palestinian university in Jerusalem | |||
*{{OSM relation|1381350}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 17:53, 5 January 2025
City in the Southern Levant "Al-Quds" and "Bayt al-Maqdis" redirect here. For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation), Al-Quds (disambiguation), and Bayt al-Maqdis (disambiguation).Metropolis in Israel and Palestine, Israel
Jerusalem | |
---|---|
Metropolis | |
Old City from the Mount of Olives with Al-Aqsa and Dome of the Rock on the Temple MountTower of DavidZion SquareChords BridgeMamilla MallWestern WallShrine of the BookHoly Sepulchre | |
Nicknames:
| |
JerusalemShow map of IsraelJerusalemShow map of State of PalestineJerusalemShow map of Middle EastJerusalemShow map of Asia | |
Coordinates: 31°47′N 35°13′E / 31.783°N 35.217°E / 31.783; 35.217 | |
Administered by | Israel |
Claimed by | Israel and Palestine |
Israeli district | Jerusalem |
Palestinian governorate | Quds |
Gihon Spring settlement | 3000–2800 BCE |
City of David | c. 1000 BCE |
Present Old City walls built | 1541 |
East-West Jerusalem division | 1948 |
Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem | 1967 |
Jerusalem Law | 1980 |
Government | |
• Type | Mayor–council |
• Body | Jerusalem Municipality |
• Mayor | Moshe Lion (Likud) |
Area | |
• Metropolis | 125,156 dunams (125.156 km or 48.323 sq mi) |
• Metro | 652,000 dunams (652 km or 252 sq mi) |
Elevation | 754 m (2,474 ft) |
Population | |
• Metropolis | 981,711 |
• Density | 7,800/km (20,000/sq mi) |
• Metro | 1,253,900 |
Demonyms |
|
Time zone | UTC+02:00 (IST, PST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+03:00 (IDT, PDT) |
Postal code | 9XXXXXX |
Area code | +972-2 |
Website | jerusalem.muni.il |
UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
Official name | Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls |
Type | Cultural |
Criteria | ii, iii, vi |
Designated | 1981 |
Reference no. | 148 |
Region | Arab States |
Endangered | 1982–present |
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Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the oldest cities in the world, and is considered holy to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both the State of Israel and the State of Palestine claim Jerusalem as their capital city. Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there, and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power. Neither claim is widely recognized internationally.
Throughout its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice, besieged 23 times, captured and recaptured 44 times, and attacked 52 times. The part of Jerusalem called the City of David shows first signs of settlement in the 4th millennium BCE, in the shape of encampments of nomadic shepherds. During the Canaanite period (14th century BCE), Jerusalem was named as Urusalim on ancient Egyptian tablets, probably meaning "City of Shalem" after a Canaanite deity. During the Israelite period, significant construction activity in Jerusalem began in the 10th century BCE (Iron Age II), and by the 9th century BCE, the city had developed into the religious and administrative center of the Kingdom of Judah. In 1538, the city walls were rebuilt for a last time around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire. Today those walls define the Old City, which since the 19th century has been divided into four quarters – the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage Site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Since 1860, Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old City's boundaries. In 2022, Jerusalem had a population of some 971,800 residents, of which almost 60% were Jews and almost 40% Palestinians. In 2020, the population was 951,100, of which Jews comprised 570,100 (59.9%), Muslims 353,800 (37.2%), Christians 16,300 (1.7%), and 10,800 unclassified (1.1%).
According to the Hebrew Bible, King David conquered the city from the Jebusites and established it as the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel, and his son, King Solomon, commissioned the building of the First Temple. Modern scholars argue that Israelites branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatrous—and later monotheistic—religion centered on El/Yahweh. These foundational events, straddling the dawn of the 1st millennium BCE, assumed central symbolic importance for the Jewish people. The sobriquet of holy city (Hebrew: עיר הקודש, romanized: 'Ir ha-Qodesh) was probably attached to Jerusalem in post-exilic times. The holiness of Jerusalem in Christianity, conserved in the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, which Christians adopted as the Old Testament, was reinforced by the New Testament account of Jesus's crucifixion and resurrection there. Meanwhile, in Islam, Jerusalem is the third-holiest city, after Mecca and Medina. The city was the first standard direction for Muslim prayers, and in Islamic tradition, Muhammad made his Night Journey there in 621, ascending to heaven where he spoke to God, per the Quran. As a result, despite having an area of only 0.9 km (3⁄8 sq mi), the Old City is home to many sites of seminal religious importance, among them the Temple Mount with its Western Wall, Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
At present, the status of Jerusalem remains one of the core issues in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Under the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, Jerusalem was to be "established as a corpus separatum under a special international regime" administered by the United Nations. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, West Jerusalem was among the areas incorporated into Israel, while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, was occupied and annexed by Jordan. Israel occupied East Jerusalem from Jordan during the 1967 Six-Day War and subsequently annexed it into the city's municipality, together with additional surrounding territory. One of Israel's Basic Laws, the 1980 Jerusalem Law, refers to Jerusalem as the country's undivided capital. All branches of the Israeli government are located in Jerusalem, including the Knesset (Israel's parliament), the residences of the Prime Minister and President, and the Supreme Court. The international community rejects the annexation as illegal and regards East Jerusalem as Palestinian territory occupied by Israel.
Etymology and names
Further information: Names of JerusalemEtymology
The name "Jerusalem" is variously etymologized to mean "foundation (Semitic yry' 'to found, to lay a cornerstone') of the pagan god Shalem"; the god Shalem was thus the original tutelary deity of the Bronze Age city.
Shalim or Shalem was the name of the god of dusk in the Canaanite religion, whose name is based on the same root S-L-M from which the Hebrew word for "peace" is derived (Shalom in Hebrew, cognate with Arabic Salam). The name thus offered itself to etymologizations such as "The City of Peace", "Abode of Peace", "Dwelling of Peace" ("founded in safety"), or "Vision of Peace" in some Christian authors.
The ending -ayim indicates the dual, thus leading to the suggestion that the name Yerushalayim refers to the fact that the city initially sat on two hills.
Ancient Egyptian sources
The Execration Texts of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 19th century BCE), which refer to a city called rwšꜣlmm or ꜣwšꜣmm, variously transcribed as Rušalimum, or Urušalimum, may indicate Jerusalem. Alternatively, the Amarna letters of Abdi-Heba (1330s BCE), which reference an Úrušalim, may be the earliest mention of the city.
Hebrew Bible and Jewish sources
The form Yerushalem or Yerushalayim first appears in the Bible, in the Book of Joshua. According to a Midrash, the name is a combination of two names united by God, Yireh ("the abiding place", the name given by Abraham to the place where he planned to sacrifice his son) and Shalem ("Place of Peace", the name given by high priest Shem).
Oldest written mention of Jerusalem
One of the earliest extra-biblical Hebrew writing of the word Jerusalem is dated to the sixth or seventh century BCE and was discovered in Khirbet Beit Lei near Beit Guvrin in 1961. The inscription states: "I am Yahweh thy God, I will accept the cities of Judah and I will redeem Jerusalem", or as other scholars suggest: "Yahweh is the God of the whole earth. The mountains of Judah belong to him, to the God of Jerusalem". An earlier example of the name appears in a papyrus from the 7th century BCE.
In extra-biblical inscriptions, the earliest known example of the -ayim ending was discovered on a column about 3 km west of ancient Jerusalem, dated to the first century BCE.
Jebus, Zion, City of David
An ancient settlement of Jerusalem, founded as early as the Bronze Age on the hill above the Gihon Spring, was, according to the Bible, named Jebus. Called the "Fortress of Zion" (metsudat Zion), it was renamed as the "City of David", and was known by this name in antiquity. Another name, "Zion", initially referred to a distinct part of the city, but later came to signify the city as a whole, and afterwards to represent the whole biblical Land of Israel.
Greek, Roman and Byzantine names
In Greek and Latin, the city's name was transliterated Hierosolyma/Hierosoluma (Greek: Ἱεροσόλυμα; in Greek hieròs, ἱερός, means holy), and was the term used by Matthew and Mark in their gospels instead of the Hebrew term.
Up until the 2010s the consensus among historians was that following Alexander the Great's conquest, Hierosoluma was set to be incorporated into the larger temple cities of the Seleucid kingdom, and to be Hellenized as Hierapolis. However, modern historians dispute this as a proper Ancient Greek translation for the polis would be similar to Hierolophos.
The city was renamed Aelia Capitolina for part of the Roman period of its history.
Salem
The Aramaic Apocryphon of Genesis of the Dead Sea Scrolls (1QapGen 22:13) equates Jerusalem with the earlier "Salem" (שלם), said to be the kingdom of Melchizedek in Genesis 14. Other early Hebrew sources, early Christian renderings of the verse and targumim, however, put Salem in Northern Israel near Shechem (Sichem), now Nablus, a city of some importance in early sacred Hebrew writing. Possibly the redactor of the Apocryphon of Genesis wanted to dissociate Melchizedek from the area of Shechem, which at the time was in possession of the Samaritans. However that may be, later Rabbinic sources also equate Salem with Jerusalem, mainly to link Melchizedek to later Temple traditions.
Arabic names
"Al-Quds" redirects here. For other uses, see Al-Quds (disambiguation).Originally titled Bayt al-Maqdis, today, Jerusalem is most commonly known in Arabic as القُدس, transliterated as al-Quds and meaning "the holy" or "the holy sanctuary", cognate with Hebrew: הקדש, romanized: ha-qodesh. The name is possibly a shortened form of مدينة القُدس Madīnat al-Quds "city of the holy sanctuary" after the Hebrew nickname with the same meaning, Ir ha-Qodesh (עיר הקדש). The ق (Q) is pronounced either with a voiceless uvular plosive (/q/), as in Classical Arabic, or with a glottal stop (ʔ) as in Levantine Arabic. Official Israeli government policy mandates that أُورُشَلِيمَ, transliterated as Ūrušalīm, which is the name frequently used in Christian translations of the Bible into Arabic, be used as the Arabic language name for the city in conjunction with القُدس, giving أُورُشَلِيمَ-القُدس, Ūrušalīm-al-Quds. Palestinian Arab families who hail from this city are often called "Qudsi" (قُدسي) or "Maqdasi" (مقدسي), while Palestinian Muslim Jerusalemites may use these terms as a demonym.
History
Main article: History of Jerusalem For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Jerusalem. See also: Historical maps of JerusalemJerusalem is one of the world's oldest cities, with a history spanning over 5,000 years. Its origins trace back to around 3000 BCE, with the first settlement near the Gihon Spring. The city is first mentioned in Egyptian Execration texts around 2000 BCE as "Rusalimum." By the 17th century BCE, Jerusalem had developed into a fortified city under Canaanite rule, with massive walls protecting its water system. During the Late Bronze Age, Jerusalem became a vassal of Ancient Egypt, as documented in the Amarna letters.
The city's importance grew during the Israelite period, which began around 1000 BCE when King David captured Jerusalem and made it the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel. David's son, Solomon, built the First Temple, establishing the city as a major religious center. Following the kingdom's split, Jerusalem became the capital of the Kingdom of Judah until it was captured by the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 586 BCE. The Babylonians destroyed the First Temple, leading to the Babylonian exile of the Jewish population. After the Persian conquest of Babylon in 539 BCE, Cyrus the Great allowed the Jews to return and rebuild the city and its temple, marking the start of the Second Temple period. Jerusalem fell under Hellenistic rule after the conquests of Alexander the Great in 332 BCE, leading to increasing cultural and political influence from Greece. The Hasmonean revolt in 164 BCE briefly restored Jewish autonomy, with Jerusalem as the capital of an independent state.
In 63 BCE, Jerusalem was conquered by Pompey and became part of the Roman Empire. The city remained under Roman control until the Jewish-Roman Wars, which culminated in the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. The city was renamed Aelia Capitolina and rebuilt as a Roman colony after the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 CE), with Jews banned from entering the city. Jerusalem gained significance during the Byzantine Empire as a center of Christianity, particularly after Constantine the Great endorsed the construction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. In 638 CE, Jerusalem was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate, and under early Islamic rule, the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque were built, solidifying its religious importance in Islam.
During the Crusades, Jerusalem changed hands multiple times, being captured by the Crusaders in 1099 and recaptured by Saladin in 1187. It remained under Islamic control through the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods, until it became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517. In the modern period, Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Israel captured East Jerusalem during the Six-Day War in 1967, uniting the city under Israeli control. The status of Jerusalem remains a highly contentious issue, with both Israelis and Palestinians claiming it as their capital. Historiographically, the city's history is often interpreted through the lens of competing national narratives. Israeli scholars emphasize the ancient Jewish connection to the city, while Palestinian narratives highlight the city's broader historical and multicultural significance. Both perspectives influence contemporary discussions of Jerusalem's status and future.
Political status
Main article: Positions on JerusalemFrom 1923 until 1948, Jerusalem served as the administrative capital of Mandatory Palestine.
From 1949 until 1967, West Jerusalem served as Israel's capital, but was not recognized as such internationally because UN General Assembly Resolution 194 envisaged Jerusalem as an international city. As a result of the Six-Day War in 1967, the whole of Jerusalem came under Israeli control. On 27 June 1967, the government of Levi Eshkol extended Israeli law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem, but agreed that administration of the Temple Mount compound would be maintained by the Jordanian waqf, under the Jordanian Ministry of Religious Endowments.
In 1988, Israel ordered the closure of Orient House, home of the Arab Studies Society, but also the headquarters of the Palestine Liberation Organization, for security reasons. The building reopened in 1992 as a Palestinian guesthouse. The Oslo Accords stated that the final status of Jerusalem would be determined by negotiations with the Palestinian Authority. The accords banned any official Palestinian presence in the city until a final peace agreement, but provided for the opening of a Palestinian trade office in East Jerusalem. The Palestinian Authority regards East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state.
President Mahmoud Abbas has said that any agreement that did not include East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine would be unacceptable. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has similarly stated that Jerusalem would remain the undivided capital of Israel. Due to its proximity to the city, especially the Temple Mount, Abu Dis, a Palestinian suburb of Jerusalem, has been proposed as the future capital of a Palestinian state by Israel. Israel has not incorporated Abu Dis within its security wall around Jerusalem. The Palestinian Authority has built a possible future parliament building for the Palestinian Legislative Council in the town, and its Jerusalem Affairs Offices are all located in Abu Dis.
International status
While the international community regards East Jerusalem, including the entire Old City, as part of the occupied Palestinian territories, neither part, West or East Jerusalem, is recognized as part of the territory of Israel or the State of Palestine. Under the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1947, Jerusalem was envisaged to become a corpus separatum administered by the United Nations. In the war of 1948, the western part of the city was occupied by forces of the nascent state of Israel, while the eastern part was occupied by Jordan. The international community largely considers the legal status of Jerusalem to derive from the partition plan, and correspondingly refuses to recognize Israeli sovereignty over the city.
Status under Israeli rule
Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel extended its jurisdiction and administration over East Jerusalem, establishing new municipal borders.
In 2010, Israel approved legislation giving Jerusalem the highest national priority status in Israel. The law prioritized construction throughout the city, and offered grants and tax benefits to residents to make housing, infrastructure, education, employment, business, tourism, and cultural events more affordable. Communications Minister Moshe Kahlon said that the bill sent "a clear, unequivocal political message that Jerusalem will not be divided", and that "all those within the Palestinian and international community who expect the current Israeli government to accept any demands regarding Israel's sovereignty over its capital are mistaken and misleading".
The status of the city, and especially its holy places, remains a core issue in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The Israeli government has approved building plans in the Muslim Quarter of the Old City in order to expand the Jewish presence in East Jerusalem, while some Islamic leaders have made claims that Jews have no historical connection to Jerusalem, alleging that the 2,500-year-old Western Wall was constructed as part of a mosque. Palestinians regard Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Palestine, and the city's borders have been the subject of bilateral talks. A team of experts assembled by the then Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak in 2000 concluded that the city must be divided, since Israel had failed to achieve any of its national aims there.
However, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said in 2014 that "Jerusalem will never be divided". A poll conducted in June 2013 found that 74% of Israeli Jews reject the idea of a Palestinian capital in any portion of Jerusalem, though 72% of the public regarded it as a divided city. A poll conducted by Palestinian Centre for Public Opinion and American Pechter Middle East Polls for the Council on Foreign Relations, among East Jerusalem Arab residents in 2011 revealed that 39% of East Jerusalem Arab residents would prefer Israeli citizenship contrary to 31% who opted for Palestinian citizenship. According to the poll, 40% of Palestinian residents would prefer to leave their neighbourhoods if they would be placed under Palestinian rule.
Jerusalem as capital of Israel
On 5 December 1949, Israel's first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, proclaimed Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal" and "sacred" capital, and eight days later specified that only the war had "compelled" the Israeli leadership "to establish the seat of Government in Tel Aviv", while "for the State of Israel there has always been and always will be one capital only – Jerusalem the Eternal", and that after the war, efforts had been ongoing for creating the conditions for "the Knesset... returning to Jerusalem." This indeed took place, and since the beginning of 1950 all branches of the Israeli government—legislative, judicial, and executive—have resided there, except for the Ministry of Defense, which is located at HaKirya in Tel Aviv. At the time of Ben Gurion's proclamations and the ensuing Knesset vote of 24 January 1950, Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan, and thus the proclamation only applied to West Jerusalem.
In July 1980, Israel passed the Jerusalem Law as Basic Law. The law declared Jerusalem the "complete and united" capital of Israel. The Jerusalem Law was condemned by the international community, which did not recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 478 on 20 August 1980, which declared that the Jerusalem Law is "a violation of international law", is "null and void and must be rescinded forthwith". Member states were called upon to withdraw their diplomatic representation from Jerusalem.
Following the resolution, 22 of the 24 countries that previously had their embassy in (West) Jerusalem relocated them in Tel Aviv, where many embassies already resided prior to Resolution 478. Costa Rica and El Salvador followed in 2006. There are five embassies—United States, Guatemala, Honduras, Papua-New Guinea and Kosovo —and two consulates located within the city limits of Jerusalem, and two Latin American states maintain embassies in the Jerusalem District town of Mevaseret Zion (Bolivia and Paraguay). There are a number of consulates-general located in Jerusalem, which work primarily either with Israel, or the Palestinian authorities.
In 1995, the United States Congress passed the Jerusalem Embassy Act, which required, subject to conditions, that its embassy be moved from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. On 6 December 2017 U.S. President Donald Trump officially recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital and announced his intention to move the American embassy to Jerusalem, reversing decades of United States policy on the issue. The move was criticized by many nations. A resolution condemning the US decision was supported by all the 14 other members of the UN Security Council, but was vetoed by the US on 18 December 2017. A subsequent resolution condemning the US decision was passed in the United Nations General Assembly. On 14 May 2018, the United States officially opened its embassy in Jerusalem, transforming its Tel Aviv location into a consulate. Due to the general lack of international recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital, some non-Israeli media outlets use Tel Aviv as a metonym for Israel.
In April 2017, the Russian Foreign Ministry announced it viewed Western Jerusalem as Israel's capital in the context of UN-approved principles which include the status of East Jerusalem as the capital of the future Palestinian state. On 15 December 2018, Australia officially recognized West Jerusalem as Israel's capital, but said their embassy in Tel Aviv would stay until a two-state resolution was settled. The decision was reversed in October 2022.
Government precinct and national institutions
The Kiryat HaLeom (national precinct) project is intended to house most government agencies and national cultural institutions. They are located in the Kiryat HaMemshala (government complex) in the Givat Ram neighbourhood. Some government buildings are located in Kiryat Menachem Begin. The city is home to the Knesset, the Supreme Court, the Bank of Israel, the National Headquarters of the Israel Police, the official residences of the President and Prime Minister, the Cabinet, and all ministries except for the Ministry of Defense (which is located in central Tel Aviv's HaKirya district) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (which is located in Rishon LeZion, in the wider Tel Aviv metropolitan area, near Beit Dagan).
Israeli settlements
See also: Israeli settlementsThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to itadding to it or making an edit request. (April 2023) |
Since its capture in 1967, the Israeli government has built 12 Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem, with a population amounting to 220,000 Israeli Jewish settlers as of 2019. The international community consider Israeli settlements to be illegal under international law.
Jerusalem as capital of Palestine
See also: East Jerusalem § Jerusalem as capitalThe Palestinian National Authority views East Jerusalem as occupied territory according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 242. The Palestinian Authority claims Jerusalem, including the Haram al-Sharif, as the capital of the State of Palestine, The PLO claims that West Jerusalem is also subject to permanent status negotiations. However, it has stated that it would be willing to consider alternative solutions, such as making Jerusalem an open city.
The PLO's position is that East Jerusalem, as defined by the pre-1967 municipal boundaries, shall be the capital of Palestine and West Jerusalem the capital of Israel, with each state enjoying full sovereignty over its respective part of the city and with its own municipality. A joint development council would be responsible for coordinated development. Orient House in East Jerusalem served as the headquarters of the PLO in the 1980s and 1990s. It was closed by Israel in 2001, two days after the Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing.
Some states, such as Russia and China, recognize the Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 58/292 affirmed that the Palestinian people have the right to sovereignty over East Jerusalem.
Palestinian offices and institutions
See also: List of diplomatic missions in Palestine § ConsulatesGovernment offices are located outside the Israeli municipal limits include the Palestinian Security Services, Force 17, the Preventative Security Service and the Ministry of Interior. There is a Palestinian Authority regional office and an electoral office located in the Dahiyat al Barid neighborhood.
Municipal administration
Main article: Municipality of JerusalemThe Jerusalem City Council is a body of 31 elected members headed by the mayor, who serves a five-year term and appoints eight deputies. The former mayor of Jerusalem, Uri Lupolianski, was elected in 2003. In the November 2008 city elections, Nir Barkat was elected. In November 2018, Moshe Lion was elected mayor.
Apart from the mayor and his deputies, City Council members receive no salaries and work on a voluntary basis. The longest-serving Jerusalem mayor was Teddy Kollek, who spent 28 years—six consecutive terms—in office. Most of the meetings of the Jerusalem City Council are private, but each month, it holds a session that is open to the public. Within the city council, religious political parties form an especially powerful faction, accounting for the majority of its seats.
The headquarters of the Jerusalem Municipality and the mayor's office are at Safra Square (Kikar Safra) on Jaffa Road. The municipal complex, comprising two modern buildings and ten renovated historic buildings surrounding a large plaza, opened in 1993 when it moved from the old town hall building built by the Mandate authorities. The city falls under the Jerusalem District, with Jerusalem as the district's capital. 37% of the population is Palestinian, but in 2014 not more than 10% of tax revenues were allocated for them. In East Jerusalem, 52% of the land was excluded from development, 35% designated for Jewish settlements, and 13% for Palestinian use, almost all of which was already built upon.
In Oslo I Accord, certain parts of few neighborhoods were allotted to the Palestinian Authority. Parts of Sur Baher, Wadi al-Hummus, Umm Leisun and Umm Tuba, altogether came under Area A, which is completely controlled by the Palestinian Authority. Al-Ram and Dahiyat al-Barid are mostly in Area B, where both Palestine and Israel has control. Other parts of Beit Hanina, Kafr Aqab and Arab al-Jahalin also falls under Area B.
Geography
A panorama of the Temple Mount (Haram al-Sharif or Al-Aqsa compound), including Al-Aqsa Mosque, and Dome of the Rock, from the Mount of OlivesJerusalem is situated on the southern spur of a plateau in the Judaean Mountains, which include the Mount of Olives (East) and Mount Scopus (North East). The elevation of the Old City is approximately 760 m (2,490 ft). The whole of Jerusalem is surrounded by valleys and dry riverbeds (wadis). The Kidron, Hinnom, and Tyropoeon Valleys intersect in an area just south of the Old City of Jerusalem. The Kidron Valley runs to the east of the Old City and separates the Mount of Olives from the city proper. Along the southern side of old Jerusalem is the Valley of Hinnom, a steep ravine associated in biblical eschatology with the concept of Gehenna or Hell.
The Tyropoeon Valley commenced in the northwest near the Damascus Gate, ran south-southeasterly through the centre of the Old City down to the Pool of Siloam, and divided the lower part into two hills, the Temple Mount to the east, and the rest of the city to the west, the lower and the upper cities described by Josephus. Today, this valley is hidden by debris that has accumulated over the centuries. In biblical times, Jerusalem was surrounded by forests of almond, olive and pine trees. Over centuries of warfare and neglect, these forests were destroyed. Farmers in the Jerusalem region built stone terraces along the slopes to hold back the soil, a feature still very much in evidence in the Jerusalem landscape.
Water supply has always been a major problem in Jerusalem, as attested to by the intricate network of ancient aqueducts, tunnels, pools and cisterns found in the city.
Jerusalem is 60 km (37 mi) east of Tel Aviv and the Mediterranean Sea. On the opposite side of the city, approximately 35 km (22 mi) away, is the Dead Sea, the lowest body of water on Earth. Neighbouring cities and towns include Bethlehem and Beit Jala to the south, Abu Dis and Ma'ale Adumim to the east, Mevaseret Zion to the west, and Ramallah and Giv'at Ze'ev to the north.
Mount Herzl, at the western side of the city near the Jerusalem Forest, serves as the national cemetery of Israel.
- Astronauts' view of Jerusalem
- Sunset aerial photograph of the Mount of Olives
Climate
The city is characterized by a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa), with hot, dry summers, and mild, wet winters. Snow flurries usually occur once or twice a winter, although the city experiences heavy snowfall every three to four years, on average, with short-lived accumulation.
January is the coldest month of the year, with an average temperature of 9.1 °C (48.4 °F); July and August are the hottest months, with an average temperature of 24.2 °C (75.6 °F), and the summer months are usually rainless. The average annual precipitation is around 537 mm (21 in), with rain occurring almost entirely between October and May. Snowfall is rare, and large snowfalls are even more rare. Jerusalem received over 30 cm (12 in) of snow on 13 December 2013, which nearly paralyzed the city. A day in Jerusalem has on average, 9.3 sunshine hours. With summers averaging similar temperatures as the coastline, the maritime influence from the Mediterranean Sea is strong, in particular given that Jerusalem is located on a similar latitude as scorching hot deserts not far to its east.
The highest recorded temperature in Jerusalem was 44.4 °C (111.9 °F) on 28 and 30 August 1881, and the lowest temperature recorded was −6.7 °C (19.9 °F) on 25 January 1907.
Most of the air pollution in Jerusalem comes from vehicular traffic. Many main streets in Jerusalem were not built to accommodate such a large volume of traffic, leading to traffic congestion and more carbon monoxide released into the air. Industrial pollution inside the city is sparse, but emissions from factories on the Israeli Mediterranean coast can travel eastward and settle over the city.
Climate data for Jerusalem (1991–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 24.4 (75.9) |
27.5 (81.5) |
32.7 (90.9) |
35.6 (96.1) |
38.6 (101.5) |
38.4 (101.1) |
40.6 (105.1) |
44.4 (111.9) |
42.7 (108.9) |
36.5 (97.7) |
30.5 (86.9) |
28.5 (83.3) |
44.4 (111.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.7 (54.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
17.4 (63.3) |
22.0 (71.6) |
26.2 (79.2) |
28.6 (83.5) |
30.0 (86.0) |
30.3 (86.5) |
28.9 (84.0) |
25.9 (78.6) |
19.9 (67.8) |
14.9 (58.8) |
22.6 (72.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.8 (49.6) |
10.7 (51.3) |
13.4 (56.1) |
17.3 (63.1) |
21.2 (70.2) |
23.5 (74.3) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.3 (77.5) |
24.0 (75.2) |
21.6 (70.9) |
16.4 (61.5) |
11.9 (53.4) |
18.3 (65.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.7 (44.1) |
7.3 (45.1) |
9.5 (49.1) |
12.5 (54.5) |
16.2 (61.2) |
18.3 (64.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.2 (68.4) |
19.1 (66.4) |
17.3 (63.1) |
12.9 (55.2) |
8.8 (47.8) |
14.1 (57.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −6.7 (19.9) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
0.8 (33.4) |
7.6 (45.7) |
11.0 (51.8) |
14.6 (58.3) |
15.5 (59.9) |
13.2 (55.8) |
9.8 (49.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 136.8 (5.39) |
117.9 (4.64) |
67.2 (2.65) |
21.8 (0.86) |
7.1 (0.28) |
0.3 (0.01) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.7 (0.03) |
10.3 (0.41) |
51.1 (2.01) |
112.3 (4.42) |
525.5 (20.7) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) | 9.2 | 8.5 | 6.2 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 4.7 | 7.7 | 41.6 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 61 | 59 | 52 | 39 | 35 | 37 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 42 | 48 | 56 | 46 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 192.9 | 243.6 | 226.3 | 266.6 | 331.7 | 381.0 | 384.4 | 365.8 | 309.0 | 275.9 | 228.0 | 192.2 | 3,397.4 |
Source 1: Israel Meteorological Service (records until 1990) | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA (normal values & records, 1991–2020) (sun, 1961–1990) |
Demographics
Demographic history
Main article: Demographic history of JerusalemJerusalem's population size and composition has shifted many times over its 5,000-year history. Since the 19th century, the Old City of Jerusalem has been divided into Jewish, Muslim, Christian, and Armenian quarters. Matthew Teller writes that this convention may have originated in the 1841 British Royal Engineers map of Jerusalem, or at least Reverend George Williams' subsequent labelling of it.
Most population data before 1905 is based on estimates, often from foreign travellers or organisations, since previous census data usually covered wider areas such as the Jerusalem District. These estimates suggest that since the end of the Crusades, Muslims formed the largest group in Jerusalem until the mid-nineteenth century.
Between 1838 and 1876, a number of estimates exist which conflict as to whether Jews or Muslims were the largest group during this period, and between 1882 and 1922 estimates conflict as to exactly when Jews became an absolute majority of the population.
Current demographics
See also: Demographics of Jerusalem by quarterWest or East (1967 borders) |
Total | Jews and others |
Jews and others % |
Approx. # of Ultra- Orthodox |
Ultra- Orthodox as % of "Jews and Others" |
Arabs/ Pale- stinians |
Pale- stinian % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
East Jerusalem | 611,370 | 240,831 | 39.4% | 111,121 | 46.1% | 370,532 | 60.6% |
West Jerusalem | 354,840 | 349,734 | 98.6% | 166,688 | 47.7% | 5,088 | 1.4% |
Total Jerusalem | 966,210 | 590,565 | 61% | 277,809 | 29% | 375,620 | 39% |
Some sub-quarters straddle the Green Line and in those cases the sub-quarter is assigned to the sector (East or West) into which most of the area falls. Source: Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem, 2021. Totals do not sum exactly due to the presentation of some ethnoreligious groups as percentages of totals. |
In December 2007, Jerusalem had a population of 747,600—63.7% were Jewish, 33.1% Muslim, and 2% Christian.
According to a study published in 2000, the percentage of Jews in the city's population had been decreasing; this was attributed to a higher Muslim birth rate, and Jewish residents leaving. The study also found that about nine percent of the Old City's 32,488 people were Jews. Of the Jewish population, 200,000 live in East Jerusalem settlements which are considered illegal under international law.
In 2005, 2,850 new immigrants settled in Jerusalem, mostly from the United States, France and the former Soviet Union. In terms of the local population, the number of outgoing residents exceeds the number of incoming residents. In 2005, 16,000 left Jerusalem and only 10,000 moved in. Nevertheless, the population of Jerusalem continues to rise due to the high birth rate, especially in the Haredi Jewish and Arab communities. Consequently, the total fertility rate in Jerusalem (4.02) is higher than in Tel Aviv (1.98) and well above the national average of 2.90. The average size of Jerusalem's 180,000 households is 3.8 people.
In 2005, the total population grew by 13,000 (1.8%)—similar to the Israeli national average, but the religious and ethnic composition is shifting. While 31% of the Jewish population is made up of children below the age fifteen, the figure for the Arab population is 42%.
In 1967, Jews accounted for 74 percent of the population, while the figure for 2006 is down nine percent. Possible factors are the high cost of housing, fewer job opportunities and the increasingly religious character of the city, although proportionally, young Haredim are leaving in higher numbers. The percentage of secular Jews, or those who 'wear their faith lightly' is dropping, with some 20,000 leaving the city over the past seven years (2012). They now number 31% of the population, the same percentage as the rising Haredi population.
In 2010, 61% of all Jewish children in Jerusalem studied in Haredi (Ultra-Orthodox) schools. This correlates with the high number of children in Haredi families.
While some secular Jews leave Jerusalem for its relative lack of development and religious and political tensions, Jerusalem-born Palestinians cannot leave Jerusalem, or they lose their right to live in the city. Palestinians with a "Jerusalem resident status" are entitled to the subsidized healthcare and social security benefits Israel provides to its citizens, and have the right to vote in municipal elections, but not to be voted in municipal elections, or to vote in national elections. Arabs in Jerusalem can send their children to Israeli-run schools, although not every neighbourhood has one, and universities. Israeli doctors and highly regarded hospitals such as Hadassah Medical Centre are available to residents.
Demographics and the Jewish-Arab population divide play a major role in the dispute over Jerusalem. In 1998, the Jerusalem Development Authority expanded city limits to the west to include more areas heavily populated with Jews.
Within the past few years, there has been a steady increase in the Jewish birthrate and a steady decrease in the Arab birthrate. In May 2012, it was reported that the Jewish birthrate had overtaken the Arab birthrate. The city's birthrate stands about 4.2 children per Jewish family and 3.9 children per Arab family. In addition, increasing numbers of Jewish immigrants chose to settle in Jerusalem. In the last few years, thousands of Palestinians have moved to previously fully Jewish neighbourhoods of East Jerusalem, built after the 1967 Six-Day War. In 2007, 1,300 Palestinians lived in the previously exclusively Jewish neighbourhood of Pisgat Ze'ev and constituted three percent of the population in Neve Ya'akov. In the French Hill neighbourhood, Palestinians today constitute one-sixth of the overall population.
At the end of 2008, the population of East Jerusalem was 456,300, comprising 60% of Jerusalem's residents. Of these, 195,500 (43%) were Jews, (comprising 40% of the Jewish population of Jerusalem as a whole), and 260,800 (57%) were Muslim (comprising 98% of the Muslim population of Jerusalem). In 2008, the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics reported the number of Palestinians living in East Jerusalem was 208,000 according to a recently completed census.
Jerusalem's Jewish population is overwhelmingly religious. Only 18% of Jewish residents are secular. In addition, Haredi Jews comprise 35% of the city's adult Jewish population. In a phenomenon seen rarely around the world, the percentage of Jewish women who work, 81%, exceeds the percentage of Jewish men who work, 70%.
Jerusalem had a population of 804,400 in 2011, of which Jews comprised 499,400 (62.1%), Muslims 281,100 (34.9%), Christians 14,700 (1.8%), and 9,000 (1.1%) were not classified by religion.
Jerusalem had a population of 882,700 in 2016, of which Jews comprised 536,600 (60.8%), Muslims 319,800 (36.2%), Christians 15,800 (1.8%), and 10,300 unclassified (1.2%).
Jerusalem had a population of 951,100 in 2020, of which Jews comprised 570,100 (59.9%), Muslims 353.800 (37.2%), Christians 16.300 (1.7%), and 10,800 unclassified (1.1%).
According to Peace Now, approvals for building in Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem have expanded by 60% under Donald Trump's term as U.S. president. Since 1991, Palestinians, who make up the majority of the residents in East Jerusalem, have only received 30% of the building permits.
Urban planning issues
Critics of efforts to promote a Jewish majority in Jerusalem say that government planning policies are motivated by demographic considerations and seek to limit Arab construction while promoting Jewish construction. According to a World Bank report, the number of recorded building violations between 1996 and 2000 was four and half times higher in Jewish neighbourhoods but four times fewer demolition orders were issued in West Jerusalem than in East Jerusalem; Arabs in Jerusalem were less likely to receive construction permits than Jews, and "the authorities are much more likely to take action against Palestinian violators" than Jewish violators of the permit process. In recent years, private Jewish foundations have received permission from the government to develop projects on disputed lands, such as the City of David archaeological site in the 60% Arab neighbourhood of Silwan (adjacent to the Old City), and the Museum of Tolerance on Mamilla Cemetery (adjacent to Zion Square).
Religious significance
Main article: Religious significance of JerusalemJerusalem has been sacred to Judaism for roughly 3000 years, to Christianity for around 2000 years, and to Islam for approximately 1400 years. The 2000 Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem lists 1204 synagogues, 158 churches, and 73 mosques within the city. Despite efforts to maintain peaceful religious coexistence, some sites, such as the Temple Mount, have been a continuous source of friction and controversy. The Temple Mount is the holiest spot in Judaism and the third holiest site in Islam. Jews venerate it as the site of the two former Temples and Muslims believe that Muhammad was transported from the Great Mosque of Mecca to this location during the Night Journey.
Judaism
Further information: Jerusalem in JudaismJerusalem has been the holiest city in Judaism and the ancestral and spiritual homeland of the Jewish people since King David proclaimed it his capital in the 10th century BCE. Without counting its other names, Jerusalem appears in the Hebrew Bible 669 times. The first section, the Torah (Pentateuch), only mentions Moriah, but in later parts of the Bible, the city is mentioned explicitly. The Temple Mount, which was the site of Solomon's Temple and the Second Temple, is the holiest site in Judaism and the place Jews turn towards during prayer. The Western Wall, a remnant of the wall surrounding the Second Temple, is the holiest place where Jews are permitted to pray. Synagogues around the world are traditionally built with the Holy Ark facing Jerusalem, and Arks within Jerusalem face the Holy of Holies. As prescribed in the Mishna and codified in the Shulchan Aruch, daily prayers are recited while facing towards Jerusalem and the Temple Mount. Many Jews have "Mizrach" plaques hung on a wall of their homes to indicate the direction of prayer. The Western Wall is a remnant of the Second Temple and the holiest place where Jews are permitted to pray.
Christianity
Further information: Jerusalem in ChristianityJerusalem is generally considered the cradle of Christianity. Christianity reveres Jerusalem for its Old Testament history, and also for its significance in the life of Jesus. According to the New Testament, Jesus was brought to Jerusalem soon after his birth and later in his life cleansed the Second Temple. The Cenacle, believed to be the site of Jesus' Last Supper, is located on Mount Zion in the same building that houses the Tomb of King David. Another prominent Christian site in Jerusalem is Golgotha, the site of the crucifixion. The Gospel of John describes it as being located outside Jerusalem, but recent archaeological evidence suggests Golgotha is a short distance from the Old City walls, within the present-day confines of the city. The land occupied by the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is considered one of the top candidates for Golgotha and thus has been a Christian pilgrimage site for the past 2000 years. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is generally considered the most important church in Christendom. It contains the two holiest sites in Christianity: the site where Jesus was crucified, and Jesus's empty tomb, where he is believed by Christians to have been buried and resurrected.
Islam
Further information: Jerusalem in Islam See also: Islamization of JerusalemJerusalem is the third-holiest city in Sunni Islam. Islamic tradition holds that for approximately a year, before it was permanently switched to the Kaaba in Mecca, the qibla (direction of prayer) for Muslims was Jerusalem. The city's lasting place in Islam, however, is primarily due to Muhammad's Night Journey (c. 620 CE). Muslims believe that Muhammad was miraculously transported one night from the Great Mosque of Mecca to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, whereupon he ascended to Heaven to meet previous prophets of Islam. The first verse in the Qur'an's Surat al-Isra notes the destination of Muhammad's journey as al-masjid al-aqṣā ("the farthest place of prayer"). In the earliest days of Islam, this was understood as a reference to a site in the heavens, however, Post-Rashidun Islamic scholars understood it as relating to Jerusalem, and particularly to the site of the former Jewish Temple. The hadith, a collection of the sayings of Muhammad, mentions that the location of the Al-Aqsa Mosque is in Jerusalem. The Al-Aqsa Mosque, originally named after the wider compound it sits within, was built on the Temple Mount under the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid several decades after Muhammad's death to commemorate the place from which Muslims believe he had ascended to Heaven.
Gallery- A view of the Temple Mount
- The Western Wall, also known as the Wailing Wall and the Kotel, i
- The Church of the Holy Sepulchre
- The Garden Tomb – a new holy site established by British Protestants in the 19th century
- Dome of the Rock, where Muhammad is believed by Muslims to have ascended to heaven
- Al-Aqsa Mosque, on the Temple Mount (Haram al-Sharif or Al-Aqsa compound)
Economy
Historically, Jerusalem's economy was supported almost exclusively by religious pilgrims, as it was far from the major ports of Jaffa and Gaza. Jerusalem's religious and cultural landmarks today remain the top draw for foreign visitors, with the majority of tourists visiting the Western Wall and the Old City. In 2010, Jerusalem was named the top leisure travel city in Africa and the Middle East by Travel + Leisure magazine. in 2013, 75% of the 3.5 million tourists to Israel visited Jerusalem.
Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the national government has remained a major player in Jerusalem's economy. The government, centred in Jerusalem, generates a large number of jobs, and offers subsidies and incentives for new business initiatives and start-ups. Although Tel Aviv remains Israel's financial centre, a growing number of high tech companies are moving to Jerusalem, providing 12,000 jobs in 2006. Northern Jerusalem's Har Hotzvim industrial park and the Jerusalem Technology Park in south Jerusalem are home to large Research and Development centres of international tech companies, among them Intel, Cisco Systems, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, IBM, Mobileye, Johnson & Johnson, Medtronic and more. In April 2015, Time Magazine picked Jerusalem as one of the five emerging tech hubs in the world, proclaiming that "The city has become a flourishing centre for biomed, cleantech, Internet/mobile startups, accelerators, investors and supporting service providers."
Higher than average percentages are employed in education (17.9% vs. 12.7%); health and welfare (12.6% vs. 10.7%); community and social services (6.4% vs. 4.7%); hotels and restaurants (6.1% vs. 4.7%); and public administration (8.2% vs. 4.7%). During the British Mandate, a law was passed requiring all buildings to be constructed of Jerusalem stone in order to preserve the unique historic and aesthetic character of the city. Complementing this building code, which is still in force, is the discouragement of heavy industry in Jerusalem; only about 2.2% of Jerusalem's land is zoned for "industry and infrastructure". By comparison, the percentage of land in Tel Aviv zoned for industry and infrastructure is twice as high, and in Haifa, seven times as high. Only 8.5% of the Jerusalem District work force is employed in the manufacturing sector, which is half the national average (15.8%).
Although many statistics indicate economic growth in the city, since 1967, East Jerusalem has lagged behind the development of West Jerusalem. Nevertheless, the percentage of households with employed persons is higher for Arab households (76.1%) than for Jewish households (66.8%). The unemployment rate in Jerusalem (8.3%) is slightly better than the national average (9.0%), although the civilian labour force accounted for less than half of all persons fifteen years or older—lower in comparison to that of Tel Aviv (58.0%) and Haifa (52.4%). Poverty remains a problem in the city as 37% of the families in Jerusalem lived in 2011 below the poverty line. According to a report by the Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI), 78% of Arabs in Jerusalem lived in poverty in 2012, up from 64% in 2006. While the ACRI attributes the increase to the lack of employment opportunities, infrastructure and a worsening educational system, Ir Amim blames the legal status of Palestinians in Jerusalem.
The increasing number of educated Palestinians in Jerusalem has brought about positive economic changes. Through reforms and initiatives in sectors like technology, tourism, trade, and infrastructure, they have helped drive economic growth, create jobs, and improve living conditions in the city. Various joint summits between Israeli and Palestinian entrepreneurs have been held in the city. Palestine Investment Fund have proposed various projects in Jerusalem. Palestinian industrialist Bashar Masri sought to make heavy investments in the city. PA controlled industrial areas are located outskirts of Jerusalem, primarily in Bir Nabala, Abu Dis and Eizariya, engaging in manufacture of tires, food products and concretes.
High-tech industry is emerged among Palestinian society of Jerusalem. In 2023, Israel opened a technology park in East Jerusalem, known as EasTech. Local Palestinian engineers are employed in the complex by multinational companies, some of which includes AT&T, Natural Intelligence, Nvidia, Unity and Synamedia. Station J, an innovation hub is located in Sheikh Jarrah, which is yet another tech hub for Palestinians in the city. Hani Alami, a Jerusalem-based Palestinian entrepreneur has set up a start-+up accelerator. As a part of Israeli–Palestinian economic peace efforts, interaction between Israeli and Palestinian business community, also contributes in growth of Palestinian IT sector in the city.
Urban structure
High-rise construction
Jerusalem has traditionally had a low-rise skyline. About 18 tall buildings were built at different times in the downtown area when there was no clear policy over the matter. One of them, Holyland Tower 1, Jerusalem's tallest building, is a skyscraper by international standards, rising 32 stories. Holyland Tower 2, which has been approved for construction, will reach the same height.
A new master plan for the city will see many high-rise buildings, including skyscrapers, built in certain, designated areas of downtown Jerusalem. Under the plan, towers will line Jaffa Road and King George Street. One of the proposed towers along King George Street, the Migdal Merkaz HaYekum, is planned as a 65-story building, which would make it one of the tallest buildings in Israel. At the entrance to the city, near the Jerusalem Chords Bridge and the Central Bus Station, twelve towers rising between 24 and 33 stories will be built, as part of a complex that will also include an open square and an underground train station serving a new express line between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, and will be connected by bridges and tunnels. Eleven of the skyscrapers will be either office or apartment buildings, and one will be a 2,000-room hotel. The complex is expected to attract many businesses from Tel Aviv, and become the city's main business hub. In addition, a complex for the city's courts and the prosecutor's office will be built, as well as new buildings for Central Zionist Archives and Israel State Archives. The skyscrapers built throughout the city are expected to contain public space, shops, restaurants, and entertainment venues, and it has been speculated that this may lead to a revitalization of downtown Jerusalem. In August 2015, the city council approved construction of a 344-foot pyramid-shaped skyscraper designed by Daniel Libeskind and Yigal Levi, in place of a rejected previous design by Libeskind; it is set to break ground by 2019.
New projects in Jerusalem
In 2021, Bashar Masri announced and launched "Lana", a massive mix-used project in East Jerusalem, which is located in the neighborhood of Beit Hanina. The project is in a partnership between Massar International and the Orthodox Church of Jerusalem. It features 400 residential apartments along with a vibrant commercial center that hosts well-known global brands, cinemas, restaurants, cafes, and offices. The project also includes modern educational facilities, such as a school and a kindergarten, catering to the needs of residents. In addition to its focus on residential and commercial aspects, the Lana project emphasizes the improvement of infrastructure within the project and its surroundings. This involves the construction of three to four floors of underground parking to accommodate the residents' vehicles conveniently. Furthermore, there is a comprehensive plan to expand the road network surrounding the project, ensuring smooth transportation and accessibility for both residents and visitors. It is situated just 15 minutes away from the historic Old City of Jerusalem.
Transportation
Main article: Transport in JerusalemPublic transport
Jerusalem is served by highly developed communication infrastructures, making it a leading logistics hub for Israel.
The Jerusalem Central Bus Station, located on Jaffa Road, is the busiest bus station in Israel. It is served by Egged Bus Cooperative, which is the second-largest bus company in the world, The Dan serves the Bnei Brak-Jerusalem route along with Egged, and Superbus serves the routes between Jerusalem, Modi'in Illit, and Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut. The companies operate from Jerusalem Central Bus Station. Arab neighbourhoods in East Jerusalem and routes between Jerusalem and locations in the West Bank are served by the East Jerusalem Central Bus Station, a transportation hub located near the Old City's Damascus Gate.
Railway
The Jerusalem Light Rail initiated service in August 2011. According to plans, the first rail line will be capable of transporting an estimated 200,000 people daily, and has 23 stops. The route is from Pisgat Ze'ev in the north via the Old City and city centre to Mt. Herzl in the south.
A high-speed rail line connecting Tel Aviv to Jerusalem became partially operational in 2018 and was completed in 2019. Its terminus is at the new underground station (80 m or 262 ft deep) serving the International Convention Centre and the Central Bus Station, and is planned to be extended eventually to Malha station. Israel Railways operated train services to Malha train station from Tel Aviv via Beit Shemesh, but this service was discontinued in 2020.
Begin Expressway is one of Jerusalem's major north–south thoroughfares; it runs on the western side of the city, merging in the north with Route 443, which continues toward Tel Aviv. Route 60 runs through the centre of the city near the Green Line between East and West Jerusalem. Construction is progressing on parts of a 35 km (22 mi) ring road around the city, fostering faster connection between the suburbs. The eastern half of the project was conceptualized decades ago, but reaction to the proposed highway is still mixed.
Airport
In the past, Jerusalem was also served by the local Jerusalem International Airport, locally known as Atarot Airport. It was the first airport built in the British Mandate of Palestine. Palestinians considered the Atarot Airport as a "symbol of Palestinian sovereignty". The airport falls beyond Green Line. After 1948 war, it came under control of Jordan. Following the Six Day War of 1967, the airport came under control of Israel. With increase of violence in the second intifada, Atarot Airport ceased operation in 2000. Today Jerusalem is served by Ben Gurion Airport, some 50 km (30 mi) northwest of the Jerusalem, on the route to Tel Aviv. The Tel Aviv–Jerusalem railway runs non-stop from Jerusalem–Yitzhak Navon railway station to the airport and began operation in 2018.
Australian businessman Kevin Bermeister proposed a masterplan of Jerusalem, which also includes the development of an airport for Jerusalem in the Jordan Valley, near Jericho. The airport is sought to be a joint Israeli-Palestinian airport. Palestinian Prime Minister Mohammad Shtayyeh have also appealed to Israeli authorities to redevelop the airport. In 2021, the Israeli government planned to redevelop Atarot Airport as a joint Israeli–Palestinian airport. The new Atarot Airport will include two separate Israeli and Palestinian terminals.
Education
Universities
Jerusalem is home to several prestigious universities offering courses in Hebrew, Arabic and English.
Founded in 1925, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem has been ranked among the top 100 schools in the world. The Board of Governors has included such prominent Jewish intellectuals as Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud. The university has produced several Nobel laureates; recent winners associated with Hebrew University include Avram Hershko, David Gross, and Daniel Kahneman. One of the university's major assets is the Jewish National and University Library, which houses over five million books. The library opened in 1892, over three decades before the university was established, and is one of the world's largest repositories of books on Jewish subjects. Today it is both the central library of the university and the national library of Israel. The Hebrew University operates three campuses in Jerusalem, on Mount Scopus, on Giv'at Ram and a medical campus at the Hadassah Ein Kerem hospital. The Academy of the Hebrew Language are located in the Hebrew university in Givat Ram and the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities located near the Presidents House.
The Jerusalem College of Technology, founded in 1969, combines training in engineering and other high-tech industries with a Jewish studies programme. It is one of many schools in Jerusalem, from elementary school and up, that combine secular and religious studies. Numerous religious educational institutions and Yeshivot, including some of the most prestigious yeshivas, among them the Brisk, Chevron, Midrash Shmuel and Mir, are based in the city, with the Mir Yeshiva claiming to be the largest. There were nearly 8,000 twelfth-grade students in Hebrew-language schools during the 2003–2004 school year. However, due to the large portion of students in Haredi Jewish frameworks, only fifty-five percent of twelfth graders took matriculation exams (Bagrut) and only thirty-seven percent were eligible to graduate. Unlike public schools, many Haredi schools do not prepare students to take standardized tests. To attract more university students to Jerusalem, the city has begun to offer a special package of financial incentives and housing subsidies to students who rent apartments in downtown Jerusalem.
Al-Quds University was established in 1984 to serve as a flagship university for the Arab and Palestinian peoples. It describes itself as the "only Arab university in Jerusalem". Bard College of Annandale-on-Hudson, New York and Al-Quds University agreed to open a joint college in a building originally built to house the Palestinian Legislative Council and Yasser Arafat's office. The college gives Master of Arts in Teaching degrees. Al-Quds University resides southeast of the city proper on a 190,000 m (47-acre) Abu Dis campus. Other campuses of AQU are located within city limits of Jerusalem. A campus of university in Sheikh Jarrah, which is one of the oldest faculties, is known as Hind Al Husseini College for Arts. It was named after Hind al-Husseini, a Palestinian activists known for rescuing orphaned survivors of Deir Yassin massacre and giving them shelter in a palace of her grandfather, which was converted into an orphanage and later a college, which is a part today's Al Quds University. A joint campus of AQU and Bard College is located in Beit Hanina. Bayt Mal Al Qods Acharif Agency, a Moroccan organization is constructing a new campus in same neighborhood.
Other institutions of higher learning in Jerusalem are the Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance and Bezalel Academy of Art and Design, whose buildings are located on the campuses of the Hebrew University.
Arab schools
Israel's public schools for Arabs in Jerusalem and other parts of the country have been criticized for offering a lower quality education than those catering to Israeli Jewish students. While many schools in the heavily Arab East Jerusalem are filled to capacity and there have been complaints of overcrowding, the Jerusalem Municipality is building over a dozen new schools in the city's Arab neighbourhoods. Schools in Ras el-Amud and Umm Lison opened in 2008. In March 2007, the Israeli government approved a five-year plan to build 8,000 new classrooms in the city, 40 percent in the Arab sector and 28 percent in the Haredi sector. A budget of 4.6 billion shekels was allocated for this project. In 2008, Jewish British philanthropists donated $3 million for the construction of schools for Arabs in East Jerusalem. Arab high school students take the Bagrut matriculation exams, so that much of their curriculum parallels that of other Israeli high schools and includes certain Jewish subjects.
Culture
Although Jerusalem is known primarily for its religious significance, the city is also home to many artistic and cultural venues. The Israel Museum attracts nearly one million visitors a year, approximately one-third of them tourists. The 8 ha (20-acre) museum complex comprises several buildings featuring special exhibits and extensive collections of Judaica, archaeological findings, and Israeli and European art. The Dead Sea scrolls, discovered in the mid-20th century in the Qumran Caves near the Dead Sea, are housed in the Museum's Shrine of the Book. The Youth Wing, which mounts changing exhibits and runs an extensive art education programme, is visited by 100,000 children a year. The museum has a large outdoor sculpture garden and includes the Holyland Model of Jerusalem, a scale-model of the city during the late Second Temple period. The Ticho House in downtown Jerusalem houses the paintings of Anna Ticho and the Judaica collections of her husband, an ophthalmologist who opened Jerusalem's first eye clinic in this building in 1912.
Next to the Israel Museum is the Bible Lands Museum, near The National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel, which includes the Israel Antiquities Authority offices. A World Bible Centre is planned to be built adjacent to Mount Zion at a site called the "Bible Hill". A planned World Kabbalah Centre is to be located on the nearby promenade, overlooking the Old City. The Rockefeller Museum, located in East Jerusalem, was the first archaeological museum in the Middle East. It was built in 1938 during the British Mandate. In 2006, a 38 km (24 mi) Jerusalem Trail was opened, a hiking trail that goes to many cultural sites and national parks in and around Jerusalem. The Jerusalem Biblical Zoo has ranked consistently as Israel's top tourist attraction for Israelis. The national cemetery of Israel is located at the city's western edge, near the Jerusalem Forest on Mount Herzl. The western extension of Mount Herzl is the Mount of Remembrance, where the main Holocaust museum of Israel is located. Yad Vashem, Israel's national memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, houses the world's largest library of Holocaust-related information. It houses an estimated 100,000 books and articles. The complex contains a state-of-the-art museum that explores the genocide of the Jews through exhibits that focus on the personal stories of individuals and families killed in the Holocaust. An art gallery featuring the work of artists who perished is also present. Further, Yad Vashem commemorates the 1.5 million Jewish children murdered by the Nazis, and honours the Righteous among the Nations.
The Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra, established in the 1940s, has appeared around the world. The International Convention Centre (Binyanei HaUma) near the entrance to city houses the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. The Jerusalem Cinemateque, the Gerard Behar Centre (formerly Beit Ha'Am) in downtown Jerusalem, the Jerusalem Music Centre in Yemin Moshe, and the Targ Music Centre in Ein Kerem also present the arts. The Israel Festival, featuring indoor and outdoor performances by local and international singers, concerts, plays, and street theatre has been held annually since 1961, and Jerusalem has been the major organizer of this event. The Jerusalem Theatre in the Talbiya neighbourhood hosts over 150 concerts a year, as well as theatre and dance companies and performing artists from overseas. The Khan Theatre, located in a caravanserai opposite the old Jerusalem train station, is the city's only repertoire theatre. The station itself has become a venue for cultural events in recent years as the site of Shav'ua Hasefer (an annual week-long book fair) and outdoor music performances. The Jerusalem Film Festival is held annually, screening Israeli and international films. In 1974 the Jerusalem Cinematheque was founded. In 1981 it was moved to a new building on Hebron Road near the Valley of Hinnom and the Old City.
Jerusalem was declared the Capital of Arab Culture in 2009. Jerusalem is home to the Palestinian National Theatre, which engages in cultural preservation as well as innovation, working to rekindle Palestinian interest in the arts. The Edward Said National Conservatory of Music sponsors the Palestine Youth Orchestra which toured Arab states of the Persian Gulf and other Middle East countries in 2009. The Islamic Museum on the Temple Mount, established in 1923, houses many Islamic artifacts, from tiny kohl flasks and rare manuscripts to giant marble columns. Al-Hoash, established in 2004, is a gallery for the preservation of Palestinian art. While Israel approves and financially supports some Arab cultural activities, Arab Capital of Culture events were banned because they were sponsored by the Palestine National Authority. In 2009, a four-day culture festival was held in the Beit 'Anan suburb of Jerusalem, attended by more than 15,000 people
Palestinian cinema is based in the city. Jerusalem has been location for "Jerusalem Arab Film Festival", for exhibiting Palestinian films. The city is home to numerous artists, singers, actors, actresses and filmmakers. Established in 1991, Riwaq have been working on various projects to restore cultural and historical sites across Palestine. Difficulties to operate in the annexed areas of Palestinian Jerusalem, it have successfully worked across those neighborhoods, rural and suburban area and Jerusalem Mountains (Jibal al-Quds), where the Palestinian government has control. So far, the organization have restored a number of sites across neighborhoods of Kafr 'Aqab, Al Jib, Jaba and Qalandia. Those restored structures serves as local community centers, cultural sites and headquarters of several NGOs and cultural groups. Yabous Cultural Center is the largest cultural center in the city, opened by Palestinian groups in 1997. Edward Said National Conservatory of Music have a branch in Jerusalem.
Hadassah Medical Center and the Hebrew University have unveiled a "Tree of Peace" statue at the Al Quds University School of Dental Medicine. The Museum on the Seam, which explores issues of coexistence through art, is situated on the road dividing eastern and western Jerusalem. The Abraham Fund and the Jerusalem Intercultural Centre (JICC) promote joint Jewish-Palestinian cultural projects. The Jerusalem Centre for Middle Eastern Music and Dance is open to Arabs and Jews and offers workshops on Jewish-Arab dialogue through the arts. The Jewish-Arab Youth Orchestra performs both European classical and Middle Eastern music. In 2008, the Tolerance Monument, an outdoor sculpture by Czesław Dźwigaj, was erected on a hill between Jewish Armon HaNetziv and Arab Jebl Mukaber as a symbol of Jerusalem's quest for peace.
Media
The headquarters of the Israel Broadcasting Authority and its successor Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation are located in Jerusalem, as well as television and radio studios for Channel 12, Channel 13, and part of the radio studios of BBC News. The Jerusalem Post and The Times of Israel are also headquartered in Jerusalem. Local newspapers include the Israeli Kol Ha'ir and the Palestinian Jerusalem Times. God TV, an international Christian television network, is also based in the city. PYALARA, an organisation based in Jerusalem, transformed Jaba into a digital hub, which is the Middle East's first digital village and is also home to first Media Interactive Learning Center in the Middle East.
Sports
See also: Beitar Jerusalem F.C., Hapoel Jerusalem B.C., and Jerusalem MarathonThe two most popular sports are football (soccer) and basketball. Beitar Jerusalem Football Club is one of the most well known in Israel. Fans include political figures who often attend its games. Jerusalem's other major football team, and one of Beitar's top rivals, is Hapoel Jerusalem F.C. Whereas Beitar has been Israel State Cup champion seven times, Hapoel has won the Cup only once. Beitar has won the top league six times, while Hapoel has never succeeded. Beitar plays in the more prestigious Ligat HaAl, while Hapoel is in the second division Liga Leumit. Since its opening in 1992, Teddy Stadium has been Jerusalem's primary football stadium, with a capacity of 31,733
The most popular Palestinian football club is Jabal Al Mukaber (since 1976) which plays in West Bank Premier League. The club hails from Mount Scopus at Jerusalem, part of the Asian Football Confederation, and plays at the Faisal Al-Husseini International Stadium at Al-Ram, across the West Bank Barrier.
In basketball, Hapoel Jerusalem is one of the top teams in the top division. The club has won Israel's championship in 2015, the State Cup four times, and the ULEB Cup in 2004.
The Jerusalem Marathon, established in 2011, is an international marathon race held annually in Jerusalem in the month of March. The full 42-kilometre race begins at the Knesset, passes through Mount Scopus and the Old City's Armenian Quarter, and concludes at Sacher Park. In 2012, the Jerusalem Marathon drew 15,000 runners, including 1,500 from fifty countries outside Israel.
A popular non-competitive sports event is the Jerusalem March, held annually during the Sukkot festival.
Twin towns – sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel and PalestineJerusalem is twinned with:
- Niterói, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Salvador, Brazil
- Cairo, Egypt
- Jakarta, Indonesia
- Tehran, Iran
- Ayabe, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan
- Nouakchott, Mauritania
- Fez, Morocco
- Oujda, Morocco
- Cusco, Peru
- Jersey City, New Jersey, United States
- New York City, New York, United States
See also
- Greater Jerusalem
- List of people from Jerusalem
- List of places in Jerusalem
- List of songs about Jerusalem
Notes
- The State of Palestine (according to the Basic Law of Palestine, Title One: Article 3) regards Jerusalem as its capital. However, the documents of the PLO's Negotiations Affairs Department (NAD) often refer to East Jerusalem (rather than the whole of Jerusalem) as a future capital, and sometimes as the current capital. One of its 2010 documents, described as "for discussion purposes only", says that Palestine has a '"vision"' for a future in which "East Jerusalem ... shall be the capital of Palestine, and West Jerusalem shall be the capital of Israel", and one of its 2013 documents refers to "Palestine's capital, East Jerusalem", and states that "Occupied East Jerusalem is the natural socio-economic and political center for the future Palestinian state", while also stating that "Jerusalem has always been and remains the political, administrative and spiritual heart of Palestine" and that "The Palestinian acceptance of the 1967 border, which includes East Jerusalem, is a painful compromise".
- /dʒəˈruːsələmˌ -zə-/ jə-ROO-sə-ləm, -zə-; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, romanized: Yerushaláyim, pronounced [jeʁuʃaˈlajim] ; Arabic: القُدس, romanized: al-Quds, pronounced [al.quds] , local pronunciation: [il.ʔuds]
In other languages:
Official Arabic in Israel: Arabic: أورشليم القدس, romanized: ʾŪršalīm al-Quds (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names)
Ancient Greek: Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, romanized: Hierousalḗm, Hierosóluma
Armenian: Երուսաղեմ, romanized: Erusałēm - Jerusalem is the capital under Israeli law. The presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament (Knesset) are there. The State of Palestine (according to the Basic Law of Palestine, Title One: Article 3) regards Jerusalem as its capital. The UN and most countries do not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Most countries maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv and its suburbs or suburbs of Jerusalem, such as Mevaseret Zion (see CIA Factbook and "Map of Israel" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2017. (319 KB)) See Status of Jerusalem for more information.
- Statistics regarding the demographics of Jerusalem refer to the unified and expanded Israeli municipality, which includes the pre-1967 Israeli and Jordanian municipalities as well as several additional Palestinian villages and neighborhoods to the northeast. Some of the Palestinian villages and neighborhoods have been relinquished to the West Bank de facto by way of the Israeli West Bank barrier, but their legal statuses have not been reverted.
- ^ Much of the information regarding King David's conquest of Jerusalem comes from Biblical accounts, but some modern-day historians have begun to give them credit due to a 1993 excavation.
- West Jerusalem comprises approximately one third of the municipal area of Jerusalem, with East Jerusalem comprising approximately two-thirds. On the annexation of East Jerusalem, Israel also incorporated an area of the West Bank into the Jerusalem municipal area which represented more than ten times the area of East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule.
References
- ^ 2003 Amended Basic Law Archived 11 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Basic Law of Palestine. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
- "Jerusalem Non-Paper" (PDF). PLO-NAD. June 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
- "Statements and Speeches". nad-plo.org. p. 2. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
This paper is for discussion purposes only. Nothing is agreed until everything is agreed. Palestinian vision for Jerusalem...Pursuant to our vision, East Jerusalem, as defined by its pre-1967 occupation municipal borders, shall be the capital of Palestine, and West Jerusalem shall be the capital of Israel, with each state enjoying full sovereignty over its respective part of the city.
- "East Jerusalem today – Palestine's Capital: The 1967 border in Jerusalem and Israel's illegal policies on the ground" (PDF). PLO-Negotiations Affairs Department (NAD). August 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
- A-Z Guide to the Qur'an: A Must-have Reference to Understanding the Contents of the Islamic Holy Book by Mokhtar Stork (1999): "JERUSALEM: Referred to in Arabic as Baitul Muqaddas (The Holy House) or Baitul Maqdis (The House of the Sanctuary)".
- Pan-Islamism in India & Bengal by Mohammad Shah (2002), p. 63: "... protector of Mecca, Medina and Baitul Muqaddas, the sacred places of pilgrimage of the Muslim world"
- ^ Elihay, Yohanan (2011). Speaking Arabic: a course in conversational Eastern (Palestinian) Arabic. Rothberg International School (, reprinted with corr. 2011 ed.). Jerusalem: Minerva. p. 36. ISBN 978-965-7397-30-5. OCLC 783142368.
- Smith, William (6 December 2017). "Donald Trump confirms US will recognise Jerusalem as capital of Israel". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
- "Do We Divide the Holiest Holy City?". Moment Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2008. According to Eric H. Cline's tally in Jerusalem Besieged.
- Greenberg, Raphael; Mizrachi, Yonathan (10 September 2013). "From Shiloah to Silwan – A Visitor's Guide". Emek Shaveh. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
- Sergi, Omer (2023). The Two Houses of Israel: State Formation and the Origins of Pan-Israelite Identity. SBL Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-62837-345-5. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- Ben-Arieh, Yehoshua (1984). Jerusalem in the 19th Century, The Old City. Yad Izhak Ben Zvi & St. Martin's Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-312-44187-6.
- ^ Teller, Matthew (2022). Nine Quarters of Jerusalem: A New Biography of the Old City. Profile Books. p. Chapter 1. ISBN 978-1-78283-904-0. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
What wasn't corrected, though - and what, in retrospect, should have raised much more controversy than it did (it seems to have passed completely unremarked for the last 170-odd years) – was map's labelling. Because here, newly arcing across the familiar quadrilateral of Jerusalem, are four double labels in bold capitals. At top left Haret En-Nassara and, beneath it, Christian Quarter; at bottom left Haret El-Arman and Armenian Quarter; at bottom centre Haret El-Yehud and Jews' Quarter; and at top right – the big innovation, covering perhaps half the city – Haret El-Muslimin and Mohammedan Quarter, had shown this before. Every map has shown it since. The idea, in 1841, of a Mohammedan (that is, Muslim) quarter of Jerusalem is bizarre. It's like a Catholic quarter of Rome. A Hindu quarter of Delhi. Nobody living there would conceive of the city in such a way. At that time, and for centuries before and decades after, Jerusalem was, if the term means anything at all, a Muslim city. Many people identified in other ways, but large numbers of Jerusalemites were Muslim and they lived all over the city. A Muslim quarter could only have been dreamt up by outsiders, searching for a handle on a place they barely understood, intent on asserting their own legitimacy among a hostile population, seeing what they wanted to see. Its only purpose could be to draw attention to what it excludes.
- "Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls". UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
- "Selected Data on the Occasion of Jerusalem Day, 2022". cbs.gov.il. 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ^ Laub, Karin (2 December 2006). "Jerusalem Barrier Causes Major Upheaval". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
- ^ "Table III/9 – Population in Israel and in Jerusalem, by Religion, 1988 – 2020" (PDF). jerusaleminstitute.org.il. 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- Pellegrino, Charles R. (1995). Return to Sodom & Gomorrah (Second revised ed.). Harper Paperbacks. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-380-72633-2.
- Tubb (1998), pp. 13–14.
- Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)
- ^ Since the 10th century BCE:
- "Israel was first forged into a unified nation from Jerusalem some 3,000 years ago, when King David seized the crown and united the twelve tribes from this city... For a thousand years Jerusalem was the seat of Jewish sovereignty, the household site of kings, the location of its legislative councils and courts. In exile, the Jewish nation came to be identified with the city that had been the site of its ancient capital. Jews, wherever they were, prayed for its restoration." Roger Friedland, Richard D. Hecht. To Rule Jerusalem, University of California Press, 2000, p. 8. ISBN 978-0-520-22092-8
- "The centrality of Jerusalem to Judaism is so strong that even secular Jews express their devotion and attachment to the city, and cannot conceive of a modern State of Israel without it.... For Jews Jerusalem is sacred simply because it exists... Though Jerusalem's sacred character goes back three millennia...". Leslie J. Hoppe. The Holy City: Jerusalem in the theology of the Old Testament, Liturgical Press, 2000, p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8146-5081-3
- "Ever since King David made Jerusalem the capital of Israel 3,000 years ago, the city has played a central role in Jewish existence." Mitchell Geoffrey Bard, The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Middle East Conflict, Alpha Books, 2002, p. 330. ISBN 978-0-02-864410-3
- "Jerusalem became the center of the Jewish people some 3,000 years ago" Moshe Maoz, Sari Nusseibeh, Jerusalem: Points of Friction – And Beyond, Brill Academic Publishers, 2000, p. 1. ISBN 978-90-411-8843-4
- "Basic Facts you should know: Jerusalem". Anti-Defamation League. 2007. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2007.
The Jewish people are inextricably bound to the city of Jerusalem. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, politics, culture, religion, national life and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Since King David established the city as the capital of the Jewish state circa 1000 BCE, it has served as the symbol and most profound expression of the Jewish people's identity as a nation."
- Reinoud Oosting, The Role of Zion/Jerusalem in Isaiah 40–55: A Corpus-Linguistic Approach, p. 117, at Google Books Brill 2012 pp. 117–18. Isaiah 48:2; 51:1; Nehemiah 11:1, 18; cf. Joel 4:17: Daniel 5:24. The Isaiah section where they occur belong to deutero-Isaiah.
- Shalom M. Paul, Isaiah 40–66, p. 306, at Google Books The 'holiness' (qodesh) arises from the temple in its midst, the root q-d-š referring to a sanctuary. The concept is attested in Mesopotamian literature, and the epithet may serve to distinguish Babylon, the city of exiles, from the city of the Temple, to where they are enjoined to return.
- Golb, Norman (1997). "Karen Armstrong's Jerusalem – One City, Three Faiths". The Bible and Interpretation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
The available texts of antiquity indicate that the concept was created by one or more personalities among the Jewish spiritual leadership, and that this occurred no later than the 6th century B.C.
- Isaiah 52:1 πόλις ἡ ἁγία.
- Joseph T. Lienhard, The Bible, the Church, and Authority: The Canon of the Christian Bible in History and Theology, Liturgical Press, 1995 pp. 65–66: 'The Septuagint is a Jewish translation and was also used in the synagogue. But at the end of the first century C.E. many Jews ceased to use the Septuagint because the early Christians had adopted it as their own translation, and it began to be considered a Christian translation.'
- ^ Third-holiest city in Islam:
- Esposito, John L. (2002). What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-19-515713-0.
The Night Journey made Jerusalem the third holiest city in Islam
- Brown, Leon Carl (2000). "Setting the Stage: Islam and Muslims". Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics. Columbia University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-231-12038-8.
The third holiest city of Islam—Jerusalem—is also very much in the center...
- Hoppe, Leslie J. (2000). The Holy City: Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament. Michael Glazier Books. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8146-5081-3.
Jerusalem has always enjoyed a prominent place in Islam. Jerusalem is often referred to as the third holiest city in Islam...
- Esposito, John L. (2002). What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-19-515713-0.
- Middle East peace plans by Willard A. Beling: "The Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount is the third holiest site in Sunni Islam after Mecca and Medina".
- Lewis, Bernard; Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann, eds. (1986). Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press.
- Quran 17:1–3
- Buchanan, Allen (2004). States, Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making Boundaries. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52575-6. Retrieved 9 June 2008.
- Kollek, Teddy (1977). "Afterword". In John Phillips (ed.). A Will to Survive – Israel: the Faces of the Terror 1948-the Faces of Hope Today. Dial Press/James Wade.
about 91 hectares (225 acres)
- "A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947". United Nations General Assembly. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- Walid Khalidi (1996) Islam, the West and Jerusalem. Center for Contemporary Arab Studies & Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding, Georgetown University, quotes the breakdown as follows: West Jerusalem in 1948: 16,261 dunums (14%); West Jerusalem added in 1967: 23,000 dunums (20%); East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule: 6,000 dunums (5%); West Bank area annexed and incorporated into East Jerusalem by Israel: 67,000 dunums (61%)
- Aronson, Geoffrey (1995). "Settlement Monitor: Quarterly Update on Developments". Journal of Palestine Studies. 25 (1). University of California Press, Institute for Palestine Studies: 131–40. doi:10.2307/2538120. ISSN 0377-919X. JSTOR 2538120.
West Jerusalem: 35%; East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule: 4%; West Bank area annexed and incorporated into East Jerusalem by Israel: 59%
- Benvenisti, Meron (1976). Jerusalem, the Torn City. Books on Demand. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-7837-2978-7.
East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule: 6,000 dunums; West Bank area annexed and incorporated into East Jerusalem by Israel: 67,000
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Recalling its resolutions... concerning measures and actions by Israel designed to change the status of the Israeli-occupied section of Jerusalem,...
- "The status of Jerusalem" (PDF). The Question of Palestine & the United Nations. United Nations Department of Public Information. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2019.
East Jerusalem has been considered, by both the General Assembly and the Security Council, as part of the occupied Palestinian territory.
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East Jerusalem is regarded as occupied Palestinian territory by the international community, but Israel says it is part of its territory.
- Meir Ben-Dov, Historical Atlas of Jerusalem, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002, p. 23.
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- G. Johannes Bottereck, Helmer Ringgren, Heinz-Josef Fabry, (eds.) Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, tr. David E. Green, vol. XV, pp. 48–49 William B. Eeerdmanns Co. Grand Rapids, Michigan/Cambridge UK 2006, pp. 45–46
- Elon, Amos (1996). Jerusalem. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-0-00-637531-9. Archived from the original on 10 March 2003. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
The epithet may have originated in the ancient name of Jerusalem–Salem (after the pagan deity of the city), which is etymologically connected in the Semitic languages with the words for peace (shalom in Hebrew, salam in Arabic).
- Ringgren, H., Die Religionen des Alten Orients (Göttingen, 1979), 212.
- Hastings, James (2004). A Dictionary of the Bible: Volume II: (Part II: I – Kinsman), Volume 2. Honolulu, Hawaii: Reprinted from 1898 edition by University Press of the Pacific. p. 584. ISBN 978-1-4102-1725-7. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
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- ^ Denise DeGarmo (9 September 2011). "Abode of Peace?". Wandering Thoughts. Center for Conflict Studies. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- Marten H. Wouldstra, The Book of Joshua, William B. Eerdmanns Co. Grand Rapids, Michigan (1981) 1995, p. 169 n.2
- Bosworth, Francis Edward (1968). Millennium: a Latin reader, A. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 183. ASIN B0000CO4LE. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- Wallace, Edwin Sherman (August 1977). Jerusalem the Holy. New York: Arno Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-405-10298-1.
A similar view was held by those who give the Hebrew dual to the word
- Smith, George Adam (1907). Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70. Hodder and Stoughton. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-7905-2935-6.
The termination -aim or -ayim used to be taken as the ordinary termination of the dual of nouns, and was explained as signifying the upper and lower cities
(see Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70, Volume 1, p. 251, at Google Books) - Sethe, Kurt (1926) "Die Ächtung feindlicher Fürsten, Völker und Dinge auf altägyptischen Tongefäßscherben des Mittleren Reiches nach den Originalen im Berliner Museum herausgegeben und erklärt" in Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1926 issue, philosophisch-historische Klasse, number 5, page 53
- Hoch, James E (1994). Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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- G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren (eds.) Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, (tr. David E. Green) William B. Eerdmann, Grand Rapids Michigan, Cambridge, UK 1990, Vol. VI, p. 348
- Vaughn, Andrew G.; Ann E. Killebrew (1 August 2003). "Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy". Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: the First Temple Period. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-1-58983-066-0. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
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- Writing, Literacy, and Textual Transmission: The Production of Literary by Jessica N. Whisenant p. 323
- King Manasseh and Child Sacrifice: Biblical Distortions of Historical Realities by Francesca Stavrakopoulou p. 98
- Oral World and Written Word: Ancient Israelite Literature by Susan Niditch p. 48
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- ^ Baruch, Yuval; Levi, Danit; Reich, Ronny (2020). "The Name Jerusalem in a Late Second Temple Period Jewish Inscription". Tel Aviv. 47 (1): 108–18. doi:10.1080/03344355.2020.1707452. S2CID 219879544.
- Judges 19:10: יְב֔וּס הִ֖יא יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם: "Jebus, it Jerusalem"
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- The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome, Volume 1, p. 113, at Google Books, p. 113
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- ^ Brenk, Frederick E. (2011). ""Hierosolyma". The Greek Name of Jerusalem". Glotta. 87 (1–4): 1–22. doi:10.13109/glot.2011.87.14.1. ISSN 0017-1298. JSTOR 41416798. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
- Genesis 14:18
- For example:
- Book of Jubilees 30:1.
- (See: The text translated by R.H. Charles, with introduction and notes – The book of Jubilees, or The little Genesis. London: A. & C. Black. 1902. p. 178: Chapter 30, verse 1.
- the Septuagint version of Jer 48:5 (as Συχὲμ Sukhèm)
- and possibly the Masoretic text of Genesis 33:18 (see KJV and the margin translation of the Revised Version).
- Book of Jubilees 30:1.
- E.g., the Vulgate and Peshitta versions. J.A. Emerton, "The site of Salem: the City of Melchizedek (Genesis xiv 18)," pp. 45–72 of Studies in the Pentateuch ed. by J.A. Emerton, vol. 41 of Supplements to Vetus Testamentum (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1990) ("Emerton"), p. 45. See also John 3:23 where "Salim" or "Sylem" (Συχὲμ) is said to be near Ænon, thought to be in the valley of Mount Ebal, one of two mountains in the vicinity of Nablus.
- Onklelos, Pseudo-Jonathan and Neofiti I. Emerton, p. 45.
- Genesis 12:6–7 (where Abram built an altar), Genesis 33:18–20, Deuteronomy 11:29 & 28:11, Joshua 8:33, 1 Kings 12. Emerton, p. 63.
- Paul Winter, "Note on Salem – Jerusalem", Novum Testamentum, vol. 2, pp. 151–152 (1957).
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- Jerusalem as administrative capital of the British Mandate:
- Orfali, Jacob G. (1995). Everywhere You Go, People Are the Same. Ronin Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-914171-75-1.
In the year 1923, became the capital of the British Mandate in Palestine
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The three decades of British rule in Palestine (1917/18–1948) were a highly significant phase in the development, with indelible effects on the urban planning and development of the capital – Jerusalem.
is a professor in the Department of Geography at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. - Dumper, Michael (1996). The Politics of Jerusalem Since 1967. Columbia University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-231-10640-5.
the city that was to become the administrative capital of Mandate Palestine...
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- ^ In the Palestine Liberation Organization's Palestinian Declaration of Independence of 1988, Jerusalem is stated to be the capital of the State of Palestine. In 1997, the Palestinian Legislative Council passed the Palestinian Basic Law (ratified by Chairman Yasser Arafat in 2002), designating the city as such. Article 3: "Jerusalem is the capital of Palestine."
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The international community has taken a critical view of both deportations and settlements as being contrary to international law. General Assembly resolutions have condemned the deportations since 1969, and have done so by overwhelming majorities in recent years. Likewise, they have consistently deplored the establishment of settlements, and have done so by overwhelming majorities throughout the period (since the end of 1976) of the rapid expansion in their numbers. The Security Council has also been critical of deportations and settlements; and other bodies have viewed them as an obstacle to peace, and illegal under international law... Although East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights have been brought directly under Israeli law, by acts that amount to annexation, both of these areas continue to be viewed by the international community as occupied, and their status as regards the applicability of international rules is in most respects identical to that of the West Bank and Gaza.
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But it may not have been Aldrich and Symonds. Below the frame of their map, printed in italic script, a single line notes that 'The Writing' had been added by 'the Revd. G. Williams' and 'the Revd. Robert Willis'… Some sources suggest arrived before Alexander, in 1841. If so, did he meet Aldrich and Symonds? We don't know. But Williams became their champion, defending them when the Haram inaccuracy came up and then publishing their work. The survey the two Royal Engineers did was not intended for commercial release (Aldrich had originally been sent to Syria under 'secret service'), and it was several years before their military plan of Jerusalem came to public attention, published first in 1845 by their senior officer Alderson in plain form, without most of the detail and labelling, and then in full in 1849, in the second edition of Williams's book The Holy City. Did Aldrich and/or Symonds invent the idea of four quarters in Jerusalem? It's possible, but they were military surveyors, not scholars. It seems more likely they spent their very short stay producing a usable street-plan for their superior officers, without necessarily getting wrapped up in details of names and places. The 1845 publication, shorn of street names, quarter labels and other detail, suggests that… Compounding his anachronisms, and perhaps with an urge to reproduce Roman urban design in this new context, Williams writes how two main streets, north-south and east-west, 'divide Jerusalem into four quarters.' Then the crucial line: 'The subdivisions of the streets and quarters are numerous, but unimportant.' Historians will, I hope, be able to delve more deeply into Williams's work, but for me, this is evidence enough. For almost two hundred years, virtually the entire world has accepted the ill-informed, dismissive judgementalism of a jejune Old Etonian missionary as representing enduring fact about the social make-up of Jerusalem. It's shameful… With Britain's increased standing in Palestine after 1840, and the growth of interest in biblical archaeology that was to become an obsession a few decades later, it was vital for the Protestant missionaries to establish boundaries in Jerusalem… Williams spread his ideas around. Ernst Gustav Schultz [de; he], who came to Jerusalem in 1842 as Prussian vice-consul, writes in his 1845 book Jerusalem: Eine Vorlesung ('A Lecture'): 'It is with sincere gratitude I must mention that, on my arrival in Jerusalem, Mr Williams ... willingly alerted me to the important information that he another young Anglican clergyman, Mr Rolands, had discovered about the topography of .' Later come the lines: 'Let us now divide the city into quarters,' and, after mentioning Jews and Christians, 'All the rest of the city is the Mohammedan Quarter.' Included was a map, drawn by Heinrich Kiepert, that labelled the four quarters, mirroring Williams's treatment in The Holy City.
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Bibliography
- Gilbert, Martin (1978). Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas. New York: Macmillan Publishing.
- Kellerman, Aharon (1993). Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1295-4.
Further reading
- Cheshin, Amir S.; Bill Hutman and Avi Melamed (1999). Separate and Unequal: the Inside Story of Israeli Rule in East Jerusalem. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-80136-3.
- Cline, Eric (2004). Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11313-2.
- Collins, Larry, and La Pierre, Dominique (1988). O Jerusalem!. New York: Simon & Schuster ISBN 978-0-671-66241-7.
- Gold, Dore (2007) The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, The West, and the Future of the Holy City. International Publishing Company J-M, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-59698-029-7.
- Köchler, Hans (1981) The Legal Aspects of the Palestine Problem with Special Regard to the Question of Jerusalem Vienna: Braumüller ISBN 978-3-7003-0278-0.
- The Holy Cities: Jerusalem produced by Danae Film Production, distributed by HDH Communications; 2006
- Wasserstein, Bernard (2002) Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy City New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09730-6.
- "Keys to Jerusalem: A Brief Overview Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine", The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Center, Amman, Jordan, 2010.
- Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2011) Jerusalem: The Biography, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 978-0-297-85265-0.
- Young, Robb A (2012) Hezekiah in History and Tradition Brill Global Oriental Hotei Publishing, Netherlands.
- Klein, Konstantin M.: Wienand, Johannes (2022) (eds.): City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity. De Gruyter, Berlin 2022, ISBN 978-3-11-071720-4. doi:10.1515/9783110718447.
- John D. Hosler, _Jerusalem Falls: Seven Centuries of War and Peace_ (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 2022), ISBN 978-0-300-25514-0
External links
- Official website of the Jerusalem Municipality
- What makes Jerusalem so holy? Archived 31 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC
- The Status of Jerusalem Archived 26 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine. United Nations document related to the dispute over the city
- Jerusalem Virtual Library, joint project by Al-Quds University and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Official website Archived 6 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the city's foremost institution of higher education
- Official website Archived 6 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine of Al-Quds University, the only Palestinian university in Jerusalem
- Geographic data related to Jerusalem at OpenStreetMap
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- Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
- Jerusalem
- Ancient Hebrew pilgrimage sites
- Ancient Jewish settlements of Judaea
- Arab Christian communities in Israel
- Capitals in Asia
- Capitals in the State of Palestine
- Christian holy places
- Christian pilgrimage sites
- Cities in Israel
- Cities in Jerusalem District
- Cities in the State of Palestine
- Disputed territories in Asia
- Hebrew Bible cities
- Holy cities
- Islamic holy places
- Jerusalem Governorate
- Jewish holy places
- Land of Israel
- Mixed Israeli communities
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- Territorial disputes of Israel
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- Amarna letters locations