Misplaced Pages

Hebrew abbreviations: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 21:20, 14 March 2011 editLoew Galitz (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users11,592 edits →See also← Previous edit Latest revision as of 05:22, 26 October 2024 edit undo2a02:3030:600:86c2:b659:7580:8eec:1341 (talk) →UsageTags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit 
(69 intermediate revisions by 44 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}
⚫ '''Acronyms''' are a common part of the ''']''', with many organisations, places and people known by their acronyms.
{{Short description|none}}
⚫ ]s ({{Langx|he|ראשי תיבות}}) are a common part of the ], with many organizations, places, people and concepts known by their abbreviations.


==Typography== ==Typography==
Hebrew ] uses a special ] mark called ] (<span style="font-size:large;">]</span>) to denote acronyms, placing the sign between the second-last and last letters of the non-inflected form of the acronym (e.g. "Report", singular: "דו״ח"; plural: "דו״חות")<span style="unicode-bidi:bidi-override"><ref>{{cite web|title=כללי הפיסוק – יא. גרשיים, סעיף 30|publisher=]|url=http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/Punctuation/Pages/P33.aspx|language=Hebrew |trans_title= Punctuation — select rules |accessdate=2010-10-16}}</ref></span>; initialisms are denoted using the ] mark ] (<span style="font-size:large;">]</span>) by placing the sign after the last letter of the initialism (e.g. "Ms.": "<span style="unicode-bidi: bidi-override; direction: ltr;">׳בג</span>").<ref name=hebrewAc>{{cite web|title=הפיסוק - מבחר כללים|publisher=] |url=http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/Punctuation/Pages/P32.aspx|language= Hebrew |trans_title=Punctuation — select rules|accessdate=2010-10-16}}</ref> However, in practice, single and double quotes are often used instead of the special punctuation marks, with the single quote used both in acronyms and initialisms. ]s in Hebrew use a special ] mark called ] ({{big|{{Script/Hebrew|]}}}}). This mark is placed between the last two letters of the non-inflected form of the acronym (e.g. "report" in singular is {{lang|he|דו״ח}}, hence the plural {{lang|he|דו״חות}}).<ref>{{cite web|script-title=he:כללי הפיסוק – יא. גרשיים, סעיף 30|publisher=]|url=http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/Punctuation/Pages/P33.aspx|language=he |trans-title=Punctuation — select rules |access-date=2010-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723220132/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/Punctuation/Pages/P33.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-23}}</ref> Acronyms can be formed from strings of single initial letters, e.g. {{lang|he|]}} {{transl|he|pazátsta}} (for {{lang|he|פול, זחל, צפה, טווח, אש}}), or multiple initial letters, e.g. {{lang|he|ארה״ק}} (for {{lang|he|ארץ הקודש}}, the Holy Land) or {{lang|he|ראשל״צ}} {{transl|he|ráshlats}} (for {{lang|he|ראשון לציון}}, ]).


If the acronym is read as is, then the spelling should be with a ] letter. If, on the other hand, the acronym is read as the complete phrase or read as the individual letters, then it should be spelled with a medial form letter.<ref name=hebrewAc /> In practice, this rule is more often than not ignored, and the acronyms spelled either way. If the acronym is read as is, then the spelling should be with a ] letter. If, on the other hand, the acronym is read as the complete phrase or read as the individual letters, then it should be spelled with a medial form letter.<ref name=hebrewAc /> In practice, this rule is often ignored, and the acronyms spelled either way.


]s that are truncations of a single word, consisting of the first letter or first several letters of that word (as opposed to acronyms formed from initials or truncations of more than one word) are denoted using the punctuation mark ] ({{big|{{Script/Hebrew|]}}}}) by placing the sign after the last letter of the abbreviation (e.g. "Ms.": {{lang|he|גב׳}}).<ref name=hebrewAc>{{cite web|script-title=he:הפיסוק - מבחר כללים|publisher=] |url=http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/Punctuation/Pages/P32.aspx|language= he |trans-title=Punctuation — select rules|access-date=2010-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723220255/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/Punctuation/Pages/P32.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-23}}</ref> However, in practice, single and double quotes are often used instead of the special punctuation marks (for which most keyboards do not have keys), with the single quote used both in acronyms{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} and abbreviations.
In some cases, abbreviations of two words are written using the same format, often combining the first two letters of each word. The gershayim are used between the first and second letters of the second word; Examples include ארה"ב (for ארצות הברית, the ]); ברה"מ (for ברית המועצות, the ]); ראשל"צ (for ראשון לציון, ]); ביה"ס (for בית הספר, the school).

In Modern Hebrew, periods are sometimes used to mark an abbreviation (e.g., {{lang|he|ת.ז.}} for {{lang|he|תעודת זהות}}, "ID card", or {{lang|he|ת.ד.}} for {{lang|he|תא דואר}}, "P.O.B.") this notation is mainly used in technical writing and regarded nonstandard by the Hebrew Academy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=H |title= |website= ]|url=https://m.facebook.com/AcademyOfTheHebrewLanguage/photos/a.181203348616396/4107405005996191/?type=3&source=48 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{bcn|date=October 2022}}


==Pronunciation== ==Pronunciation==
Unlike English acronyms, where each letter is pronounced individually, Hebrew acronyms are effectively converted to words by the insertion of a vowel sound (usually "a") between the letters.. Examples include ] (ש״ס), ] (תנ״ך) and ] (שב״כ). There are exceptions to the use of "a", such as ] (אצ״ל). Often (and especially when they describe a noun), Hebrew acronyms are pronounced by the insertion of a vowel sound (usually {{IPA|he|a|}}) between the letters. These vowels often appear in transliterations to other scripts. Examples include ] ({{lang|he|ש״ס}}), ] ({{lang|he|תנ״ך}}) and ] ({{lang|he|שב״כ}}). There are exceptions to the use of "a", such as ] ({{lang|he|אצ״ל}}).


When one of the letters is ] or ], these may be read as vowels ("u" and "i") instead: דו״ח (''duakh'' = דין וחשבון, judgement and account); שו״ת (''shut'' = שאלות ותשובות, questions and answers); סכו״ם (''sakum'' = סכין כף ומזלג, knife spoon and fork); תפו״ז (''tapuz'' = תפוח זהב, orange, lit. golden apple); או״ם (''um'' = האומות המאוחדות, the ]); ביל״ו ]; לח״י ]. (An exception is בית״ר ].) When one of the letters is ] or ], these may be read as vowels ("u"/"o" and "i") instead: {{lang|he|דו״ח}} ({{transl|he|duakh}}/{{transl|he|dokh}} = {{lang|he|דין וחשבון}}, judgement and account); {{lang|he|אדמו״ר}} ({{transl|he|admor}} = {{lang|he|אדוננו מורנו ורבנו}}, Hasidic rebbe); {{lang|he|שו״ת}} ({{transl|he|shut}} = {{lang|he|שאלות ותשובות}}, questions and answers); {{lang|he|סכו״ם}} ({{transl|he|sakum}} = {{lang|he|סכין כף ומזלג}}, knife spoon and fork); {{lang|he|תפו״ז}} ({{transl|he|tapuz}} = {{lang|he|תפוח זהב}}, orange, lit. golden apple); {{lang|he|או״ם}} ({{transl|he|um}} = {{lang|he|האומות המאוחדות}}, the ]); {{lang|he|ביל״ו}} ]; {{lang|he|לח״י}} ]. (An exception is {{lang|he|בית״ר}}, ], pronounced {{transl|he|beytar}}.)


Hebrew numbers (e.g. year numbers in the ]) are written the same way as acronyms, with gershayim before the last character, but pronounced as separate letter names: e.g. תשס״ח (Hebrew year 2007–2008) is tav-shin-samekh-khet. Hebrew numbers (e.g. year numbers in the ]) are written the same way as acronyms, with gershayim before the last character, but pronounced as separate letter names. For example, <!--{{#time:xhxjY}}-->{{lang|he|ה׳תשע״ה}} (5775&nbsp;], or 2014–2015&nbsp;]<!--{{#expr:{{#time:xjY}}-3761}}–{{#expr:{{#time:xjY}}-3760}}-->) is pronounced {{transl|he|hei-tav-shin-ayin-hei}}.


==Usage== ==Usage==
{{main|List of Hebrew acronyms}} {{main article|List of Hebrew abbreviations}}


===People=== ===People===
Acronyms have been widely used in Hebrew since at least the ]. Several important ]s are referred to with acronyms of their names. For example, ] is called the ''Besht'' (Hebrew: בעש״ט), '''Ra'''v '''M'''oshe '''b'''en '''M'''aimon (]) is commonly known as ''Rambam'' (Hebrew: רמב״ם), '''R'''abbi '''S'''hlomo ben '''Y'''itzchak is known as ], and '''Ra'''bbi '''M'''oshe '''b'''en '''N'''ahman (]) is likewise known as the ''Ramban'' (Hebrew: רמב״ן). Acronyms have been widely used in Hebrew since at least the ]. Several important ]s are referred to with acronyms of their names. For example, '''R'''abbi '''Sh'''lomo ben '''Y'''itzchak is known as ] ({{lang|he|רש״י}}), '''R'''abbi '''M'''oshe '''b'''en '''M'''aimon (]) is commonly known as ''Rambam'' ({{lang|he|רמב״ם}}), '''R'''abbi '''M'''oshe '''b'''en '''N'''ahman (]) is likewise known as the ''Ramban'' ({{lang|he|רמב״ן}}), and ] is called the ''Besht'' ({{lang|he|בעש״ט}}).

A number of such acronyms differ only in their last letter. They all begin with {{transl|he|Mahara-}}, as an acronym of the words {{lang|he|מורנו הרב רבי ...}} ({{transl|he|Morenu Ha-Rav rabi ...}}, "Our teacher the ] ...").
* "]", with the final "m" standing for a number of names, such as '''M'''oshe and '''M'''eïr.
* "Maharal" for ]
* "Maharash" for either ] or ].


===Text=== ===Text===
The usage of Hebrew acronyms extends to liturgical groupings: the word '']'' (Hebrew: תנ״ך) is an acronym for ] (Five Books of Moses), ] (Book of Prophets), and ] (Hagiographa). The usage of Hebrew acronyms extends to liturgical groupings: the word '']'' ({{lang|he|תנ״ך}}) is an acronym for ] (Five Books of Moses), ] (Book of Prophets), and ] (Hagiographa).


Most often, though, one will find use of acronyms as ]s, in both prayer, poetry (see ]), and ] works. Because each Hebrew letter also has a numeric value, embedding an acrostic may give an additional layer of meaning to these works. Most often, though, one will find use of acronyms as ]s, in both prayer, poetry (see ]), and ] works. Because each Hebrew letter also has a numeric value, embedding an acrostic may give an additional layer of meaning to these works.


One purpose of acrostics was as a ] or a way for an author to weave his name as a signature, or some other spiritual thought, into his work, at a time when much was memorized. Examples of prayers which contain acrostics include: One purpose of acrostics was as a ] or a way for an author to weave his name as a signature, or some other spiritual thought, into his work, at a time when much was memorized. Examples of prayers which contain acrostics include:
*] - The first letter of each stanza (not including the first and last) spells out "Shlomo Halevi" (Hebrew: שלמה הלוי) the name of the author ]. *]&nbsp;– The first letter of every verse starts with a consecutive letter of the ], with the omission of ''nun''.
*]&nbsp;– The first letter of each stanza (not including the first and last) spells out "Shlomo Halevi" ({{lang|he|שלמה הלוי}}) the name of the author ].
*] - Lines are written so that letters line up vertically, spelling the name ], which may refer to the ] Yitzchak, or to an unknown ]. *]&nbsp;– Four lines are written so that letters line up vertically, with the first letter of the second word in each line spelling the name ], which may refer either to the ] Yitzchak or to an unknown ], and the first letter of the last word in each line spelling out the name ], one of the Matriarchs.
*] - The first letter of every verse starts with a consecutive letter of the ], with the omission of ''nun''.


==See also== ==See also==
Line 43: Line 52:
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hebrew Acronyms}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hebrew Acronyms}}
] ]
] ]
]
] ]
]

]

Latest revision as of 05:22, 26 October 2024

Abbreviations (Hebrew: ראשי תיבות) are a common part of the Hebrew language, with many organizations, places, people and concepts known by their abbreviations.

Typography

Acronyms in Hebrew use a special punctuation mark called gershayim (״‎). This mark is placed between the last two letters of the non-inflected form of the acronym (e.g. "report" in singular is דו״ח, hence the plural דו״חות). Acronyms can be formed from strings of single initial letters, e.g. פזצט״א pazátsta (for פול, זחל, צפה, טווח, אש), or multiple initial letters, e.g. ארה״ק (for ארץ הקודש, the Holy Land) or ראשל״צ ráshlats (for ראשון לציון, Rishon LeZion).

If the acronym is read as is, then the spelling should be with a final form letter. If, on the other hand, the acronym is read as the complete phrase or read as the individual letters, then it should be spelled with a medial form letter. In practice, this rule is often ignored, and the acronyms spelled either way.

Abbreviations that are truncations of a single word, consisting of the first letter or first several letters of that word (as opposed to acronyms formed from initials or truncations of more than one word) are denoted using the punctuation mark geresh (׳‎) by placing the sign after the last letter of the abbreviation (e.g. "Ms.": גב׳). However, in practice, single and double quotes are often used instead of the special punctuation marks (for which most keyboards do not have keys), with the single quote used both in acronyms and abbreviations.

In Modern Hebrew, periods are sometimes used to mark an abbreviation (e.g., ת.ז. for תעודת זהות, "ID card", or ת.ד. for תא דואר, "P.O.B.") this notation is mainly used in technical writing and regarded nonstandard by the Hebrew Academy.

Pronunciation

Often (and especially when they describe a noun), Hebrew acronyms are pronounced by the insertion of a vowel sound (usually [a]) between the letters. These vowels often appear in transliterations to other scripts. Examples include Shas (ש״ס), Tanakh (תנ״ך) and Shabak (שב״כ). There are exceptions to the use of "a", such as Etzel (אצ״ל).

When one of the letters is vav or yud, these may be read as vowels ("u"/"o" and "i") instead: דו״ח (duakh/dokh = דין וחשבון, judgement and account); אדמו״ר (admor = אדוננו מורנו ורבנו, Hasidic rebbe); שו״ת (shut = שאלות ותשובות, questions and answers); סכו״ם (sakum = סכין כף ומזלג, knife spoon and fork); תפו״ז (tapuz = תפוח זהב, orange, lit. golden apple); או״ם (um = האומות המאוחדות, the United Nations); ביל״ו Bilu; לח״י Lehi. (An exception is בית״ר, Beitar, pronounced beytar.)

Hebrew numbers (e.g. year numbers in the Hebrew calendar) are written the same way as acronyms, with gershayim before the last character, but pronounced as separate letter names. For example, ה׳תשע״ה (5775 AM, or 2014–2015 CE) is pronounced hei-tav-shin-ayin-hei.

Usage

Main article: List of Hebrew abbreviations

People

Acronyms have been widely used in Hebrew since at least the Middle Ages. Several important rabbis are referred to with acronyms of their names. For example, Rabbi Shlomo ben Yitzchak is known as Rashi (רש״י), Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon (Maimonides) is commonly known as Rambam (רמב״ם), Rabbi Moshe ben Nahman (Nahmanides) is likewise known as the Ramban (רמב״ן), and Baal Shem Tov is called the Besht (בעש״ט).

A number of such acronyms differ only in their last letter. They all begin with Mahara-, as an acronym of the words מורנו הרב רבי ... (Morenu Ha-Rav rabi ..., "Our teacher the Rabbi ...").

Text

The usage of Hebrew acronyms extends to liturgical groupings: the word Tanakh (תנ״ך) is an acronym for Torah (Five Books of Moses), Nevi'im (Book of Prophets), and Ketuvim (Hagiographa).

Most often, though, one will find use of acronyms as acrostics, in both prayer, poetry (see Piyyut), and kabbalistic works. Because each Hebrew letter also has a numeric value, embedding an acrostic may give an additional layer of meaning to these works.

One purpose of acrostics was as a mnemonic or a way for an author to weave his name as a signature, or some other spiritual thought, into his work, at a time when much was memorized. Examples of prayers which contain acrostics include:

  • Ashrei – The first letter of every verse starts with a consecutive letter of the Hebrew alphabet, with the omission of nun.
  • Lekhah Dodi – The first letter of each stanza (not including the first and last) spells out "Shlomo Halevi" (שלמה הלוי) the name of the author Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz.
  • Shokhen Ad – Four lines are written so that letters line up vertically, with the first letter of the second word in each line spelling the name Yitzchak, which may refer either to the Patriarch Yitzchak or to an unknown author, and the first letter of the last word in each line spelling out the name Rivka, one of the Matriarchs.

See also

References

  1. כללי הפיסוק – יא. גרשיים, סעיף 30 [Punctuation — select rules] (in Hebrew). Academy of the Hebrew Language. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  2. ^ הפיסוק - מבחר כללים [Punctuation — select rules] (in Hebrew). Academy of the Hebrew Language. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  3. H. Facebook https://m.facebook.com/AcademyOfTheHebrewLanguage/photos/a.181203348616396/4107405005996191/?type=3&source=48. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Hebrew language
Overviews
Eras
Reading traditions
Orthography
Eras
Scripts
Alphabet
Niqqud
Spelling
Punctuation
Phonology
Grammar
Academic
Reference works
Categories: