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{{Short description|Town in Massachusetts, United States}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2010}}
{{Redirect|Stony Beach|the hamlet in Saskatchewan|Stony Beach, Saskatchewan}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement {{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Hull, Massachusetts | name = Hull
|nickname = | settlement_type = ]
|motto = | image_skyline = Hull, Massachusetts aerial photograph.jpg
|image_skyline = Hull, Massachusetts aerial photograph.jpg | imagesize = 300px
|imagesize = 350px | image_caption = Aerial view of Hull, 2010
|image_caption = Aerial view of Hull, 2010 | image_flag =Flag of Hull, Massachusetts.png
|image_seal = | image_seal = Seal of Hull, Massachusetts.png
|image_flag = | nickname =
|image_map = Hull_ma_highlight.png | motto =
| image_map = Plymouth County Massachusetts incorporated and unincorporated areas Hull highlighted.svg
|mapsize =
|map_caption = Location in Plymouth County in Massachusetts | map_caption = Location in Plymouth County in Massachusetts
| coordinates = {{coord|42|18|07|N|70|54|30|W|region:US-MA_type:city(10,000)|display=inline,title}}
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 = | subdivision_type = ]
|map_caption1 = | subdivision_name = United States
|subdivision_type = ] | subdivision_type1 = ]
|subdivision_name = ] | subdivision_name1 = ]
|subdivision_type1 = ] | subdivision_type2 = ]
|subdivision_name1 = ] | subdivision_name2 = ]
| established_title = Settled
|subdivision_type2 = ]
| established_date = 1622
|subdivision_name2 = ]
| established_title2 = Incorporated
|established_title = Settled
|established_date = 1622 | established_date2 = 1644
| government_type = ]
|established_title2 = Incorporated
|established_date2 = 1644 | leader_title = ]
|established_title3 = | leader_name =
|established_date3 = | leader_title1 = Board of Selectmen
|government_type = ] | leader_name1 =
| area_total_km2 = 69.6
|leader_title = <!--]-->
|leader_name = | area_land_km2 = 7.3
| area_water_km2 = 62.3
|leader_title1 = <!--Board of <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Selectmen-->
|leader_name1 = | elevation_m = 15
|area_magnitude = | elevation_ft = 50
|area_total_km2 = 73.1 | population_total = 10072
|area_total_sq_mi = 28.2 | population_as_of = 2020
| population_density_km2 = 1380
|area_land_km2 = 7.8
| population_density_sq_mi = 3573
|area_land_sq_mi = 3.0
|area_water_km2 = 65.2 | timezone = ]
|area_water_sq_mi = 25.2 | utc_offset = −5
| timezone_DST = ]
|population_as_of = 2000
|settlement_type = ] | utc_offset_DST = −4
|population_total = 11050 | postal_code_type = ZIP Code
| postal_code = 02045
|population_density_km2 = 1408.8
| area_code = ]/]
|population_density_sq_mi = 3648.9
|elevation_m = 15 | blank_name = ]
|elevation_ft = 50 | blank_info = 25-31645
|timezone = ] | blank1_name = ] feature ID
|utc_offset = -5 | blank1_info = 0618343
| website = {{URL|http://www.town.hull.ma.us/}}
|timezone_DST = ]
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = region:US_type:city
|latd = 42 |latm = 18 |lats = 07 |latNS = N
|longd = 70 |longm = 54 |longs = 30 |longEW = W
|website = http://www.town.hull.ma.us/
|postal_code_type = ZIP code
|postal_code = 02045
|area_code = ] / ]
|blank_name = ]
|blank_info = 25-31645
|blank1_name = ] feature ID
|blank1_info = 0618343
|footnotes =
}} }}
'''Hull''' is a town in ], ], ]. The population was 11,050 at the ]. Hull is the smallest town by land area in Plymouth County and the fourth smallest in the state. However, its population density is within the top thirty towns in the state.


'''Hull''' is a town in ], United States, located on a ] at the southern edge of ]. Its population was 10,072 at the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US2502331645|title=Explore Census Data|website=data.census.gov|accessdate=March 30, 2023}}</ref> Hull is the smallest town by land area in Plymouth County and the eleventh smallest in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/united-states/quick-facts/massachusetts/land-area/cities|title=Massachusetts Land area in square miles, 2010 by City|website=indexmundi.com|accessdate=May 2, 2023}}</ref> However, its population density is nearly four times that of Massachusetts as a whole.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}
Hull has been the summer home to several luminaries throughout the years, including former Boston mayor ] (a.k.a. "``Honey Fitz"), the father of ]; President ]; and ]

Hull is home to the popular resort community of ] and has been the summer home to several luminaries throughout the years, including ] and former Boston mayor ] (also known as "Honey Fitz"), the father of ] and father-in-law of ]


== History == == History ==
] ]
The Massachusetts tribe called the area "Nantasket," meaning "at the strait" or "low-tide place." It is a series of islands connected by ] forming ], on which the ] established a ] in 1621 for ] with the Wampanoags. The town was first settled in 1622 and officially incorporated in 1644, when it was named for ]. ] was in the area, after leaving the Plymouth Colony and before going to ] in 1625. Early industries included ], trade and salvaging ]s. During the ], General ] oversaw the evacuation of Boston from here in 1778.


The Massachuset tribe called the area ''Nantasket'', meaning "at the strait" or "low-tide place". It is a series of islands connected by ] forming ], on which the ] established a ] in 1621 for trade with the Wampanoags. The town was first settled in 1622 and officially incorporated in 1644, when it was named for ]. ] was in the area, after leaving the Plymouth Colony and before going to ] in 1625. Early industries included ], trade and salvaging ]s. During the ], General ] oversaw the evacuation of Boston from here in 1778. In 1776 a fort called "Fort Independence" (name transferred to ] in 1797) was built on Allerton Point, and in 1901 ] was built on the same site. In 1927 ] was completed on Hog Island (now ]) armed with 16-inch guns, the largest ever deployed by the United States.
Hull has seven distinct hills and these seven hills are what make the peninsula's topography quite unique. Millions of years ago during the formation of the peninsula, seven ]{{Dubious|date=August 2010}} came close to each other and over hundreds of thousands of years dirt, clay, sand, etc., covered the glaciers and the areas between them. This formed the town as it currently stands, and is what created "the seven hills of Hull".{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}


Hull was originally part of ], and when the southern part of the county was set off as ] in 1793, it included the towns of Hull and ]. In 1803 those towns opted out of Norfolk County and became part of ].<ref></ref> Hull was originally part of ], and when the southern part of the county was set off as ] in 1793, it included the towns of Hull and ]. In 1803 those towns opted out of Norfolk County and became part of ].<ref></ref>


Lifesaving has been an important part of Hull history. The Massachusetts Humane Society placed one of its first Huts of Refuge on Nantasket Beach after the American Revolution. When it expanded its boat houses for lifeboats it places several in Hull at Stoney Beach, on Nantasket Beach, and near Cohasset. ] (1826–1902), Hull’s most famous lifesaver, became the first Keeper of the Pt. Allerton U.S. Life Saving Station, when it opened in 1889. James and his crews, both Humane Society volunteers and U.S. Life-Savers, are estimated to have saved over 1000 people from shipwrecks. The exact number is not known because Massachusetts Humane Society records were lost in the Great Boston Fire in 1872. The Hull Lifesaving Museum is now located in the 1889 Pt. Allerton Life Saving Station, with the Museum's Maritime Program housed in the old Coast Guard boathouse at Pemberon Point. The new U.S. Coast Guard Station Point Allerton opened at the edge of Hull Village near Pemberton Point in 1969. Lifesaving has been an important part of Hull history. The ] placed one of its first Huts of Refuge on Nantasket Beach after the American Revolution. When it expanded its boat houses for lifeboats it placed several in Hull at Stoney Beach, on Nantasket Beach, and near Cohasset. ] (1826–1902), Hull's most famous lifesaver, became the first Keeper of the Pt. Allerton U.S. Life Saving Station, when it opened in 1889. James and his crews, both Humane Society volunteers and U.S. Life-Savers, are estimated to have saved over 1,000 people from shipwrecks. The exact number is not known because Massachusetts Humane Society records were lost in the ]. The Hull Lifesaving Museum is now located in the 1889 Pt. Allerton Life Saving Station, with the Museum's Maritime Program housed in the old Coast Guard boathouse at Pemberton Point. The new U.S. Coast Guard Station Point Allerton opened at the edge of Hull Village near ] in 1969.

Hull features ], with fine, light gray sand—generally considered one of the finest beaches in ].{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} At low tide, there are acres of sandy ]s. Beginning the community's development as a tourist resort, in 1825 Paul Worrick established the Sportsman Hotel on Nantasket Avenue. More hotels were built, and by 1840, ]s made three trips a day between the town and Boston.


Hull features ], with fine, light gray sand—generally considered one of the finest beaches in ].{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} At low tide, there are acres of sandy ]. Beginning the community's development as a tourist resort, in 1825 Paul Worrick established the ''Sportsman Hotel'' on Nantasket Avenue. More hotels were built, and by 1840, ]s made 3 trips a day between the town and Boston.
], 1864]] ], 1864]]

Following the crowds onto the ]s were ], ] and confidence men, so '']'' was built as a safe place for those seeking amusement. Called a "marvel of fantasy," it once featured a ride based on the ]. The complex closed in 1984 when the property was sold for condominium development. Today, the only surviving remnants of ''Paragon Park'' on the boardwalk are the historic ] and clock tower.
Following the crowds onto the ]s were ], ] and ], so ] was built as a safe place for those seeking amusement. Called a "marvel of fantasy," it once featured a ride based on the ]. The complex closed in 1984 when the property was sold for condominium development. Today, the only surviving remnants of Paragon Park on the boardwalk are the historic ] and clock tower.


==Geography== ==Geography==
] ]
Hull is located at {{Coord|42|17|10|N|70|52|35|W|city}} (42.286347, -70.87663).{{GR|1}} According to the ], the town has a total area of 28.2&nbsp;square miles (73.1&nbsp;km²), of which, 3.0&nbsp;square miles (7.8&nbsp;km²) of it is land and 25.2&nbsp;square miles (65.2&nbsp;km²) of it (89.26%) is water. Hull is located on narrow Nantasket Peninsula, which juts into ], and is the southern land point at the entrance to ]. Hidden in Hull's bay is Hog Island, now known as ]. Hog Island was home to Hull's first High School, parts of the island sat very low and fill needed to be brought in to prevent flooding. Spinnaker Island has been developed with condominiums, and is connected to mainland Hull via a low bridge. The town is bordered by ] to the west, Massachusetts Bay to the north and east, and the towns of ] and ] to the south. Hull is located almost twenty miles (32&nbsp;km) by land from Boston, although by water, not counting islands, it is just five miles (8&nbsp;km) from Pemberton Point in Hull to City Point in ]. Although it is a forty-five minute drive into the heart of Boston, it is a twenty minute boat ride from Pemberton Pier, at the tip of Hull, into Boston's Long Wharf which is close to the North End and Faneuil Hall.


Hull is located at {{Coord|42|17|10|N|70|52|35|W|type:city}} (42.286347, −70.87663).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=]|access-date=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> According to the ], the town has a total area of {{convert|69.6|sqkm|order=flip}}, of which {{convert|7.3|sqkm|order=flip}} is land and {{convert|62.3|sqkm|order=flip}}, or 89.58%, is water.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.census.gov| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Hingham town, Plymouth County, Massachusetts| publisher=]| access-date=March 19, 2012}}</ref> Hull is located on the narrow Nantasket Peninsula, which juts into ] and is the southern land point at the entrance to ]. Hidden in Hull's bay is Hog Island, now known as ]. Hog Island was home to Hull's first high school, as well as Fort Duvall before WWII, and a ] site during the ]. Parts of the island sat very low and fill was brought in to prevent flooding. Spinnaker Island has been developed with condominiums, and is connected to mainland Hull via a low bridge. The town is bordered by ] to the west, Massachusetts Bay to the north and east, and the towns of ] and ] to the south. Hull is located almost {{convert|20|mi}} by land from ], although by water it is just {{convert|5|mi}} from ] in Hull to City Point in ]. Although it is a forty-five-minute drive into the heart of Boston, it is a twenty-minute boat ride from Pemberton Pier, at the tip of Hull, into Boston's ], which is close to the ] and ].
Hull is separated from Cohasset and Hingham by the ] Estuary, which is state-recognized as an Area of Critical Environmental Concern. The estuary contains almost {{convert|600|acre|km2}} of undeveloped land, including almost {{convert|140|acre|km2}} undeveloped of undeveloped land in Hull, of which close to 80 percent is protected from development. The estuary is important as a nursery for fish and other marine life. Over 100 species of birds also use the Weir River Estuary. The Weir River Estuary Center, owned by the town and being developed by the Weir River Watershed Association, located at the entrance to Hull on George Washington Boulevard, is expected to open by summer 2009.


], next to the high school]]
Black Rock Beach connecting to Cohasset is the town's only landed connection to the mainland, although two bridges link the town to Hingham. Town neighborhoods include (from south to north) Green Hill, Straits Pond, Crescent Beach, Gunrock, Atlantic Hill, West Corner, Rockaway, Rockaway Annex, Nantasket Beach, Sagamore Hill, Hampton Circle, Sunset Point, Kenberma, Strawberry Hill, Waveland, Windermere, Allerton, ], Stony Beach, Telegraph Hill, Hull Village, and Pemberton. The areas west of the northerly two miles of the three-mile-long Nantasket Beach constitute the majority of the town's landed area. The southern hills near the Town Hall are composed of volcanic rock created 600 million years ago. Green Hill near Cohasset and all of the hills out along the peninsula—Sagamore, Hampton, Sunset Point, Strawberry, Allerton, Telegraph, and Hull Hill—are drumlins formed by the last glacier about 14,000 years ago. The lands between the hills are tombolos, or tying sand bars. ] above Stony Beach is the site of ], a park located at the site of a former defense installation which was active during the first half of the twentieth century. It is capped with an observation tower, which provides spectacular views of the rest of Boston Harbor, as well as much of the northern coast of the South Shore. The tower was sited on one of the five points of the star-shaped ], which was created during the ].


Hull is separated from Cohasset and Hingham by the ] estuary, which is state-recognized as an Area of Critical Environmental Concern. The ] contains almost {{convert|600|acre|km2}} of undeveloped land, including almost 140 acres (.57km2) of undeveloped land in Hull, of which close to 80 percent is protected from development. The estuary is important as a nursery for fish and other marine life. Over 100 species of birds also use the Weir River Estuary. The Weir River Estuary Center, owned by the town and being developed by the Weir River Watershed Association, located at the entrance to Hull on George Washington Boulevard, was expected to open by summer 2009.
The lands of Hull also include ], a part of the ].


Black Rock Beach connecting to Cohasset is the town's only landed connection to the mainland, although two bridges link the town to Hingham. Town neighborhoods include (from south to north) Green Hill, Straits Pond, Crescent Beach, Gunrock, Atlantic Hill, West Corner, Rockaway, Rockaway Annex, Nantasket Beach, Sagamore Hill, Hampton Circle, Sunset Point, Kenberma, Strawberry Hill, Waveland, Windermere, Allerton, ], Stony Beach, Telegraph Hill, Hull Village and Hull Hill, and Pemberton. The areas west of the northerly two miles of the three-mile-long Nantasket Beach constitute the majority of the town's landed area. The southern hills near the Town Hall are composed of volcanic rock created 600 million years ago. Green Hill near Cohasset and all of the hills out along the peninsula—Sagamore, Hampton, Sunset Point, Strawberry, Allerton, Telegraph, and Hull Hill—are ]s formed by the last glacier about 14,000 years ago. The lands between the hills are ]s, or tying sand bars. ] above Stony Beach is the site of ], located at the site of a former defense installation that was active during the first half of the twentieth century. It is capped with an observation tower, which provides views of the rest of Boston Harbor, as well as much of the northern coast of the South Shore. The tower was sited on one of the five points of the star-shaped ], which was created during the ].
]


The lands of Hull also include ], a part of the ].
There are no freeways in Hull. ] becomes Nantasket Avenue at the center entrance to Hull. The main entrance is on George Washington Boulevard which connects to Route 3A at the Hingham ]. The avenue continues on through the rest of town, to Main Street in Hull Village, which then goes on past the Pt. Allerton ] station ending at Windmill Point, also known as Pemberton Point, at the high school near the Hull Wind 1 windmill. The ] bus service extends into neighboring Hingham, and the ] of the commuter rail recently re-opened, with its closest station being at ], site of the former Hingham Lumber Company lumber yard, which is where the Hull branch of the railroad once connected. This Hull branch was the first electrified railroad in America in 1895. Commuters to Logan International Airport and Boston (and in the summer to Boston Harbor Islands) can take the ], which leaves from Pemberton Point, the very tip of Hull. The nearest air service can be reached at ] in Boston.

==Culture==
{{Expand section|date=June 2009}}
Hull has a Youth Baseball league, a Youth Football league, and a Youth Basketball league. Being on the coast Hull is able to maintain a sailing club.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hullsports.com/index.html|title=hull sports|publisher=www.hullsports.com|accessdate=2009-06-29}}</ref> The town has an official song, "Underneath a Hullonian Sky," written by Cinzi Lavin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.town.hull.ma.us/Public_Documents/hullma_select/townsong/UnderneathAHullonianSky-Town%20Song.pdf|title=Town of Hull Song|publisher=www.town.hull.ma.us|accessdate=2009-06-29}}</ref>
Hull has many homegrown artists. On Nantasket avenue the local art gallery displays the visual art of the locals. Painters can be seen on the beach or at sunset point painting the horizons or beach landscapes.


There are no freeways in Hull. ] becomes Nantasket Avenue at the center entrance to Hull. The main entrance is on George Washington Boulevard, which connects to ] at the Hingham ]. The avenue continues through the rest of town, to Main Street in Hull Village, which then goes on past the Pt. Allerton ] station ending at ], also known as Pemberton Point, at the high school near the Hull Wind 1 windmill. The ] bus service extends into neighboring Hingham, and the ] of the commuter rail recently re-opened, with its closest station being at ], site of the former Hingham Lumber Company lumber yard, which is where the Hull branch of the railroad once connected. This Hull branch was the first electrified railroad in America in 1895. Commuters to Logan International Airport and Boston (and in the summer to Boston Harbor Islands) can take the ], which leaves from Pemberton Point, the very tip of Hull. The nearest air service can be reached at ] in Boston.
The Hull Performing Arts is the town's community theatre organization. In 2010, they were honored with a Massachusetts Cultural Council "Gold Star" Award for their production of the original full-length musical ''On This River'', which raised funds and awareness for the Weir River Estuary, a state-designated Area of Critical Environmental Concern. Their production of the original musical ''Toilers of the Sea: The Life of Joshua James'', which features Hull's two most famous residents, lifesaver ] and Irish patriot and poet ], premiered in July 2010.


==Demographics== ==Demographics==
{{See also|List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income}}
As of the ]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 11,050 people, 4,522 households, and 2,821 families residing in the town. The ] was 3,648.9 people per square mile (1,408.1/km²). There were 5,366 housing units at an average density of 1,771.9/sq&nbsp;mi (683.8/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 96.95% ], 0.46% ] or ], 0.31% ], 0.89% ], 0.05% ], 0.46% from ], and 0.89% from two or more races. ] or ] of any race were 1.09% of the population.
{{Historical populations | type=USA
| 1850|253
| 1860|285
| 1870|261
| 1880|383
| 1890|989
| 1900|1703
| 1910|2103
| 1920|1771
| 1930|2047
| 1940|2167
| 1950|3379
| 1960|7055
| 1970|9961
| 1980|9714
| 1990|10466
| 2000|11050
| 2010|10293
| 2020|10072
| 2023*|10108
| footnote=* = population estimate. {{Historical populations/Massachusetts municipalities references}}<ref>{{cite web | title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022| publisher=] | access-date=October 29, 2023 | url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html}}</ref>
}}
As of the ]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |title=U.S. Census website |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Hull_town,_Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts?g=060XX00US2502331645 |access-date=December 23, 2023 |publisher=]}}</ref> of 2020, there were 10,072 people, 4,504 households, and 2,387 families residing in the town. The population density was {{convert|3,648.9|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 5,856 housing units at an average density of {{convert|2091.42|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the town was 92.45% ], 0.73% ] or ], 0.19% ], 1.06% ], 0.05% ], 0.90% from ], and 4.59% from two or more races. ] or ] of any race were 2.21% of the population.


There were 4,522 households out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.4% were ] living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.6% were non-families. 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.06. There were 4,504 households, out of which 18.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.9% were married couples living together, 30.9% had a female householder with no spouse/partner present, 12.9% had a male householder with no spouse/partner present, and 8.4% were cohabitating couple households. Of all households, 34.8% were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.96.


In the town the population was spread out with 22.1% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.5 males. In the town, the population was spread out, with 13.8% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 19.5% from 25 to 44, 38% from 45 to 64, and 23.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.4 males.


The median income for a household in the town was $52,377, and the median income for a family was $62,294. Males had a median income of $43,030 versus $34,738 for females. The ] for the town was $26,331. About 5.6% of families and 8.3% of the population were below the ], including 12.7% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those age 65 or over. 51.8% of the population attained a Bachelor's Degree or higher. The median income for a household in the town was $128,022. The ] for the town was $69,609. About 3.6% of the population were below the ], including 4% of those under age 18 and 7% of those age 65 or over.


==Government== ==Government==

] ]
On the national level, Hull is a part of ], and is currently represented by ]. The state's senior (]) member of the ], re-elected in 2008, is ]. The junior (]) senator, elected in 2010, is ].


On the national level, Hull is a part of ], and is currently represented by ].
On the state level, Hull is represented in the ] as a part of the Third Plymouth district, which includes Cohasset, Hingham and Scituate. The town is represented in the ] by Senator Bob Hedlund (R-Weymouth) as a part of the Plymouth and Norfolk district, which includes the towns of Cohasset, Duxbury, Hingham, Marshfield, Norwell, Scituate and Weymouth.<ref></ref> The town is patrolled on a secondary basis by the First (Norwell) Barracks of Troop D of the ].<ref></ref> The closest courthouse is the 2nd District Court located in Hingham, MA, right outside of the town of Hull's perimeters on George Washington Boulevard.


On the state level, Hull is represented in the ] as a part of the Third Plymouth district, which includes Cohasset, Hingham and Scituate. The town is represented in the ] by Senator Patrick O' Connor (R-Weymouth) as a part of the ], which includes the towns of Cohasset, Duxbury, Hingham, Marshfield, Norwell, Scituate and Weymouth.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mass.gov/legis/citytown.htm |title=Index of Legislative Representation by City and Town, from Mass.gov |access-date=March 8, 2007 |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929115141/http://www.mass.gov/legis/citytown.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The town is patrolled on a secondary basis by the First (Norwell) Barracks of Troop D of the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mass.gov/|title=Mass.gov|website=www.mass.gov|accessdate=March 30, 2023}}</ref> The closest courthouse is the 2nd District Court located in Hingham, right outside of the town of Hull's perimeters on George Washington Boulevard.
Hull is governed on the local level by the ] form of government, and is led by a town manager and a ]. The town hall, as well as the police headquarters and the Green Hill Fire station, are all located in the southern portion of town, closest to the mainland. The fire Department Headquarters is in Waveland, and there is a branch firehouse in Hull Village as well, although it has been closed for some time. The fire department provides advanced life support services and brings patients to nearby South Shore Hospital, Quincy Medical Center, or into Boston if deemed necessary by EMS. There are two post offices, at Kenberma and Allerton, which serve the central and north parts of town, respectively. The town's public library is located on Main Street in Hull Village in a stone ] mansion, built in 1889 as a summer home by John Boyle O'Reilly (1844–1890, famed as an Irish patriot, editor of the Catholic weekly Pilot, and poet). The library has recently been troubled with budget-cuts, but remains open. The home was built on the site of an earlier house, where ] (1764–1826) and ] lived as children during the start of the American Revolution. Susanna eventually became America's first bestselling novelist with the publishing of her story, ].

Hull is governed on the local level by the ] form of government, and is led by a town manager and a ]. The town hall, as well as the police headquarters and the Green Hill Fire station, are all located in the southern portion of town, closest to the mainland. The fire Department Headquarters is in Waveland, and there is a branch firehouse in Hull Village as well, although it has been closed for some time. The fire department provides advanced life support services and brings patients to nearby South Shore Hospital, Quincy Medical Center, or into Boston if deemed necessary by EMS. There are two post offices, at Kenberma and Allerton, which serve the central and north parts of town, respectively. The town's public library is located on Main Street in Hull Village in a stone ] mansion, built in 1889 as a summer home by ] (1844–1890), a prominent ] member and literary figure who served as an editor of the Catholic weekly newspaper ]. The home was built on the site of an earlier house, where ] (1764–1826) and ] lived as children during the start of the American Revolution. Susanna eventually became America's first bestselling novelist with the publishing of her story, ].


{| class=wikitable {| class=wikitable
! colspan = 6 | Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of October 15, 2008<ref>{{cite web|title = Registration and Party Enrollment Statistics as of October 15, 2008 | publisher = Massachusetts Elections Division | format = PDF | accessdate = 2010-05-08 | url = http://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/elepdf/st_county_town_enroll_breakdown_08.pdf}}</ref> ! colspan = 6 | Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of October 15, 2008<ref>{{cite web|title = Registration and Party Enrollment Statistics as of October 15, 2008 | publisher = Massachusetts Elections Division | access-date = May 8, 2010 | url = http://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/elepdf/st_county_town_enroll_breakdown_08.pdf}}</ref>
|- |-
! colspan = 2 | Party ! colspan = 2 | Party
! Number of Voters ! Number of Voters
! Percentage ! Percentage
|-
{{American politics/party colors/Democratic/row}}
| {{party color cell|Democratic Party (United States)}}
| ] | ]
| align = center | 2,801 | align = center | 2,801
| align = center | 36.08% | align = center | 36.08%
|-
{{American politics/party colors/Republican/row}}
| {{party color cell|Republican Party (United States)}}
| ] | ]
| align = center | 841 | align = center | 841
| align = center | 10.83% | align = center | 10.83%
|-
{{American politics/party colors/Independent/row}}
| {{party color cell|Independent Party (United States)}}
| Unaffiliated | Unaffiliated
| align = center | 4,060 | align = center | 4,060
| align = center | 52.30% | align = center | 52.30%
|-
{{American politics/party colors/Libertarian/row}}
| {{party color cell|Libertarian Party (United States)}}
| Minor Parties
| ]
| align = center | 61 | align = center | 61
| align = center | 0.79% | align = center | 0.79%
Line 149: Line 162:


==Education== ==Education==
Hull has its own school system for its approximately 1,250 students. The Lillian M. Jacobs School, located on Telegraphs Hill above Stony Beach serves students from pre-kindergarten through fifth grade. The Memorial Middle School is located near the center of the peninsula, adjacent to Bayside Park, and serves sixth through eighth grade students. ] is located at the end of the peninsula. All three schools have recently completed major renovations. Hull High's teams are known as the Pirates, and their school colors are blue and gold. The teams compete in the ], and their chief rival is similarly-sized ]. Hull High School sports teams drive by Cohasset on their way home from victories.


Hull has its own school system for its approximately 1,250 students: ]. Hull has an election-based school board committee with five members.
The town does not have any private schools but does have agreements to send students to regional vocational schools. The nearest private schools are located in neighboring Hingham, and the nearest vocational high school is located in Weymouth.

The Lillian M. Jacobs School, located on Telegraphs Hill above Stony Beach, serves students from pre-kindergarten through fifth grade. The Memorial Middle School is located near the center of the peninsula, adjacent to Bayside Park, and serves sixth through eighth grade students. ] is located at the end of the peninsula. All three schools have recently completed major renovations. Hull High's teams are known as the Pirates, and their school colors are blue and gold. The teams compete in the ], and their chief rival is similarly-sized ]. The Hull High School graduating class in 2015 was 88 students.

The town does not have any private schools (excluding Seaside Montessori, a Pre–K Montessori school) but does have agreements to send students to regional vocational schools. The nearest private schools are located in neighboring Hingham, and the nearest vocational high school is located in Weymouth.

==Notable people==

* ], psychologist and radio talk show host
* ], creator of ]
* ], lifesaver
* ], brother of President ] (born at family's summer home in Hull)
* ], United States Marine Corps four-star general who served as Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps (ACMC) from 1996 to 1998.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Richard_I._Neal | title=Richard I. Neal }}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2024}}
* ], journalist and poet
* ], journalist and war correspondent (John's daughter)
* ], opera singer<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/contemporaries/bernice-de-pasquali/ | title=Bernice de Pasquali (1873-1925) | date=September 24, 2016 }}</ref>
* ], novelist, poet and playwright


==Gallery== ==Gallery==
<gallery perrow="5"> <gallery widths="200px" heights="135px">
Image:View of Paragon Park.jpg|Paragon Park Image:View of Paragon Park.jpg|Paragon Park
File:Hotel Nantasket and Auditorium.jpg|Hotel Nantasket and Auditorium File:Hotel Nantasket and Auditorium.jpg|Hotel Nantasket and Auditorium
Image:General View, Nantasket Beach, MA.jpg|Nantasket Beach overview Image:General View, Nantasket Beach, MA.jpg|Nantasket Beach overview
File:Windmill Point Hull Massachusetts 2507179597 57a62bddfb o.jpg|] V47-660kW ] ("Hull Wind 1") at Pemberton Point (a.k.a. Windmill Point)
File:Hull 1 wind turbine 2842389934 7ab629b19b o.jpg|Hull Wind 1
File:Hull 1 wind turbine 2841556907 999fa242f6 o.jpg|Hull Wind 1
File:Hull 1 wind turbine 2775994684 683df13fd6 o.jpg|Hull Wind 1
File:Hull 1 wind turbine 2775992216 1e91dd9ff2 o.jpg|Hull Wind 1
File:Hull 1 wind turbine 687473788 68521bee26 o.jpg|Hull Wind 1
File:Hull Massachusetts 2008 05 18 bos-sfo 025.jpg|] V80-1.8MW wind turbine ("Hull Wind 2")
</gallery> </gallery>

==International relations==
Hull is named after ], ]. ] in Quebec, Canada, is also named after Kingston upon Hull.


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references/>
7. Nantasket Beach Branch: Transportation Bulletin No. 90, January - December, 1981, MCGARIGLE, BOB. ROGER BORRUP, EDITOR - Warehouse Pt. CT, Connecticut Valley Chapter, National Railway Historical Society. 1981, First Edition. (ISBN 0-910506-21-3). * Nantasket Beach Branch: Transportation Bulletin No. 90, January–December 1981, McGarigle, Bob. Roger Borrup, ed. - Warehouse Pt. CT, Connecticut Valley Chapter, National Railway Historical Society. 1981, First Edition. ({{ISBN|0-910506-21-3}}).
* ''Joshua James, Life-Saver'', by Sumner Increase Kimball, Unitarian, Boston 1909. PDF available on line at

* "The Form of Nantasket Beach", Douglas w. Johnson and William G. Reed, Jr., ''Journal of Geology'', University of Chicago Press, 1910, as reprinted in ''Introduction to Coastline Geology'', J. A. Steers, ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1971
8. Joshua James, Life-Saver, by Sumner Increase Kimball, Unitarian, Boston 1909. PDF available on line at http://books.google.com
* ''Fanatic Heart: A Life of John Boyle O'Reilly'', 1844–1890, by A.G. Evans, Northeastern University Press, Boston, 1997

9. “The Form of Nantasket Beach,” Douglas w. Johnson and William G. Reed, Jr., Journal of Geology, University of Chicago Press, 1910, as reprinted in Introduction to Coastline Geology, J.A. Steers, ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1971

10. Fanatic Heart: A Life of John Boyle O'Reilly, 1844–1890, by A.G. Evans, Northeastern University Press, Boston, 1997


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category|Hull, Massachusetts}} {{Commons category|Hull, Massachusetts}}
{{wikivoyage|Hull (Massachusetts)|Hull, Massachusetts}}
Local newspapers: and
* *
* , local newspaper
*
*
*
*
*
*
* *
*
*
* *


{{Plymouth County, Massachusetts}} {{Plymouth County, Massachusetts}}
{{Greater Boston}}
{{authority control}}


]
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Latest revision as of 09:02, 3 December 2024

Town in Massachusetts, United States "Stony Beach" redirects here. For the hamlet in Saskatchewan, see Stony Beach, Saskatchewan.

Town in Massachusetts, United States
Hull
Town
Aerial view of Hull, 2010Aerial view of Hull, 2010
Flag of HullFlagOfficial seal of HullSeal
Location in Plymouth County in MassachusettsLocation in Plymouth County in Massachusetts
Coordinates: 42°18′07″N 70°54′30″W / 42.30194°N 70.90833°W / 42.30194; -70.90833
CountryUnited States
StateMassachusetts
CountyPlymouth
Settled1622
Incorporated1644
Government
 • TypeOpen town meeting
Area
 • Total26.9 sq mi (69.6 km)
 • Land2.8 sq mi (7.3 km)
 • Water24.1 sq mi (62.3 km)
Elevation50 ft (15 m)
Population
 • Total10,072
 • Density3,573/sq mi (1,380/km)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (Eastern)
ZIP Code02045
Area code339/781
FIPS code25-31645
GNIS feature ID0618343
Websitewww.town.hull.ma.us

Hull is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States, located on a peninsula at the southern edge of Boston Harbor. Its population was 10,072 at the 2020 census. Hull is the smallest town by land area in Plymouth County and the eleventh smallest in the state. However, its population density is nearly four times that of Massachusetts as a whole.

Hull is home to the popular resort community of Nantasket Beach and has been the summer home to several luminaries throughout the years, including Calvin Coolidge and former Boston mayor John F. Fitzgerald (also known as "Honey Fitz"), the father of Rose Kennedy and father-in-law of Joseph Kennedy Sr.

History

View of Nantasket Beach in 1879

The Massachuset tribe called the area Nantasket, meaning "at the strait" or "low-tide place". It is a series of islands connected by sandbars forming Nantasket Peninsula, on which the Plymouth Colony established a trading post in 1621 for trade with the Wampanoags. The town was first settled in 1622 and officially incorporated in 1644, when it was named for Kingston upon Hull, England. Roger Conant was in the area, after leaving the Plymouth Colony and before going to Cape Ann in 1625. Early industries included fishing, trade and salvaging shipwrecks. During the Revolutionary War, General Benjamin Lincoln oversaw the evacuation of Boston from here in 1778. In 1776 a fort called "Fort Independence" (name transferred to the current fort in 1797) was built on Allerton Point, and in 1901 Fort Revere was built on the same site. In 1927 Fort Duvall was completed on Hog Island (now Spinnaker Island) armed with 16-inch guns, the largest ever deployed by the United States.

Hull was originally part of Suffolk County, and when the southern part of the county was set off as Norfolk County in 1793, it included the towns of Hull and Hingham. In 1803 those towns opted out of Norfolk County and became part of Plymouth County.

Lifesaving has been an important part of Hull history. The Massachusetts Humane Society placed one of its first Huts of Refuge on Nantasket Beach after the American Revolution. When it expanded its boat houses for lifeboats it placed several in Hull at Stoney Beach, on Nantasket Beach, and near Cohasset. Joshua James (1826–1902), Hull's most famous lifesaver, became the first Keeper of the Pt. Allerton U.S. Life Saving Station, when it opened in 1889. James and his crews, both Humane Society volunteers and U.S. Life-Savers, are estimated to have saved over 1,000 people from shipwrecks. The exact number is not known because Massachusetts Humane Society records were lost in the Great Boston Fire of 1872. The Hull Lifesaving Museum is now located in the 1889 Pt. Allerton Life Saving Station, with the Museum's Maritime Program housed in the old Coast Guard boathouse at Pemberton Point. The new U.S. Coast Guard Station Point Allerton opened at the edge of Hull Village near Pemberton Point in 1969.

Hull features Nantasket Beach, with fine, light gray sand—generally considered one of the finest beaches in New England. At low tide, there are acres of sandy tide pools. Beginning the community's development as a tourist resort, in 1825 Paul Worrick established the Sportsman Hotel on Nantasket Avenue. More hotels were built, and by 1840, steamboats made three trips a day between the town and Boston.

Steamer Rose Standish, operating between Boston, Hull and Hingham, 1864

Following the crowds onto the boardwalks were gamblers, pickpockets and confidence men, so Paragon Park was built as a safe place for those seeking amusement. Called a "marvel of fantasy," it once featured a ride based on the Johnstown Flood. The complex closed in 1984 when the property was sold for condominium development. Today, the only surviving remnants of Paragon Park on the boardwalk are the historic carousel and clock tower.

Geography

Fort Revere and Allerton, as seen from the fort's water tower observatory

Hull is located at 42°17′10″N 70°52′35″W / 42.28611°N 70.87639°W / 42.28611; -70.87639 (42.286347, −70.87663). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 26.9 square miles (69.6 km), of which 2.8 square miles (7.3 km) is land and 24.1 square miles (62.3 km), or 89.58%, is water. Hull is located on the narrow Nantasket Peninsula, which juts into Massachusetts Bay and is the southern land point at the entrance to Boston Harbor. Hidden in Hull's bay is Hog Island, now known as Spinnaker Island. Hog Island was home to Hull's first high school, as well as Fort Duvall before WWII, and a Nike missile site during the Cold War. Parts of the island sat very low and fill was brought in to prevent flooding. Spinnaker Island has been developed with condominiums, and is connected to mainland Hull via a low bridge. The town is bordered by Hingham Bay to the west, Massachusetts Bay to the north and east, and the towns of Cohasset and Hingham to the south. Hull is located almost 20 miles (32 km) by land from Boston, although by water it is just 5 miles (8.0 km) from Pemberton Point in Hull to City Point in South Boston. Although it is a forty-five-minute drive into the heart of Boston, it is a twenty-minute boat ride from Pemberton Pier, at the tip of Hull, into Boston's Long Wharf, which is close to the North End and Faneuil Hall.

Hull's first wind turbine, next to the high school

Hull is separated from Cohasset and Hingham by the Weir River estuary, which is state-recognized as an Area of Critical Environmental Concern. The estuary contains almost 600 acres (2.4 km) of undeveloped land, including almost 140 acres (.57km2) of undeveloped land in Hull, of which close to 80 percent is protected from development. The estuary is important as a nursery for fish and other marine life. Over 100 species of birds also use the Weir River Estuary. The Weir River Estuary Center, owned by the town and being developed by the Weir River Watershed Association, located at the entrance to Hull on George Washington Boulevard, was expected to open by summer 2009.

Black Rock Beach connecting to Cohasset is the town's only landed connection to the mainland, although two bridges link the town to Hingham. Town neighborhoods include (from south to north) Green Hill, Straits Pond, Crescent Beach, Gunrock, Atlantic Hill, West Corner, Rockaway, Rockaway Annex, Nantasket Beach, Sagamore Hill, Hampton Circle, Sunset Point, Kenberma, Strawberry Hill, Waveland, Windermere, Allerton, Spinnaker Island, Stony Beach, Telegraph Hill, Hull Village and Hull Hill, and Pemberton. The areas west of the northerly two miles of the three-mile-long Nantasket Beach constitute the majority of the town's landed area. The southern hills near the Town Hall are composed of volcanic rock created 600 million years ago. Green Hill near Cohasset and all of the hills out along the peninsula—Sagamore, Hampton, Sunset Point, Strawberry, Allerton, Telegraph, and Hull Hill—are drumlins formed by the last glacier about 14,000 years ago. The lands between the hills are tombolos, or tying sand bars. Telegraph Hill above Stony Beach is the site of Fort Revere Park, located at the site of a former defense installation that was active during the first half of the twentieth century. It is capped with an observation tower, which provides views of the rest of Boston Harbor, as well as much of the northern coast of the South Shore. The tower was sited on one of the five points of the star-shaped Fort Independence, which was created during the American Revolution.

The lands of Hull also include Peddocks Island, a part of the Boston Harbor Islands State Park.

There are no freeways in Hull. Massachusetts Route 228 becomes Nantasket Avenue at the center entrance to Hull. The main entrance is on George Washington Boulevard, which connects to Route 3A at the Hingham rotary. The avenue continues through the rest of town, to Main Street in Hull Village, which then goes on past the Pt. Allerton Coast Guard station ending at Windmill Point, also known as Pemberton Point, at the high school near the Hull Wind 1 windmill. The MBTA's bus service extends into neighboring Hingham, and the Greenbush Line of the commuter rail recently re-opened, with its closest station being at Nantasket Junction, site of the former Hingham Lumber Company lumber yard, which is where the Hull branch of the railroad once connected. This Hull branch was the first electrified railroad in America in 1895. Commuters to Logan International Airport and Boston (and in the summer to Boston Harbor Islands) can take the MBTA Commuter Boat, which leaves from Pemberton Point, the very tip of Hull. The nearest air service can be reached at Logan International Airport in Boston.

Demographics

See also: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1850253—    
1860285+12.6%
1870261−8.4%
1880383+46.7%
1890989+158.2%
19001,703+72.2%
19102,103+23.5%
19201,771−15.8%
19302,047+15.6%
19402,167+5.9%
19503,379+55.9%
19607,055+108.8%
19709,961+41.2%
19809,714−2.5%
199010,466+7.7%
200011,050+5.6%
201010,293−6.9%
202010,072−2.1%
2023*10,108+0.4%
* = population estimate.
Source: United States census records and Population Estimates Program data.

As of the census of 2020, there were 10,072 people, 4,504 households, and 2,387 families residing in the town. The population density was 3,648.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,408.8/km). There were 5,856 housing units at an average density of 2,091.42 per square mile (807.50/km). The racial makeup of the town was 92.45% White, 0.73% Black or African American, 0.19% Native American, 1.06% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.90% from other races, and 4.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.21% of the population.

There were 4,504 households, out of which 18.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.9% were married couples living together, 30.9% had a female householder with no spouse/partner present, 12.9% had a male householder with no spouse/partner present, and 8.4% were cohabitating couple households. Of all households, 34.8% were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 13.8% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 19.5% from 25 to 44, 38% from 45 to 64, and 23.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.4 males.

51.8% of the population attained a Bachelor's Degree or higher. The median income for a household in the town was $128,022. The per capita income for the town was $69,609. About 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4% of those under age 18 and 7% of those age 65 or over.

Government

Hull Town Hall

On the national level, Hull is a part of Massachusetts's 8th congressional district, and is currently represented by Stephen Lynch.

On the state level, Hull is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a part of the Third Plymouth district, which includes Cohasset, Hingham and Scituate. The town is represented in the Massachusetts Senate by Senator Patrick O' Connor (R-Weymouth) as a part of the Plymouth and Norfolk district, which includes the towns of Cohasset, Duxbury, Hingham, Marshfield, Norwell, Scituate and Weymouth. The town is patrolled on a secondary basis by the First (Norwell) Barracks of Troop D of the Massachusetts State Police. The closest courthouse is the 2nd District Court located in Hingham, right outside of the town of Hull's perimeters on George Washington Boulevard.

Hull is governed on the local level by the open town meeting form of government, and is led by a town manager and a board of selectmen. The town hall, as well as the police headquarters and the Green Hill Fire station, are all located in the southern portion of town, closest to the mainland. The fire Department Headquarters is in Waveland, and there is a branch firehouse in Hull Village as well, although it has been closed for some time. The fire department provides advanced life support services and brings patients to nearby South Shore Hospital, Quincy Medical Center, or into Boston if deemed necessary by EMS. There are two post offices, at Kenberma and Allerton, which serve the central and north parts of town, respectively. The town's public library is located on Main Street in Hull Village in a stone Victorian mansion, built in 1889 as a summer home by John Boyle O'Reilly (1844–1890), a prominent Irish Republican Brotherhood member and literary figure who served as an editor of the Catholic weekly newspaper The Pilot. The home was built on the site of an earlier house, where Susanna Haswell Rowson (1764–1826) and Robert Haswell lived as children during the start of the American Revolution. Susanna eventually became America's first bestselling novelist with the publishing of her story, Charlotte Temple.

Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of October 15, 2008
Party Number of Voters Percentage
Democratic 2,801 36.08%
Republican 841 10.83%
Unaffiliated 4,060 52.30%
Libertarian 61 0.79%
Total 7,763 100%

Education

Hull has its own school system for its approximately 1,250 students: Hull Public Schools. Hull has an election-based school board committee with five members.

The Lillian M. Jacobs School, located on Telegraphs Hill above Stony Beach, serves students from pre-kindergarten through fifth grade. The Memorial Middle School is located near the center of the peninsula, adjacent to Bayside Park, and serves sixth through eighth grade students. Hull High School is located at the end of the peninsula. All three schools have recently completed major renovations. Hull High's teams are known as the Pirates, and their school colors are blue and gold. The teams compete in the South Shore League, and their chief rival is similarly-sized Cohasset High School. The Hull High School graduating class in 2015 was 88 students.

The town does not have any private schools (excluding Seaside Montessori, a Pre–K Montessori school) but does have agreements to send students to regional vocational schools. The nearest private schools are located in neighboring Hingham, and the nearest vocational high school is located in Weymouth.

Notable people

Gallery

  • Paragon Park Paragon Park
  • Hotel Nantasket and Auditorium Hotel Nantasket and Auditorium
  • Nantasket Beach overview Nantasket Beach overview

International relations

Hull is named after Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom. Hull in Quebec, Canada, is also named after Kingston upon Hull.

References

  1. "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  2. "Massachusetts Land area in square miles, 2010 by City". indexmundi.com. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
  3. Information and Historical Data on Cities, Towns and Counties in Massachusetts
  4. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  5. "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Hingham town, Plymouth County, Massachusetts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  6. "Total Population (P1), 2010 Census Summary File 1". American FactFinder, All County Subdivisions within Massachusetts. United States Census Bureau. 2010.
  7. "Massachusetts by Place and County Subdivision - GCT-T1. Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  8. "1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1990. Table 76: General Characteristics of Persons, Households, and Families: 1990. 1990 CP-1-23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  9. "1980 Census of the Population, Number of Inhabitants: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1981. Table 4. Populations of County Subdivisions: 1960 to 1980. PC80-1-A23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  10. "1950 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21-10 and 21-11, Massachusetts Table 6. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1930 to 1950. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  11. "1920 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. Number of Inhabitants, by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions. Pages 21-5 through 21-7. Massachusetts Table 2. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1920, 1910, and 1920. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  12. "1890 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. Pages 179 through 182. Massachusetts Table 5. Population of States and Territories by Minor Civil Divisions: 1880 and 1890. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  13. "1870 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1872. Pages 217 through 220. Table IX. Population of Minor Civil Divisions, &c. Massachusetts. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  14. "1860 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1864. Pages 220 through 226. State of Massachusetts Table No. 3. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  15. "1850 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1854. Pages 338 through 393. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  16. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  17. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
  18. "Index of Legislative Representation by City and Town, from Mass.gov". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
  19. "Mass.gov". www.mass.gov. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  20. "Registration and Party Enrollment Statistics as of October 15, 2008" (PDF). Massachusetts Elections Division. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
  21. "Richard I. Neal".
  22. "Bernice de Pasquali (1873-1925)". September 24, 2016.
  • Nantasket Beach Branch: Transportation Bulletin No. 90, January–December 1981, McGarigle, Bob. Roger Borrup, ed. - Warehouse Pt. CT, Connecticut Valley Chapter, National Railway Historical Society. 1981, First Edition. (ISBN 0-910506-21-3).
  • Joshua James, Life-Saver, by Sumner Increase Kimball, Unitarian, Boston 1909. PDF available on line at Google Books
  • "The Form of Nantasket Beach", Douglas w. Johnson and William G. Reed, Jr., Journal of Geology, University of Chicago Press, 1910, as reprinted in Introduction to Coastline Geology, J. A. Steers, ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1971
  • Fanatic Heart: A Life of John Boyle O'Reilly, 1844–1890, by A.G. Evans, Northeastern University Press, Boston, 1997

External links

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