Misplaced Pages

Reiki: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 15:16, 20 March 2011 view sourceXxglennxx (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users2,331 editsNo edit summary← Previous edit Latest revision as of 22:10, 10 December 2024 view source Lhimec (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users8,714 edits efn 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Pseudoscientific healing technique}}
{{About|the energy therapy|the Japanese era name|Reiki (era)|uses of the homophone "raki"|Raki (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the Japanese pseudoscientific healing practice|the era|Reiki (era)}}
{{Contains Japanese text}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Energy therapy}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Chinese
]
|title=''Reiki''
{{Alternative medicine sidebar |fringe}}
|p=língqì
|w=ling<sup>2</sup>-ch'i<sup>4</sup>
|j= ling<sup>4</sup>-hei<sup>3</sup>
|t=]]
|s=]]
|shinjitai=]]
|kyujitai=靈氣
|hiragana=れいき
|revhep=Reiki
|rr=yeonggi
|mr=yŏngki
|hangul=영기
|hanja=靈氣
|qn=linh khí}}
{{nihongo|'''Reiki'''|霊気||{{IPA-en|ˈreɪkiː}}}} is a ]<ref name="Reiki as spiritual practice">Lübeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Chapter 14, pages 108 to 110; Ellyard (2004). Page 79; McKenzie (1998). Pages 19, 42, and 52; Lübeck (1996). Page 22; Boräng (1997). Page 57; Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 72</ref> developed in 1922 by Japanese Buddhist ]. It uses a technique commonly called ''palm healing'' as a form of ] and is sometimes classified as ''oriental medicine'' by some professional bodies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.i-c-m.org.uk/practitioners/divisions |title=BRCP Divisions & Practises |author=Institute for Complementary and Natural Medicine |accessdate=April 10, 2010}}</ref> Through the use of this technique, practitioners claim to transfer healing energy in the form of '']'' through the palms.<ref name="through hands">Reiki flows through hands: (McKenzie (1998). Page 18); (Ellyard (2004). Page 27); (Boräng (1997). Page 9); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 33)</ref>


'''Reiki'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|eɪ|k|i}} {{respell|RAY|kee}}; {{langx|ja|霊気}}}} is a ] form of ], a type of ] originating in Japan.<ref name="r597" /> Reiki practitioners use a technique called ''palm healing'' or ''hands-on healing'' through which, according to practitioners, a "]" is transferred through the palms of the practitioner to the client, to encourage emotional or physical healing. It is based on ] ("chi"), which practitioners say is a universal ], although there is no ] that such a life force exists.<ref name="Lee_Pittler_Ernst_2008" /><ref name="Bellamy_6/12/2014" />
There are two main branches of Reiki, commonly referred to as ''Traditional Japanese Reiki'' and ''Western Reiki''. Within both Traditional and Westernised forms of Reiki, there are three forms of ], commonly referred to as the First, Second, and Master/Teacher degree. According to Reiki practitioners and Masters, at First Degree, a Reiki practitioner is able to heal himself and others, at Second Degree is able to heal others distantly (commonly called ''distant healing'') with the use of specialised symbols, and at Master level (specifically Master/Teacher level) is able to teach and attune others to Reiki.


Reiki is used as an illustrative example of pseudoscience in scholarly texts and academic journal articles.<ref name="Lee_Pittler_Ernst_2008" /><ref name="Bellamy_6/12/2014" /> The marketing of reiki has been described as "fraudulent misrepresentation",<ref name="Bellamy_6/12/2014" /> and itself as a "nonsensical method",<ref name="Barrett_3/3/2022" /> with a recommendation that the American government agency ] should stop funding reiki research because it "has no substantiated health value and lacks a scientifically plausible rationale".<ref name="Barrett_6/23/2009" />
A 2008 systematic review of ] ]s<ref name='Lee_SR'>{{cite journal|title=Effects of Reiki in clinical practice: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials|journal=International Journal of Clinical Practice|year=2008|volume=62|issue=6|pages=947–54|doi= 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01729.x|url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01729.x|format=|accessdate=2008-05-02|pmid=18410352|last1=Lee|first1=MS|last2=Pittler|first2=MH|last3=Ernst|first3=E }}</ref> concluded that "the evidence is insufficient to suggest that reiki is an effective treatment for any condition."
{{TOC limit|3}}


Clinical research does not show reiki to be effective as a treatment for any medical condition, including ],<ref name="ACS" /><ref name="Cancer Research UK" /> ],<ref name="Bril2001" /> ] or ].<ref name="Joyce_Herbison_4/3/2015" /> There is no proof of the effectiveness of reiki therapy compared to ]. Studies reporting positive effects have had methodological flaws.<ref name="Lee_Pittler_Ernst_2008" />
==History==
===Derivation of name===
]
The ] word ''reiki'', meaning "a Japanese treatment in alternative medicine", derives from the ] ''reiki'' (霊気, meaning "mysterious atmosphere"), which derives from the ] ''lingqi'' (靈氣, "supernatural influence"). It is comprehensively defined by the '']'',
<blockquote>'''Reiki''', ''n.'' ''Alternative Med.'' Brit. /ˈreɪki/, U.S. /ˈreɪki/. Forms: also with capital initial. </blockquote>
<blockquote></blockquote>
<blockquote>The spiritual life force, or vital spiritual energy, said to reside in all living things (cf. '''chi''' n.<sup>2</sup>). Hence: a therapy, apparently based on an ancient Tibetan Buddhist technique, developed in Japan in the late 19th or early 20th cent. by Dr Mikao Usui (1865–1926), in which the therapist channels this energy from him- or herself into the patient by the gentle laying on of hands, to activate the natural healing processes of the patient's body and restore physical and emotional well-being.<ref>J. Simpson, E. Weiner, M. Proffitt, et al., 1989, ''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd ed.</ref></blockquote>
The ''OED'' lists ] as the earliest recorded usage of the word reiki.<ref>'']'', 2 May 1975, 32/1.</ref> Instead of the usual ], some English-language authors loosely translate reiki as "universal life energy",<ref>Lübeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Page 302; McKenzie (1998). Page 18; Shuffrey (1998). Page 1.</ref> which is different from the Japanese meaning.


==Etymology==
] ''reiki'', meaning "mysterious atmosphere", is commonly written either 霊気 in ] ] (new Chinese character forms) or as レイキ in ] syllabary (typically used for transcribing foreign words). It ] the words ''rei'' ] meaning "departed spirit, ghost; spirit, soul; miraculous, sacred, divine" and ''ki'' ] "gas, vapor; atmosphere; vital energy, spirit, breath of life, vitality; energy, force; natural phenomenon; spirit, mind, consciousness…"<ref>Jack Halpern, ''New Japanese-English Character Dictionary'' (新漢英字典), Kenkyūsha, 1990, NTC reprint, 1993. ''Ki'' is additionally defined as "… spirits; one's feelings, mood, frame of mind; temperament, temper, disposition, one's nature, character; mind to do something, intention, will; care, attention, precaution".</ref> This ki (namely, Chinese '']'' or ''chi'') in ''reiki'' is understood as meaning "]; vital energy; ]; energy of life".<ref>Derivation of name: Lübeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Chapter 6)</ref> Some reiki translation equivalents from Japanese-English dictionaries are: "feeling of mystery",<ref>M. Spahn and W. Hadamidtzy (1989), ''Japanese Character Dictionary With Compound Lookup via Any Kanji'', Nichigai.</ref> "an atmosphere (feeling) of mystery",<ref>J. H. Haig (1997 edition), ''The New Nelson Japanese-English Character Dictionary'', Tuttle.</ref> and "an ethereal atmosphere (that prevails in the sacred precincts of a shrine); (feel, sense) a spiritual (divine) presence."<ref>T. Watanabe, E., R. Skrzypczak, and P. Snowden (2003). '']''.</ref> Besides the usual Sino-Japanese pronunciation ''reiki'', these kanji 霊気 have an alternate Japanese reading, namely ''ryōge'', meaning "demon; ghost" (especially in ]).<ref>Morohashi Tetsuji, 1960, '']'' 大漢和辞典, Taishukan; Todo Akiyasu, 1978, ''Kan-Wa Daijiten'' 漢和大字典, Gakken. Both dictionaries define ''ryōge'' as a ''mononoke'' もののけ, meaning "ghost; demon; evil spirit" that possesses people. ''Ryō'' 霊 means "evil spirit who possesses a human", J. H. Haig 1997.</ref>


According to the '']'', the English alternative medicine word ''reiki'' ] {{Lang|ja-latn|reiki}} (]) "mysterious atmosphere, miraculous sign", combining {{Lang|ja-latn|rei}} "universal" and {{Lang|ja-latn|ki}} "]"—the ] of ] {{Lang|zh-latn|língqì}} (]) "numinous atmosphere".<ref name="OED">{{cite book |title=Oxford English Dictionary ''(''OED'')'' |chapter=Reiki |year=2003 |chapter-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/246352?redirectedFrom=Reiki#eid|title-link=Oxford English Dictionary }}</ref>
] ''lingqi'' 靈氣 was first recorded in the (ca. 320 BCE) ''Neiye'' "Inward Training" section of the '']'', describing early ] meditation techniques. "That mysterious vital energy within the mind: One moment it arrives, the next it departs. So fine, there is nothing within it; so vast, there is nothing outside it. We lose it because of the harm caused by mental agitation."<ref>Roth, Harold D. 2004. ''Original Tao: Inward Training (''Nei-yeh'') and the Foundations of Taoist Mysticism'', Columbia University Press, p. 97. Compare translating 靈氣在心 as "The magical ''qi'' within the heart"; R. Eno, 2005, (Section 18: Moderation).</ref> ] ''lingqi'' is translated by Chinese-English dictionaries as: "(of beautiful mountains) spiritual influence or atmosphere";<ref>Lin Yutang, 1972, , Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.</ref> "1. intelligence; power of understanding; 2. supernatural power or force in fairy tales; miraculous power or force";<ref>Ling Yuan, 2002, ''The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary, Chinese-English Edition'', Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.</ref> and "1. spiritual influence (of mountains/etc.); 2. ingeniousness; cleverness".<ref>DeFrancis, John, 2003, ''ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary'', University of Hawaii Press.</ref>


=== Origins === ==Conceptual basis==
:''See also ] and ]''
]
The system of Reiki was developed by ] (臼井甕男) in 1922 whilst performing ''Isyu Guo'', a twenty-one day Buddhist training course held on ].<ref>{{cite book |last= Rand |first= William L. |title= Reiki: The Healing Touch, First and Second Degree Manual |publisher= Vision Publications |location= ], ] |edition=Expanded and Revised |year= 1998 |month= March |origyear= 1991 |isbn= 1886785031 |page=I-13}}</ref> It is not known for certain what Usui was required to do during this training, though it most likely involved ], ], ], and ].<ref name = "HealingTouchI14" >{{cite book |last= Rand |first= William L. |title= Reiki: The Healing Touch, First and Second Degree Manual |publisher= Vision Publications |location= ], ] |edition=Expanded and Revised |year= 1998 |month= March |origyear= 1991 |isbn= 1886785031 |page=I-14}}</ref><ref name="Usui retreat">Usui's 21 day retreat: (Lübeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Page 14); </ref> It is claimed that by a mystical revelation, Usui had gained the knowledge and spiritual power to apply and attune others to what he called Reiki, which entered his body through his ].<ref name = "HealingTouchI14" /> In April 1922, Usui moved to ] and founded the ''Usui Reiki Ryōhō Gakkai'' ("臼井靈氣療法學會" in Traditional Mandarin, meaning ''Usui's Spiritual Energy Therapy Method Society'') in order to continue treating people on a large scale with Reiki.<ref name = "HealingTouchI14" /><ref>Founding of Usui Reiki Ryōhō Gakkai: (Lübeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Page 14)</ref>


{{Further|Vitalism|Qi}}
According to the inscription on his memorial stone,<ref name="UsuiMemorial">Inscription on Usui's memorial</ref> Usui taught his system of Reiki to over 2000 people during his lifetime, and sixteen of these students continued their training to reach the '']'' level, a level equivalent to the Western third, or Master/Teacher, degree.<ref name="UsuiMemorial" /><ref>Number of people taught by Usui: (Lübeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Page 16)</ref> While teaching Reiki in ] (福山市, ''Fukuyama-shi''), Usui suffered a stroke and died on 9 March 1926.<ref name="UsuiMemorial" />
Reiki's teachings and adherents claim that qi is a ] force that can be manipulated to treat a disease or condition. There is no evidence that qi exists as an observable phenomenon.<ref name="Lee_Pittler_Ernst_2008">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=MS |last2=Pittler |first2=MH |last3=Ernst |first3=E |author-link3=Edzard Ernst |title=Effects of reiki in clinical practice: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials |journal=International Journal of Clinical Practice |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=947–54 |year=2008 |pmid=18410352 |doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01729.x |s2cid=25832830 |type=Systematic Review |quote=Most trials suffered from methodological flaws such as small sample size, inadequate study design and poor reporting....In conclusion, the evidence is insufficient to suggest that reiki is an effective treatment for any condition. Therefore the value of reiki remains unproven.|doi-access=free }}</ref> Reiki is thus classified as a pseudoscientific practice based on metaphysical, rather than physiological, concepts.<ref name="psych" />


Most research on reiki is poorly designed and prone to bias. There is no reliable empirical evidence that reiki is helpful for treating any medical condition,<ref name="Lee_Pittler_Ernst_2008" /><ref name="ACS">{{cite book |publisher=] |title=American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse |chapter-url-access=registration |edition=2nd |year=2009 |isbn=9780944235713 |editor1=Russell J |editor2=Rovere A |pages= |chapter=Reiki}}</ref><ref name="Cancer Research UK">{{Cite web |url=https://about-cancer.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/reiki?_ga=2.85017947.370597969.1581541069-1068809649.1580330016 |title=Reiki {{!}} Complementary and alternative therapy {{!}} Cancer Research UK |website=about-cancer.cancerresearchuk.org |access-date=2020-02-12 |archive-date=2021-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510083939/https://about-cancer.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/reiki?_ga=2.85017947.370597969.1581541069-1068809649.1580330016 |url-status=live}}</ref> although some physicians have said it might help promote feelings of general ].<ref name="Cancer Research UK" /> In 2011, ] of ] stated there "is no evidence that clinical reiki's effects are due to anything other than suggestion" or the ].<ref name="Jarvis">{{cite web |last=Jarvis |first=William T. |url=http://www.ncahf.org/articles/o-r/reiki.html |publisher=] |title=Reiki |access-date=31 March 2011 |archive-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823055036/http://www.ncahf.org/articles/o-r/reiki.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Early development ===
After Usui's death, Mr. J. Ushida, a student of Usui, took over as president of the Gakkai.<ref name = "HealingTouchI15" >{{cite book |last= Rand |first= William L. |title= Reiki: The Healing Touch, First and Second Degree Manual |publisher= Vision Publications |location= ], ] |edition=Expanded and Revised |year= 1998 |month= March |origyear= 1991 |isbn= 1886785031 |page=I-15}}</ref> He was also responsible for creating and erecting Usui's memorial stone and ensuring that the grave site would be maintained.<ref name = "HealingTouchI15" /> Mr. Ushida was followed by Mr. Iichi Taketomi, Mr. Yoshiharu Watanabe, Mr. Kimiko Koyama and the current successor to Usui, Mr. Kondo, who became president in 1998.<ref name = "HealingTouchI15" /> The sixteen Masters initiated by Usui include Toshihiro Eguchi, Jusaburo Guida, Ilichi Taketomi, Toyoichi Wanami, Yoshihiru Watanabe, Keizo Ogawa, J. Ushida, and ].<ref name = "HealingTouchI15" /><ref>From original research conducted by Frank Arjava Petter and Dave King</ref> Chujiro Hayashi (林 忠次郎 ''Hayashi Chūjirō'') left the Usui Reiki Ryōhō Gakkai and formed his own clinic where he gave Reiki treatments, taught, and attuned people to Reiki, and it was to this clinic that ] was directed.<ref name = "HealingTouchI15" /> Hayashi simplified the Reiki teachings, stressing physical healing and using a more codified and simpler set of Reiki techniques.<ref>Hayashi's teachings: (Lübeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Chapter 19, Page 17)</ref>


The 22 April 2014 ] episode entitled "Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields" relates a reiki practitioner's report of what was happening as she passed her hands over a subject's body:
After multiple Reiki sessions from Hayashi's trainees at his clinic for illnesses including ] and ], Hayashi initiated and trained Takata to use Reiki,<ref name = "HealingTouchI16" >{{cite book |last= Rand |first= William L. |title= Reiki: The Healing Touch, First and Second Degree Manual |publisher= Vision Publications |location= ], ] |edition=Expanded and Revised |year= 1998 |month= March |origyear= 1991 |isbn= 1886785031 |page=I-16}}</ref><ref>Hayashi trained Takata: (Ellyard (2004). Page 13)</ref> and was made a Reiki Master on 21 February 1938.<ref name = "HealingTouchI16" /><ref>A copy of her original certificate is available at </ref> Takata established several Reiki clinics throughout ], one of which was located in ],<ref name = "HealingTouchI16" /> and then went on to travel throughout the ], practising Reiki and teaching the first two ] to others,<ref>Takata's Reiki practice and teaching in the US: (Ellyard (2004). Page 15)</ref> and it was not until 1970 that Takata began initiating Reiki Masters.<ref name = "HealingTouchI17" >{{cite book |last= Rand |first= William L. |title= Reiki: The Healing Touch, First and Second Degree Manual |publisher= Vision Publications |location= ], ] |edition=Expanded and Revised |year= 1998 |month= March |origyear= 1991 |isbn= 1886785031 |page=I-17}}</ref> At this stage, Takata also introduced the term ''Reiki Master'' for the ''Shinpiden'' level.<ref>Start of Takata's teaching of Reiki Masters: (Ellyard (2004). Page 15)</ref> She stressed the importance of charging money for Reiki treatments and teachings, and fixed a price of ]10,000 (roughly ]6,500 or ]7,400) for the Master training.<ref name = "HealingTouchI17" />
{{blockquote|text=What we'll be looking for here, within John's auric field, is any areas of intense heat, unusual coldness, a repelling energy, a dense energy, a magnetizing energy, tingling sensations, or actually the body attracting the hands into that area where it needs the reiki energy, and balancing of John's qi.<ref name="Dunning">{{Skeptoid|id=4411|number=411|title=Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields|access-date=3 September 2016}}</ref>}}


== Technique ==
Takata died on 11 December 1980,<ref name = "HealingTouchI17" /><ref>(Petter (1997). Page 21) and (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 26)</ref> by which time she had trained 22 Reiki masters,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reikifed.co.uk/pub/about/fed/join/lineages.shtml |title=UK Reiki Federation - About Lineages |author=UK Reiki Federation |accessdate=15 April 2010}}</ref><ref>Takata trained 22 Reiki Masters: (Ellyard (2004). Page 14), (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 26) and (Petter (1997). Page20)</ref> and almost all Reiki taught outside Japan can be attributed to her work.<ref>Significance of Takata in bringing Reiki out of Japan: (Ellyard (2004). Pages 14 to 16) and (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 26)</ref>


A session usually lasts for approximately one hour. A "Level 1" practitioner places their hand or hands on or near various parts of the body for several minutes. During this time, a ] energy is meant to flow from the practitioner into the client's body.<ref name=ACS/> "Level 2" practitioners alternatively may offer their services at a distance with no skin contact.<ref name=ACS/>
=== Five Principles ===
Usui was an admirer of the literary works of the ] (明治天皇 ''Meiji tennō''). While in the process of developing his Reiki system, Usui summarised some of the emperor's works into a set of ethical principles, which later became known as the Five Reiki Precepts (五戒 ''Gokai,'' meaning "The Five Commandments," from the ] teachings of being prohibited against killing, thievery, sexual misconduct, lying, and for intemperance). It is common for many Reiki teachers and practitioners to abide by these five precepts, or principles.<ref>{{cite book |title=Living the Reiki Way |last= Quest |first=Penelope |year=2008 |publisher=Piatkus |location=London |isbn=0749928328 |pages=17–18}}</ref>
{{Col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''''Kanji'''''


==Research and critical evaluation==
招福の秘法,<br>
萬病の霊薬.


Reiki is used as an illustrative example of pseudoscience in scholarly texts and ] articles.<ref name="psych">{{cite book |last1=Semple |first1=D. |last2=Smyth |first2=R. |title=Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry |year=2013 |publisher=] |isbn=9780199693887 |page= |chapter=Ch. 1: Psychomythology |edition=3rd}}</ref><ref name="Donlan2009">{{cite book |last=Donlan |first=Joseph E. |title=Ordaining Reality in Brief: The Shortcut to Your Future |year=2009 |publisher=] |isbn=9781599428925 |pages=}}</ref><ref name="Lobato2014">{{cite journal |last1=Lobato |first1=E |last2=Mendoza |first2=J |last3=Sims |first3=V |last4=Chin |first4=M |title=Examining the relationship between conspiracy theories, paranormal beliefs, and pseudoscience acceptance among a university population |journal=Applied Cognitive Psychology |volume=28 |issue=5 |year=2014 |pages=617–25 |doi=10.1002/acp.3042}}</ref><ref name="Gorski2014">{{cite journal |last1=Gorski |first1=DH |author-link1=David Gorski |last2=Novella |first2=SP |author-link2=Steven Novella |title=Clinical trials of integrative medicine: Testing whether magic works? |journal=] |volume=20 |issue=9 |year=2014 |pages=473–76 |doi=10.1016/j.molmed.2014.06.007 |pmid=25150944}}</ref> ] writes that reiki vies with homeopathy to be the "one quackery that rules them all" because of its "sheer ridiculousness and disconnect from reality".<ref name="Gorski_3/9/2020">{{cite web |vauthors=Gorski DH |title=No, editors of The ''Atlantic'', reiki does not work |publisher=] |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/no-editors-of-the-atlantic-reiki-does-not-work/ |date=9 March 2020}}</ref> Jann Bellamy, a lawyer and critic of alternative medicine, has described the marketing of reiki as "fraudulent misrepresentation".<ref name="Bellamy_6/12/2014">{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/reiki-fraudulent-misrepresentation/ |title=Reiki: Fraudulent Misrepresentation |last=Bellamy |first=Jann |date=12 June 2014 |website=Science-Based Medicine |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321144741/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/reiki-fraudulent-misrepresentation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
今日丈けは:<br>
:怒るな,
:心配すな,
:感謝して,
:業をはけめ,
:人に親切に.


In criticizing the ] for offering a continuing education course on reiki, one source stated, "reiki postulates the existence of a universal energy unknown to science and thus far undetectable surrounding the human body, which practitioners can learn to manipulate using their hands,"<ref name="Lilienfeld2014">{{cite book|first1=Scott O. |last1=Lilienfeld|first2=Steven Jay |last2=Lynn|first3=Jeffrey M. |last3=Lohr|title=Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology |year=2014|publisher=]|isbn=9781462517893 |pages=}}</ref> and others said, "In spite of its diffusion, the baseline mechanism of action has not been demonstrated ..."<ref name="Ferraresi etal 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Ferraresi |first1=M |last2=Clari |first2=R |last3=Moro |first3=I |last4=Banino |first4=E |last5=Boero |first5=E |last6=Crosio |first6=A |last7=Dayne |first7=R |last8=Rosset |first8=L |last9=Scarpa |first9=A |last10=Serra |first10=E |last11=Surace |first11=A |last12=Testore |first12=A |last13=Colombi |first13=N |last14=Piccoli |first14=B |display-authors=4 |title=Reiki and related therapies in the dialysis ward: An evidence-based and ethical discussion to debate if these complementary and alternative medicines are welcomed or banned |journal=] |volume=14 |issue=1 |year=2013 |pages=129– |doi=10.1186/1471-2369-14-129 |pmid=23799960 |pmc=3694469 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and, "Neither the forces involved nor the alleged therapeutic benefits have been demonstrated by scientific testing."<ref name="Reiboldt2013">{{cite book|last=Reiboldt|first=Wendy|title=Consumer Survival: An Encyclopedia of Consumer Rights, Safety, and Protection|year=2013 |publisher=] |isbn=9781598849370 |page=}}</ref>
朝夕合掌して心に念じ,<br>
口に唱へよ.


Several authors have pointed to the ] energy which reiki is claimed to treat,<ref name="Canter2013">{{cite book |editor-last=Ernst |editor-first=Edzard |editor-link=Edzard Ernst |first=Peter H. |last=Canter |chapter=Vitalism and Other Pseudoscience in Alternative Medicine: The Retreat from Science |title=Healing, Hype or Harm?: A Critical Analysis of Complementary or Alternative Medicine |year=2013 |publisher=Andrews UK Limited |isbn=9781845407117 |pages=}}</ref><ref name="Smith2011">{{cite book |first=Jonathan C. |last=Smith|title=Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit|year=2011|publisher=]|isbn=9781444358940 |pages=}}</ref><ref name="Shermer">{{cite book |editor-first=Michael |editor-last=Shermer |editor-link=Michael Shermer |first=Larry |last=Sarner |chapter=Therapeutic Touch |title=The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience |publisher=]|isbn=9781576076538 |pages=|title-link=The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience |year=2002 }}</ref> with one saying, "Ironically, the only thing that distinguishes reiki from ] is that it involves actual touch,"<ref name="Shermer" /> and others stating that the International Center for Reiki Training "mimic the institutional aspects of science" seeking legitimacy but holds no more promise than an ] society.<ref name="Pugliucci2013">{{cite book|last1=Pigliucci|first1=Massimo |author-link1=Massimo Pigliucci |last2=Boudry|first2=Maarten |author-link2=Maarten Boudry |title=Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem|year=2013|publisher=]|isbn=9780226051826 |pages=}}</ref>
心身改善.<br>
臼井霊氣療法.


A guideline published by the ], the ], and the ] states, "Reiki therapy should probably not be considered for the treatment of PDN ."<ref name="Bril2001">{{cite journal |last1=Bril |first1=V |last2=England |first2=J |last3=Franklin |first3=GM |last4=Backonja |first4=M |last5=Cohen |first5=J |last6=Del Toro |first6=D |last7=Feldman |first7=E |last8=Iverson |first8=DJ |last9=Perkins |first9=B |last10=Russell |first10=JW |last11=Zochodne |first11=D |display-authors=4 |title=Evidence-based guideline: Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: Report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation |journal=] |volume=76 |issue=20 |year=2011 |pages=1758–65 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182166ebe |url=http://www.neurology.org/content/76/20/1758.full.pdf |pmid=21482920 |pmc=3100130 |access-date=2015-05-15 |archive-date=2017-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712081026/http://www.neurology.org/content/76/20/1758.full.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Canadian sociologist ] has listed reiki as among the pseudoscientific healing methods used by cults in France to attract members.<ref name="Palmer2011">{{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Susan |title=The New Heretics of France: Minority Religions, la République, and the Government-Sponsored "War on Sects" |title-link=The New Heretics of France |year=2011 |publisher=] |isbn=9780199875993 |pages=}}</ref>
肇祖,<br>
臼井甕男.


] of ] describes reiki as a "nonsensical method".<ref name="Barrett_3/3/2022">{{cite web | last=Barrett | first=Stephen | author-link=Stephen Barrett | title=Reiki Is Nonsense | website=] | date=March 3, 2022 | url=https://quackwatch.org/related/reiki/ | access-date=June 14, 2024}}</ref> As a reason for why ] should stop funding reiki research, he writes: "Reiki has no substantiated health value and lacks a scientifically plausible rationale. Science-based healthcare settings should not tolerate its use, and scarce government research dollars should not be used to study it further."<ref name="Barrett_3/3/2022" /><ref name="Barrett_6/23/2009">{{cite web | last=Barrett | first=Stephen | author-link=Stephen Barrett | title=Why NCCAM Should Stop Funding Reiki Research | website=] | date=June 23, 2009 | url=https://quackwatch.org/nccam/research/reiki/ | access-date=June 14, 2024}}</ref>
{{col-break}}
'''''Rōmaji'''''


=== Evidence quality ===
Shōfuku no hihō,<br>
Manbyō no reiyaku.


A 2008 ] of nine ]s found several shortcomings in the literature on reiki.<ref name="Lee_Pittler_Ernst_2008" /> Depending on the tools used to measure ] and ], the results varied and were not reliable or valid. Furthermore, the scientific community has been unable to replicate the findings of studies that support reiki. The review also found issues in reporting methodology in some of the literature, in that often there were parts omitted completely or not clearly described.<ref name="Lee_Pittler_Ernst_2008" /> Frequently in these studies, sample sizes were not calculated and adequate allocation and double-blind procedures were not followed. The review also reported that such studies exaggerated the effectiveness of treatment and there was no control for differences in experience of reiki practitioners or even the same practitioner at times produced different outcomes. None of the studies in the review provided a rationale for the treatment duration and no study reported adverse effects.<ref name="Lee_Pittler_Ernst_2008" />
Kyō dake wa:<br>
:Okoru na,
:Shinpai su na,
:Kansha shite,
:Gyō wo hakeme,
:Hito ni shinsetsu ni.


===Safety===
Asayū gasshō shite kokoro ni nenji,<br>
Kuchi ni tonae yo.


{{See also|Alternative medicine#Safety}}
Shinshin kaizen.<br>
Safety concerns for reiki sessions are very low and are akin to those of many ] practices. Some ] and health care providers, however, believe that patients may unadvisedly substitute proven treatments for life-threatening conditions with unproven alternative modalities including reiki, thus endangering their health.<ref name="There is no accreditation body for reiki, nor any regulation of the practice.">{{cite web |title=Reiki: Holistic Therapy Treatment Information |url=http://www.disabled-world.com/medical/alternative/reiki/ |website=Disabled world.com |date=January 2014 |access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Current Issues Regarding Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in the United States |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=514–522 |pmc=2957745 |journal=P & T: A Peer-Reviewed Journal for Formulary Management |year=2010 |last1=Ventola |first1=C. L. |pmid=20975811}}</ref>
Usui Reiki Ryōhō.


==Training, certification and adoption==
Chōso,<br>
Usui Mikao.


A reiki practitioner who offers teaching is known as a "reiki master".<ref name=ACS/>
{{col-break}}
] is read from top to bottom, moving from right to left). Note: Commonly called the ''Five Precepts'' or ''Five Principles,'' they start in the third column from the right below the space, and continue in the fourth and fifth columns from the right.]]
'''''English'''''


There is no central authority controlling use of the words ''reiki'' or ''reiki master''.<ref>{{citation|title=Modalities for Massage and Bodywork|author=Elaine Stillerman|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2014|page=295|isbn=9780323260794|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pi9yBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA295|quote=Currently there is no standard for certification in Reiki throughout the world.}}</ref> Certificates can be purchased online for under $100.<ref>{{citation|pages=7–8|title=Essential Reiki Teaching Manual: A Companion Guide for Reiki Healers|author=Diane Stein|publisher=Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony|year=2011|isbn=9780307783806|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eASXC2-iEv4C&pg=PA8}}</ref> It is "not uncommon" for a course to offer attainment of reiki master in two weekends.<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmKzzvL29G0C&pg=PT297|chapter=Reiki Training Levels|title=Reiki Collection|author1=Penelope Quest |author2=Kathy Roberts|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9781101576205|year=2012}}</ref> There is no regulation of practitioners or reiki master in the United States.<ref>{{citation|chapter=Reiki classes and certification|title=Reiki for Dummies|author=Nina L. Paul|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=9781118054741}}</ref>
The secret art of inviting happiness,<br>
The miraculous medicine for all diseases.


'']'' reported in 2014 that in response to customer demand, at least 60 hospitals in the United States offered reiki, at a cost of between $40 and $300 per session.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Washington Post |author=Sacks B |date=16 May 2014 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/reiki-goes-mainstream-spiritual-touch-practice-now-commonplace-in-hospitals/2014/05/16/9e92223a-dd37-11e3-a837-8835df6c12c4_story.html |title=Reiki goes mainstream: Spiritual touch practice now commonplace in hospitals |access-date=6 December 2018 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010810/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/reiki-goes-mainstream-spiritual-touch-practice-now-commonplace-in-hospitals/2014/05/16/9e92223a-dd37-11e3-a837-8835df6c12c4_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Cancer Research UK reported in 2019 that some cancer centers and hospices in the UK offer free or low-cost reiki for people with cancer.<ref name="Cancer Research UK" /> The cost per session for treatment vary widely, but a CNBC report found a practitioner charging $229 per session of 60–90 minutes.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419010835/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/19/budget-breakdown-of-a-37-year-old-who-makes-108000-dollars-a-year.html |date=2021-04-19 }}, '']'', Emmie Martin, 19 February 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2021.</ref>
At least for today:<br>
:Do not be angry,
:Do not worry,
:Be grateful,
:Work with diligence,
:Be kind to people.


==History==
Every morning and evening, join your hands in meditation and pray with your heart.<br>
{{expand section|date=May 2019}}
State in your mind and chant with your mouth.
{{multiple image
| width = 140
| footer =
| image1 = Mikaousui.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = ] (1865–1926)
| image2 = Chujiro Hayashi.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = ] (1880–1940)
}}
] originated the practice in Japan.<ref name="r597">{{cite book | last=Belcaro | first=G.V. | title=Complementary, Alternative Methods And Supplementary Medicine | publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-78634-568-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPF9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 | access-date=2024-06-13 | page=36}}</ref> According to the inscription on his memorial stone, Usui taught his system of reiki to more than 2,000 people during his lifetime. While teaching reiki in ], Usui suffered a stroke and died on 9 March 1926.<ref name="UsuiMemorial">Inscription on Usui's memorial</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2015}}


The first reiki clinic in the ] was started in 1970 by ], a student of ] (who was a disciple of Usui).<ref name="Joyce_Herbison_4/3/2015">{{cite journal |last=Joyce |first=Janine |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |title=Reiki for depression and anxiety |date=3 April 2015 |issue=4 |pages=CD006833 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006833.pub2 |pmid=25835541 |pmc=11088458 }}</ref>
For improvement of mind and body.<br>
Usui Reiki Ryōhō.


==See also==
The founder,<br>
Mikao Usui.


{{Col-end}} {{Portal|Japan}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

== Traditions ==
Today many branches of Reiki exist, though there exist two major traditions, respectively called ''Traditional Japanese Reiki'' and ''Western Reiki''.

=== Traditional Japanese Reiki ===
]
The term ''Traditional Japanese Reiki'' is normally used to describe the specific system that formed from Usui's original teachings<ref>{{cite book |title=Essential Reiki: A Complete Guide to an Ancient Healing Art |last=Stein |first=Diane |authorlink=Diane Stein |year=1998 |publisher=Crossing Press |location=] |isbn=0895947366 |page= |pages=}}</ref> and the teachings that did not leave Japan. During the 1990s, Western teachers travelled to Japan in order to find this particular tradition of Reiki, though found nothing. They therefore started to establish Reiki schools, and started to teach Reiki levels 1 and 2 to the Japanese. Around 1993, a German Reiki Master, Frank Arjava Petter, also started to teach to the Master/Teacher level, and as a result, the Japanese started teaching their knowledge of Traditional Reiki. Since then, several traditions of Traditional Japanese Reiki have been established, the main traditions of which are listed below.<ref name = "ReikiMaster.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.master-reiki.com/ |title=Master Reiki - Become a Reiki Master |author=Master-Reiki.com |year=2009 |accessdate=April 27, 2010}}</ref>

* '''Usui Reiki Ryōhō Gakkai''' (臼井靈氣療法學會 in Traditional Mandarin, meaning "Usui Reiki Healing Method Learning Society")<ref name = "JDGakkai">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aetw.org/reiki_gakkai.html |title=Usui Reiki Ryoho Gakkai |author=James Deacon |year=2003 |work=http://www.aetw.org/ |accessdate=5 June 2010}}</ref> is the name of the society of Reiki masters founded by Mikao Usui. His style is assumed to have survived to the present day (assumed as no-one knows exactly how the Gakkai practises nowadays), with Ushida being the one who, upon death, substituted the presidency of the association. This society remained secret for many years and at present, the ''shihan'' (master), Masaki Kondoh, is the president of the Gakkai. Though many of their teachings still remain secret, little by little, members of this association - such as Master Hiroshi Doi - have been sharing their knowledge with the rest of the world. In spite of this, it continues to be a hermetic society, nearly impossible to access.

* '''Reidō Reiki Gakkai''' (靈道靈氣學會, meaning "Spiritual Occurrence '''' Spiritual Energy Society") is the name given to the system that derives from the masters of the Ryōhō Gakkai, and is led by Fuminori Aoki, who added to the teaching of the Gakkai, though differences in teaching are minimal. In this system, the Koriki (meaning "the force of happiness") symbol that inspired Fuminori Aoki has been adopted.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://usuarios.multimania.es/tomaqui/KORIKI%20-%20Un%20primer%20simbolo.htm |title=KORIKI - Un primer símbolo |author=Tomaqui |language=Spanish |trans_title=Koriki - The First Symbol |accessdate=28 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aetw.org/reiki_reido.html |title=Reido Reiki |author=James Deacon |publisher=http://www.aetw.org/ |accessdate=5 June 2010}}</ref>

* '''Kōmyō Reiki Kai''' (光明レイキ會, meaning "Enlightened Spiritual Energy Meeting (Association)") is the name given to the system that takes the name of a school of Japanese Traditional Reiki, and was established by Hyakuten Inamoto (稲本　百天), a Reiki teacher with Western Reiki background. It differs from other systems in that it does not originate with the Gakkai, but instead comes from the Hayashi line, through Chiyoko Yamaguchi (山口　千代子) that remained in Japan.

* '''Jikiden Reiki''' (直傳靈氣, meaning "The Direct Teaching '''' Spiritual Energy") is the name given to the original system that was taught by Dr. Hayashi, and was founded by Mrs. Yamaguchi and her son, Tadao Yamaguchi (山口 忠夫).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jikidenreiki.co.uk/83/0/tooltip1.htm |title=Jikiden Reiki History | Chiyoko Yamaguchi | Tadao Yamaguchi |author=Tadao Yamaguchi |work=http://www.jikidenreiki.co.uk/ |accessdate=5 June 2010}}</ref>

The Japanese Reiki hand positions presented in the ''Usui Reiki Ryōhō Hikkei'' (臼井靈氣療法必携, ''Usui Reiki Treatment Handbook'') as used and compiled by Usui are considerably more extensive than the hand positions used in Western Reiki.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryōhō Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=7}}</ref>

=== Western Reiki ===
Western Reiki (西洋レイキ, ''Seiyō reiki'') is a system that can be accredited ].<ref name="TakataWest">{{cite book |last1=Streich |first1=Marianne |last2=William |first2=Rand L. |title=How Hawayo Takata Practised and Taught Reiki |url=http://www.centerforreikiresearch.org/Downloads/TakataArticle.pdf |accessdate=27 April 2010 |year=2007 |month=Spring |publisher=Reiki News Magazine |page=1 |quote=All Western Reiki practitioners have a lineage going back through Mrs. Takata. It was she who brought Reiki to the west.}}</ref> The principal difference between the traditions is the use of set hand patterns for internal treatments instead of ''Reiji-hō'', the intuitive skill of "knowing where to place the hands."<ref name = "ReikiMaster.com" /> This style Reiki places more emphasis on the healing of ailments, and ascension to higher levels of attunement is more formalised.<ref name = "ReikiMaster.com" />

After being trained by Hayashi, Takata went back to ], taking Reiki with her. After setting up clinics there, Reiki then spread to the rest of the Western world. As a result of the ], Takata decided to modify the Traditional Japanese Reiki system in order to make it more understandable and credible to the mentality of the West.

* '''Usui Reiki Shiki Ryōhō''' (臼井靈氣式療法, commonly translated as meaning "Usui's Spiritual Energy Style of Therapy", but a more literal translation is "Usui's Spiritual Energy Style of Medical Treatment" (Ryōhō (療法) meaning ''medical treatment'')) is the name given to the Western system of Reiki, and is a system that has tried to stay near enough the same as the original practises of Hawayo Takata. It is taught today by, for instance, the Reiki Alliance, led by Phyllis Lei Furumoto, Takata's granddaughter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reikialliance.com/the-reiki-alliance |title=What is the Reiki Alliance? |author=The Reiki Alliance |year=2006 |accessdate=5 May 2010}}</ref> In this system, as with most Western systems of Reiki, there are three levels, respectively called the First Degree, Second Degree, and Master/Teacher Degree, which uses Takata's versions of the four original symbols passed to her by Hayashi. Usui Reiki Shiki Ryōhō is also the norm requested qualification (along with Reiki lineage) when seeking insurance to practise Reiki on the general public in the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ctha.com/Quals/?QC=16 |title=Complementary Therapists Association - Accepted Qualifications - Reiki |author=Complementary Therapists Association |accessdate=15 April 2010}}</ref>

* '''Usui/Tibetan Reiki''' is the name given to the system that was developed by Arthur Robertson and later popularised by William Lee Rand and Diane Stein.<ref name = "TibetanReikiIntFedWales">{{cite web |url=http://www.reiki-federation.co.uk/glossary.asp |title=Explanation of Reiki |author=International Reiki Federation |accessdate=5 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20020414093724/angelreiki.nu/level3/tibetan.htm |title=Usui Tibetan Reiki - Introduction |author=Vincent Amador |accessdate=26 July 2010}}</ref> This system is derived from Usui Reiki as taught by Takata and includes techniques from the Usui Reiki Ryōhō Gakkai, such as ''Byōsen-hō'' (病専法, ''Scanning Method''), ''Gyōshi-hō'' (凝視法, ''Healing Eyes Method''), and ''Kenyoku-hō'' (件抑制法, ''Dry Bathing Method''). There have been a few additions to this system in comparison with Usui Shiki Ryōhō by Rand, such as a modified attunement method that incorporates the Violet Breath,<ref name = "TibetanReikiIntFedWales" /> the use of the Tibetan Master and ] fire symbols along with the four traditional Usui symbols, the ] position (located in the ]), and also the ].<ref name = "TibetanReikiIntFedWales" /> Along with introducing the above, Usui/Tibetan Reiki can sometimes incorporate ]. Unlike Usui Reiki Shiki Ryōhō, it has four levels, commonly called First Degree, Second Degree, Advanced Reiki Training (commonly ''3A'' or ''ART''), and Master/Teacher (commonly ''3B'').<ref name = "TibetanReikiIntFedWales" />

* '''Gendai Reiki Hō''' (現代靈氣法, meaning "Modern Spiritual Energy Method") is a system that incorporates elements of both Japanese and Western Reiki,<ref name = "EverythingReiki_Phylameana">{{Cite book |last=Lila Desy |first=Phylameana |title= The Everything Reiki Book: Channel Your Positive Energy to Reduce Stress (Everything (New Age)) |publisher=Adams Media Corporation |year=2004 |month=1 March |isbn=159337030X |page=232}}</ref> and was established by Hiroshi Doi.<ref name = "EverythingReiki_Phylameana" /> Doi was first trained in Western Reiki by Mieko Mitsui, a Master of the "Radiance Technique."<ref name = "ReikiThreshold" >{{Cite web |url=http://www.threshold.ca/reiki/Gendai.html |title=What is Gendai Reiki Ho? |author=Richard R. Rivard |date=23 October 2009 |work=The Reiki Threshold (http://www.threshold.ca/reiki/, direct link to source: http://www.threshold.ca/reiki/Gendai.html) |quote=See section entitled ''Mr. Doi's Reiki Training'' |accessdate=11 June 2010}}</ref> In 1993, he was granted membership to Usui Reiki Ryōhō Gakkai.<ref name = "ReikiThreshold" />

==Teachings==
Reiki teachings claim that Reiki is inexhaustible<ref>Reiki is inexhaustible. McKenzie (1998). Page 18; Boräng (1997). Page 9</ref><ref>Reiki as universal life force energy: Lübeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Page 62; McKenzie (1998). Page 18; Ellyard (2004). Page 75; Lübeck (1994). Page 13; Boräng (1997). Page 8</ref> and that it can be used to induce a healing effect.<ref name="for healing">McKenzie (1998). Page 18; Lübeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Pages 14 and 68; Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 30; Ellyard (2004). Page 27</ref> Practitioners claim that anyone can gain access to this energy<ref>Anyone can be attuned to Reiki: (Lübeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Page 8); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 35); (Ellyard (2004). Page 77)</ref> by means of an ''attunement'' process<ref>Note: The terms ''attunement'' and "initiation" are usually used interchangeably with regard to Reiki. Occasionally there is a slight difference of emphasis implied, with ''attunement'' used when discussing the gaining of access to the Reiki energy and "initiation" when discussing the personal (or spiritual) growth aspect. Both these aspects relate to the same physical procedure.</ref> carried out by a Reiki Master.<ref>Access is by means of attunement: (Ellyard (2004). Page 27 and 31); (Lübeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Page 22); (McKenzie (1998). Pages 18 and 19); (Gollagher (1998). Page 26); (Boräng (1997). Page 12)</ref>

Reiki is described by adherents as a ] therapy which brings about healing on physical, mental, emotional and spiritual levels.<ref name="Reiki as holistic therapy">Reiki is holistic, bringing healing on physical, mental, emotional and spiritual levels: (Baginski and Sharamon (1988). Page 35); (Gollagher (1998). Page 44); (Boräng (1997). Page 10); (McKenzie (1998). Page 81)</ref> The belief is that the energy will flow through the practitioner's hands whenever the hands are placed on, or held near a potential recipient. Some teachings stress the importance of the practitioner's ''intention'' or presence in this process, while others claim that the energy is ''drawn'' by the recipient's injury to activate or enhance the natural healing processes.<ref>Reiki activates or enhances natural healing: (McKenzie (1998). Page 18); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Pages 78 and 93); (Gollagher (1998). Page 24)</ref> Further to this notion, the belief is that the energy is "intelligent",<ref>Reiki is "intelligent": (Ellyard (2004). Pages 28 and 29); (Boräng (1997). Page 10)</ref> meaning that the Reiki knows where to heal, even if a practitioner's hands are not present in the specific area.

===Training===
The teaching of Reiki outside of Japan is commonly divided into three levels,<ref>Reiki is taught in 3 levels: (McKenzie (1998). Page 54); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 117); (Petter (1997). Page 38)</ref> or degrees, the most common of which are described below. Traditional Japanese Reiki was taught intensively under Usui's guidance, with weekly meditation meetings where Reiki was given and used to scan the body in order to supply an energetic diagnosis,<ref name="Usui 2000 7">{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=7}}</ref> which is known in Japanese as ''Byosen-hō'', as a Japanese Reiki treatment is intuitive and specifically directed in comparison to a Western Reiki treatment, which tends to generally treat the whole body instead of specific areas.

====First degree====
The first degree Reiki course,<ref>First degree course content: (McKenzie (1998). Page 54); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 118); (Petter (1997). Page 38)</ref> sometimes given the Japanese name of ''Shoden'' ("初伝" in Japanese, meaning "'Elementary/Entry Teachings"),<ref>James Deacon (2002), ''Reiki Glossary: S - Z'' (online). Accessed: 23 February 2010 (available: http://www.aetw.org/reiki_glossary_s.html)</ref> teaches the basic theories and procedures. A number of "attunements" are given to the student by the teacher.<ref>Effect of attunements in 1st level: (Ellyard (2004). Page 37)</ref> Students learn hand placement positions on the recipient's body that are thought to be most conducive to the process in a whole body treatment.<ref>Teaching of hand positions during First degree course: (Baginski and Sharamon (1988). Page 48), (Petter (1997). Page 39)</ref> Having completed the first degree course, a Reiki practitioner can then treat himself and others with Reiki. Course duration is dependent on the Reiki Master Teacher; some hold four sessions spread over a number of days, others hold two sessions over two days.<ref>Duration of First degree course: (Baginski and Sharamon (1988). Page 46), (Petter (1997). Page 38)</ref>

====Second degree====
In the second degree Reiki course,<ref>Second degree course content: (McKenzie (1998). Page 56); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 119); (Petter (1997). Page 43)</ref> sometimes given the Japanese name of ''Okuden'' ("奥伝" in Japanese, meaning "Inner Teachings"),<ref>James Deacon (2002), ''Reiki Glossary: M - R'' (online). Accessed: 23 February 2010 (available: http://www.aetw.org/reiki_glossary_m.html#o)</ref> the student learns the use of a number of symbols that are said to enhance the strength and distance over which Reiki can be exerted.<ref>Teaching of symbols in Second Degree: (Ellyard (2004). Page 81)</ref> This involves the use of symbols to form a temporary connection between the practitioner and the recipient, regardless of location and time, and then to send the Reiki energy.<ref>Reiki can be sent to past or future: (McKenzie (1998). Page 39), in Western Reiki; (Ellyard (2004). Page 115); (Lübeck (1994). Page 155)</ref><ref>Use of symbols for connection during distant healing: (McKenzie (1998). Page 39); (Ellyard (2004). Page 110)</ref> Another attunement is given, which is said to further increase the capacity for Reiki to flow through the student, as well as empowering the use of the symbols.<ref>Effect of 2nd level attunement: (Ellyard (2004). Page 81)</ref> Having completed the second level, the student can work without being physically present with the recipient - a practise known as "distant healing".<ref>Healing at a distance taught during Second Degree course: (Petter (1997). Page 43)</ref> Students in Japan sometimes only attained the Second Degree after a period of 10, sometimes 20, years of practice under Usui's tutorship, and the majority of student never attained the Third Degree.<ref name="Usui 2000 8">{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=8}}</ref>

====Third degree====
Through the third degree, or "master training",<ref>Master training: (McKenzie (1998). Page 58); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Pages 120 to 124); (Petter (1997). Pages to 47 and 49)</ref> sometimes given the Japanese name of ''Shinpiden'' ("神秘伝" in Japanese, meaning "Mystery Teachings"),<ref>James Deacon (2002), ''Reiki Glossary: S - Z'' (online). Accessed: 23 February 2010 (available: http://www.aetw.org/Reiki_glossary_s.html)</ref> the student becomes a Reiki Master. In Reiki terminology, the word "master" does not imply spiritual enlightenment, and is sometimes changed to "Master/Teacher" in order to avoid this confusion. According to the specific branch of Reiki, either one or more attunements can be carried out and the student learns a further symbol.<ref>Content of master training: (Ellyard (2004). Chapters 16 and 17)</ref> Having completed the master training, the new Reiki Master can attune other people to Reiki and teach the three degrees. The duration of the master training can be anything from a day to a year or more, depending on the school and philosophy of the Reiki Master giving the training. There are commonly two types of Master: ''Master Teacher'' and ''Master Practitioner''; a Master Teacher is a Master of Reiki and also has the ability teach Reiki (i.e., attune others), though a Master Practitioner is a Master of Reiki but does not teach Reiki.

====Variations====
There is much variation in training methods, speed of completion (i.e., attunment), and costs. Though there is no accreditation and central body for Reiki, nor any regulation of its practice, there exists such organisations within the United Kingdom that seeks to standardise Reiki and Reiki practises, such as the UK Reiki Federation<ref>UK Reiki Federation website link: http://www.reikifed.co.uk/</ref> and the Reiki Council (UK).<ref>The Reiki Council website link: http://www.reikicouncil.org.uk/</ref> Reiki courses are also available ], although traditionalists state that attunement must be done in person in order to take effect, as the Reiki Master/Teacher doing the attunement must be able to actually touch the energy field of the person being attuned. A distance Reiki attument is not always recognised by certain Reiki federations, such as with the UK Reiki Federation, who state, "''ll training must have been "in-person" or "face to face" (distant attunements are not accepted)''."<ref>UK Reiki Federation (2009), ''Membership Form.'' Accessed 23 February 2010 (available: http://www.reikifed.co.uk/pub/about/fed/join/reikifed_mem-app.pdf)</ref> Some traditionalists also hold the ideal that methods that teach Reiki "quickly" cannot yield as strong an effect, because there is no substitute for experience and patience when mastering Reiki.

==Practice==
]s.]]
]
In Western Reiki, it is taught that Reiki works in conjunction with the ] and ]s through the use of the hand-positions, which normally correspond to the seven major chakras on the body. These hand-positions are used both on the front and back of the body, and can include specific areas (see ]). According to authors such as James Deacon, Usui used only five formal hand-positions, which focused on the head and neck.<ref name=JDUsuiOrigHandPos>James Deacon (2006), ''Usui's Original Hand Positions'' (online). Available: http://www.aetw.org/d_treatment_usui.htm (accessed 25 February 2010)</ref> After Reiki had been given first to the head and neck area, specific areas of the body where imbalances were present would then be treated.<ref name=JDUsuiOrigHandPos /> The use of the chakras is widespread within Western Reiki, though not as much within Traditional Japanese Reiki, as it concentrates more on treating specific areas of the body after using techniques such as ''Byosen-hō'' and ''Reiji-hō'', which are used to find areas of dis-ease (discomfort) in the ] and physical body.

===Healing===
Usui Reiki Ryōhō does not use any medication or instruments, but uses looking, blowing, light tapping, and touching.<ref name="Healing">{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=25}}</ref> According to Frank Arjava Petter, Usui touched the diseased parts of the body, he massaged them, tapped them lightly, stroked them, blew on them, fixed his gaze upon them for two to three minutes, and specifically gave them energy,<ref name="Joshin Kokyuu-ho">{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=22}}</ref> and used a technique commonly referred to as ''palm healing'' as a form of ]. Through the use of this palm healing (sometimes referred to as "''tenohira''" (掌, meaning "the palm"), practitioners transfer healing energy in the form of '']'' through the palms.<ref name="through hands"/>

===Whole body treatment===
In a typical whole-body Reiki treatment,<ref>Whole body treatment: (Lübeck (1994). Chapters 4 and 5); (McKenzie (1998). Page 84); (Ellyard (2004). Page 45); (Lübeck ,Petter, and Rand (2001). Chapter 20); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 79); (Petter (1997). Pages 50 to 55); (Boräng (1997). Page 36)</ref> the Reiki practitioner instructs the recipient to lie down, usually on a massage table, and relax. Loose, comfortable clothing is usually worn during the treatment. The practitioner might take a few moments to enter a calm or meditative state of mind and mentally prepare for the treatment,<ref>Mental preparation by practitioner at start of treatment: (Ellyard (2004). Page 46)</ref> that is usually carried out without any unnecessary talking.<ref>Minimum talking during formal treatments: (Ellyard (2004). Page 45)</ref>

The treatment proceeds with the practitioner placing the hands on the recipient in various positions. However, practitioners may use a non-touching technique, where the hands are held a few centimetres away from the recipient's body for some or all of the positions. The hands are usually kept in a position for three to five minutes before moving to the next position. Overall, the hand positions usually give a general coverage of the head, the front and back of the torso, the knees, and feet. Between 12 and 20 positions are used, with the whole treatment lasting anywhere from 45 to 90 minutes.<ref name="EllyardP41">Duration of whole body treatment and others: (Ellyard (2004). Page 41)</ref>

Many Western practitioners use a common fixed set of 12 hand positions,<ref name="Usui 2000 7"/> while others use their intuition to guide them as to where treatment is needed<ref>Use of intuition: (Usui and Petter (2003). Page 17)</ref> as is the practise in Traditional Japanese Reiki, sometimes starting the treatment with a "scan" of the recipient to find such areas. The intuitive approach might also lead to individual positions being treated for much shorter or longer periods. A Western Reiki treatment is considered a type of large-scale treatment in comparison to the more localised-style treatment of Traditional Japanese Reiki.<ref name="Usui 2000 8"/>

The use of the 12 hand positions energise on many levels,<ref name="Usui 2000 8"/> by,
* Energising on a physical level through the warmth of the hands,
* Energising on the mental level through the use of the Reiki symbols,
* Energising on the emotional level through the love that flows with the use of the symbols,
* Energising on the energetic level though the presence of an initiated practitioner as well as the presence of the Reiki power itself.<ref name="Usui 2000 8"/>

It is reported that the recipient often feels warmth or tingling in the area being treated, even when a non-touching approach is being used. A state of deep relaxation, combined with a general feeling of well-being, is usually the most noticeable immediate effect of the treatment, although emotional releases can also occur.<ref>Immediate effects of treatment: (Ellyard (2004). Page 44)</ref> As the Reiki treatment is said to stimulate the body's natural healing processes, instantaneous "cures" of specific health problems are not normally observed. A series of three or more treatments, typically at intervals of one to seven days, is usually recommended if a chronic condition is being addressed,<ref name="EllyardP41" /> and regular treatments on an on-going basis can be used with the aim of maintaining well-being. The interval between such treatments is typically in the range of one to four weeks, except in the case of self-treatment where daily practice is common.<ref name="EllyardP41" />

===Localised treatment===
]
Localised Reiki treatment involves the practitioner's hands being held on or near a specific part of the body for a varying length of time. Recent injuries are usually treated in this way,<ref>Treatment of injuries: (McKenzie (1998). Page 110); (Ellyard (2004). Page 70); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 77)</ref> with the site of injury being targeted. There is great variation in the duration of such treatments, though 20 minutes is typical. Takata described "localised treatment" as 'hands-on work,' compared to distant or "absent healing."<ref>James Deacon (2006), ''On CKR, SHK, and Absent Healing'' (online). Accessed: 23 February 2010 (available: http://www.aetw.org/reiki_takata_course2.htm)</ref>

Some practitioners use localised treatments for certain ailments, and some publications have tabulated appropriate hand positions,<ref>Reiki.nu (2009), ''Reiki hand positions photos - treating others, self and "quick version"'' (online). Accessed 23 February 2010 (available: http://www.Reiki.nu/Treatmentguide2.pdf)</ref><ref>Hand positions for specific ailments: (Usui and Petter (2003). Pages 49 and 67); (Lübeck (1994). Pages 173 and 184)</ref> However, other practitioners prefer to use the whole body treatment for all chronic conditions, on the grounds that it has a more holistic effect.<ref>Whole body treatment for chronic conditions: (McKenzie (1998). Page 108); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 81)</ref> Another approach is to give a whole body treatment first, followed by a localised treatment for any specific ailments.<ref>Localised treatment following on from whole body treatment: (McKenzie (1998). Page 105)</ref>

Usui used specific hand positions to treat specific ailments and dis-eases (discomfort),<ref>{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=28}}</ref> which included disorders of the nervous system (such as ]),<ref>{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=49}}</ref> respiratory disorders (such as ] of the ]),<ref>{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=52}}</ref> digestive disorders (such as ]s),<ref>{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=54}}</ref> circulatory disorders (such as chronic ]),<ref>{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=56}}</ref> metabolism and blood disorders (such as ]),<ref>{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=57}}</ref> urogenital tract disorders (such as ]),<ref>{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=59}}</ref> skin disorders (such as inflammation of the ]s),<ref>{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=60}}</ref> childhood disorders (such as ]),<ref>{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=63}}</ref> women’s health disorders (such as ]),<ref>{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=64}}</ref> and contagious disorders (such as ]).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=65}}</ref>

===Breathing===
Though the specific use of breath and breathing is central to many styles of Japanese Reiki, it is often a neglected topic in Western Reiki.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=21}}</ref> Usui taught a technique called ''Joshin Kokyū-hō'' (女神呼吸法), which roughly translates as "the breathing method for cleansing the spirit," though literally translates as "Goddess Breath Method".<ref name="Joshin Kokyuu-ho" /> Joshin Kokyū-hō is performed by sitting straight, with the back aligned, breathing in slowly through the nose. As the practitioner inhales, s/he also breathes the Reiki energy in through the crown Chakra in order to purify the body and make it fit for the flow of Reiki, and is drawn down into the ].<ref name="Joshin Kokyuu-ho" />

===Three Pillars of Reiki===
Along with the five Reiki principles, Usui based his Reiki system on three other practises; ''Gasshō'', ''Reiji-hō'', and ''Chiryō''.<ref name="Usui 2000 15">{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=15}}</ref>

====Gasshō====
'']'' ("合掌" in Japanese, meaning "two hands coming together") is a ] state where both palms of the hands are placed together, and was practised each time at the beginning of Usui's Reiki workshops/meetings. One technique of Gasshō is to concentrate on the pads where the two middle fingers meet.<ref name="Usui 2000 15"/>

====Reiji-hō====
''Reiji-hō'' (霊示法, meaning "indication of the Reiki power method") is a means of connecting with the Reiki power by asking it to flow through the practitioner three times, and is commonly split into three parts. The first part is to ask the Reiki power to flow through the practitioner. It will either enter through the crown chakra (as this is the highest ascension), the heart chakra (as indicated by the pure love of Reiki), or the hands (as the palms are attuned with specific Reiki symbols). A student of the Second Degree can use the third/distance symbol to connect with the Reiki along with the first/power symbol; the distance symbol is sent first and is then sealed with the power symbol.<ref name="Reiji-ho">{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=17}}</ref>

The second part is to pray for the recovery of the person if a specific ailment is being healed, or for the general health of the person if otherwise.<ref name="Reiji-ho" />

The third part is to place both hands, palms facing each other, to the ] (the area in between the two eyebrows), and ask the Reiki power to guide the hands to where energy is needed.<ref name="Reiji-ho" /> Though similar to the practice of ''Byosen-hō'', ''Reiji-hō'' relies specifically on ] of where to heal, whereas ''Byosen-hō'' scans for areas with the hands, feeling for subtle changes in the aura of the practitioner's hands and the aura of the recipient.

====Chiryō====
''Chiryō'' ("治療" in Japanese, meaning "(medical) treatment") requires the practitioner to place his/her dominant hand on the crown chakra and wait for ] (], "feedback") in the form of an impulse or inspiration, which the hand then follows. During Chiryō, the practitioner gives free rein to the hand, touching painful areas of the body until the area no longer hurts or until the hands move on their own to another area.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Dr. Mikao |coauthors=Frank Arjava Petter |date= 31 |month=March |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578 |page=18}}</ref>

==Research, critical evaluation, and controversy==
===Scientific research===
Claims for Reiki energy have no known ] or ] basis.<ref name="Lee_SR" /><ref name='Stenger_SRAM'>{{cite journal|title=The Physics of 'Alternative Medicine' Bioenergetic Fields|journal=Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine|year=1999|first=Victor J.|last=Stenger|coauthors=|volume=3|issue=1|pages=1501–6|id= |url=http://www.sram.org/0301/bioenergetic-fields.html|accessdate=2008-03-30|doi=10.1126/science.134.3489.1501|pmid=14471768}}</ref>

A 2008 ] of ] ]s assessing the evidence basis of Reiki concluded that efficacy had not been demonstrated for any condition.<ref name="Lee_SR" /> Nine studies fit the inclusion criteria; a modified ] of methodological quality was used, taking into account the difficulty of ] practitioners. Non-randomised studies were excluded, as the potential for intentional or unintentional bias in such studies is large, rendering the results un-interpretable. Overall, the methodological quality of the evidence base was poor as most of the studies suffered from flaws such as small sample size, inadequate study design and poor reporting, with even high-ranking studies failing fully to control for ] effects."<ref name='Lee_SR' /> As trials with such flaws are known to be likely to show exaggerated treatment effects, there is insufficient evidence to indicate that Reiki is effective as sole or ] for any medical condition, or that it has any benefits beyond possible ]s.<ref name='Lee_SR' /><ref name=Ernst_PW>Henderson, Mark. , The Times. April 17, 2008. Accessed November 13, 2008.</ref> ] of Reiki are complicated by the difficulty of designing a realistic placebo.<ref></ref>

A 2009 review in The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine found that "the serious methodological and reporting limitations of limited existing Reiki studies preclude a definitive conclusion on its effectiveness."<ref name='vanderVart'>{{cite journal|title=A Systematic Review of the Therapeutic Effects of Reiki|journal=The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine|year=2009|volume=15|first4=G|issue=11|pages=1157–1169|doi=10.1089/acm.2009.0036|url=|last4=Koren|format=|accessdate=2009-04-08|pmid=19922247|last1=vanderVaart|first1=S|last2=Gijsen|first2=V|last3=Wildt|first3=S}}</ref>

===Safety and effectiveness===
{{Main|Alternative medicine#Testing of safety|l1=Testing of safety}}
Concerns about safety in Reiki are similar to those of other unproven ]s. Doctors of ] and allied health care workers believe that patients might avoid clinically proven treatments for serious conditions in favour of unproven alternative medicines.<ref name=Lilienfeld_2002>{{cite journal|title=Our Raison d’Être|journal=The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice|year=2002|first=Scott O.|last=Lilienfeld|coauthors=|volume=1|issue=1|pages=|id= |url=http://www.srmhp.org/0101/raison-detre.html|accessdate = 2008-01-28 }}</ref> Reiki practitioners may encourage their clients to consult a medical doctor for serious conditions, stating that Reiki can be used to complement conventional medicine.<ref>Reiki does not replace conventional medicine but complements it: (McKenzie (1998). Pages 7, 18, and 105)</ref> Clinical trials have not reported any significant adverse effects from the use of Reiki.<ref name='Lee_SR' />

William T. Jarvis, Ph.D., of ], suggests that any clinical effect of Reiki may be due to ].<ref>A sceptical assessment of Reiki: .</ref>

===Internal controversies===
With the many varied ways that have been used to teach Reiki, there have emerged points of controversy between different groups, teachers, and practitioners. Controversies exist on topics such as the nature of the Reiki energy itself, fees charged for courses and treatments, training methods, secrecy of symbols, and attunement methods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indobase.com/reiki/info-for-practioners/charging-for-reiki.html |title=Charging for Reiki Healing |accessdate=2009-02-05 |publisher=Indobase}}</ref><ref name='TRTIA_history'>{{cite web|url=http://www.trtia.org/histpers.html |title=The Radiance Technique, Authentic Reiki: Historical Perspectives |accessdate=2008-04-02 |last=Ray |first=Barbara |year=1995 |publisher=The Radiance Technique International Association Inc. }}</ref>

Following the death of Hawayo Takata, through to the mid 1990s, there were rival claims to the title of "Grandmaster" of Reiki. However, this dispute largely evaporated when it was discovered that Takata herself had created the term.<ref>"Grandmaster" dispute: (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 106), (Ellyard (2004). Pages 21 and 23)</ref>

=== Catholic Church concerns ===
In March 2009, the Committee on Doctrine of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops issued a decree (''Guidelines for Evaluating Reiki as an Alternative Therapy'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usccb.org/doctrine/Evaluation_Guidelines_finaltext_2009-03.pdf |title=Guidelines for Evaluating Reiki as an Alternative Therapy |last1= |first1=Committee on Doctrine United States Conference of Catholic Bishops |date=25 March 2010 |accessdate=7 April 2010}}</ref> halting the practice of Reiki by ] used in some Catholic retreat centres and hospitals. The conclusion of the decree stated that ''"since Reiki therapy is not compatible with either Christian teaching or scientific evidence, it would be inappropriate for Catholic institutions, such as Catholic health care facilities and retreat centres, or persons representing the Church, such as Catholic chaplains, to promote or to provide support for Reiki therapy."''

==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}} {{Reflist}}


== Bibliography == == Further reading ==
<!-- ===========================({{NoMoreReferences}})=============================== -->
<!-- | DO NOT ADD MORE REFERENCES TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF | -->
<!-- | BOOKS. If you think that your book might be useful, do not add it here, | -->
<!-- | but put it on this article's discussion page first or submit your link | -->
<!-- | to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org) | -->
<!-- | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | -->
<!-- | | -->
<!-- | Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. | -->
<!-- | See ] and ] for details | -->
<!-- ===========================({{NoMoreReferences}})=============================== -->
<!-- Please note that objects added to this References section will be automatically deleted if they do not support anything -->
<!-- mentioned within the above Notes section. Please discuss them in the talk page before adding them -->


{{Wiktionary|reiki}}
* {{cite book |title=Reiki: Universal Life Energy: Holistic Method Suitable for Self-Treatment and the Home Professional Practice, Teleotherapeutics/Spiritual Healing |last=Baginski |first=Bodo |coauthors=et al. |year=1994 |publisher=New Leaf Distribution Company |location=], ] |isbn=0940795027}}
{{Commons category|Reiki}}

* {{cite web |url=http://nccam.nih.gov/health/reiki/ |title=Reiki: An Introduction (NCCAM Backgrounder) |author=] |date=4 May 2010 |access-date=5 May 2010}}
* {{cite book |title=Reiki Healer: A Complete Guide to the Path and Practice of Reiki |last=Ellyard |first=Lawrence |year=2004 |publisher=Lotus Press |location=], ] |isbn=0940985640}}

* {{cite book |title=Reiki: a Gift from the Universe |last=Gollagher |first=Trevor |year=1998}}

* {{cite book |title=Reiki - A Beginner's Guide |last=Leir Shuffey |first=Sandi |year=1998 |publisher=Headway |isbn=0340720816}}

* {{cite book |title=Healing Reiki (Hamlyn Health & Well Being) |last=McKenzie |first=Eleanor |coauthors=et al. |year=1998 |publisher=Hamlyn |isbn=0600608182}}

* {{cite book |last= Rand |first= William L. |title= Reiki: The Healing Touch, First and Second Degree Manual |publisher= Vision Publications |location= ], ] |edition=Expanded and Revised |year= 1998 |month= March |origyear= 1991 |isbn= 1886785031}}

* {{cite book |title=The Reiki Factor in the Radiance Technique |last=Ray |first=Barbara |year=1992 |publisher=Radiance Assoc |isbn=0933267002}}

* {{cite book |title=The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being |last=Usui |first=Mikao |coauthors=et al. |year=2000 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=0914955578}}

* {{cite book |title=Reiki: the Science, Metaphysics and Philosophy |last=Vetheim |first=Dr John & Esther |year=1995 |publisher=PaRama |isbn=0964594404}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Reiki}}
{{commons category|Reiki}}
<!-- ===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})=============================== -->
<!-- | DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF | -->
<!-- | LINKS. If you think that your link might be useful, do not add it here, | -->
<!-- | but put it on this article's discussion page first or submit your link | -->
<!-- | to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org)| -->
<!-- | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | -->
<!-- | | -->
<!-- | Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. | -->
<!-- | See ] and ] for details | -->
<!-- ===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})=============================== -->
* {{cite web |url=http://nccam.nih.gov/health/reiki/ |title=Reiki: An Introduction (NCCAM Backgrounder) |author=National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine |date=4 May 2010 |accessdate=5 May 2010 |quote=''Government agency dedicated to exploring complementary and alternative healing practices in the context of rigorous science, training complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) researchers, and disseminating authoritative information to the public and professionals''}}


* "", 2020 article in '']''
* {{cite web |url=http://www.reiki.org/ |title=The International Center for Reiki Training |author=The International Center for Reiki Training |year=2010 |accessdate=5 May 2010 |quote=''Articles and research concerning Reiki''}}


{{Pseudoscience|state=expanded}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/reiki.html |title=Reiki Is Nonsense |author=Stephen Barrett, M.D. |date=4 August 2009 |accessdate=5 May 2010 |quote=''Quackwatch article by Stephen Barrett''}}
{{Authority control}}
<!-- ===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})=============================== -->
<!-- | DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF | -->
<!-- | LINKS. If you think that your link might be useful, do not add it here, | -->
<!-- | but put it on this article's discussion page first or submit your link | -->
<!-- | to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org)| -->
<!-- | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | -->
<!-- | | -->
<!-- | Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. | -->
<!-- | See ] and ] for details | -->
<!-- ===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})=============================== -->


]
]
]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]

]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 22:10, 10 December 2024

Pseudoscientific healing technique This article is about the Japanese pseudoscientific healing practice. For the era, see Reiki (era).

A reiki session in progress
Part of a series on
Alternative medicine
General information
Fringe medicine and science
Controversies
Classifications
Traditional medicine
Alternative diagnoses

Reiki is a pseudoscientific form of energy healing, a type of alternative medicine originating in Japan. Reiki practitioners use a technique called palm healing or hands-on healing through which, according to practitioners, a "universal energy" is transferred through the palms of the practitioner to the client, to encourage emotional or physical healing. It is based on qi ("chi"), which practitioners say is a universal life force, although there is no empirical evidence that such a life force exists.

Reiki is used as an illustrative example of pseudoscience in scholarly texts and academic journal articles. The marketing of reiki has been described as "fraudulent misrepresentation", and itself as a "nonsensical method", with a recommendation that the American government agency NCCAM should stop funding reiki research because it "has no substantiated health value and lacks a scientifically plausible rationale".

Clinical research does not show reiki to be effective as a treatment for any medical condition, including cancer, diabetic neuropathy, anxiety or depression. There is no proof of the effectiveness of reiki therapy compared to placebo. Studies reporting positive effects have had methodological flaws.

Etymology

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the English alternative medicine word reiki comes from Japanese reiki (霊気) "mysterious atmosphere, miraculous sign", combining rei "universal" and ki "vital energy"—the Sino-Japanese reading of Chinese língqì (靈氣) "numinous atmosphere".

Conceptual basis

Further information: Vitalism and Qi

Reiki's teachings and adherents claim that qi is a physiological force that can be manipulated to treat a disease or condition. There is no evidence that qi exists as an observable phenomenon. Reiki is thus classified as a pseudoscientific practice based on metaphysical, rather than physiological, concepts.

Most research on reiki is poorly designed and prone to bias. There is no reliable empirical evidence that reiki is helpful for treating any medical condition, although some physicians have said it might help promote feelings of general well-being. In 2011, William T. Jarvis of The National Council Against Health Fraud stated there "is no evidence that clinical reiki's effects are due to anything other than suggestion" or the placebo effect.

The 22 April 2014 Skeptoid podcast episode entitled "Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields" relates a reiki practitioner's report of what was happening as she passed her hands over a subject's body:

What we'll be looking for here, within John's auric field, is any areas of intense heat, unusual coldness, a repelling energy, a dense energy, a magnetizing energy, tingling sensations, or actually the body attracting the hands into that area where it needs the reiki energy, and balancing of John's qi.

Technique

A session usually lasts for approximately one hour. A "Level 1" practitioner places their hand or hands on or near various parts of the body for several minutes. During this time, a vital energy is meant to flow from the practitioner into the client's body. "Level 2" practitioners alternatively may offer their services at a distance with no skin contact.

Research and critical evaluation

Reiki is used as an illustrative example of pseudoscience in scholarly texts and academic journal articles. David Gorski writes that reiki vies with homeopathy to be the "one quackery that rules them all" because of its "sheer ridiculousness and disconnect from reality". Jann Bellamy, a lawyer and critic of alternative medicine, has described the marketing of reiki as "fraudulent misrepresentation".

In criticizing the State University of New York for offering a continuing education course on reiki, one source stated, "reiki postulates the existence of a universal energy unknown to science and thus far undetectable surrounding the human body, which practitioners can learn to manipulate using their hands," and others said, "In spite of its diffusion, the baseline mechanism of action has not been demonstrated ..." and, "Neither the forces involved nor the alleged therapeutic benefits have been demonstrated by scientific testing."

Several authors have pointed to the vitalistic energy which reiki is claimed to treat, with one saying, "Ironically, the only thing that distinguishes reiki from therapeutic touch is that it involves actual touch," and others stating that the International Center for Reiki Training "mimic the institutional aspects of science" seeking legitimacy but holds no more promise than an alchemy society.

A guideline published by the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation states, "Reiki therapy should probably not be considered for the treatment of PDN ." Canadian sociologist Susan J. Palmer has listed reiki as among the pseudoscientific healing methods used by cults in France to attract members.

Stephen Barrett of Quackwatch describes reiki as a "nonsensical method". As a reason for why NCCAM should stop funding reiki research, he writes: "Reiki has no substantiated health value and lacks a scientifically plausible rationale. Science-based healthcare settings should not tolerate its use, and scarce government research dollars should not be used to study it further."

Evidence quality

A 2008 systematic review of nine randomized clinical trials found several shortcomings in the literature on reiki. Depending on the tools used to measure depression and anxiety, the results varied and were not reliable or valid. Furthermore, the scientific community has been unable to replicate the findings of studies that support reiki. The review also found issues in reporting methodology in some of the literature, in that often there were parts omitted completely or not clearly described. Frequently in these studies, sample sizes were not calculated and adequate allocation and double-blind procedures were not followed. The review also reported that such studies exaggerated the effectiveness of treatment and there was no control for differences in experience of reiki practitioners or even the same practitioner at times produced different outcomes. None of the studies in the review provided a rationale for the treatment duration and no study reported adverse effects.

Safety

See also: Alternative medicine § Safety

Safety concerns for reiki sessions are very low and are akin to those of many complementary and alternative medicine practices. Some physicians and health care providers, however, believe that patients may unadvisedly substitute proven treatments for life-threatening conditions with unproven alternative modalities including reiki, thus endangering their health.

Training, certification and adoption

A reiki practitioner who offers teaching is known as a "reiki master".

There is no central authority controlling use of the words reiki or reiki master. Certificates can be purchased online for under $100. It is "not uncommon" for a course to offer attainment of reiki master in two weekends. There is no regulation of practitioners or reiki master in the United States.

The Washington Post reported in 2014 that in response to customer demand, at least 60 hospitals in the United States offered reiki, at a cost of between $40 and $300 per session. Cancer Research UK reported in 2019 that some cancer centers and hospices in the UK offer free or low-cost reiki for people with cancer. The cost per session for treatment vary widely, but a CNBC report found a practitioner charging $229 per session of 60–90 minutes.

History

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (May 2019)
Mikao Usui (1865–1926)Chujiro Hayashi (1880–1940)

Mikao Usui originated the practice in Japan. According to the inscription on his memorial stone, Usui taught his system of reiki to more than 2,000 people during his lifetime. While teaching reiki in Fukuyama, Usui suffered a stroke and died on 9 March 1926.

The first reiki clinic in the United States was started in 1970 by Hawayo Takata, a student of Chujiro Hayashi (who was a disciple of Usui).

See also

Notes

  1. /ˈreɪki/ RAY-kee; Japanese: 霊気

References

  1. ^ Belcaro, G.V. (2018). Complementary, Alternative Methods And Supplementary Medicine. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-78634-568-4. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  2. ^ Lee, MS; Pittler, MH; Ernst, E (2008). "Effects of reiki in clinical practice: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials". International Journal of Clinical Practice (Systematic Review). 62 (6): 947–54. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01729.x. PMID 18410352. S2CID 25832830. Most trials suffered from methodological flaws such as small sample size, inadequate study design and poor reporting....In conclusion, the evidence is insufficient to suggest that reiki is an effective treatment for any condition. Therefore the value of reiki remains unproven.
  3. ^ Bellamy, Jann (12 June 2014). "Reiki: Fraudulent Misrepresentation". Science-Based Medicine. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  4. ^ Barrett, Stephen (3 March 2022). "Reiki Is Nonsense". Quackwatch. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  5. ^ Barrett, Stephen (23 June 2009). "Why NCCAM Should Stop Funding Reiki Research". Quackwatch. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  6. ^ Russell J; Rovere A, eds. (2009). "Reiki". American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.). American Cancer Society. pp. 243–45. ISBN 9780944235713.
  7. ^ "Reiki | Complementary and alternative therapy | Cancer Research UK". about-cancer.cancerresearchuk.org. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  8. ^ Bril, V; England, J; Franklin, GM; Backonja, M; et al. (2011). "Evidence-based guideline: Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: Report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation" (PDF). Neurology. 76 (20): 1758–65. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182166ebe. PMC 3100130. PMID 21482920. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  9. ^ Joyce, Janine (3 April 2015). "Reiki for depression and anxiety". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD006833. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006833.pub2. PMC 11088458. PMID 25835541.
  10. "Reiki". Oxford English Dictionary (OED). 2003.
  11. ^ Semple, D.; Smyth, R. (2013). "Ch. 1: Psychomythology". Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 9780199693887.
  12. Jarvis, William T. "Reiki". National Council Against Health Fraud. Archived from the original on 23 August 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  13. Dunning, Brian. "Skeptoid #411: Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields". Skeptoid. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  14. Donlan, Joseph E. (2009). Ordaining Reality in Brief: The Shortcut to Your Future. Universal Publishers. pp. 63–. ISBN 9781599428925.
  15. Lobato, E; Mendoza, J; Sims, V; Chin, M (2014). "Examining the relationship between conspiracy theories, paranormal beliefs, and pseudoscience acceptance among a university population". Applied Cognitive Psychology. 28 (5): 617–25. doi:10.1002/acp.3042.
  16. Gorski, DH; Novella, SP (2014). "Clinical trials of integrative medicine: Testing whether magic works?". Trends in Molecular Medicine. 20 (9): 473–76. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2014.06.007. PMID 25150944.
  17. Gorski DH (9 March 2020). "No, editors of The Atlantic, reiki does not work". Science-Based Medicine.
  18. Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Lynn, Steven Jay; Lohr, Jeffrey M. (2014). Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology. Guilford Press. pp. 202–. ISBN 9781462517893.
  19. Ferraresi, M; Clari, R; Moro, I; Banino, E; et al. (2013). "Reiki and related therapies in the dialysis ward: An evidence-based and ethical discussion to debate if these complementary and alternative medicines are welcomed or banned". BMC Nephrology. 14 (1): 129–. doi:10.1186/1471-2369-14-129. PMC 3694469. PMID 23799960.
  20. Reiboldt, Wendy (2013). Consumer Survival: An Encyclopedia of Consumer Rights, Safety, and Protection. ABC-CLIO. p. 765. ISBN 9781598849370.
  21. Canter, Peter H. (2013). "Vitalism and Other Pseudoscience in Alternative Medicine: The Retreat from Science". In Ernst, Edzard (ed.). Healing, Hype or Harm?: A Critical Analysis of Complementary or Alternative Medicine. Andrews UK Limited. pp. 116–. ISBN 9781845407117.
  22. Smith, Jonathan C. (2011). Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 251–. ISBN 9781444358940.
  23. ^ Sarner, Larry (2002). "Therapeutic Touch". In Shermer, Michael (ed.). The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. pp. 252–. ISBN 9781576076538.
  24. Pigliucci, Massimo; Boudry, Maarten (2013). Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. University of Chicago Press. pp. 178–. ISBN 9780226051826.
  25. Palmer, Susan (2011). The New Heretics of France: Minority Religions, la République, and the Government-Sponsored "War on Sects". Oxford University Press. pp. 129–. ISBN 9780199875993.
  26. "Reiki: Holistic Therapy Treatment Information". Disabled world.com. January 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  27. Ventola, C. L. (2010). "Current Issues Regarding Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in the United States". P & T: A Peer-Reviewed Journal for Formulary Management. 35 (9): 514–522. PMC 2957745. PMID 20975811.
  28. Elaine Stillerman (2014), Modalities for Massage and Bodywork, Elsevier Health Sciences, p. 295, ISBN 9780323260794, Currently there is no standard for certification in Reiki throughout the world.
  29. Diane Stein (2011), Essential Reiki Teaching Manual: A Companion Guide for Reiki Healers, Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony, pp. 7–8, ISBN 9780307783806
  30. Penelope Quest; Kathy Roberts (2012), "Reiki Training Levels", Reiki Collection, Penguin, ISBN 9781101576205
  31. Nina L. Paul (2011), "Reiki classes and certification", Reiki for Dummies, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9781118054741
  32. Sacks B (16 May 2014). "Reiki goes mainstream: Spiritual touch practice now commonplace in hospitals". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  33. Here's the budget breakdown of a 37-year-old ex-CIA analyst turned energy healer who makes $108,000 a year Archived 2021-04-19 at the Wayback Machine, CNBC, Emmie Martin, 19 February 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  34. Inscription on Usui's memorial

Further reading

External links

Pseudoscience
List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
Terminology
Topics
characterized as
pseudoscience
Medicine
Social science
Physics
Other
Promoters of
pseudoscience
Related topics
Resources
Categories: