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{{short description|Western Berber language of Niger}} |
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{{Infobox Language |
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{{Infobox language |
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|name=Tetserret |
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| name = Tetserret |
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|nativename=Tin Sert |
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| altname = Tin Sert |
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|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic |
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| nativename = ''Tətsərret'' |
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|states={{flagcountry|Niger}} |
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| states = ] |
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|region=] |
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| region = ] |
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|speakers=few thousand? |
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| ethnicity = ] |
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|fam2=] |
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| speakers = 2,000 |
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|fam3=] |
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| date = 2017 |
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|iso3=}} |
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| ref = e26 |
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'''Tetserret''' is a ] dialect similar to northern Berber languages. It is spoken mainly by the ] tribe of the Akabinu or ] commune in ]. The name, also ''Shinsert'' or ''Tin Sert'', means 'the language of ]'. |
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| script = Unwritten |
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| familycolor = Afro-Asiatic |
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| fam2 = ] |
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| fam3 = ] |
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| iso3 = tez |
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| glotto = tets1235 |
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| glottorefname = Tetserret |
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| map = Lang Status 40-SE.svg |
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| mapcaption = {{center|{{small|Tetserret is classified as Severely Endangered by the ] '']''}}}} |
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}} |
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'''Tetserret''' (''Tin-Sert'') is a ] ] language spoken by the ] and Kel Eghlal ] tribes of the ] (''Akabinu'') commune in ]. This main speech area is located between ], Akoubounou and Shadwanka.{{sfn|Lux|2011|pp=21, 40}} The variant spoken by the Kel Eghlal is called ''taməsəɣlalt''. The ] equivalent ''šin-sart'' / ''šin-sar'' / ''tin-sar'' is used in some older literature.{{sfn|Lux|2011|p=21}} Popular understanding among some Ait-Awari derives the name ''tet-serret'', and its Tamasheq equivalent ''šin-sart'', from expressions meaning 'the (language) of ]'.{{sfn|Walentowitz|Attayoub|2001|p=28}} |
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==Language== |
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It contains vocabulary similar to different Berber languages in North-Africa, and may link the Tuareg and northern Berber languages.{{dubious}} For example, ''afagan'' (man) resembles ]; ''aiddid'' (goatskin container for water) resembles ]; and ''awdosh'' (ox) recalls ]. |
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Tetserret is one of the last Berber languages to be recognised as distinct. As late as 1981, Bernus treated Tetserret as a dialect of Tuareg,<ref>"D’autres Touaregs parlent des langues qui ne sont que des variations dialectales du touareg : shin sar des Aït Awari, talasaghlalt des Kel Eghlal Enniger du sud de l’Azawagh". Bernus, E. 1981. ''Touaregs Nigériens : Unité culturelle et diversité régionale d’un peuple pasteur''. Paris: Orstom, p. 72.</ref> and some early sources even confused it with the Northern ].<ref>"L’étude des langues mixtes Songhay- Tamajaq parlées encore de nos jours dans la région – celles des tribus nomades de l’Azawagh : Igdalan, Aït Awari, Dahusahaq, Kel Eghlal Ninggər..." Marty, A. 1975. ''Histoire de l'Azawagh nigérien de 1899 à 1911''. Paris, mém. de l'EHESS, pp. 16-17.</ref> The first published linguistic material on Tetserret was Drouin (1984), and only with Khamed Attayoub's (2001) thesis did it become clear how different Tetserret was from Tuareg. |
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==External links== |
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* , Saskia Walentowitz & Abdoulmohamine Khamed Attayoub |
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Tetserret is the only surviving Berber language to share a number of sound shifts with ] of ].{{sfn|Lux|2011}}<ref>Souag, Lameen. "The Western Berber Stratum in Kwarandzyey (Tabelbala, Algeria)", in ed. D. Ibriszimow, M. Kossmann, H. Stroomer, R. Vossen, ''Études berbères V – Essais sur des variations dialectales et autres articles''. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe, 2010</ref> It also has non-Tuareg vocabulary found in other Berber languages. For example, ''afagan'' (man) resembles ] and ] of ]; ''ayddid'' (goatskin container for water) resembles ] of ]; and ''awdoš'' (ox) recalls ]. |
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{{Berber languages}} |
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All speakers of Tetserret are bilingual in the ], which has influenced their language.{{sfn|Lux|2011|p=52}} As of 2011, Tetserret was no longer being spoken with children, and as such appears endangered.{{sfn|Lux|2011|p=54}} |
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The language holds a certain level of prestige in its community, as a tool of spreading religion, such as it is 'almost a sin not to speak it',{{sfn|Attayoub|2001|p=16}} it is hard to evaluate the number of 'true' speakers, because there is a great shame in not speaking it within the community, leading to respondents exaggerating their knowledge of the language.{{sfn|Lux|2011|p=52}} |
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{{AfroAsiatic-lang-stub}} |
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==Literature== |
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* Drouin, Jeannine. 1984. Nouveaux éléments de sociolinguistique touarègue. Un parler méridional nigérien, la ''tamasaghlalt''. Paris Groupe Linguistique d'Études Chamito-Sémitiques, G.L.E.C.S.,XXIV-XXVIII (1979–1984), Geuthner, pp. 507–520. |
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* {{citation |
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|last=Attayoub |first=Abdoulmohamine Khamed |
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|year=2001 |
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|title=La tətsərret des Ayttawari Seslem : identification socio-linguistique d’un parler berbère non-documenté chez les touaregs de l’Azawagh (Niger) |
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|series=Mémoire de maîtrise dirigé par Salem Chaker |
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|publisher=Inalco |
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|location=Paris |
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}} |
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* Khamed Attayoub, Abdoulmohamine. Les mots du voyages chez les Touaregs Ayttawari Seslem. Quelques éléments lexicologues en ''tetserrét''. In ed. H. Claudot-Hawad, ''Voyager du point de vue d'un nomade''. Paris: Éditions Paris-Méditérranée, pp. 159–166. |
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* {{cite thesis |
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|last=Lux |first=Cécile |
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|year=2011 |
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|url=http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2011/lux_c/info |
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|title= Etude descriptive et comparative d’une langue menacée : le tetserret, langue berbère du Niger |
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|type=Doctoral thesis |
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|publisher=Université de Lyon-2 |
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}} |
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* {{citation |
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|last1=Walentowitz |first1=Saskia |
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|last2=Attayoub |first2=Abdoulmohamine Khamed |
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|year=2001 |
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|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721023906/http://aan.mmsh.univ-aix.fr/volumes/2000-2001/Documents/tetserret-Ayttawari-Seslem.pdf |
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|chapter=La tetserrét des Ayttawari Seslem: un parler proche du berbère "septentrionale" chez les Touaregs de l'Azawagh (Niger) |
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|title=Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord |
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|volume=XXIX |
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}} |
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==References== |
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<references/> |
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{{Berber languages}} |
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] |
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] |
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] |
Tetserret is one of the last Berber languages to be recognised as distinct. As late as 1981, Bernus treated Tetserret as a dialect of Tuareg, and some early sources even confused it with the Northern Songhay languages. The first published linguistic material on Tetserret was Drouin (1984), and only with Khamed Attayoub's (2001) thesis did it become clear how different Tetserret was from Tuareg.
Tetserret is the only surviving Berber language to share a number of sound shifts with Zenaga of Mauritania. It also has non-Tuareg vocabulary found in other Berber languages. For example, afagan (man) resembles Shilha and Central Atlas Tamazight of Morocco; ayddid (goatskin container for water) resembles Ghadames of Libya; and awdoš (ox) recalls Hassaniya Arabic.
The language holds a certain level of prestige in its community, as a tool of spreading religion, such as it is 'almost a sin not to speak it', it is hard to evaluate the number of 'true' speakers, because there is a great shame in not speaking it within the community, leading to respondents exaggerating their knowledge of the language.
Tetserret is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger