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{{Short description|Italian journalist and peace activist (1975–2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person {{Infobox person
| name = Vittorio Arrigoni | name = Vittorio Arrigoni
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1975|02|04|df=yes}} | birth_date = {{Birth date|1975|02|04|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Besana Brianza | birth_place = ], Italy
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|04|15|1975|02|04|df=yes}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|04|15|1975|02|04|df=yes}}
| death_place = ] | death_place = ], Palestine
| death_cause = Executed by strangling by ] | death_cause = Murdered by ]
| occupation = ] activist, journalist, blogger | occupation = {{hlist|Activist|journalist|blogger}}
| movement = ]
| nationality = ]
| image = VittorioArrigoni.jpg | image = VittorioArrigoni.jpg
| caption = | caption =
}} }}
'''Vittorio Arrigoni''' ({{IPA|it|vitˈtɔːrjo arriˈɡoːni}}; 4 February 1975&nbsp;– 15 April 2011) was an Italian journalist and activist.<ref name="Al Jazeera">Johnston, Nicole. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904090656/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/04/15/vittorio-arrigoni-man-i-knew |date=4 September 2011 }}. '']''. 15 April 2011.</ref><ref name="Guardian"/> He worked with the Palestinian-led ] (ISM), through which he arrived in the ] in 2008. He maintained a website called ''Guerrilla Radio'' and also published a book about his experiences in ] during the ] between ] and ]. In 2011, he was abducted and murdered by a group of ]. The ], which identified the perpetrators as Palestinian and Jordanian affiliates of ], subsequently initiated a manhunt and arrested the accused suspects during a raid on the ]. Arrigoni was the first foreign national to have been involved in such an incident in the Gaza Strip since the ] in 2007.


==Biography==
'''Vittorio Arrigoni''' (4 February 1975 &ndash; 15 April 2011) was an ] reporter, writer, pacifist and activist.<ref name="Al Jazeera">Johnston, Nicole. . '']''. 2011-04-15.</ref><ref name="Guardian"/> Arrigoni worked with the pro-Palestinian ] (ISM) in the Gaza Strip, from 2008 until his death. Arrigoni maintained a website, ''Guerrilla Radio'', and published a book of his experiences in Gaza during the 2008-09 ] between ] and ]. He was murdered by suspected members of a Palestinian ] group in Gaza. The murder was widely and strongly condemned by various Palestinian factions.
Arrigoni was born in the town of ], near ], on 4 February 1975.<ref name="Independent">Kalman, Matthew. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222162645/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/idealistic-blogger-was-more-palestinian-than-the-criminals-who-killed-him-2268635.html |date=22 December 2017 }}. '']''. 16 April 2011.</ref> He claimed that it was in his blood to fight for freedom as his grandfathers fought against the former ] in Italy. He had the ] word for resistance (''muqawama'') tattooed on his right arm. Once he passed his high school exams in Italy, he left his hometown of ], a small village near ],<ref name=" Reuters">Mackenzie, James. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621014750/http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE73E0KT20110415 |date=21 June 2017 }}. '']''. 15 April 2011.</ref> and began working as a volunteer around the world (], South America, Africa and Middle East).


In 2002, he visited ] which, according to his mother, was the "moment he understood his work would be concentrated there." His mother, Egidia Beretta, is the mayor of ].<ref name= "Guardian">Hooper, John. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723024755/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/15/vittorio-arrigoni-profile |date=23 July 2012 }}. '']''15 April 2011.</ref>
==Early life and beginning of activism==
Arrigoni was born in the town of ], near ], ].<ref name="Independent">Kalman, Matthew. . '']''. 2011-04-16.</ref> He claimed that it was in his blood to fight for freedom as his grandfathers fought against the former fascist regime in Italy. He had the ] word for resistance (''muqawama'') tattooed on his right arm. Once he passed his ] exams in Italy, he left his hometown of ], a small village near lake Como,<ref name="Reuters">Mackenzie, James. . '']''. 2011-04-15.</ref> and began traveling around the world. In 2002, he visited ] which according to his mother was the "moment he understood his work would be concentrated there." His mother, Egidia Beretta, is the mayor of ].<ref name="Guardian">Hooper, John. . '']''. 2011-04-15.</ref>


==Political activism==
==ISM work and journalism in Gaza==
Arrigoni was credited as one of the many activists who revived the ] (ISM), a pro-] group that works in the ]. In August 2008, he participated in the Free Gaza mission that aimed to break the ]i blockade of the Gaza Strip, in place since June 2007 when ] took power in the territory. He was on the first boat that arrived in the ],<ref name="Independent"/> describing that moment as "one of the happiest and most emotional" of his lifetime.<ref name="Haaretz">. '']''. 2011-04-15.</ref> While volunteering to act as a ] for a Palestinian fisherman off Gaza's coast in September 2008, Arrigoni was injured by flying glass after the ] used a water cannon to deter the vessel.<ref name="Independent"/><ref name="Guardian"/> In November, he was arrested by Israeli authorities after again acting as a human shield for fishermen off Gaza's coast.<ref name="Independent"/> {{External media|float=right|width=258px|image1=—''The New York Times''<ref>{{cite news|last=Saber|first=Mohammed|title=Gaza Killing of Italian Activist Deals a Blow to Hamas|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/16/world/middleeast/16gaza.html?_r=2|access-date=6 July 2011|newspaper=]|date=15 April 2011|agency=]|location=]}}</ref>}} Arrigoni was credited as one of the many activists who revived the ] (ISM), a pro-] group that works in the ]. In August 2008, he participated in the Free Gaza mission that aimed to break the Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip, in place since June 2007 when ] took power in the territory. He was on the first boat that arrived in the ],<ref name="Independent"/> describing that moment as "one of the happiest and most emotional of his lifetime."<ref name="Haaretz"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418145015/http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/new-video-released-of-slain-italian-activist-day-i-arrived-in-gaza-was-happiest-of-my-life-1.356176 |date=18 April 2011 }}. '']''. 15 April 2011.</ref>


While volunteering to act as a ] for a Palestinian fisherman off Gaza's coast in September 2008, Arrigoni was injured by flying glass after the ] used a water cannon to deter the vessel.<ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="Independent"/> In November, he was arrested by Israeli authorities after again acting as a human shield for fishermen off Gaza's coast.<ref name="Independent"/>
He returned to Gaza prior to the Israeli military offensive against the territory, ], which lasted from December 2008 to January 2009. Arrigoni became one of the few foreign journalists working in Gaza during the war;<ref name="Independent"/> he worked with ''Radio Popolare''<ref>Radio Popolare, </ref> and as reporter for the Italian newspaper '']''. He later published a book, ''Restiamo umani'' (en: ''Gaza, Stay Human''), a collection of his reportages from Gaza during the war. It is translated in ], ], ], and ] with a preface by the Israeli historian ].<ref>. Amazon Book Review.</ref>

He returned to Gaza prior to the Israeli military offensive ], which lasted from December 2008 to January 2009. Arrigoni was one of the few foreign journalists in Gaza during the war;<ref name="Independent"/> he worked with ''Radio Popolare''<ref>Radio Popolare, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150433/http://www.radiopopolare.it/comunicati/anno/2011/mese/04/n/1231/ |date=13 April 2014 }}</ref> and as reporter for the Italian newspaper '']''. He later published a book, ''Restiamo umani'' (en: ''Gaza, Stay Human''), a collection of his reportage from Gaza. It is translated into English, Spanish, German, and French with a preface by Israeli historian ].<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329102930/http://www.amazon.com/Gaza-Stay-Human-Vittorio-Arrigoni/dp/1847740197/ |date=29 March 2016 }}. Amazon Book Review.</ref>


==Political views== ==Political views==
{{Quote box
Arrigoni was an adamant supporter of the ]. Arrigoni was also an outspoken critic of ].
| quote = "Zionism is an abominable, racist and colonial movement. Like all colonial and apartheid systems, it's in the interest of all that it be swept away. My hope is to see it replaced, without any bloodshed, with a democratic, secular and lay state – for example on the borders of historic Palestine – and where Palestinians and Israelis could live under equal rights of citizenship without ethnic and religious discrimination. It's a wish that I hope will soon become a reality."
| source = — Vittorio Arrigoni, 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guerrillaradio.iobloggo.com/1859/gli-industriali-dell-olocausto|title=guerrilla radio > Gli industriali dell'olocausto|website=guerrillaradio.iobloggo.com|access-date=8 July 2011|archive-date=28 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328113542/http://guerrillaradio.iobloggo.com/1859/gli-industriali-dell-olocausto|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| width = 27%
| align = right}}


Arrigoni was described as having a "fervent commitment to the Palestinian cause." Arrigoni described four Palestinians who died in a tunnel under the Gaza-Egypt border as "martyrs".<ref name="Guardian"/> One of his last posts on Guerrilla Radio, which he wrote hours before he was kidnapped and killed, praised Palestinian efforts to smuggle goods into Gaza via tunnels as an "invisible battle for survival."<ref name="Independent"/>
===On the Palestinians===
Arrigoni was described as having a "fervent commitment to the Palestinian cause". Arrigoni described the four Palestinians who died in a tunnel under the Gaza-Egypt frontier as "martyrs".<ref name="Guardian"/>
One of his last posts on Guerrilla Radio—which he wrote hours before he was kidnapped and killed—praised Palestinian efforts to smuggle goods into Gaza via underground tunnels as an "invisible battle for survival."<ref name="Independent"/>


Arrigoni criticised Muslim extremists for trying to impose a hardline version of Islam in Gaza. In an interview with the newspaper '']'', he said: "Personally, as an activist for human rights, I don't like Hamas at all. I have something to say to them too: they have deeply limited human rights since they have won the elections."<ref name="Peacereporter"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101508/http://it.peacereporter.net/articolo/13721/Gaza,+eliminate+il+pacifista+italiano,|date=4 March 2016}}, '']'', 14 January 2009.</ref>
====Hamas and Islamic extremism====
Arrigoni criticised "Muslim extremists for trying to impose a hardline version of Islam in Gaza".<ref name="Daily Mail"> Daily Mail Reporter, . '']''.2011-04-15.</ref>
In an interview to the ], an online daily newspaper, when asked if he was a supporter of Hamas, Arrigoni answered: ""Personally, as an activist for human rights, I don't like Hamas at all. I have something to say to them too: they have deeply limited the human rights since they have won the elections".<ref name="Peacereporter">, '']'', 2009-01-14.</ref>


In his website, Guerrilla Radio, and ] page, Arrigoni described the government of Israel as one of the worst apartheid regimes in the world.<ref name="Independent"/> He said the Israeli blockade on Gaza was criminal and villainous.<ref name="Guardian"/>
===On Israel===
In his website, Guerrilla Radio, and ] page, Arrigoni posted strong criticism against Israel. Arrigoni described the government of Israel as "one of the worst apartheid regimes in the world."<ref name="Independent"/> He claimed that the Israeli blockade on Gaza was "criminal" and "villainous".<ref name="Guardian"/>


==Praise and criticism== ==Kidnapping and death==
Arrigoni was kidnapped on 14 April 2011. In a video posted on ] in which they identified themselves as belonging to a previously unknown group, "The Brigade of the Gallant Companion of the Prophet Mohammed bin Muslima,"<ref name="Maan1">. '']''. 15 April 2011.</ref> Arrigoni was blindfolded with blood seen around his right eye.<ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="After abduction"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031131505/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13088630 |date=31 October 2022 }}. '']''. 15 April 2011.</ref> The captors demanded the release of their leader ] (aka Abu al-Walid al-Maqdisi),<ref name="Haaretz"/> the head of the so-called ], the local ] branch in Gaza, who was imprisoned by the ''de facto'' government in Gaza on 2 March 2011, as a ransom and threatened Arrigoni's killing if a 30-hour deadline was not met. The captors accused Arrigoni of "spreading corruption" and his home country Italy as an "infidel state."<ref name = "Guardian 2">. '']''. 15 April 2011.</ref><ref name = "NYT"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329104636/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/15/world/middleeast/15gaza.html?src=mv |date=29 March 2016 }}, '']'' 14 April 2011</ref>
===Praise===
According to '']'''s correspondent in Italy, Arrigoni was "first and foremost a pacifist".<ref name="Guardian"/>
Khaleel Shaheen of the ] in Gaza, who was also a friend of Arrigoni, described the Italian activist as a "hero of Palestine".<ref name="Vale">Quinton, Pennie, . '']''. 2011-04-16.</ref>


===Criticism=== ===Murder===
For uncertain reasons, before the deadline expired, the captors killed Arrigoni in an empty apartment in the Mareh Amer area in northern Gaza.<ref name="Rally">Urquhart, Conal. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019200723/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/15/italian-peace-activist-murdered-gaza |date=19 October 2017 }}. '']''. 15 April 2011.</ref><ref name="Maan2">. '']''. 15 April 2011.</ref> A witness at the scene of his murder reported that he was likely either hanged or strangled.<ref>{{cite web | last=al-Mughrabi | first=Nidal | title=Activists stunned by killing; vow to stay in Gaza | website=IN | date=2011-04-15 | url=https://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-56359420110415 | access-date=2020-05-18}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> After being led to the house by a member of the suspected Salafi group, Hamas security forces stormed the building and found Arrigoni's body.<ref name="Haaretz"/>
Prof. ] of the ] examined Arrigoni's ] page, writing that it "includes the medieval ] charge that 'Zionists' would arrest Jesus if he were to come back today". Plaut characterized the page as "a cornucopia of blind hatred".<ref name=italian/>


An autopsy revealed that Arrigoni had been strangled with a plastic cord, but journalists were not allowed to see the body and no independent confirmation of the cause of death was possible.<ref name="NYTimes2">Fares Akram and Isabel Kershner. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031131512/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/16/world/middleeast/16gaza.html |date=31 October 2022 }}. '']''. 15 April 2011.</ref> ] denied responsibility for the killing, but stated it was "a natural outcome of the policy of the government carried out against the Salafi." Iyad ash Shami, a leader of another Salafi group based in Gaza, denied involvement of Salafi militants and said the killing went against ].<ref name= "Maan1"/> Security forces in Gaza arrested four suspects in connection to the incident, and Gaza Prime Minister ] ordered an investigation by the ], and called Arrigoni's mother to send his condolences.<ref name="Maan2"/>
Italian parliamentarian ], vice president of the Committee on Foreign Affairs in Italy’s Chamber of Deputies and chairwoman of the Committee for the Inquiry into Anti-Semitism, wrote that Arrigoni was a "fan of political ] because he was an enemy of the ]". She further stated that Arrigoni described ]s as "rats".<ref name=italian>, Jerusalem Post 26-04-2011</ref>


==Manhunt and trial==
Noah Pollak, executive director of the ], wrote that "Arrigoni devoted himself to helping Hamas try to destroy Israel. He was a warmonger, an ] and a supporter of the repression of Palestinians under ] rule in Gaza."<ref name=italian/>
Hamas police initiated a manhunt for people involved in the murder. Hamas authorities sealed off parts of the Gaza Strip before the beginning of the operation, during which gunfire and at least one explosion were heard.<ref name="Gaza siege"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012111630/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13134606 |date=12 October 2018 }}. '']''. 19 April 2011.</ref>


Hamas security forces laid siege to a house where the suspects were staying, in the ], in central Gaza. The suspects refused to surrender and a gun battle ensued. Hamas policemen entered the home and killed Balal al-Omari and a Jordanian, Abbad a-Rahman al-Brizat (one of the two dead men may have committed suicide). A third suspect, Mahmoud al-Salfiti, was wounded and detained. Three of the suspects' associates were also captured. Hamas Interior Ministry spokesman ] reported that five Hamas policemen were injured, as well as a girl who was caught in the crossfire.<ref name="Gaza siege"/><ref name="Gaza police">Associated Press. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221104142/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/19/gaza-police-vittorio-arrigoni-suspects |date=21 December 2016 }}. '']''. 19 April 2011.</ref><ref name="Manhunt">Issacharoff, Avi. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031131507/https://www.haaretz.com/2011-04-20/ty-article/hamas-kills-2-suspects-during-manhunt-for-murderers-of-italian-activist-in-gaza/0000017f-f832-d460-afff-fb762fbb0000 |date=31 October 2022 }}, '']''. 20 April 2011.</ref>
==Kidnapping and death==
===Abduction and ultimatum===
Arrigoni was kidnapped on April 15, 2011, by suspected members of a ] militant group espousing ] operating in Gaza known as ].<ref name="Haaretz"/> In a video they posted on ] in which they identified themselves as belonging to a previously unknown group, "The Brigade of the Gallant Companion of the Prophet Mohammed bin Muslima,"<ref name="Maan1">. '']''. 2011-04-15.</ref>" Arrigoni was blindfolded with blood seen around his right eye.<ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="After abduction">. '']''. 2011-04-15.</ref> The captors demanded the release of their leader Walid al-Maqdasi,<ref name="Haaretz"/> imprisoned by the ''de facto'' government in Gaza a month earlier, as a ransom and threatened Arrigoni's execution if a 30-hour deadline was not met. The captors accused Arrigoni of "spreading corruption" and his home country Italy as an "infidel state."<ref name="Guardian">. '']''. 2011-04-15.</ref><ref name="NYT">, '']'' 14 April 2011</ref>


The four extremists captured in the raid were charged over Arrigoni's abduction and murder in a Hamas military court. The trial was presided over by military judge Abu Omar Atallah.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5168830|title=Trial Over Murder of pro-Palestinian Activist Begins in Gaza|date=9 September 2011|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref> They were found guilty in September 2012. Mahmoud al-Salfiti, 28, and Tamer al-Hasana, 27, were sentenced to life imprisonment with hard labor: the court refrained from imposing the death penalty on them after Arrigoni's parents urged that they be spared. Khader Jram, 24, was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment and Amer Abu Ghouleh, 23, was given a prison term of one year for sheltering fugitives. Following an appeal, a military court reduced the sentences of Salfiti and al-Hasana from life to 15 years on 19 February 2013. "We asked in our appeal for the conviction for murder and abduction to be dropped to only abduction," their lawyer Mohammed Zaqut said.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/02/2013219105352810647.html|title=Gaza court cuts sentence in Italian murder|date=19 February 2013|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=bbc17912>{{cite news|title=Gaza Vittorio Arrigoni murder: Four Palestinians jailed|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19622247|access-date=24 October 2012|newspaper=BBC|date=17 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="Ynews 2012">], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020125428/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4282149,00.html |date=20 October 2012 }} at ], 17 September 2012.</ref><ref>Fares Akram,
===Execution===
{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032318/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/18/world/middleeast/gaza-hamas-court-convicts-4-in-murder-of-activist.html |date=24 July 2018 }}, at ], 17 September 2012.</ref><ref>'Gaza court cuts sentence in Italian murder case' Press Trust of India. Published: 19 February 2013. Accessed: 20 February 2013. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702052555/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/gaza-court-cuts-sentence-in-italian-murder-case-113021900621_1.html|date=2 July 2015}}</ref>
For uncertain reasons, before the deadline expired, the captors executed Arrigoni in an empty apartment in the Mareh Amer area in northern Gaza.<ref name="Rally">Urquhart, Conal. . '']''. 2011-04-15.</ref><ref name="Maan2">. '']''. 2011-04-15.</ref>
"It is believed he was either hanged then laid down, or strangled on the ground".<ref name="Daily Mail"/>
After being led to the house by a member of the suspected Salafi group, Hamas security forces stormed the building and found Arrigoni's body.<ref name="Haaretz"/> "The doctor who performed the autopsy said Mr. Arrigoni’s killers had used a plastic cord to strangle him", but "Journalists were not allowed to see the body in the morgue and could not independently confirm the cause of death given by Hamas" <ref name="NYTimes2">Fares Akram and Isabel Kershner. . '']''. 2011-04-15.</ref>
Tawhid and Jihad denied responsibility for the killing, but stated it was "a natural outcome of the policy of the government carried out against the Salafi." Iyad ash-Shami, a leader of another Salafi group based in Gaza, denied involvement of Salafi militants and said the killing went against ].<ref name="Maan1"/> Security forces in Gaza arrested four suspects in connection to the incident, and Haniya ordered an investigation by the ], and called Arrigoni's mother to send his condolences.<ref name="Maan2"/>


In June 2015, after being granted a furlough from prison, Mahmoud al-Salfiti managed to escape from Gaza to ], where he joined ]. On 28 November 2015 he was reportedly killed fighting for ISIS in ].<ref>Diaa Hadid, Majd Al Waheidi, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724062532/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/01/world/isis-allies-target-hamas-and-energize-gaza-extremists.html?hpw&rref=world&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=well-region&region=bottom-well&WT.nav=bottom-well&_r=0 |date=24 July 2018 }} ] 30 June 2015.</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711225429/http://www.timesofisrael.com/gaza-jihadist-said-killed-fighting-for-is-in-iraq/ |date=11 July 2017 }}, at ], 28 November 2015.</ref>
===Popular response===
Following his death, several hundred Gazans rallied in the ] to mourn Arrigoni while about 100 Palestinians and internationals marched through ] to a house of mourning in nearby ] in the ].<ref name="AJE">. '']''. 2011-04-16.</ref> In ], a candle-light vigil was held outside the ].<ref name="Maan2"/> ]ian authorities offered to allow Arrigoni's family to enter Gaza through the ] and his body to be sent back to Italy via the crossing.<ref name="Maan3">. '']''. 2011-04-16.</ref>


==Reactions to death==
==Pursuit after perpetrators==
] in Bethlehem for Vik Arrigoni (left) and the director of ] in ], ]]]
Hamas police initiated a manhunt after members of the Jahafil Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad fi Filastin involved in the murder. Hamas sealed off parts of the Gaza Strip before the beginning of the operation, during which "heavy gunfire and at least one explosion were heard".<ref name="Gaza siege">. '']''. 2011-04-19.</ref>
] of Arrigoni and ], a character created in 1969 by Palestinian political cartoonist ] – made following his murder.]]
Several hundred Gazans rallied in the ] to mourn Arrigoni while about 100 Palestinians and internationals marched through ] to a house of mourning in nearby ] in the ].<ref name="AJE"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416110835/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/04/201141651330820106.html |date=16 April 2011 }}. '']''. 16 April 2011.</ref> In ], a candlelight vigil was held outside the ].<ref name="Maan2"/> ]ian authorities offered to allow Arrigoni's family to enter Gaza through the ] and his body to be sent back to Italy via the crossing.<ref name="Maan3"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417110439/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=379323 |date=17 April 2011 }}. '']''. 16 April 2011.</ref>


===Palestinian response===
Hamas security men laid siege on a house where the suspects were staying,in the ], in central Gaza. The suspects refused to surrender and a gun battle ensued. Hamas policemen entered the home and killed Balal al-Omari and Hirdani Abbad a-Rahman al-Brizat (one of the two dead men may have committed suicide). A third suspect, Muhammad a-Salpiti, was wounded and detained. Three of the suspects' associates were also captured. ], Hamas interior ministry spokesman, reported that five Hamas policemen were injured as well as girl who was caught in the crossfire.<ref name="Gaza police">Associated Press. . '']''. 2011-04-19.</ref><ref name="Manhunt">Issacharoff, Avi. . '']''. 2011-04-20.</ref><ref name="Gaza siege"/>
An official statement from Hamas described the killing as a "disgraceful act" by a "mentally deviated and outlawed group."<ref name="Maan4"/> Gaza Prime Minister Ismail Haniya stated the killing "does not reflect the values, morals, or the religion of the Palestinian people. This is an unprecedented case that won't be repeated."<ref name="Maan2"/> He also said Arrigoni would be designated a ] and a street would be named after him.<ref name="Maan3"/> The Hamas Foreign Minister said that he would get a state funeral, after which the body would be transferred to Egypt.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022061004/http://www.repubblica.it/ultimora/24ore/arrigoni-hamas-funerali-di-stato-salma-lunedi-in-egitto/news-dettaglio/3954445 |date=22 October 2012 }} 17 April 2011</ref> Hamas spokesman Fawzi Barhoum condemned the killing as 'shameful'.<ref name="Hamas grip"/>


Various condemnations of Arrigoni's killing were released by other Palestinian factions with ] decrying it as an "act of betrayal," the ] calling it "cowardly," ] calling it a "grotesque crime," and ] saying it was a "shocking criminal act."<ref name="AJE"/><ref name="Maan4"/> A spokesman for Palestinian president ] condemned it as an "act of treason".<ref name="Maan4"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429012228/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=379241 |date=29 April 2011 }}. '']''.</ref>
==Reactions to murder==
Arrigoni's murder was condemned by the ], Hamas and other Palestinian factions. ] and the ] also condemned the killing.


===Palestinian=== ===International response===
The foreign ministry of Italy expressed "deep horror over the barbaric murder," calling it an "act of vile and senseless violence committed by extremists who are indifferent to the value of human life."<ref name="Maan4"/> UN Secretary-General ] pressed the Gaza government to bring to justice "the perpetrators of this appalling crime."<ref name="Maan4"/>
An official statement from Hamas described the killing as a "disgraceful act" by a "mentally deviated and outlawed group."<ref name="Maan4"/> Gaza Prime Minister ] stated the killing "does not reflect the values, morals, or the religion of the Palestinian people. This is an unprecedented case that won't be repeated."<ref name="Maan2"/> He also said Arrigoni would be designated a ] and a street would be named after him.<ref name="Maan3"/> Foreign minister of Hamas told he will get a state funeral. After this the body will be transferred to Egypt.<ref> 2011-04-17</ref> Hamas spokesman ] "condemned the killing as 'shameful'.<ref name="Hamas grip"/>


===Accusations against Israel===
Various condemnations of Arrigoni's killing were released by other Palestinian factions with ] decrying it as an "act of betrayal," the ] calling it "cowardly," ] calling it a "grotesque crime," and ] saying it was a "shocking criminal act."<ref name="AJE"/><ref name="Maan4"/> A spokesman for Palestinian president ] condemned it as an "act of treason".<ref name="Maan4">. '']''. 2011-04-16.</ref>
Although Arrigoni was killed by suspected members of the Palestinian Salafist group ], some blamed Israel for the murder. In spite of the fact that Hamas identified the perpetrators with a Palestinian group affiliated with ],<ref name="Gaza police"/> Hamas spokesman Fawzi Barhoum said he suspected Israel might be responsible since the death appeared to be timed to deter foreign activists from joining a flotilla due to sail to Gaza in May to break Israel's naval blockade of the area.<ref name="Hamas grip">Kalman, Matthew. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023057/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/activists-murder-shakes-hamass-grip-on-gaza-2268636.html |date=5 March 2016 }}. '']''. 16 April 2011.</ref>


], a member of the Hamas leadership, indirectly accused Israel of engineering the killing of Arrigoni in an attempt to scare off international activists from coming to Gaza.<ref name="LA Times">Aldabba, Ahmed.{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-gaza-slaying-20110416,0,1467193.story |title=Vittorio Arrigoni: Body of kidnapped activist Vittorio Arrigoni found - latimes.com |website=] |access-date=30 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418064826/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-gaza-slaying-20110416%2C0%2C1467193.story |archive-date=18 April 2011 }}, '']''. 16 April 2011.</ref> He said that "such an awful crime cannot take place without arrangements between all the parties concerned to keep the blockade imposed on Gaza".<ref name="Hamas hints">Associated Press and Haaretz Service. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031131502/https://www.haaretz.com/2011-04-15/ty-article/hamas-official-hints-israel-killed-italian-activist-to-intimidate-future-gaza-flotilla-members/0000017f-df87-df7c-a5ff-dfff09ce0000 |date=31 October 2022 }}. '']''. 15 April 2011.</ref> Al-Zahar offered no evidence to support his accusation.<ref name="LA Times"/>
===International===
The foreign ministry of ] expressed "deep horror over the barbaric murder," calling it an "act of vile and senseless violence committed by extremists who are indifferent to the value of human life."<ref name="Maan4"/> UN Secretary-General ] pressed the Gaza government to bring to justice "the perpetrators of this appalling crime."<ref name="Maan4"/>


===Blaming of Israel=== ==Analyses of Arrigoni==
A '']'' article published shortly after Arrigoni's death cited criticism of Arrigoni by ], associate professor of business administration at the ], by ], a Jewish member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies who was deputy chair of its Foreign Affairs Committee and chair of its Committee for Investigating Antisemitism, and by Noah Pollak, executive director of the ], accusing Arrigoni of being a supporter of violence instead of a peace activist.<ref name=italian>Weinthal, Benjamin. " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427214357/http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=217861 |date=27 April 2011 }}." '']''. 26 April 2011. Retrieved on 11 August 2011.</ref>
Although Arrigoni was executed by the Gaza branch of the Palestinian ] group ], some blamed Israel for the murder. In spite of the fact that Hamas identified the perpetrators with a Palestinian group affiliated with ],
<ref name="Gaza police"/> Hamas spokesman ] said while condemning the murder that "he suspected Israel might be responsible since the death appeared to be timed to deter foreign activists from joining a flotilla due to sail to Gaza in May to break Israel's naval blockade of the area."<ref name="Hamas grip">Kalman, Matthew. . '']''. 2011-04-16.</ref>


According to '']'''s correspondent in Italy, Arrigoni was "first and foremost a pacifist."<ref name="Guardian" /> Khaleel Shaheen of the ] in Gaza, a friend of Arrigoni, described him as a "hero of Palestine".<ref name = "Vale">Quinton, Pennie, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031131557/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/16/vittorio-arrigoni-murder-peace-activist-palestinian |date=31 October 2022 }}. '']''. 16 April 2011.</ref> Max Ajl, another friend of Arrigoni and a fellow ISM activist, eulogized Arrigoni as "a courageous and dedicated opponent of the Israeli occupation and advocate of resistance to oppression in the Middle East and around the world."<ref>{{cite web|last=Ajl|first=Max|title=in memoriam: Vik Arrigoni|url=http://www.maxajl.com/?p=5238|access-date=19 June 2011|archive-date=5 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505135229/http://www.maxajl.com/?p=5238|url-status=dead}}</ref>
], a member of the Hamas leadership, indirectly accused Israel of engineering the killing of Arrigoni in an attempt to scare off international activists from coming to Gaza.<ref name="LA Times">Aldabba, Ahmed. , '']''. 2011-04-16.</ref>
The prominent Hamas leader said that "such an awful crime cannot take place without arrangements between all the parties concerned to keep the blockade imposed on Gaza".<ref name="Hamas hints">Associated Press and Haaretz Service. . '']''. 2011-04-15.</ref>
Al-Zahar offered no evidence to support his accusation.<ref name="LA Times"/>


German politician ] said that both Arrigoni and Israeli actor ]—who was shot dead by masked gunmen in ] eleven days earlier to Arrigoni's murder—were actually killed by Israelis. In her website Höger wrote that "The question one must pose is: Who profits from this terrible crime? First of all, now two of the activists most 'dangerous' for Israel, because they were the most engaged, well known and noted, are eliminated." Based on this and other statements Höger was denounced as an antisemite by a fellow politician and the ] daily newspaper.<ref name="Jerusalem Post">Weinthal, Benjamin. . '']'', 2011-04-24.</ref>
==See also== ==See also==
* ]
*]
* ]
* ] (release secured by Hamas, 2007)
* ] - British ] worker fatally wounded by IDF sniper in the West Bank, 22 November 2002.
* ] – American ISM volunteer killed by Israeli bulldozer in Gaza, 16 March 2003.
* ] – British ISM volunteer fatally shot in the head in Gaza by IDF sniper, 11 April 2003.
* ] – American ISM volunteer shot and severely disfigured in Jenin, 5 April 2003.
*] – Turkish-American ISM volunteer who was shot in the head by an Israeli sniper in the ], 6 September 2024


==References== ==References==
{{reflist|2}} {{reflist}}


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Arrigoni|first=Vittorio|coauthors=Ilan Pappe (Introduction)|title=Gaza: Stay Human|year=2010|publisher=Kube Publishing|isbn=978-1847740199}} * {{cite book|last=Arrigoni|first=Vittorio|others=Ilan Pappe (Introduction)|title=Gaza: Stay Human|year=2010|publisher=Kube Publishing|isbn=978-1-84774-019-9}}
* Francesca Borri , peacereporter, 18 April 2011

* English-language {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505135229/http://www.maxajl.com/?p=5238 |date=5 May 2011 }} for Arrigoni on Max Ajl's blog.
*Francesca Borri , peacereporter, 18/04/2011
*English-language for Arrigoni on Max Ajl's blog.


==External links== ==External links==
*, Vittorio Arrigoni's blog from Gaza. * , Vittorio Arrigoni's blog from Gaza.
* '''', a documentary film on Arrigoni.
*.
* .

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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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| DATE OF BIRTH = 4 February 1975
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Besana Brianza
| DATE OF DEATH = 15 April 2011
| PLACE OF DEATH = ]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arrigoni, Vittorio}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Arrigoni, Vittorio}}
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Latest revision as of 00:25, 20 December 2024

Italian journalist and peace activist (1975–2011)

Vittorio Arrigoni
Born(1975-02-04)4 February 1975
Besana in Brianza, Italy
Died15 April 2011(2011-04-15) (aged 36)
Gaza Strip, Palestine
Cause of deathMurdered by Jahafil Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad fi Filastin
Occupations
  • Activist
  • journalist
  • blogger
MovementInternational Solidarity Movement

Vittorio Arrigoni (Italian pronunciation: [vitˈtɔːrjo arriˈɡoːni]; 4 February 1975 – 15 April 2011) was an Italian journalist and activist. He worked with the Palestinian-led International Solidarity Movement (ISM), through which he arrived in the Gaza Strip in 2008. He maintained a website called Guerrilla Radio and also published a book about his experiences in Gaza City during the 2008–2009 Gaza War between Hamas and Israel. In 2011, he was abducted and murdered by a group of Salafi jihadists. The Hamas government, which identified the perpetrators as Palestinian and Jordanian affiliates of al-Qaeda, subsequently initiated a manhunt and arrested the accused suspects during a raid on the Nuseirat refugee camp. Arrigoni was the first foreign national to have been involved in such an incident in the Gaza Strip since the kidnapping of British journalist Alan Johnston in 2007.

Biography

Arrigoni was born in the town of Besana in Brianza, near Monza, on 4 February 1975. He claimed that it was in his blood to fight for freedom as his grandfathers fought against the former fascist regime in Italy. He had the Arabic word for resistance (muqawama) tattooed on his right arm. Once he passed his high school exams in Italy, he left his hometown of Bulciago, a small village near Lake Como, and began working as a volunteer around the world (Eastern Europe, South America, Africa and Middle East).

In 2002, he visited Jerusalem which, according to his mother, was the "moment he understood his work would be concentrated there." His mother, Egidia Beretta, is the mayor of Bulciago.

Political activism

External image
image icon "Vittorio Arrigoni...a pro-Palestinian activist from Italy, received a passport from Ismail Haniyeh, head of Hamas's government in Gaza, in 2008."—The New York Times

Arrigoni was credited as one of the many activists who revived the International Solidarity Movement (ISM), a pro-Palestinian group that works in the Palestinian territories. In August 2008, he participated in the Free Gaza mission that aimed to break the Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip, in place since June 2007 when Hamas took power in the territory. He was on the first boat that arrived in the Port of Gaza, describing that moment as "one of the happiest and most emotional of his lifetime."

While volunteering to act as a human shield for a Palestinian fisherman off Gaza's coast in September 2008, Arrigoni was injured by flying glass after the Israeli Navy used a water cannon to deter the vessel. In November, he was arrested by Israeli authorities after again acting as a human shield for fishermen off Gaza's coast.

He returned to Gaza prior to the Israeli military offensive Operation Cast Lead, which lasted from December 2008 to January 2009. Arrigoni was one of the few foreign journalists in Gaza during the war; he worked with Radio Popolare and as reporter for the Italian newspaper Il manifesto. He later published a book, Restiamo umani (en: Gaza, Stay Human), a collection of his reportage from Gaza. It is translated into English, Spanish, German, and French with a preface by Israeli historian Ilan Pappé.

Political views

"Zionism is an abominable, racist and colonial movement. Like all colonial and apartheid systems, it's in the interest of all that it be swept away. My hope is to see it replaced, without any bloodshed, with a democratic, secular and lay state – for example on the borders of historic Palestine – and where Palestinians and Israelis could live under equal rights of citizenship without ethnic and religious discrimination. It's a wish that I hope will soon become a reality."

— Vittorio Arrigoni, 2010

Arrigoni was described as having a "fervent commitment to the Palestinian cause." Arrigoni described four Palestinians who died in a tunnel under the Gaza-Egypt border as "martyrs". One of his last posts on Guerrilla Radio, which he wrote hours before he was kidnapped and killed, praised Palestinian efforts to smuggle goods into Gaza via tunnels as an "invisible battle for survival."

Arrigoni criticised Muslim extremists for trying to impose a hardline version of Islam in Gaza. In an interview with the newspaper PeaceReporter, he said: "Personally, as an activist for human rights, I don't like Hamas at all. I have something to say to them too: they have deeply limited human rights since they have won the elections."

In his website, Guerrilla Radio, and Facebook page, Arrigoni described the government of Israel as one of the worst apartheid regimes in the world. He said the Israeli blockade on Gaza was criminal and villainous.

Kidnapping and death

Arrigoni was kidnapped on 14 April 2011. In a video posted on YouTube in which they identified themselves as belonging to a previously unknown group, "The Brigade of the Gallant Companion of the Prophet Mohammed bin Muslima," Arrigoni was blindfolded with blood seen around his right eye. The captors demanded the release of their leader Hisham Al-Saedni (aka Abu al-Walid al-Maqdisi), the head of the so-called Jahafil at-Tawhid wa al-Jihad fi Falastin, the local al-Qaeda branch in Gaza, who was imprisoned by the de facto government in Gaza on 2 March 2011, as a ransom and threatened Arrigoni's killing if a 30-hour deadline was not met. The captors accused Arrigoni of "spreading corruption" and his home country Italy as an "infidel state."

Murder

For uncertain reasons, before the deadline expired, the captors killed Arrigoni in an empty apartment in the Mareh Amer area in northern Gaza. A witness at the scene of his murder reported that he was likely either hanged or strangled. After being led to the house by a member of the suspected Salafi group, Hamas security forces stormed the building and found Arrigoni's body.

An autopsy revealed that Arrigoni had been strangled with a plastic cord, but journalists were not allowed to see the body and no independent confirmation of the cause of death was possible. Tawhid and Jihad denied responsibility for the killing, but stated it was "a natural outcome of the policy of the government carried out against the Salafi." Iyad ash Shami, a leader of another Salafi group based in Gaza, denied involvement of Salafi militants and said the killing went against Islam. Security forces in Gaza arrested four suspects in connection to the incident, and Gaza Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh ordered an investigation by the Interior Ministry, and called Arrigoni's mother to send his condolences.

Manhunt and trial

Hamas police initiated a manhunt for people involved in the murder. Hamas authorities sealed off parts of the Gaza Strip before the beginning of the operation, during which gunfire and at least one explosion were heard.

Hamas security forces laid siege to a house where the suspects were staying, in the Nuseirat refugee camp, in central Gaza. The suspects refused to surrender and a gun battle ensued. Hamas policemen entered the home and killed Balal al-Omari and a Jordanian, Abbad a-Rahman al-Brizat (one of the two dead men may have committed suicide). A third suspect, Mahmoud al-Salfiti, was wounded and detained. Three of the suspects' associates were also captured. Hamas Interior Ministry spokesman Ihab al-Ghussein reported that five Hamas policemen were injured, as well as a girl who was caught in the crossfire.

The four extremists captured in the raid were charged over Arrigoni's abduction and murder in a Hamas military court. The trial was presided over by military judge Abu Omar Atallah. They were found guilty in September 2012. Mahmoud al-Salfiti, 28, and Tamer al-Hasana, 27, were sentenced to life imprisonment with hard labor: the court refrained from imposing the death penalty on them after Arrigoni's parents urged that they be spared. Khader Jram, 24, was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment and Amer Abu Ghouleh, 23, was given a prison term of one year for sheltering fugitives. Following an appeal, a military court reduced the sentences of Salfiti and al-Hasana from life to 15 years on 19 February 2013. "We asked in our appeal for the conviction for murder and abduction to be dropped to only abduction," their lawyer Mohammed Zaqut said.

In June 2015, after being granted a furlough from prison, Mahmoud al-Salfiti managed to escape from Gaza to Iraq, where he joined ISIS. On 28 November 2015 he was reportedly killed fighting for ISIS in Anbar province.

Reactions to death

Candlelight vigil held at the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem for Vik Arrigoni (left) and the director of The Freedom Theatre in Jenin, Juliano Mer-Khamis
A cartoon by Brazilian political cartoonist Latuff of Arrigoni and Handala, a character created in 1969 by Palestinian political cartoonist Naji al-Ali – made following his murder.

Several hundred Gazans rallied in the Unknown Soldier's Square to mourn Arrigoni while about 100 Palestinians and internationals marched through Ramallah to a house of mourning in nearby al-Bireh in the West Bank. In Bethlehem, a candlelight vigil was held outside the Church of the Nativity. Egyptian authorities offered to allow Arrigoni's family to enter Gaza through the Rafah crossing and his body to be sent back to Italy via the crossing.

Palestinian response

An official statement from Hamas described the killing as a "disgraceful act" by a "mentally deviated and outlawed group." Gaza Prime Minister Ismail Haniya stated the killing "does not reflect the values, morals, or the religion of the Palestinian people. This is an unprecedented case that won't be repeated." He also said Arrigoni would be designated a martyr and a street would be named after him. The Hamas Foreign Minister said that he would get a state funeral, after which the body would be transferred to Egypt. Hamas spokesman Fawzi Barhoum condemned the killing as 'shameful'.

Various condemnations of Arrigoni's killing were released by other Palestinian factions with Fatah decrying it as an "act of betrayal," the Popular Resistance Committees calling it "cowardly," Islamic Jihad calling it a "grotesque crime," and Mustafa Barghouti saying it was a "shocking criminal act." A spokesman for Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas condemned it as an "act of treason".

International response

The foreign ministry of Italy expressed "deep horror over the barbaric murder," calling it an "act of vile and senseless violence committed by extremists who are indifferent to the value of human life." UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon pressed the Gaza government to bring to justice "the perpetrators of this appalling crime."

Accusations against Israel

Although Arrigoni was killed by suspected members of the Palestinian Salafist group Jahafil Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad fi Filastin, some blamed Israel for the murder. In spite of the fact that Hamas identified the perpetrators with a Palestinian group affiliated with al-Qaeda, Hamas spokesman Fawzi Barhoum said he suspected Israel might be responsible since the death appeared to be timed to deter foreign activists from joining a flotilla due to sail to Gaza in May to break Israel's naval blockade of the area.

Mahmoud al-Zahar, a member of the Hamas leadership, indirectly accused Israel of engineering the killing of Arrigoni in an attempt to scare off international activists from coming to Gaza. He said that "such an awful crime cannot take place without arrangements between all the parties concerned to keep the blockade imposed on Gaza". Al-Zahar offered no evidence to support his accusation.

Analyses of Arrigoni

A Jerusalem Post article published shortly after Arrigoni's death cited criticism of Arrigoni by Steven Plaut, associate professor of business administration at the University of Haifa, by Fiamma Nirenstein, a Jewish member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies who was deputy chair of its Foreign Affairs Committee and chair of its Committee for Investigating Antisemitism, and by Noah Pollak, executive director of the Emergency Committee for Israel, accusing Arrigoni of being a supporter of violence instead of a peace activist.

According to The Guardian's correspondent in Italy, Arrigoni was "first and foremost a pacifist." Khaleel Shaheen of the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights in Gaza, a friend of Arrigoni, described him as a "hero of Palestine". Max Ajl, another friend of Arrigoni and a fellow ISM activist, eulogized Arrigoni as "a courageous and dedicated opponent of the Israeli occupation and advocate of resistance to oppression in the Middle East and around the world."

See also

References

  1. Johnston, Nicole. Vittorio Arrigoni: The man I knew Archived 4 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Al Jazeera. 15 April 2011.
  2. ^ Hooper, John. Vittorio Arrigoni: pacifist supporter of the Palestinian cause Archived 23 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian15 April 2011.
  3. ^ Kalman, Matthew.Idealistic blogger 'was more Palestinian than the criminals who killed him' Archived 22 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine. The Independent. 16 April 2011.
  4. Mackenzie, James. "Dismay and sorrow" in hometown of Italian activist Archived 21 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters. 15 April 2011.
  5. Saber, Mohammed (15 April 2011). "Gaza Killing of Italian Activist Deals a Blow to Hamas". The New York Times. Gaza. European Pressphoto Agency. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
  6. ^ New video released of slain Italian activist: 'Day I arrived in Gaza was happiest of my life' Archived 18 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Haaretz. 15 April 2011.
  7. Radio Popolare, announcements archive Archived 13 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  8. Gaza, Stay Human Archived 29 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Amazon Book Review.
  9. "guerrilla radio > Gli industriali dell'olocausto". guerrillaradio.iobloggo.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  10. Gaza, eliminate il pacifista Arrigoni (Gaza, eliminate the pacifist Arrigoni) Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Peacereporter, 14 January 2009.
  11. ^ Salafi leader: Islam prohibits murder. Ma'an News Agency. 15 April 2011.
  12. Italian Activist Found Dead in Gaza after Abduction Archived 31 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine. BBC. 15 April 2011.
  13. Body of kidnapped Italian peace activist Vittorio Arrigoni found in Gaza. The Guardian. 15 April 2011.
  14. Hamas Says It Found Body of Italian Activist Archived 29 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times 14 April 2011
  15. Urquhart, Conal. Palestinians rally to mourn kidnapped Italian activist murdered by extremists Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. 15 April 2011.
  16. ^ Body of abducted Italian activist found in Gaza City. Ma'an News Agency. 15 April 2011.
  17. al-Mughrabi, Nidal (15 April 2011). "Activists stunned by killing; vow to stay in Gaza". IN. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  18. Fares Akram and Isabel Kershner. Gaza Killing of Italian Activist Deals a Blow to Hamas Archived 31 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine. New York Times. 15 April 2011.
  19. ^ Vittorio Arrigoni killing: Suspects die in Gaza siege Archived 12 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine. BBC. 19 April 2011.
  20. ^ Associated Press.Gaza police close in on suspects in Vittorio Arrigoni murder Archived 21 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. 19 April 2011.
  21. Issacharoff, Avi. Hamas kills 2 suspects during manhunt for murderers of Italian activist in Gaza Archived 31 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Haaretz. 20 April 2011.
  22. "Trial Over Murder of pro-Palestinian Activist Begins in Gaza". Haaretz. 9 September 2011.
  23. "Gaza court cuts sentence in Italian murder". Al Jazeera. 19 February 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  24. "Gaza Vittorio Arrigoni murder: Four Palestinians jailed". BBC. 17 September 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  25. Associated Press, 'Hamas court convicts 4 in Italian activist death,' Archived 20 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine at Ynet, 17 September 2012.
  26. Fares Akram, 'Gaza: Hamas Court Convicts 4 in Murder of Activist,' Archived 24 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine, at New York Times, 17 September 2012.
  27. 'Gaza court cuts sentence in Italian murder case' Press Trust of India. Published: 19 February 2013. Accessed: 20 February 2013. Archived 2 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  28. Diaa Hadid, Majd Al Waheidi, 'ISIS Allies Target Hamas and Energize Gaza Extremists,' Archived 24 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine New York Times 30 June 2015.
  29. 'Gazan who murdered an Italian peace activist dies fighting for IS' Archived 11 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, at The Times of Israel, 28 November 2015.
  30. ^ Candlelight vigil held for Italian activist Archived 16 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Al-Jazeera. 16 April 2011.
  31. ^ Egypt offers to help slain activist's family enter Gaza Archived 17 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Ma'an News Agency. 16 April 2011.
  32. ^ Abbas: Murder of Italian activist is treason Archived 29 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Ma'an News Agency.
  33. la Repubblica Archived 22 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine 17 April 2011
  34. ^ Kalman, Matthew. Activist's murder shakes Hamas's grip on Gaza Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. The Independent. 16 April 2011.
  35. ^ Aldabba, Ahmed."Vittorio Arrigoni: Body of kidnapped activist Vittorio Arrigoni found - latimes.com". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2011., Los Angeles Times. 16 April 2011.
  36. Associated Press and Haaretz Service. Hamas official hints Israel killed Italian activist to intimidate future Gaza flotilla members Archived 31 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Haaretz. 15 April 2011.
  37. Weinthal, Benjamin. "Italian politician: Vittorio Arrigoni was ‘enemy of Jews’ Archived 27 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine." The Jerusalem Post. 26 April 2011. Retrieved on 11 August 2011.
  38. Quinton, Pennie, Vale Vittorio Arrigoni, 'hero of Palestine' Archived 31 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. 16 April 2011.
  39. Ajl, Max. "in memoriam: Vik Arrigoni". Archived from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011.

Further reading

External links

Categories: