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{{Refimprove|date=November 2010}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
] ]
]
{{Recycling}}
]. It is sometimes accompanied by the text "reduce, reuse and recycle".]]
The '''waste hierarchy''' refers to the 3 (or 4) Rs of ], ], ], (and ]) which classify ] strategies according to their desirability.<ref>http://www.care2.com/c2c/share/detail/246651</ref><ref>http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCIQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.ca%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2Fmqi4323me34d7jbgnh5ogov33n2xakeedrixhnq26ymp67ppmy3befa4ahr5czxesyiauu4wp4bfosukghrjcnzi3d%2F2009%2BYR%2BWasteMgmt%2B%2BFact%2BSheet.pdf&rct=j&q=reduce%20reuse%20recycle%20%2Brecover&ei=r82QTfGNGuaZ0QGLk6nBCw&usg=AFQjCNHq9ZkZHMt8hcDVBWaJqfurF2IjRw&cad=rja</ref> The Rs are meant to be a hierarchy, in order of importance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webapps.utsc.utoronto.ca/ose/story.php?id=628 |title=Sustainability is an attitude, says new coordinator |accessdate=2007-10-09|publisher=UTSC}}</ref> However in Europe the ] has 5 steps: reduce, reuse, recycle, recovery, and disposal.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/European_Waste_Hierarchy</ref>
{{Short description|Tool to evaluate processes protecting the environment}}
'''Waste (management) hierarchy''' is a tool used in the evaluation of processes that ] alongside ] and ] from most favourable to least favourable actions.<ref name=Hansen>{{cite web|first1=Wenke |last1=Hansen |first2=Maria |last2=Christopher |first3 =Maic |last3=Verbuecheln |date=December 2002| title=EU Waste Policies and Challenges for Local and Regional Authorities|url=http://ecologic.eu/sites/files/download/projekte/1900-1949/1921-1922/1921-1922_background_paper_waste_en.PDF}}</ref> The hierarchy establishes preferred program priorities based on ].<ref name=Hansen/> To be sustainable, waste management cannot be solved only with technical end-of-pipe solutions and an integrated approach is necessary.<ref name=USEPA>{{cite web|author=Environmental Protection Agency |date=2013|title=Non-Hazardous Waste Management Hierarchy|url=http://www.epa.gov/waste/nonhaz/municipal/hierarchy.htm}}</ref>


The '''waste management hierarchy''' indicates an order of preference for action to reduce and manage waste, and is usually presented diagrammatically in the form of a pyramid.<ref name=UNEP>{{cite book|author=United Nations Environmental Program |year=2013 |url=http://www.unep.org/ietc/Portals/136/Publications/Waste%20Management/UNEP%20NWMS%20English.pdf |title=Guidelines for National Waste Management Strategies Moving from Challenges to Opportunities|isbn=978-92-807-3333-4}}</ref> The hierarchy captures the progression of a material or product through successive stages of ], and represents the latter part of the ].<ref name=UNEP/>
The waste hierarchy has taken many forms over the past decade, but the basic concept has remained the cornerstone of most ] strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste.


The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. The proper application of the waste hierarchy can have several benefits. It can help prevent ], reduce pollutants, save energy, conserve resources, create jobs and stimulate the development of green technologies.<ref>{{cite web|author=Waste-to-Energy Research and Technology Council |date=2009|title=Waste Hierarchy|url=http://www.wtert.eu/default.asp?Menue=14&ShowDok=25}}</ref>
Some waste management experts{{Who|date=March 2009}} have recently incorporated a additional R: "Re-think", with the implied meaning that the present system may have fundamental flaws, and that a thoroughly effective system of waste management may need an entirely new way of looking at waste. ''Source reduction'' involves efforts to reduce hazardous waste and other materials by modifying industrial production. Source reduction methods involve changes in manufacturing technology, raw material inputs, and product formulation. At times, the term "pollution prevention" may refer to source reduction.


== Life-cycle thinking==
Another method of source reduction is to increase incentives for recycling. Many communities in the United States are implementing variable rate pricing for waste disposal (also known as Pay As You Throw - ]) which has been effective in reducing the size of the municipal waste stream.<ref name="ecocycle">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecocycle.org/zero/pay_throw.cfm|title=Pay-As-You-Throw - Let's Start|accessdate=2006-11-26|author=Mark Ruzzin}}</ref>


All products and services have ]s, from the extraction of ] for production to manufacture, distribution, use and disposal. Following the waste hierarchy will generally lead to the most ] and environmentally sound choice but in some cases refining decisions within the hierarchy or departing from it can lead to better environmental outcomes.<ref name=EC>{{cite web|author=European Commission|title=Life Cycle Thinking and Assessment for Waste Management|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/publications/pdf/Making_Sust_Consumption.pdf |access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref>
Source reduction is typically measured by efficiencies and cutbacks in waste. '']'' is a more controversial approach to source reduction that targets and measures reductions in the upstream use of toxic materials. Toxics use reduction emphasizes the more preventive aspects of source reduction but, due to its emphasis on toxic chemical inputs, has been opposed more vigorously by chemical manufacturers. ''Toxics use reduction'' programs have been set up by legislation in some states, e.g., Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Oregon.


] thinking and assessment can be used to support decision-making in the area of ] and to identify the best environmental options. It can help policy makers understand the benefits and trade-offs they have to face when making decisions on waste management strategies. ] provides an approach to ensure that the best outcome for the environment can be identified and put in place.<ref name=EC/> It involves looking at all stages of a product's life to find where improvements can be made to reduce environmental impacts and improve the use or ] of resources.<ref name=EC/> A key goal is to avoid actions that shift negative impacts from one stage to another. Life cycle thinking can be applied to the five stages of the waste management hierarchy.
== How the hierarchy works ==
{{Buzzword}}
The Rs are categories at the top of our disposal options. They include a variety of initiatives for disposing of discards. Generally, options lowest on the list are least desirable.


For example, life-cycle analysis has shown that it is often better for the environment to replace an old washing machine, despite the waste generated, than to continue to use an older machine which is less ]. This is because a washing machine's greatest environmental impact is during its use phase. Buying an energy-efficient machine and using low-temperature detergent reduce environmental impacts.<ref name=EC/>
'''Reduce''' - to buy less and use less. Incorporates common sense ideas like turning off the lights, rain barrels, and taking shorter showers, but also plays a part in ]/] (transportation energy is reduced), ], and ]. Includes the terms Re-think, Precycle, ], ], and ].


The European Union Waste Framework Directive has introduced the concept of life-cycle thinking into waste policies.<ref name=EC/> This duality approach gives a broader view of all environmental aspects and ensures any action has an overall benefit compared to other options. The actions to deal with waste along the hierarchy should be compatible with other environmental initiatives.
'''Reuse''' - elements of the discarded item are used again. Initiatives include ], ], ], ], and composting (nutrients). Includes the terms ], ], ], and upcycle.


== European Union ==
'''Recycle''' - discards are separated into materials that may be incorporated into new products. This is different from Reuse in that energy is used to change the physical properties of the material. Initiatives include Composting, Beverage Container Deposits and buying products with a high content of post-consumer material.
Within recycling there is distinction between two types:
:''']'''- converting low-value materials in high-value products (more desirable)
:''']''' - converting valuable products into low-value raw materials (less desirable)


The '''European waste hierarchy''' refers to the five steps included in the article 4 of the ]:<ref>Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on waste.</ref>
'''Generate''' - capturing useful material for waste to energy programs. Includes Methane Collection, Gasification and Digestion, and the term Recover.


;]: preventing and reducing waste generation.
'''Incinerate''' - high temperature destruction of material. Differs from Gasification in that oxygen is used; differs from burning in that high temperatures consume material efficiently and emissions are controlled.
;] and preparation for reuse: giving the products a second life before they become waste. This might involve reusing the product as-is, or reuse with modification, such as repurposing, refurbishing and remanufacture.
;]: any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes. It includes ]ing and it does not include incineration.
;]: some waste ] that upgrades the less inefficient incinerators.
;]: processes to dispose of waste be it ]ing, ], ], gasification and other finalist solutions.


According to the ] the European Waste Hierarchy is legally binding except in cases that may require specific waste streams to depart from the hierarchy. This should be justified on the basis of life-cycle thinking.
'''Devastate''' - to discard into the natural environment, or to "trash" the planet. Includes Litter, Burn Barrels, Unnecessary Vehicle Idling, and Dumping discards onto land or into water.


==History==
==Incentives for 3R==
] war effort]]
The 3R’s of reduce, reuse and recycle have been considered to be a base of environmental awareness and a way of promoting ecological balance through conscious behaviour and choices. It is generally accepted that these patterns of behaviour and consumer choices will lead to savings in materials and energy which will benefit the environment.


The waste hierarchy is a concept of environmental literature and some EU member-states environmental legislation but before the of 2008 was not part of the European legislation. The waste framework directive of 1975 had no reference to a waste hierarchy.<ref>(Directive 75/442/EEC)</ref>
In this context it may be enquired whether certain economic instruments may be considered to further strengthen these behaviours and choices. An example may be to reduce the sales tax or value added tax on goods that are made by recycling used materials, such as paper, plastics, glass, metals. Another example may be to reduce sales tax or value added tax on second-hand goods, which may include books, clothes, house-hold gadgets, bicycles, cars and automobiles, office equipment, medical and scientific equipment, telecommunication equipment, agricultural equipment, industrial and manufacturing equipment, boats, ships, trains and trams, aeroplanes, oil rigs, and so forth.


In 1975, The European Union's ] (1975/442/EEC) introduced for the first time the elements of the waste hierarchy concept into European waste policy.<ref name=ECWaste>{{cite web|author=European Commission |date=2014 |title=EU Waste Legislation |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/legislation/a.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312223737/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/legislation/a.htm |archive-date=March 12, 2014 }}</ref> It emphasized the importance of ], and the ] and ], as a priority. Following the 1975 Directive, European Union policy and legislation adapted to the principles of the waste hierarchy.
An additional approach may be to reduce the interest rates on the financial loans, which companies avail of, for their commercial activities in the recycling, re-use and resale of used material and equipments.

A fundament to the waste hierarchy concept is known as 'Lansink's Ladder', named after the Member of the Dutch Parliament who proposed it in 1979 to be incorporated into Dutch policy in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adlansink.nl/voorbeeld-pagina/|title=Ladder van Lansink|website=Ad Lansink's Website|date=5 June 2014 |language=nl|access-date=2020-02-21}}</ref>
It is plausible that this may have a significant impact on consumer behaviour, and may strengthen those sections of the economy and trade that are associated with such goods and services. Additionally, this would be consistent with supporting consumer behaviour and choices that are beneficial for the environment and for the economy.

In 1989, it was formalized into a hierarchy of management options in the European Commission's Community Strategy for Waste Management and this waste strategy was further endorsed in the Commission's review in 1996.<ref name=GOV.UK>{{cite web|author=Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs|title=Guidance on Applying the Waste Hierarchy|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-on-applying-the-waste-hierarchy |publisher=gov.uk |access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref>

In the first legislative proposals of 2006 the ] suggested a 3-step hierarchy composed of 1- Prevention and Reuse, 2- Recycling and Recovery (with ]) and 3- Disposal. This was heavily criticised because it was putting recycling at the same level of incineration which was coherent with the traditional pro-incineration position from the European Commission. The pressure from NGOs and member states managed to turn the initial non-binding 3-step hierarchy into a quasi-binding 5-step hierarchy.

In 2008, the European Union introduced a new ''five-step waste hierarchy'' to its waste legislation, Directive 2008/98/EC, which member states must introduce into national waste management laws.<ref name=ECWaste/> Article 4 of the directive lays down a five-step hierarchy of waste management options which must be applied by Member States in this priority order.<ref name=ECWaste/> Waste prevention, as the preferred option, is followed by reuse, recycling, recovery including ] and as a last option, safe disposal. Among engineers, a similar hierarchy of waste management has been known as ARRE strategy: avoid, reduce, recycle, eliminate.<ref name="lienig">{{Cite book|author=J. Lienig|author2=H. Bruemmer|title=Fundamentals of Electronic Systems Design|pages=197|publisher=Springer International Publishing|date=2017|isbn=978-3-319-55839-4|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-55840-0}}</ref>

== Challenges for local and regional authorities ==
The task of implementing the waste hierarchy in waste management practices within a country may be delegated to the different levels of government (national, regional, local) and to other possible factors including industry, private companies and households. Local and regional authorities can be particularly challenged by the following issues when applying the waste hierarchy approach.<ref name=Hansen/>
* A coherent ] strategy must be set up
* Separate ] and ] systems for many different waste streams need to be established.
* Adequate ] and disposal facilities must be established.
* An effective horizontal co-operation between local authorities and municipalities and a vertical co-operation between the different levels of government, local to regional and when beneficial, also at the national level need to established
* Finding financing for the establishing or upgrading of expensive sustainable waste management infrastructure to address the needs of managing waste
* A lack of data available on waste management strategies must be overcome and monitoring requirements must be met to implement the waste programs
* The enforcement and control of business plans and practices be established and applied to maximize benefits to the environment and human health
* A lack of administrative capacity at the regional and local level. The lack of finances, information, and technical expertise must be overcome for effective implementation and success of the waste management policies.

==Source reduction==
] involves efforts to reduce ] and other materials by modifying industrial production. Source reduction methods involve changes in manufacturing technology, ] inputs, and product formulation. At times, the term "pollution prevention" may refer to source reduction.

Another method of source reduction is to increase incentives for recycling. Many communities in the United States are implementing ] for waste disposal (also known as ] - PAYT) which has been effective in reducing the size of the ] stream.<ref name="ecocycle">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecocycle.org/zero/pay_throw.cfm|title=Pay-As-You-Throw - Let's Start|access-date=2006-11-26|author=Mark Ruzzin}}</ref>

Source reduction is typically measured by efficiencies and cutbacks in waste. ] is a more controversial approach to source reduction that targets and measures reductions in the upstream use of toxic materials. Toxic use reduction emphasizes the more preventive aspects of source reduction but, due to its emphasis on toxic chemical inputs, has been opposed more vigorously by chemical manufacturers. Toxic use reduction programs have been set up by legislation in some states, e.g., ], ], and ]. The 3 R's represent the 'Waste Hierarchy' which lists the best ways of managing waste from the most to the least desirable. Many of the things we currently throw away could be reused again with just a little thought and imagination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coconix.com/blogs/coconix/effective-waste-management|title=Effective waste management}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|Sustainable development}} {{Portal|Environment}}
<!-- alphabetical order please ] -->
* ]
<!-- please add a short description ], via {{subst:AnnotatedListOfLinks}} or {{Annotated link}} -->
* ]
{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}
* {{Annotated link |Circular economy}}
* {{Annotated link |Directorate-General for the Environment}}
* {{Annotated link |Durable good}}
* {{Annotated link |European Environment Agency}}
* {{Annotated link |Green transport hierarchy}}
* {{Annotated link |Life cycle thinking}}
* {{Annotated link |Material passport}}
* {{Annotated link |Mottainai}}
* {{Annotated link |Repair}}
* {{Annotated link |Repurposing}}
* {{Annotated link |Reuse}}
* {{Annotated link |Sustainable products}}
{{div col end}}
<!-- alphabetical order please ] -->


== Notes and references==
==References==
{{Reflist}} {{reflist}}


==External links== ==External links==
*
* News Article on European Debate on Waste Hierarchy
*
*
*
*
* , ] article on European Debate on Waste Hierarchy
*
*


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{{Industrial ecology}}
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Latest revision as of 12:27, 12 December 2024

The waste management hierarchy starts from prevention and reduction actions.
Enhanced version of waste hierarchy
The three chasing arrows of the international recycling symbol. It is sometimes accompanied by the text "reduce, reuse and recycle".
Tool to evaluate processes protecting the environment

Waste (management) hierarchy is a tool used in the evaluation of processes that protect the environment alongside resource and energy consumption from most favourable to least favourable actions. The hierarchy establishes preferred program priorities based on sustainability. To be sustainable, waste management cannot be solved only with technical end-of-pipe solutions and an integrated approach is necessary.

The waste management hierarchy indicates an order of preference for action to reduce and manage waste, and is usually presented diagrammatically in the form of a pyramid. The hierarchy captures the progression of a material or product through successive stages of waste management, and represents the latter part of the life-cycle for each product.

The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. The proper application of the waste hierarchy can have several benefits. It can help prevent emissions of greenhouse gases, reduce pollutants, save energy, conserve resources, create jobs and stimulate the development of green technologies.

Life-cycle thinking

All products and services have environmental impacts, from the extraction of raw materials for production to manufacture, distribution, use and disposal. Following the waste hierarchy will generally lead to the most resource-efficient and environmentally sound choice but in some cases refining decisions within the hierarchy or departing from it can lead to better environmental outcomes.

Life cycle thinking and assessment can be used to support decision-making in the area of waste management and to identify the best environmental options. It can help policy makers understand the benefits and trade-offs they have to face when making decisions on waste management strategies. Life-cycle assessment provides an approach to ensure that the best outcome for the environment can be identified and put in place. It involves looking at all stages of a product's life to find where improvements can be made to reduce environmental impacts and improve the use or reuse of resources. A key goal is to avoid actions that shift negative impacts from one stage to another. Life cycle thinking can be applied to the five stages of the waste management hierarchy.

For example, life-cycle analysis has shown that it is often better for the environment to replace an old washing machine, despite the waste generated, than to continue to use an older machine which is less energy-efficient. This is because a washing machine's greatest environmental impact is during its use phase. Buying an energy-efficient machine and using low-temperature detergent reduce environmental impacts.

The European Union Waste Framework Directive has introduced the concept of life-cycle thinking into waste policies. This duality approach gives a broader view of all environmental aspects and ensures any action has an overall benefit compared to other options. The actions to deal with waste along the hierarchy should be compatible with other environmental initiatives.

European Union

The European waste hierarchy refers to the five steps included in the article 4 of the Waste Framework Directive:

Prevention
preventing and reducing waste generation.
Reuse and preparation for reuse
giving the products a second life before they become waste. This might involve reusing the product as-is, or reuse with modification, such as repurposing, refurbishing and remanufacture.
Recycle
any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes. It includes composting and it does not include incineration.
Recovery
some waste incineration that upgrades the less inefficient incinerators.
Disposal
processes to dispose of waste be it landfilling, incineration, pyrolysis, gasification and other finalist solutions.

According to the Waste Framework Directive the European Waste Hierarchy is legally binding except in cases that may require specific waste streams to depart from the hierarchy. This should be justified on the basis of life-cycle thinking.

History

The waste hierarchy is a concept of environmental literature and some EU member-states environmental legislation but before the of 2008 was not part of the European legislation. The waste framework directive of 1975 had no reference to a waste hierarchy.

In 1975, The European Union's Waste Framework Directive (1975/442/EEC) introduced for the first time the elements of the waste hierarchy concept into European waste policy. It emphasized the importance of waste minimization, and the protection of the environment and human health, as a priority. Following the 1975 Directive, European Union policy and legislation adapted to the principles of the waste hierarchy.

A fundament to the waste hierarchy concept is known as 'Lansink's Ladder', named after the Member of the Dutch Parliament who proposed it in 1979 to be incorporated into Dutch policy in 1993.

In 1989, it was formalized into a hierarchy of management options in the European Commission's Community Strategy for Waste Management and this waste strategy was further endorsed in the Commission's review in 1996.

In the first legislative proposals of 2006 the European Commission suggested a 3-step hierarchy composed of 1- Prevention and Reuse, 2- Recycling and Recovery (with incineration) and 3- Disposal. This was heavily criticised because it was putting recycling at the same level of incineration which was coherent with the traditional pro-incineration position from the European Commission. The pressure from NGOs and member states managed to turn the initial non-binding 3-step hierarchy into a quasi-binding 5-step hierarchy.

In 2008, the European Union introduced a new five-step waste hierarchy to its waste legislation, Directive 2008/98/EC, which member states must introduce into national waste management laws. Article 4 of the directive lays down a five-step hierarchy of waste management options which must be applied by Member States in this priority order. Waste prevention, as the preferred option, is followed by reuse, recycling, recovery including energy recovery and as a last option, safe disposal. Among engineers, a similar hierarchy of waste management has been known as ARRE strategy: avoid, reduce, recycle, eliminate.

Challenges for local and regional authorities

The task of implementing the waste hierarchy in waste management practices within a country may be delegated to the different levels of government (national, regional, local) and to other possible factors including industry, private companies and households. Local and regional authorities can be particularly challenged by the following issues when applying the waste hierarchy approach.

  • A coherent waste management strategy must be set up
  • Separate collection and sorting systems for many different waste streams need to be established.
  • Adequate treatment and disposal facilities must be established.
  • An effective horizontal co-operation between local authorities and municipalities and a vertical co-operation between the different levels of government, local to regional and when beneficial, also at the national level need to established
  • Finding financing for the establishing or upgrading of expensive sustainable waste management infrastructure to address the needs of managing waste
  • A lack of data available on waste management strategies must be overcome and monitoring requirements must be met to implement the waste programs
  • The enforcement and control of business plans and practices be established and applied to maximize benefits to the environment and human health
  • A lack of administrative capacity at the regional and local level. The lack of finances, information, and technical expertise must be overcome for effective implementation and success of the waste management policies.

Source reduction

Source reduction involves efforts to reduce hazardous waste and other materials by modifying industrial production. Source reduction methods involve changes in manufacturing technology, raw material inputs, and product formulation. At times, the term "pollution prevention" may refer to source reduction.

Another method of source reduction is to increase incentives for recycling. Many communities in the United States are implementing variable-rate pricing for waste disposal (also known as Pay As You Throw - PAYT) which has been effective in reducing the size of the municipal waste stream.

Source reduction is typically measured by efficiencies and cutbacks in waste. Toxics use reduction is a more controversial approach to source reduction that targets and measures reductions in the upstream use of toxic materials. Toxic use reduction emphasizes the more preventive aspects of source reduction but, due to its emphasis on toxic chemical inputs, has been opposed more vigorously by chemical manufacturers. Toxic use reduction programs have been set up by legislation in some states, e.g., Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Oregon. The 3 R's represent the 'Waste Hierarchy' which lists the best ways of managing waste from the most to the least desirable. Many of the things we currently throw away could be reused again with just a little thought and imagination.

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Hansen, Wenke; Christopher, Maria; Verbuecheln, Maic (December 2002). "EU Waste Policies and Challenges for Local and Regional Authorities" (PDF).
  2. Environmental Protection Agency (2013). "Non-Hazardous Waste Management Hierarchy".
  3. ^ United Nations Environmental Program (2013). Guidelines for National Waste Management Strategies Moving from Challenges to Opportunities (PDF). ISBN 978-92-807-3333-4.
  4. Waste-to-Energy Research and Technology Council (2009). "Waste Hierarchy".
  5. ^ European Commission. "Life Cycle Thinking and Assessment for Waste Management" (PDF). Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  6. Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on waste.
  7. (Directive 75/442/EEC)
  8. ^ European Commission (2014). "EU Waste Legislation". Archived from the original on 12 March 2014.
  9. "Ladder van Lansink". Ad Lansink's Website (in Dutch). 5 June 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  10. Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs. "Guidance on Applying the Waste Hierarchy". gov.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  11. J. Lienig; H. Bruemmer (2017). Fundamentals of Electronic Systems Design. Springer International Publishing. p. 197. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55840-0. ISBN 978-3-319-55839-4.
  12. Mark Ruzzin. "Pay-As-You-Throw - Let's Start". Retrieved 26 November 2006.
  13. "Effective waste management".

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