Wobé language: Difference between revisions

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			{{Short description\|Kru language spoken in Ivory Coast}}
	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\|name=Wobé		\| name = Wobé
			\| altname = Northern Wèè
	\|states=]
			\| states = ]
	\|speakers=156,000 (1993)
			\| speakers = {{sigfig\|156,000\|2}}
	\|familycolor=Niger-Congo
			\| date = 1993
	\|fam2=]
			\| ref = e18
	\|fam3=]
			\| familycolor = Niger-Congo
	\|fam4=]
	~~\|fam5~~=]		\| fam2 = ]
			\| fam3 = ]
	\|iso3=wob
			\| fam4 = ]
			\| fam5 = ]
			\| iso3 = wob
			\| glotto = weno1238
			\| glottorefname = Wobe-Wè Northern
			\| ethnicity = ]
	}}		}}
	'''Wobé''' (Ouobe) is a ] spoken in ]. It is one of several languages in a ] called ''Wèè (Wɛɛ)''. Wobé is famous for claims that it has the largest number of ] (fourteen) of any language in the world (Bearth & Link). However, this has not been confirmed by other researchers, many of whom believe that some of these will turn out to be sequences of tones or prosodic effects (Singler 1984, Newman 1986), though the Wèè languages in general do have extraordinarily large tone systems.		'''Wobé''' (Ouobe) is a ] ] spoken in ]. It is one of several languages in a ] called ''Wèè (Wɛɛ)''.

			== Phonology==
	The 14 tones posited by Bearth & Link (1980) are:
			Typical of Western Kru languages, Wobé has sixteen vowel phonemes, with nine oral vowels and seven nasal vowels, and seventeen consonant phonemes. Wobé words tend not to have diphthongs, but rather the (up to) three vowels in a native non-compound word are pronounced separately.
			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|+Consonant phonemes
			! colspan="2" \|
			!]
			!]
			!]
			!]
			!]
			\|-
			! rowspan="2" \|]
			!<small>Voiceless</small>
			\|{{IPAslink\|p}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|t}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|c}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|k}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|k͡p}}
			\|-
			!<small>Voiced</small>
			\|{{IPAslink\|b}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|d}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|ɟ}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|g}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|ɡ͡b}}
			\|-
			! colspan="2" \|]
			\|{{IPAslink\|f}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|s}}
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			! colspan="2" \|]
			\|{{IPAslink\|m}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|n}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|ɲ}}
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			! colspan="2" \|]
			\|
			\|{{IPAslink\|l}}
			\|
			\|
			\|{{IPAslink\|w}}
			\|}
			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|+Vowel phonemes
			! rowspan="2" \|
			! colspan="2" \|Oral
			! colspan="2" \|]
			\|-
			!<small>Front</small>
			!<small>Back</small>
			!<small>Front</small>
			!<small>Back</small>
			\|-
			!Close
			\|{{IPAslink\|i}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|u}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|ĩ}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|u}}
			\|-
			!Near-close
			\|{{IPAslink\|ɪ}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|ʊ}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|ɪ̃}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|ʊ̃}}
			\|-
			!Mid-close
			\|{{IPAslink\|e}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|o}}
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			!Mid-open
			\|{{IPAslink\|ɛ}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|ɔ}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|ɛ̃}}
			\|{{IPAslink\|ɔ̃}}
			\|-
			!Open
			\|{{IPAslink\|a}}
			\|
			\|{{IPAslink\|ã}}
			\|
			\|}

			===Tone===
			Wobé is known for claims that it has the largest number of ] (fourteen) of any language in the world.<ref name=Bearth&Link>{{cite journal \| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277150499_The_tone_puzzle_of_Wobe \| title = The tone puzzle of Wobe \| first1 = Thomas \| last1 = Bearth \| first2 = Christa \| last2 = Link \| journal = Studies in African Linguistics \| volume = 11 \| issue = 2 \| year = 1980 \| pages = 147–207}} (see also </ref> However, other researchers has not confirmed this, many of whom believe that some of these will turn out to be sequences of tones or prosodic effects,<ref>{{cite journal \| url = https://www.academia.edu/73400846/On_the_underlying_representation_of_contour_tones_in_Wobe \| doi = 10.32473/sal.v15i1.107520 \| first = John Victor \| last = Singler \| title = On the underlying representation of contour tones in Wobe \| journal = Studies in African Linguistics \| volume = 15 \| issue = 1 \| year = 1984 \| pages = 59–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \| first = Paul \| last = Newman \| chapter = Contour Tones in Grebo \| title = The Phonological Representation of Suprasegmentals \| editor1-first = Harry \| editor1-last = van der Hulst \| editor2-first = Koen \| editor2-last = Bogers \| editor3-first = Marten \| editor3-last = Mous \| series = Publications in African Languages and Linguistics (Book 4) \| publisher = De Gruyter Mouton \| year = 1986 \| pages = 190–191 (notes 12 and 14)}}</ref><ref>Newman believes Singler is a valuable counterweight to Bearth & Link, but does not accept all his criticism; he accept the Wobe 43 toneme, for example, but believes it should be analyzed as /32/ (all tones being off by 1 compared to related dialects).</ref> though the Wèè languages in general do have extraordinarily large tone systems.

			The fourteen posited tones are:<ref name=Bearth&Link />

	{\|class=wikitable		{\|class=wikitable
Line 23:		Line 122:
	!Newman adjustment		!Newman adjustment
	\|0 \|\|1 \|\|2 \|\|3 \|\|20 \|\|21 \|\|30 \|\|31 \|\|32 \|\|04 \|\|14 \|\|24 \|\|34 \|\|324		\|0 \|\|1 \|\|2 \|\|3 \|\|20 \|\|21 \|\|30 \|\|31 \|\|32 \|\|04 \|\|14 \|\|24 \|\|34 \|\|324
	\|-
	!Asian convention
	\|5 \|\|4 \|\|3 \|\|2 \|\|35 \|\|34 \|\|25 \|\|24 \|\|23 \|\|51 \|\|41 \|\|31 \|\|21 \|\|231
	\|}		\|}

			==Numerals==

			Wobe has a quinary, decimal system, and it is one of the only two Kru languages which have adopted the decimal system.<ref name="mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de">Hofer, Verena, .</ref>

			== External links ==

			*
			*

	==References==		==References==
			{{Reflist}}
	*Bearth & Link, 1980. . ''Studies in African Linguistics'', 11:2:147–207.

	*Paul Newman, 1986. "Contour Tones in Grebo". In Stewart et al. eds. ''The Phonological representation of suprasegmentals''. Notes 12, 14 (pp 190–191). <br>
	*John Singler, 1984. . ''Studies in African Linguistics'', 15:1:59–75.

			{{Languages of Côte d'Ivoire}}
	]
			{{Kru languages}}
	]
			{{DEFAULTSORT:Wobe Language}}
			]
			]


	{{Nc-lang-stub}}		{{Kru-lang-stub}}
			{{IvoryCoast-stub}}

Latest revision as of 11:56, 29 November 2024

Kru language spoken in Ivory Coast

Wobé
Northern Wèè
Native to	Ivory Coast
Ethnicity	Krahn people
Native speakers	(160,000 cited 1993)
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Kru Western Kru Wee Wobé
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`wob`
Glottolog	`weno1238`

Wobé (Ouobe) is a indigenous Kru language spoken in Ivory Coast. It is one of several languages in a dialect continuum called Wèè (Wɛɛ).

Phonology

Typical of Western Kru languages, Wobé has sixteen vowel phonemes, with nine oral vowels and seven nasal vowels, and seventeen consonant phonemes. Wobé words tend not to have diphthongs, but rather the (up to) three vowels in a native non-compound word are pronounced separately.

Consonant phonemes
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labial-velar
Plosives	Voiceless	/p/	/t/	/c/	/k/	/k͡p/
Plosives	Voiced	/b/	/d/	/ɟ/	/g/	/ɡ͡b/
Fricatives		/f/	/s/
Nasals		/m/	/n/	/ɲ/
Approximants			/l/			/w/

Vowel phonemes
	Oral		Nasal
	Front	Back	Front	Back
Close	/i/	/u/	/ĩ/	/u/
Near-close	/ɪ/	/ʊ/	/ɪ̃/	/ʊ̃/
Mid-close	/e/	/o/
Mid-open	/ɛ/	/ɔ/	/ɛ̃/	/ɔ̃/
Open	/a/		/ã/

Tone

Wobé is known for claims that it has the largest number of tones (fourteen) of any language in the world. However, other researchers has not confirmed this, many of whom believe that some of these will turn out to be sequences of tones or prosodic effects, though the Wèè languages in general do have extraordinarily large tone systems.

The fourteen posited tones are:

IPA	˥	˦	˧	˨	˧˥	˧˦	˨˥	˨˦	˨˧	˥˩	˦˩	˧˩	˨˩	˨˧˩
B&L tone numbers	1	2	3	4	31	32	41	42	43	15	25	35	45	435
Newman adjustment	0	1	2	3	20	21	30	31	32	04	14	24	34	324

Numerals

Wobe has a quinary, decimal system, and it is one of the only two Kru languages which have adopted the decimal system.

External links

References

Wobé at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Bearth, Thomas; Link, Christa (1980). "The tone puzzle of Wobe". Studies in African Linguistics. 11 (2): 147–207. (see also abstract
Singler, John Victor (1984). "On the underlying representation of contour tones in Wobe". Studies in African Linguistics. 15 (1): 59–75. doi:10.32473/sal.v15i1.107520.
Newman, Paul (1986). "Contour Tones in Grebo". In van der Hulst, Harry; Bogers, Koen; Mous, Marten (eds.). The Phonological Representation of Suprasegmentals. Publications in African Languages and Linguistics (Book 4). De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 190–191 (notes 12 and 14).
Newman believes Singler is a valuable counterweight to Bearth & Link, but does not accept all his criticism; he accept the Wobe 43 toneme, for example, but believes it should be analyzed as /32/ (all tones being off by 1 compared to related dialects).
Hofer, Verena, Numerals in Wobé language.

Languages of Ivory Coast

Official language

French
- Nouchi

Indigenous
languages

Kru	Aizi Bakwé Bété Dida Glio-Ubi Godié Guéré Konobo Kuya Kwadia Mobu Nyabwa Neyo Siamou Tiagba Wané Wobé
Kwa	Abé Abidji Abure Adjukru Alladian Anyin Apro Attié Avikam Baoulé Ebrié Eotile Esuma Krobu Mbato Morofo Nzema
Mande	Bambara Dan Dyula Guro Maninka Soninke
Senufo	Cebaara Djimini Kar Palaka Sénoufo Tagwana
Gur	Cerma Lobi Mooré
Other	Hausa Lomakka Bouakako Sign Language
Immigrant languages	English French Spanish Arabic German Italian Hindi Arabic Chinese Portuguese Japanese Russian

Kru languages

Eastern

Western

Grebo	Grebo Jabo Krumen Glio-Oubi
Wee	Daho-Doo Glaro-Twabo Sapo Wè Krahn Nyabwa Konobo Wobe
Others	Bassa Dewoin Gbii Klao Tajuasohn

Others

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