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{{Short description|Group of chemical compounds used as dye}}
{{chembox
⚫ '''Methyl violet''' is a family of ]s that are mainly used as ]s. Depending on the number of attached ] groups, the color of the dye can be altered. Its main use is as a purple dye for ] and to give deep violet colors in paint and ink. It is also used as a hydration indicator for ]. ] is also known as ] (and many other names) and has medical uses.<ref name="pyoctanin_Gorgas" />
| Verifiedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 462241694
| Name = '''Methyl violet 2B'''
| ImageFile = Methyl Violet 6B.png
| ImageSize = 200px
| ImageName = Methyl violet 2B
| IUPACName = Methyl violet 2B
| OtherNames = Gentian Violet B
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 64894
| ChemSpiderID = 170606
| InChI1 =
| InChIKey1 =
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 8004-87-3
| Pubchem = 196986
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C25H30N3.ClH/c1-26(2)22-13-7-19(8-14-22)25(20-9-15-23(16-10-20)27(3)4)21-11-17-24(18-12-21)28(5)6;/h7-18H,1-6H3;1H/q+1;/p-1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = ZXJXZNDDNMQXFV-UHFFFAOYSA-M
| SMILES =
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Formula = C<sub>24</sub>H<sub>28</sub>N<sub>3</sub>Cl
| MolarMass =
| Appearance =Green to dark-green powder<ref name=b1>{{cite book|author=R. W. Sabnis|title=Handbook of Biological Dyes and Stains: Synthesis and Industrial Applications|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M59Kw54ehwAC&pg=PA309|accessdate=27 June 2011|date=29 March 2010|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=9780470407530|pages=309–}}</ref>
| Solubility = Soluble in water, ethanol, insoluble in ]<ref name=b1/>
| Density =
| MeltingPt = 137 °C (279 °F) – decomposes<ref name=b1/>
| BoilingPt =}}
}}
⚫ '''Methyl violet''' is a family of ]s that are mainly used as ]s. Depending on the amount of attached ] groups, the color of the dye can be altered. Its main use is as a purple dye for ] and to give deep violet colors in paint and ink. ] is also known as ] (and many other names) and has medical uses.<ref name="pyoctanin_Gorgas" />


==Structure== ==Structure==
The term '''methyl violet''' encompasses three compounds that differ in the number of methyl groups attached to the ] ]. They are all soluble in ], ], ] and ]. The term methyl violet encompasses three compounds that differ in the number of methyl groups attached to the ] ]. ''Methyl violets are mixtures of tetramethyl (2B), pentamethyl (6B) and hexamethyl (10B) pararosanilins.''<ref>C. Bouasla, M. E. H. Samar, F, Ismail: ''Degradation of methyl violet 6B dye by the Fenton process.'' In: ''].'' 254.1–3, 2010, S.&nbsp;35–41, ].</ref>

They are all soluble in ], ], ] and ].


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Name !Name
| ||Methyl violet 2B||Methyl violet 10B (]) | ] || ] || Methyl violet 10B (])
|- |-
!Structure !Structure
|]||]||] | ] || ] || ]
|- |-
!Formula !Formula (])
|C<sub>23</sub>H<sub>26</sub>N<sub>3</sub>Cl || C<sub>24</sub>H<sub>28</sub>N<sub>3</sub>Cl | C<sub>23</sub>H<sub>26</sub>ClN<sub>3</sub> || C<sub>24</sub>H<sub>28</sub>ClN<sub>3</sub> || C<sub>25</sub>H<sub>30</sub>ClN<sub>3</sub>
|| C<sub>25</sub>H<sub>30</sub>N<sub>3</sub>Cl
|- |-
!] !]
| ||8004-87-3 || 548-62-9 | 84215-49-6 || 8004-87-3 || 548-62-9
|-
!]
| 42536 || 42535 || 42555
|- |-
!] ID !] ID
Line 56: Line 28:
|- |-
!] ID !] ID
| || || | || ||
|- |-
!Formula !Formula (])
|C<sub>23</sub>H<sub>26</sub>N<sub>3</sub> || C<sub>24</sub>H<sub>28</sub>N<sub>3</sub> | C<sub>23</sub>H<sub>26</sub>N<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> || C<sub>24</sub>H<sub>28</sub>N<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> || C<sub>25</sub>H<sub>30</sub>N<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>
|| C<sub>25</sub>H<sub>30</sub>N<sub>3</sub>
|- |-
!] ID !] ID
| || || , , | || || , ,
|- |-
!] ID !] ID
| |||| | || ||

|} |}


===Methyl violet 2B=== ===Methyl violet 2B===
Methyl violet 2B (IUPAC name:N-(4-(bis(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)methylene)cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methanaminium chloride) is a green powder which is soluble in water in ethanol and water, but not in xylene. It appears yellow in solution of low pH (~0.15) and changes to violet with pH increasing toward 3.2.<ref name=b1/> Methyl violet 2B (IUPAC name: '4,4'-((4-Iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methylene)bis(N,N-dimethylaniline) monohydrochloride) is a green powder which is soluble in water and ethanol but not in xylene. It appears yellow in solution of low pH (~0.15) and changes to violet with pH increasing toward 3.2.<ref name=b1>{{cite book|author=R. W. Sabnis|title=Handbook of Biological Dyes and Stains: Synthesis and Industrial Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M59Kw54ehwAC&pg=PA309|access-date=27 June 2011|date=29 March 2010|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-470-40753-0|pages=309–}}</ref>


===Methyl violet 10B=== ===Methyl violet 10B===
{{main|Crystal violet}} {{main|Crystal violet}}
Methyl violet 10B has six methyl groups. It is known in medicine as ] (or crystal violet or pyoctanin(e)<ref name="pyoctanin_Gorgas">{{cite document| last =Gorgas| first =Ferdinand J. S.| title =Pyoctanin – Methyl-Violet – Pyoctanine| publisher =chestofbooks.com|date =1901| url =http://chestofbooks.com/health/materia-medica-drugs/Manual-Of-Dental-Materia-Medica-And-Therapeutics/Pyoctanin-Methyl-Violet-Pyoctanine.html| accessdate =2011-03-15 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5xD3LZSj4 |archivedate=2011-03-15 |deadurl=no}}</ref>) and is the active ingredient in a ], used to classify bacteria. It is used as a ], with a range between 0 and 1.6. The protonated form (found in ]ic conditions) is yellow, turning blue-violet above pH levels of 1.6.<ref></ref> Gentian violet destroys cells and can be used as a disinfectant.<ref></ref> Compounds related to methyl violet are potential carcinogens. Methyl violet 10B has six methyl groups. It is known in medicine as ] (or crystal violet or pyoctanin(e)<ref name="pyoctanin_Gorgas">{{cite journal|last=Gorgas |first=Ferdinand J. S. |title=Pyoctanin – Methyl-Violet – Pyoctanine |publisher=chestofbooks.com |date=1901 |url=http://chestofbooks.com/health/materia-medica-drugs/Manual-Of-Dental-Materia-Medica-And-Therapeutics/Pyoctanin-Methyl-Violet-Pyoctanine.html |access-date=2011-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708143253/http://chestofbooks.com/health/materia-medica-drugs/Manual-Of-Dental-Materia-Medica-And-Therapeutics/Pyoctanin-Methyl-Violet-Pyoctanine.html |archive-date=2011-07-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>) and is the active ingredient in a ], used to classify bacteria. It is used as a ], with a range between 0 and 1.6. The protonated form (found in ]ic conditions) is yellow, turning blue-violet above pH levels of 1.6.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609064341/http://www.uni-regensburg.de/Fakultaeten/nat_Fak_IV/Organische_Chemie/Didaktik/Keusch/D-KV-e.htm |date=June 9, 2011 }}</ref>


Methyl violet 10B also inhibits the growth of many ] bacteria, except ]. When used in conjunction with ] (which destroys gram-negative bacteria), it can be used to isolate the streptococci bacteria for the diagnosis of an infection. Methyl violet 10B inhibits the growth of many ] bacteria, except ].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} When used in conjunction with ] (which destroys gram-negative bacteria), it can be used to isolate the streptococci bacteria for the diagnosis of an infection.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

Methyl violet 10B also binds to ]. This means it can be used in cell viability assays in ]. However, this binding to DNA will cause replication errors in living tissue, possibly leading to ]s and ].


==Degradation== ==Degradation==
Methyl violet is a mutagen and mitotic poison, therefore concerns exist regarding the ecological impact of the release of methyl violet into the environment. Methyl violet has been used in vast quantities for textile and paper dyeing, and 15% of such dyes produced worldwide are released to environment in wastewater. Numerous methods have been developed to treat methyl violet pollution. The three most prominent are chemical bleaching, biodegradation, and photodegradation. Methyl violet is a mutagen and mitotic poison, therefore concerns exist regarding the ecological impact of the release of methyl violet into the environment. Methyl violet has been used in vast quantities for textile and paper dyeing, and 15% of such dyes produced worldwide are released to environment in wastewater. Numerous methods have been developed to treat methyl violet pollution. The three most prominent are chemical bleaching, biodegradation, and ].


===Chemical bleaching=== ===Chemical bleaching===
Chemical bleaching is achieved by ] or ]. Oxidation can destroy the dye completely, e.g. through the use of ] (NaClO, common bleach) or ].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0301-7516(01)00082-5|title=Colour removal with NaClO of dye wastewater from an agate-processing plant in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil|year=2002|last1=Pizzolato|first1=T|journal=International Journal of Mineral Processing|volume=65|pages=203}}</ref><ref>XP-Chloro Degradation Malachite green {{US patent|2755202}}</ref> Reduction of methyl violet occurs in microorganisms but can be attained chemically using ]. Chemical bleaching is achieved by ] or ]. Oxidation can destroy the dye completely, e.g. through the use of ] (NaClO, common bleach) or ].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0301-7516(01)00082-5|title=Colour removal with NaClO of dye wastewater from an agate-processing plant in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil|date=2002|last1=Pizzolato|first1=T|journal=International Journal of Mineral Processing|volume=65|pages=203–211|issue=3–4|bibcode=2002IJMP...65..203P }}</ref><ref>XP-Chloro Degradation Malachite green {{US patent|2755202}}</ref> Reduction of methyl violet occurs in microorganisms but can be attained chemically using ].


===Biodegradation=== ===Biodegradation===
Biodegradation has been well investigated because of its relevance to sewage plants with specialized microorganisms. Two microorganisms that have been studied in depth are the '']'' and the bacterium '']''.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=3389809|year=1988|last1=Bumpus|first1=JA|last2=Brock|first2=BJ|title=Biodegradation of crystal violet by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium|volume=54|issue=5|pages=1143–50|pmc=202618|journal=Applied and environmental microbiology}} Biodegradation has been well investigated because of its relevance to sewage plants with specialized microorganisms. Two microorganisms that have been studied in depth are the ''] fungus'' and the bacterium '']''.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=3389809|date=1988|last1=Bumpus|first1=JA|last2=Brock|first2=BJ|title=Biodegradation of crystal violet by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium|volume=54|issue=5|pages=1143–50|pmc=202618|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|doi=10.1128/AEM.54.5.1143-1150.1988|bibcode=1988ApEnM..54.1143B }}
</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF00242956|title=Degradation of Crystal violet by Nocardia corallina|year=1993|last1=Yatome|first1=Chizuko|last2=Yamada|first2=Shigeyuki|last3=Ogawa|first3=Toshihiko|last4=Matsui|first4=Masaki|journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology|volume=38}}</ref> </ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF00242956|title=Degradation of Crystal violet by Nocardia corallina|date=1993|last1=Yatome|first1=Chizuko|last2=Yamada|first2=Shigeyuki|last3=Ogawa|first3=Toshihiko|last4=Matsui|first4=Masaki|journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology|volume=38|issue=4|s2cid=43686541}}</ref>


===Photodegradation=== ===Photodegradation===
Light alone does not rapidly degrade methyl violet,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/1010-6030(95)04094-V|title=Oxidation of crystal violet and malachite green in aqueous solutions — a kinetic spectrophotometric study|year=1995|last1=Bhasikuttan|first1=A|journal=Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry|volume=90|pages=177}}</ref> but the process is accelerated upon the addition of large band-gap semiconductors, ] or ].<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=15927578|year=2005|last1=Senthilkumaar|first1=S|last2=Porkodi|first2=K|title=Heterogeneous photocatalytic decomposition of Crystal Violet in UV-illuminated sol-gel derived nanocrystalline TiO2 suspensions|volume=288|issue=1|pages=184–9|doi=10.1016/j.jcis.2005.02.066|journal=Journal of colloid and interface science}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.dyepig.2004.09.003|title=Photocatalytic degradation of Crystal Violet (C.I. Basic Violet 3) on silver ion doped TiO|year=2005|last1=Sahoo|first1=C|last2=Gupta|first2=A|last3=Pal|first3=A|journal=Dyes and Pigments|volume=66|pages=189}}</ref> Light alone does not rapidly degrade methyl violet,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/1010-6030(95)04094-V|title=Oxidation of crystal violet and malachite green in aqueous solutions — a kinetic spectrophotometric study|date=1995|last1=Bhasikuttan|first1=A|journal=Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry|volume=90|pages=177–182|last2=Sapre|first2=A.V.|last3=Shastri|first3=L.V.|issue=2–3|bibcode=2018JPPA..364...59D}}</ref> but the process is accelerated upon the addition of large band-gap semiconductors, ] or ].<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=15927578|date=2005|last1=Senthilkumaar|first1=S|last2=Porkodi|first2=K|title=Heterogeneous photocatalytic decomposition of Crystal Violet in UV-illuminated sol-gel derived nanocrystalline TiO2 suspensions|volume=288|issue=1|pages=184–9|doi=10.1016/j.jcis.2005.02.066|journal=Journal of Colloid and Interface Science|bibcode=2005JCIS..288..184S}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.dyepig.2004.09.003|title=Photocatalytic degradation of Crystal Violet (C.I. Basic Violet 3) on silver ion doped TiO|date=2005|last1=Sahoo|first1=C|last2=Gupta|first2=A|last3=Pal|first3=A|journal=Dyes and Pigments|volume=66|pages=189–196|issue=3}}</ref>


===Other methods=== ===Other methods===
Many others methods have been developed to treat the contamination of dyes in a solution, including electrochemical degradation,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.06.019|title=Electrochemical decolourisation of structurally different dyes|year=2004|last1=Sanroman|first1=M|last2=Pazos|first2=M|last3=Ricart|first3=M|last4=Cameselle|first4=C|journal=Chemosphere|volume=57|pages=233|pmid=15312740|issue=3}}</ref> ion exchange,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.memsci.2007.10.035|title=Removal of cationic dye methyl violet 2B from water by cation exchange membranes|year=2008|last1=Wu|first1=J|last2=Liu|first2=C|last3=Chu|first3=K|last4=Suen|first4=S|journal=Journal of Membrane Science|volume=309|pages=239}}</ref> laser degradation, and absorption onto various solids such as activated charcoal. Many other methods have been developed to treat the contamination of dyes in a solution, including electrochemical degradation,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.06.019|title=Electrochemical decolourisation of structurally different dyes|date=2004|last1=Sanroman|first1=M|last2=Pazos|first2=M|last3=Ricart|first3=M|last4=Cameselle|first4=C|journal=Chemosphere|volume=57|pages=233–9|pmid=15312740|issue=3|bibcode=2004Chmsp..57..233S}}</ref> ion exchange,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.memsci.2007.10.035|title=Removal of cationic dye methyl violet 2B from water by cation exchange membranes|date=2008|last1=Wu|first1=J|last2=Liu|first2=C|last3=Chu|first3=K|last4=Suen|first4=S|journal=Journal of Membrane Science|volume=309|issue=1–2|pages=239–245}}</ref> laser degradation, and absorption onto various solids such as ].


==See also== ==See also==
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==References== ==References==
{{reflist|2}} {{Reflist|30em}}
{{Stains}} {{Stains}}


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Latest revision as of 12:47, 23 November 2024

Group of chemical compounds used as dye

Methyl violet is a family of organic compounds that are mainly used as dyes. Depending on the number of attached methyl groups, the color of the dye can be altered. Its main use is as a purple dye for textiles and to give deep violet colors in paint and ink. It is also used as a hydration indicator for silica gel. Methyl violet 10B is also known as crystal violet (and many other names) and has medical uses.

Structure

The term methyl violet encompasses three compounds that differ in the number of methyl groups attached to the amine functional group. Methyl violets are mixtures of tetramethyl (2B), pentamethyl (6B) and hexamethyl (10B) pararosanilins.

They are all soluble in water, ethanol, diethylene glycol and dipropylene glycol.

Name Methyl violet 2B Methyl violet 6B Methyl violet 10B (Crystal violet)
Structure
Methyl violet 10B
Methyl violet 10B
Formula (salt) C23H26ClN3 C24H28ClN3 C25H30ClN3
CAS no 84215-49-6 8004-87-3 548-62-9
C.I. 42536 42535 42555
ChemSpider ID 21164086 170606 10588
PubChem ID 91997555 164877 11057
Formula (cation) C23H26N3 C24H28N3 C25H30N3
ChemSpider ID 2006225 3349, 9080056, 10354393
PubChem ID 2724053 3468

Methyl violet 2B

Methyl violet 2B (IUPAC name: '4,4'-((4-Iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methylene)bis(N,N-dimethylaniline) monohydrochloride) is a green powder which is soluble in water and ethanol but not in xylene. It appears yellow in solution of low pH (~0.15) and changes to violet with pH increasing toward 3.2.

Methyl violet 10B

Main article: Crystal violet

Methyl violet 10B has six methyl groups. It is known in medicine as Gentian violet (or crystal violet or pyoctanin(e)) and is the active ingredient in a Gram stain, used to classify bacteria. It is used as a pH indicator, with a range between 0 and 1.6. The protonated form (found in acidic conditions) is yellow, turning blue-violet above pH levels of 1.6.

Methyl violet 10B inhibits the growth of many Gram positive bacteria, except streptococci. When used in conjunction with nalidixic acid (which destroys gram-negative bacteria), it can be used to isolate the streptococci bacteria for the diagnosis of an infection.

Degradation

Methyl violet is a mutagen and mitotic poison, therefore concerns exist regarding the ecological impact of the release of methyl violet into the environment. Methyl violet has been used in vast quantities for textile and paper dyeing, and 15% of such dyes produced worldwide are released to environment in wastewater. Numerous methods have been developed to treat methyl violet pollution. The three most prominent are chemical bleaching, biodegradation, and photodegradation.

Chemical bleaching

Chemical bleaching is achieved by oxidation or reduction. Oxidation can destroy the dye completely, e.g. through the use of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO, common bleach) or hydrogen peroxide. Reduction of methyl violet occurs in microorganisms but can be attained chemically using sodium dithionite.

Biodegradation

Biodegradation has been well investigated because of its relevance to sewage plants with specialized microorganisms. Two microorganisms that have been studied in depth are the white rot fungus and the bacterium Nocardia Corallina.

Photodegradation

Light alone does not rapidly degrade methyl violet, but the process is accelerated upon the addition of large band-gap semiconductors, TiO2 or ZnO.

Other methods

Many other methods have been developed to treat the contamination of dyes in a solution, including electrochemical degradation, ion exchange, laser degradation, and absorption onto various solids such as activated charcoal.

See also

References

  1. ^ Gorgas, Ferdinand J. S. (1901). "Pyoctanin – Methyl-Violet – Pyoctanine". chestofbooks.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2011-03-15. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. C. Bouasla, M. E. H. Samar, F, Ismail: Degradation of methyl violet 6B dye by the Fenton process. In: Desalination. 254.1–3, 2010, S. 35–41, doi:10.1016/j.desal.2009.12.017.
  3. R. W. Sabnis (29 March 2010). Handbook of Biological Dyes and Stains: Synthesis and Industrial Applications. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 309–. ISBN 978-0-470-40753-0. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  4. Kristallviolett – ein pH-Indikator Archived June 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  5. Pizzolato, T (2002). "Colour removal with NaClO of dye wastewater from an agate-processing plant in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil". International Journal of Mineral Processing. 65 (3–4): 203–211. Bibcode:2002IJMP...65..203P. doi:10.1016/S0301-7516(01)00082-5.
  6. XP-Chloro Degradation Malachite green U.S. patent 2,755,202
  7. Bumpus, JA; Brock, BJ (1988). "Biodegradation of crystal violet by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 54 (5): 1143–50. Bibcode:1988ApEnM..54.1143B. doi:10.1128/AEM.54.5.1143-1150.1988. PMC 202618. PMID 3389809.
  8. Yatome, Chizuko; Yamada, Shigeyuki; Ogawa, Toshihiko; Matsui, Masaki (1993). "Degradation of Crystal violet by Nocardia corallina". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 38 (4). doi:10.1007/BF00242956. S2CID 43686541.
  9. Bhasikuttan, A; Sapre, A.V.; Shastri, L.V. (1995). "Oxidation of crystal violet and malachite green in aqueous solutions — a kinetic spectrophotometric study". Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. 90 (2–3): 177–182. Bibcode:2018JPPA..364...59D. doi:10.1016/1010-6030(95)04094-V.
  10. Senthilkumaar, S; Porkodi, K (2005). "Heterogeneous photocatalytic decomposition of Crystal Violet in UV-illuminated sol-gel derived nanocrystalline TiO2 suspensions". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 288 (1): 184–9. Bibcode:2005JCIS..288..184S. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2005.02.066. PMID 15927578.
  11. Sahoo, C; Gupta, A; Pal, A (2005). "Photocatalytic degradation of Crystal Violet (C.I. Basic Violet 3) on silver ion doped TiO". Dyes and Pigments. 66 (3): 189–196. doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2004.09.003.
  12. Sanroman, M; Pazos, M; Ricart, M; Cameselle, C (2004). "Electrochemical decolourisation of structurally different dyes". Chemosphere. 57 (3): 233–9. Bibcode:2004Chmsp..57..233S. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.06.019. PMID 15312740.
  13. Wu, J; Liu, C; Chu, K; Suen, S (2008). "Removal of cationic dye methyl violet 2B from water by cation exchange membranes". Journal of Membrane Science. 309 (1–2): 239–245. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2007.10.035.
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