Misplaced Pages

Zucchetto: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 17:17, 27 November 2011 editDjathinkimacowboy (talk | contribs)4,216 edits Undid revision 462757821 by MikeWazowski (talk) This is not OR as the editor well knows. None of the article is OR.← Previous edit Latest revision as of 13:38, 4 December 2024 edit undo80.6.248.254 (talk) →History: The Pilos was originally also worn by other Paleo-Balkanic populations including Illyrians.Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit 
(282 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Type of headwear}}
]
{{Distinguish|Zuccotto}}
]
The '''zucchetto''' (plural ''zucchetti'', ] for "small ]"), a/k/a ''pileolus'' in Latin and ''calotte/calotta'' in France, Italy and Hispanic nations, is a small ] worn by ] of the ], as well as in ].


] with a scarlet zucchetto]]
It was originally adopted probably around the beginning of the Byzantine Era for practical reasons, to keep clerics' ]d heads warm. It has survived as a traditional item of dress. Its name may derive from its resemblance to half of a ], or from the fact that it covers a "whole pumpkin" (i.e., the ]). Its appearance is almost identical to the Jewish ] (yarmulke), though its significance is quite different.
The '''zucchetto''' ({{IPAc-en|(|t|)|s|uː|ˈ|k|ɛ|t|oʊ|,_|z|uː|ˈ|-}},<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url= https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/zucchetto|title=Zucchetto|work=]| publisher= ]| access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> <small>also</small> {{IPAc-en|UK|t|s|ʊ|ˈ|-}},<ref name=":1"> (US) and {{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/zucchetto |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322185629/https://www.lexico.com/definition/zucchetto |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=zucchetto |dictionary=] UK English Dictionary |publisher=]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|z|ʊ|ˈ|-}},<ref name=":2">{{Cite Merriam-Webster|zucchetto|access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|it|dzukˈketto|lang}}; meaning 'small ]', from ''zucca'' ']' or more generally 'gourd'; plural in English: zucchettos){{efn|Compare '']'', of related origin.}}<ref>{{in lang|it}} </ref> or '''solideo''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of SOLIDEO |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/solideo |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> officially a '''pileolus''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Zucchetto |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15765b.htm |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> is a small, hemispherical, form-fitting ecclesiastical ] worn by ] of various ], the ], and by senior clergy in ].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />


It is also called a '''pilus''', '''pilos''', '''pileus''', '''pileolo''', '''subbiretum''', '''submitrale''', '''soli deo''', '''berrettino''', '''calotte''' or '''calotta'''.{{sfn|Marshall|2009|pp=11–13}}


==History==
The zucchetto is a descendant of the ]. Until very recently, the typical construction of the zucchetto has been an outer shell of watered silk and an inner lining of chamois leather. The leather helped keep the head warm, keep the zucchetto on the head, and added a desired stiffness to the entire zucchetto. Today it is most commonly made entirely of silk or polyester fabric. The zucchetto has always been constructed the same way: sewn together in eight triangular panels. Jutting from the centre of the zucchetto at the top is the "stem", known as ''stirpis'' or ''stirpes''. The stem is made of a twisted loop of silk cord and is meant to make the handling of the zucchetto easier. The stirpes is the main distinction between the zucchetto and the Jewish kippah.
The zucchetto originated as the Paleo-Balkanic '']'' and is related to the ] (which itself was originally a large zucchetto). Clerics adopted the style circa the ] or earlier, to keep their heads warm{{cn|date=September 2023}} and to insulate the ].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |first= James-Charles |last= Noonan |url= http://worldcat.org/oclc/748330195 |title= The church visible : the ceremonial life and protocol of the Roman Catholic Church |date= 2012 |publisher= Sterling Ethos |isbn= 978-1-4027-8730-0 |pages= 305–308 |oclc=748330195}} | quote = Originally introduced to protect the crown of the head bared by the tonsure, it is now worn oblivious to that need.</ref> The name "zucchetto" derives from its resemblance to half a ].<ref>
Compare:
{{oed | zucchetto}} - from Italian ''zucchetta'' or ''zucchetto'' ("a small gourd" or "cap"); itself from ''zucca'' ("gourd" or "the head").
</ref>
It is almost identical to the Jewish ] or yarmulke, but typically differs in construction, with the zucchetto made of separate joined sections and color-coordinated to clerical status. The resemblance between the two types of headgear is often seen as being deliberate (a reference to the Jewish roots of ]), but the zucchetto is distinct from{{sfn|Marshall|2009|pp=11, 13|ps=: " the Pope does not actually wear a yarmulke, but a ''zucchetto'' . many similarities between biblical Judaism and Catholicism are incidental, as in the case of the yarmulke."}} and predates the skullcap style of kippah and yarmulke.{{sfn|Kilgour|1958}}{{pn|date=September 2023}}


==Construction and design==
{{More citations needed|section|date=July 2021}}
]s and popes ''emeriti'']]
]
]
In Catholicism, the modern zucchetto is most commonly made of silk. The design utilises eight ] or triangular panels that are joined at the tips to form a hemispherical skullcap. Jutting from the central tip of the zucchetto is the "stem", known as ''stirpis'' or ''stirpes''. It is made of a twisted loop of silk cord and is meant to make handling the zucchetto easier.<ref name=":3" /> The ''stirpes'' is the primary visual distinction between the zucchetto and the Jewish kippah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Does the Pope Wear a Kippah? |url=https://www.jta.org/jewniverse/2014/why-does-the-pope-wear-a-kippah |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US}}</ref>


The zucchetto traditionally has a lining of thin white ] as an insulator; this is also to help keep the shape of the zucchetto.<ref name=":3" /> Inside the trim, there is a strip of velvet to ensure a secure and comfortable fit. Most modern zucchetto designs include a cloth lining, and the contemporary trend is using ordinary synthetic cloth with a simple, natural cloth lining.{{sfn|McCloud|1948|pp=79–81}}
In the Orthodox tradition, a seven-panel zucchetto called a ''phiro'' is worn by priests. It is always black and embroidedered with black Orthodox crosses.


=== Colors ===
The color of the zucchetto in Catholicism denotes the office held by the wearer:


* {{Color sample|white}} the ] zucchetto is ];{{sfn|McCloud|1948|pp=79–80}}
All ordained members of the Roman Catholic Church are entitled to wear the zucchetto. As with much ecclesiastical apparel, the colour of the zucchetto denotes the wearer's rank: the ]'s zucchetto is ], those worn by ] are ] or ], and those of ]s, ]s and ]s are ]. ]s and ]s wear a ] zucchetto although the use of the zucchetto by priests in actual practice is extremely rare aside from ]s. However, it is quite common for priests assigned to the Vatican.
** members of religious orders with white habits (e.g., ]) also may wear a white zucchetto made of wool.<ref name=":3" />
* {{Color sample|#FF2400}} those worn by ] are ];
* {{Color sample|#E52B50}} those of ]s, ], ] and ]s are ];
* {{Color sample|black}} non-territorial ]s, ] and ]s wear a ] zucchetto.


Some ] have adopted the practice of wearing a brown zucchetto to match their brown habit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RKIA EXPLAINS THE MASS -- PART 3 |url=https://stlambert.org/news/rkia-explains-the-mass-part-3}}</ref>


The most common ] design can be similar to the Catholic zucchetto or, far more often, similar to the Jewish kippah.<ref>anglicanhistory.org{{citation needed|date= August 2021}}</ref> A form of the zucchetto is worn by Anglican bishops and is used approximately like that of the Catholic Church. The Anglican "skullcap" differs from the zucchetto primarily in that it is made of six panels, bears a button at centre of the crown, and is of slightly larger dimensions. The other exception is that instead of the Catholic "church violet", Anglican churches usually (but not always) use ] caps on bishops. {{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
A black zucchetto with red piping was formerly the mark of a ] or ], but this is no longer authorized. A white zucchetto is worn by ] prelates. A ] zucchetto, and similar black ], is sometimes worn by ] ]s and ] or ] ]s respectively, but this is usually a slightly more substantial cap used for actual head-warming rather than as a ceremonial accoutrement.


In the ] tradition, a seven-panel zucchetto called a ''{{transliteration|syc|phiro}}'' is worn by nearly all priests. It is always black and embroidered with black Orthodox crosses.{{sfn|Kilgour|1958}}


==Usage==
All clerics who hold the ''episcopal character'' (that is to say, all bishops, whether the pope, cardinals, titular bishops or diocesan bishops) wear the zucchetto throughout most of the ], removing it at the commencement of the ] and replacing it at the conclusion of the ]. A short stand placed on the altar, usually made of ] or ] and known as a ] is used in some ]es to hold the zuchetto during that part of the service. Also, the zucchetto is worn beneath the ] (the zuchetto is worn beneath the mitre). This gives the alternate name for the zucchetto, ''submitrale''.
All ] men in the ] of the Catholic Church are entitled to wear the black zucchetto unless promoted to a higher office, and it is worn with either the ] or ], never a suit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emerson |first=Charles |date=September 2016 |title=A Short Primer on the Zucchetto |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/59dc5f0459cc688076bc708e/t/5ab019cc1ae6cfb73b427466/1521490381839/Zucchetto+-+Everson.pdf}}</ref> When a ] or ] is worn, a zucchetto is always worn underneath, hence its other names of ''subbirettum'' and ''submitrale''.{{sfnm |1a1=Braun |1y=1912 |2a1=McCloud |2y=1948 |2p=79}}


The common tradition is for the cleric to obtain the zucchetto either from an ecclesiastical tailor or a retail church supply. There is also a tradition of friends buying a newly appointed bishop his first zucchetto.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-04-07-pope-tailor_x.htm | work=USA Today | location=McLean, Virginia | first1=Noelle | last1=Knox | title=Tailor pays tribute | date=April 7, 2005 |access-date=September 21, 2017}}</ref>


A lower-ranking prelate must always ] his skullcap to a higher-ranking prelate; all prelates must remove their zucchetti in the presence of the pope, unless the pope prefers otherwise.{{sfn|McCloud|1948|pp=79–80}}<ref name=":3" />
The late ] often gave guests the zucchetto he was wearing as a ] if presented with a new one as a gift. ] has continued with the practice, which was started in the modern era by ].


The zucchetto is worn throughout most of the ], is removed at the commencement of the ], and replaced at the conclusion of ], when the ] is put away. The zucchetto is also not worn at any occasion where the Blessed Sacrament is ]. A short zucchetto stand known as a '']'' (lit. "little mushroom", usually made of ] or ]) can be placed near the altar to provide a safe place for the zucchetto when it is not being worn.{{sfnm |1a1=Braun |1y=1912 |2a1=McCloud |2y=1948 |2p=79}}


If visiting the pope, one may wish to speak with his secretary beforehand about the practice, and confirm that the new zucchetto is the correct size and is otherwise appropriate. In practice, the pope does not actually give the visitor his own zucchetto, but rather puts on the gift zucchetto for a moment and returns it thereafter. Bishops such as ] as well as Pope Pius XII actually gave their old zucchetto in exchange for the newly offered one. Prelates often give away their skullcaps to the faithful. The practice, which was started in the modern era by ], involves giving the zucchetto to the faithful, as a ], if presented with a new one as a gift. Popes ], ], and ] have continued the custom.{{sfn|Duffy|2006}} The pope might choose not to give the visitor his own zucchetto, but rather place the gift zucchetto on his head for a moment as a blessing, then return it to the giver. Bishops, cardinals and archbishops such as ] frequently gave their old zucchetti in exchange for the newly offered one; Sheen also gave his zucchetto as a keepsake to laity who requested it.{{sfn|Duffy|2006}}


==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==Notes==
The zucchetto is worn by some ] bishops, and is used approximately like that of the Roman Catholic Church. The exception is the Anglican Church rejects the Catholic "Church violet" and instead uses ].
{{notelist}}


==References== ==References==
===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|22em}}


===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|last=Kilgour|first=Ruth Edwards|title=A Pageant of Hats Ancient and Modern|year=1958|publisher=R. M. McBride Company}}
{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite Catholic Encyclopedia
|last=Braun
|first=Joseph
|wstitle=Zucchetto
|volume=15
|pages=765–766
|via=Wikisource
|noicon=yes
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Duffy
|first=Eamon
|author-link=Eamon Duffy
|year=2006
|title=Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes
|edition=3rd
|location=New Haven, Connecticut
|publisher=Yale University Press
|isbn=978-0-300-11597-0
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/00book1593273669
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Kilgour
|first=Ruth Edwards
|year=1958
|title=A Pageant of Hats Ancient and Modern
|location=New York
|publisher=R. M. McBride Company
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Marshall
|first=Taylor
|year=2009
|title=The Crucified Rabbi: Judaism and the Origins of Catholic Christianity
|series=The Origins of Catholicism
|volume=1
|location=Dallas, Texas
|publisher=Saint John Press
|isbn=978-0-578-03834-6
}}
* {{cite book
|last=McCloud |first=Henry
|year=1948
|title=Clerical Dress and Insignia of the Roman Catholic Church
|place= Wisconsin |publisher=Bruce Publishing Company
}}
{{refend}}


==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=McCloud|first=Henry|title=Clerical Dress and Insignia of the Roman Catholic Church|year= 1948|publisher=The Bruce Publishing Company, Milwaukee}}
{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book
|last=Wray
|first=Cecil Daniel
|year=1856
|title=A Short Inquiry Respecting the Vestments of the Priests of the Anglican Church
|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/england/wray_inquiry1856.html
|location=London
|publisher=Joseph Masters
|access-date=December 26, 2011
|via=Project Canterbury
}}
{{refend}}


{{Hats}}
*{{cite book|last=Philippi|first=Dieter|title=Sammlung Philippi - Kopfbedeckungen in Glaube, Religion und Spiritualität,|year= 2009|publisher=St. Benno Verlag, Leipzig|isbn=978-3-7462-2800-6}}
{{Papal symbols and rituals}}
{{Subject bar |commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Zucchetto |s=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q668648}}


== See also ==
*]
*]
*]
*]

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikisource1913CatholicEnc|Zucchetto}}
*

]
]
]
]
] ]
]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]
]

]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 13:38, 4 December 2024

Type of headwear Not to be confused with Zuccotto.
Cardinal Franciszek Macharski with a scarlet zucchetto

The zucchetto (/(t)suːˈkɛtoʊ, zuːˈ-/, also UK: /tsʊˈ-/, US: /zʊˈ-/, Italian: [dzukˈketto]; meaning 'small gourd', from zucca 'pumpkin' or more generally 'gourd'; plural in English: zucchettos) or solideo, officially a pileolus, is a small, hemispherical, form-fitting ecclesiastical skullcap worn by clerics of various Catholic Churches, the Syriac Orthodox Church, and by senior clergy in Anglicanism.

It is also called a pilus, pilos, pileus, pileolo, subbiretum, submitrale, soli deo, berrettino, calotte or calotta.

History

The zucchetto originated as the Paleo-Balkanic pilos and is related to the beret (which itself was originally a large zucchetto). Clerics adopted the style circa the Early Middle Ages or earlier, to keep their heads warm and to insulate the tonsure. The name "zucchetto" derives from its resemblance to half a pumpkin. It is almost identical to the Jewish kippah or yarmulke, but typically differs in construction, with the zucchetto made of separate joined sections and color-coordinated to clerical status. The resemblance between the two types of headgear is often seen as being deliberate (a reference to the Jewish roots of Christianity), but the zucchetto is distinct from and predates the skullcap style of kippah and yarmulke.

Construction and design

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Zucchetto" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
White zucchetto worn by popes and popes emeriti
Two bishops wearing amaranth zucchetti
Priest's black zucchetto

In Catholicism, the modern zucchetto is most commonly made of silk. The design utilises eight gores or triangular panels that are joined at the tips to form a hemispherical skullcap. Jutting from the central tip of the zucchetto is the "stem", known as stirpis or stirpes. It is made of a twisted loop of silk cord and is meant to make handling the zucchetto easier. The stirpes is the primary visual distinction between the zucchetto and the Jewish kippah.

The zucchetto traditionally has a lining of thin white chamois as an insulator; this is also to help keep the shape of the zucchetto. Inside the trim, there is a strip of velvet to ensure a secure and comfortable fit. Most modern zucchetto designs include a cloth lining, and the contemporary trend is using ordinary synthetic cloth with a simple, natural cloth lining.

Colors

The color of the zucchetto in Catholicism denotes the office held by the wearer:

Some Franciscans have adopted the practice of wearing a brown zucchetto to match their brown habit.

The most common Anglican design can be similar to the Catholic zucchetto or, far more often, similar to the Jewish kippah. A form of the zucchetto is worn by Anglican bishops and is used approximately like that of the Catholic Church. The Anglican "skullcap" differs from the zucchetto primarily in that it is made of six panels, bears a button at centre of the crown, and is of slightly larger dimensions. The other exception is that instead of the Catholic "church violet", Anglican churches usually (but not always) use purple caps on bishops.

In the Syriac Orthodox tradition, a seven-panel zucchetto called a phiro is worn by nearly all priests. It is always black and embroidered with black Orthodox crosses.

Usage

All ordained men in the Latin Church of the Catholic Church are entitled to wear the black zucchetto unless promoted to a higher office, and it is worn with either the cassock or liturgical vestments, never a suit. When a biretta or mitre is worn, a zucchetto is always worn underneath, hence its other names of subbirettum and submitrale.

The common tradition is for the cleric to obtain the zucchetto either from an ecclesiastical tailor or a retail church supply. There is also a tradition of friends buying a newly appointed bishop his first zucchetto.

A lower-ranking prelate must always doff his skullcap to a higher-ranking prelate; all prelates must remove their zucchetti in the presence of the pope, unless the pope prefers otherwise.

The zucchetto is worn throughout most of the Mass, is removed at the commencement of the Preface, and replaced at the conclusion of Communion, when the Blessed Sacrament is put away. The zucchetto is also not worn at any occasion where the Blessed Sacrament is exposed. A short zucchetto stand known as a funghellino (lit. "little mushroom", usually made of brass or wood) can be placed near the altar to provide a safe place for the zucchetto when it is not being worn.

Prelates often give away their skullcaps to the faithful. The practice, which was started in the modern era by Pope Pius XII, involves giving the zucchetto to the faithful, as a keepsake, if presented with a new one as a gift. Popes John Paul II, Benedict XVI, and Francis have continued the custom. The pope might choose not to give the visitor his own zucchetto, but rather place the gift zucchetto on his head for a moment as a blessing, then return it to the giver. Bishops, cardinals and archbishops such as Fulton J. Sheen frequently gave their old zucchetti in exchange for the newly offered one; Sheen also gave his zucchetto as a keepsake to laity who requested it.

See also

Notes

  1. Compare zucchini, of related origin.

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Zucchetto". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  2. ^ "zucchetto" (US) and "zucchetto". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-03-22.
  3. ^ "zucchetto". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  4. (in Italian) Dizionario Treccani
  5. "Definition of SOLIDEO". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
  6. "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Zucchetto". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
  7. Marshall 2009, pp. 11–13.
  8. ^ Noonan, James-Charles (2012). The church visible : the ceremonial life and protocol of the Roman Catholic Church. Sterling Ethos. pp. 305–308. ISBN 978-1-4027-8730-0. OCLC 748330195. | quote = Originally introduced to protect the crown of the head bared by the tonsure, it is now worn oblivious to that need.
  9. Compare: "zucchetto". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) - from Italian zucchetta or zucchetto ("a small gourd" or "cap"); itself from zucca ("gourd" or "the head").
  10. Marshall 2009, pp. 11, 13: " the Pope does not actually wear a yarmulke, but a zucchetto . many similarities between biblical Judaism and Catholicism are incidental, as in the case of the yarmulke."
  11. ^ Kilgour 1958.
  12. "Why Does the Pope Wear a Kippah?". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
  13. McCloud 1948, pp. 79–81.
  14. ^ McCloud 1948, pp. 79–80.
  15. "RKIA EXPLAINS THE MASS -- PART 3".
  16. anglicanhistory.org
  17. Emerson, Charles (September 2016). "A Short Primer on the Zucchetto" (PDF).
  18. ^ Braun 1912; McCloud 1948, p. 79.
  19. Knox, Noelle (April 7, 2005). "Tailor pays tribute". USA Today. McLean, Virginia. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  20. ^ Duffy 2006.

Bibliography

  • Braun, Joseph (1912). "Zucchetto". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company. pp. 765–766 – via Wikisource.
  • Duffy, Eamon (2006). Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes (3rd ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11597-0.
  • Kilgour, Ruth Edwards (1958). A Pageant of Hats Ancient and Modern. New York: R. M. McBride Company.
  • Marshall, Taylor (2009). The Crucified Rabbi: Judaism and the Origins of Catholic Christianity. The Origins of Catholicism. Vol. 1. Dallas, Texas: Saint John Press. ISBN 978-0-578-03834-6.
  • McCloud, Henry (1948). Clerical Dress and Insignia of the Roman Catholic Church. Wisconsin: Bruce Publishing Company.

Further reading

Hats and caps
List of hat styles List of headgear
Western
culture
Formal
Semi-formal
Informal
Uniforms
Religious
Christian
Western
Eastern
Jewish
Casual
Sports
Historical
Folk
Wrapped
headwear
Hat parts
Accessories
Papacy
Episcopate of the bishop of Rome
Jurisdiction
Holy See
(Full communion)
Vatican City
(index, outline)
Headquarters
Major basilicas
Titles
Papal names
Symbols
Proclamations
Activities
Vestments
Transportation
Household
Staff
Related
Zucchetto at Misplaced Pages's sister projects: Categories: