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{{Short description|Moroccan-descended ethnic group of Mali}} |
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{{redirect|Armas}} |
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{{redirect|Armas}} |
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{{More footnotes|date=April 2012}} |
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{{ethnic group| |
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{{infobox ethnic group| |
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|group=Arma |
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|group=Arma |
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|image= |
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|image= |
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|poptime= Approximately 20,000 |
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|population= Approximately 20,000 |
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|popplace=Middle ] Valley of ], ]. |
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|popplace=Middle ] Valley (] and ]) |
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|rels=] |
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|rels=] |
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|langs=] |
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|langs=], ] |
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|related-c= ], ], ], ], small numbers of ] and ]<ref> Olsen, 1996: "Arma", p.37. </ref> |
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|related-c= ], ], ]}} |
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The '''Arma people''' is an |
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The '''Arma''' people are an ethnic group of the middle ] valley, descended in part from ] - ] invaders of the 16th century. The name, applied by other groups, derives from the Arabic word ''arrimah'', « fusiliers ». |
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] of the middle ] valley, descended from ] invaders of the 16th century. The name, applied by other groups, derives from the word ''ar-rumah'' ({{langx|ar|الرماة}}) 'fusiliers'.<ref>], "North-West Africa: from the Maghrib to the fringes of the forest" in: , Ed. Cambridge University Press (1975), pp.154-155</ref> |
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The Arma ethnicity is distinct from (but sometimes confused with) the 3.6 million ] of western Niger, who predate the Moroccan invasion and speak the ], also a member of the ]. |
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==The Songhai expedition and aftermath== |
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The 1590 expedition sent to conquer the ] trade routes by the Moroccan ] was made up of four thousand Spanish and other European converts. Converted to ], they were either hired as mercenaries or captured as slaves by the Moroccans. After the destruction of the Songhai in 1591, the Moroccan forces settled into ], ], ] and the larger towns of the Niger River bend. Never able to exert control outside their large fortifications, within a decade the expedition's leaders were abandoned by Morocco. In cities like Timbuktu, the men of the 1591 expedition intermarried with the Songhai, became small scale independent rulers, and some of their descendants came to be identified as minor dynasties of their own right. By the end of the 17th century, ], ], ], and other forces came to control empires and city-states in the region, leaving the Arma as a mere ethnicity. |
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As of 1986, there were some 20,000 self-identified Arma in ], mostly around ], the middle Niger bend and the ].{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} |
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==Today== |
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As of 1986, there were some 20,000 self-identified '''Arma''' in ], mostly around ], the middle Niger bend, and the ]. |
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==Songhai expedition== |
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The Arma ethnicity is distinct from (but sometimes confused with) the 20 million ] (or ''Zarma'', ''Zerma'') peoples of Western Niger, who predate the Moroccan invasion, and speak the ], also a sub category of Songhai. |
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{{no ref|section|date=January 2019}} |
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The ] sent to conquer the ] trade routes by the ] of Morocco was made up of four thousand ], ] ] and European renegades. They were armed with European-style ]es. After the destruction of the Songhai Empire in 1591, the Moroccans settled into ], ], ] and the larger towns of the Niger River bend . Never able to exert control outside their large fortifications, within a decade the expedition's leaders were abandoned by Morocco. In cities like Timbuktu, the men of the 1591 expedition intermarried with the Songhai, became small scale independent rulers, and some of their descendants came to be identified as minor dynasties of their own right. By the end of the 17th century, ], ], ], and other forces came to control empires and city-states in the region, leaving the Arma as a mere ethnicity. |
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Famous modern Arma people include the late Malian musician ]. |
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==See also== |
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==See also== |
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*]: Spanish Muslim commander of the Moroccan Expedition of the 1590s. |
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*]: Commander of the Moroccan military Expedition of the 1590s. |
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*]: Culmination of the Moroccan Expedition, destroying the Songhai Empire in 1591. |
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*]: Culmination of the Moroccan Expedition, destroying the Songhai Empire in 1591. |
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*]: Territory governed by the Arma on behalf of Morocco. |
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==Notes== |
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==Notes== |
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==References== |
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==References== |
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*Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press, London and New Jersey (1979). ISBN 0810812290 |
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*Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press, London and New Jersey (1979). {{ISBN|0-8108-1229-0}} |
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*James Stuart Olson. The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. "Arma", p.37. Greenwood Press (1996) ISBN 0313279187 |
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*James Stuart Olson. The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. "Arma", p. 37. Greenwood Press (1996) {{ISBN|0-313-27918-7}} |
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*Michel Aitbol. Tombouctou et les Arma de la conquête marocaine du Soudan nigérien en 1591 à l'hégémonie de l'empire peul du Macina en 1833. Paris, (1979). |
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*Michel Aitbol. Tombouctou et les Arma de la conquête marocaine du Soudan nigérien en 1591 à l'hégémonie de l'empire peul du Macina en 1833. Paris, (1979). |
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*Albrecht Hofheinz. . (2001) |
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*Albrecht Hofheinz. . (2001) |
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*{{citation | last=Hunwick | first= John O.| authorlink= John Hunwick | title= Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents | publisher=Brill| place=Leiden | year=1999 | isbn=9004112073 }}. |
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*{{citation | last=Hunwick | first= John O.| authorlink= John Hunwick | title= Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents | publisher=Brill| place=Leiden | year=1999 | isbn=90-04-11207-3 }}. |
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==External links== |
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==External links== |
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*. Al-Andalus, Andalucía y España en Tombuctú y la frontera subsahariana (s. XVI-XXI). Universidad de Jaén (Spain), 19-20 February 2004. |
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*. Al-Andalus, Andalucía y España en Tombuctú y la frontera subsahariana (s. XVI-XXI). Universidad de Jaén (Spain), 19–20 February 2004. |
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{{Moroccan diaspora}} |
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{{Ethnic groups in Mali}} |
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{{Ethnic groups in Niger}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{Africa-ethno-group-stub}} |
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{{Africa-ethno-group-stub}} |
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{{Semitic topics}} |
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] |
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The Arma ethnicity is distinct from (but sometimes confused with) the 3.6 million Zarma people of western Niger, who predate the Moroccan invasion and speak the Zarma language, also a member of the Songhay languages.
Moroccan diaspora