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{{Short description|Chemical compound}}
{{Redirect|Yellow 5||Yellow No. 5 (disambiguation){{!}}Yellow No. 5}}
{{chembox {{chembox
|Watchedfields = changed
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|ImageFile1=Tartrazine.svg |ImageFile1=Tartrazine.svg
|ImageSize1=300px |ImageSize1=300px
|ImageFile2=Tartrazine-3D-vdW.png |ImageFile2=Tartrazine-3D-vdW.png
|ImageSize2=250px |ImageSize2=250px
|IUPACName=Trisodium (4''E'')-5-oxo-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4--3-pyrazolecarboxylate {{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} |IUPACName = Trisodium 5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4--1''H''-pyrazole-3-carboxylate
|OtherNames= FD&C Yellow 5 |OtherNames= {{Unbulleted list|] Yellow 5}}
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = I753WB2F1M |UNII = I753WB2F1M
| InChI = 1/C16H12N4O9S2.3Na/c21-15-13(18-17-9-1-5-11(6-2-9)30(24,25)26)14(16(22)23)19-20(15)10-3-7-12(8-4-10)31(27,28)29;;;/h1-8,21H,(H,22,23)(H,24,25,26)(H,27,28,29);;;/q;3*+1/p-3/b18-17+;;; |InChI = 1/C16H12N4O9S2.3Na/c21-15-13(18-17-9-1-5-11(6-2-9)30(24,25)26)14(16(22)23)19-20(15)10-3-7-12(8-4-10)31(27,28)29;;;/h1-8,21H,(H,22,23)(H,24,25,26)(H,27,28,29);;;/q;3*+1/p-3/b18-17+;;;
| InChIKey = YXHBBEQKMVAJOH-KAGMCZNHBW |InChIKey = YXHBBEQKMVAJOH-KAGMCZNHBW
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C16H12N4O9S2.3Na/c21-15-13(18-17-9-1-5-11(6-2-9)30(24,25)26)14(16(22)23)19-20(15)10-3-7-12(8-4-10)31(27,28)29;;;/h1-8,21H,(H,22,23)(H,24,25,26)(H,27,28,29);;;/q;3*+1/p-3/b18-17+;;; |StdInChI = 1S/C16H12N4O9S2.3Na/c21-15-13(18-17-9-1-5-11(6-2-9)30(24,25)26)14(16(22)23)19-20(15)10-3-7-12(8-4-10)31(27,28)29;;;/h1-8,21H,(H,22,23)(H,24,25,26)(H,27,28,29);;;/q;3*+1/p-3/b18-17+;;;
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = YXHBBEQKMVAJOH-GLCFPVLVSA-K |StdInChIKey = YXHBBEQKMVAJOH-GLCFPVLVSA-K
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo=1934-21-0 |CASNo=1934-21-0
| PubChem=6321403 |PubChem=6321403
| SMILES = ...S(=O)(=O)c1ccc(cc1)/N=N/c3c(nn(c2ccc(cc2)S()(=O)=O)c3O)C()=O |SMILES = ...S(=O)(=O)c1ccc(cc1)/N=N/c3c(nn(c2ccc(cc2)S()(=O)=O)c3O)C()=O
}} }}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties |Section2={{Chembox Properties
|C=16 | H=9 | N=4 | Na=3 | O=9 | S=2
| Formula=C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>9</sub>N<sub>4</sub>Na<sub>3</sub>O<sub>9</sub>S<sub>2</sub>
|Solubility=20 g/100 mL
| MolarMass=534.3 g/mol
|Solubility2=18 g/100 mL in glycerol, negligible in ethanol
| Appearance=
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| Density=
| MeltingPt=
| BoilingPt=
| Solubility=
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|Section3={{Chembox Hazards |Section3={{Chembox Hazards
|NFPA-H = 2
| MainHazards=
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| Autoignition=
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}} }}
}}
::For the Sonic the Hedgehog character, see ]

{{Refimprove|date=December 2009}}
'''Tartrazine''' is a synthetic ] ] primarily used as a ].<ref name=fanl>{{cite web|last=Food Standards Australia New Zealand|author-link=Food Standards Australia New Zealand|title=Food Additives- Numerical List |url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm |access-date=2 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625024756/http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm |archive-date=June 25, 2009}}</ref><ref>, Food Standards Agency website, retrieved 15 Dec 2011</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Food Dyes|url=http://www.cspinet.org/fooddyes/|work=Center for Science in the Public Interest|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706155449/http://www.cspinet.org/fooddyes/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=What is Food Coloring Made Of?|url=http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-food-coloring-made-of.htm|work=WiseGeek|access-date=8 March 2013}}</ref> It is also known as ] '''E102''', ] '''19140''', ] '''Yellow 5''', Yellow 5 ], Acid Yellow 23, Food Yellow 4, and trisodium 1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-5-pyrazolone-3-carboxylate.<ref>{{cite web|title=Acid Yellow 23|url=http://www.chemblink.com/products/1934-21-0.htm|publisher=ChemBlink, an online database of chemicals from around the world}}</ref>
'''Tartrazine''' (otherwise known as ] '''E102''', '''] 19140''', or '''FD&C Yellow 5''') is a synthetic ] ] ] used as a ].<ref name=fanl>{{cite web

| last = ]
Tartrazine is a commonly used coloring agent all over the world, mainly for yellow, and can also be used with ] (FD&C Blue 1, E133) or ] (E142) to produce various green shades. It serves as a dye for wool and silks, a colorant in food, drugs and cosmetics and an adsorption-elution indicator for chloride estimations in biochemistry.
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Food Additives- Numerical List
| work =
| publisher =
| date =
| url = http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm
| doi =
| accessdate = 2 December 2009
}}</ref> <ref>"", Food Standards Agency website, retrieved 15 Dec 2011</ref> It is water soluble<ref>http://siri.org/msds/f2/ccd/ccdqw.html</ref> and has a maximum absorbance in an aqueous solution at 427±2 ].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/ie020228q |title=Electrochemical Studies on a Pharmaceutical Azo Dye: Tartrazine |year=2003 |last1=Jain |first1=Rajeev |last2=Bhargava |first2=Meenakshi |last3=Sharma |first3=Nidhi |journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research |volume=42 |pages=243 |issue=2}}</ref>


== History ==
Tartrazine is a commonly used color all over the world, mainly for yellow, but can also be used with ] (FD&C Blue 1, E133) or ] (E142) to produce various green shades.
Tartrazine was discovered in 1884 by Swiss chemist ], who developed the yellow azo dye in the laboratories of the Bindschedler'sche Fabrik für chemische Industrie in ] (]). This was patented and produced in Germany by ] in 1885 (DRP 34294). The process was first presented in 1887 in '']'', the journal of the ].<ref>{{citation|author=Johann Heinrich Ziegler, M. Locher |date=1887 |doi=10.1002/cber.188702001188 |issue=1 |pages=834–840 |periodical=Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft |title=Ueber die Tartrazine, eine neue Klasse von Farbstoffen |trans-title=On the tartrazines, a new class of dyes|volume=20}}</ref> Although the structure proposed by Ziegler was not confirmed, he was able to develop an alternative synthesis of tartrazine based on the idea that a ] is the ] of an ] (azo-hydrazo tautomerism). This production process was patented in 1893 (British Patent 5693).<ref name="NGZH">{{citation|author=H.E. Fierz |date=1936 |editor=Hans Schinz |format=PDF |location=Zürich |pages=313–314 |periodical=Vierteljahresschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich |title=Johann Heinrich Ziegler (1857-1936) |trans-title=Quarterly Journal of the Natural Science Society in Zurich |url=https://ngzh.ch/archiv/1936_81/81_3-4/81_16.pdf#page=9 |volume=83. Jahrgang, Heft 3 und 4}}</ref><ref name="Anschütz">{{citation|author=R. Anschütz |date=1897 |doi=10.1002/jlac.18972940207 |issue=2 |pages=219–243 |periodical=Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie |title=Ueber die Constitution des Tartrazins |trans-title=On the constitution of tartrazine|volume=294}}</ref>


== Products containing tartrazine == == Products containing tartrazine ==
=== Foods === === Foods ===
]
Many foods contain tartrazine in varying proportions, depending on the manufacturer or the cook in charge, although nowadays the trend is to avoid it or substitute a non-synthetic dyeing substance such as ], ] color, or ] {{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} (see ], below).
Many foods contain tartrazine in various proportions, depending on the manufacturer or person preparing the food. When in food, tartrazine is typically labelled as "color", "tartrazine", or "E102", depending on the jurisdiction, and the applicable labeling laws (see ] below).


Products containing tartrazine commonly include processed commercial foods that have an artificial yellow or green color, or that consumers expect to be brown or creamy looking. It has been frequently used in the bright yellow coloring of imitation lemon filling in baked goods. The following is a list of foods that may contain tartrazine:{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
Products including tartrazine commonly include ], ], ] (]), energy drinks, instant ]s, flavored ] (], ], etc.), ] (], ], etc.), ] mixes, ], ] powder, yellow popcorn, ]s (particularly ]), sauces, some ]s (like ], ], etc.), powdered drink mixes, ], ], ]s, ], Gummy Bears ], ], ], ], ] (particularly mint jelly), ], ], ], ], ], ]s such as ], ] and other pickled products such as tartar sauce and dill pickle dip, certain brands of fruit squash, fruit ], ], ], and many ]s together with ], ] and ] products.


* Desserts and confectionery: ], ]s and popsicles, ] and ] (such as ]s, ], etc.), ], instant ]s and gelatin, ] mixes, ], ] powder, ], ], and cookies.
=== Nonfood products ===
* Beverages: ], ], powdered ]es, fruit ], and flavored/mixed alcoholic beverages.
]s, ], ]s and other hair products, ]s, ], hand sanitizer, nail polish, inks for writing instruments and stamp dyes also may use it.
* Snacks: flavored ] (such as ], etc.), ], ] (both microwave and cinema-popped), and ].
* Condiments and spreads: ], ] (including ]), ], ], ], ] (and other products containing pickles such as ] and dill pickle dip), and processed sauces.
* Other processed foods: ] (such as ], ], etc.), ], ]s (like ], ], etc.), ]s, pureed fruit and pickled peppers, bright-green-colored ].

=== Personal care and cosmetics products ===
A number of personal care and cosmetics products may contain tartrazine, usually labelled as CI 19140 or FD&C Yellow 5, including:

* Liquid and bar ]s, green hand sanitizer, ]s and ]s, ]es, ], toothpastes, and ]s, ] and other hair products.
* Cosmetics, such as eyeshadow, blush, face powder and foundation, lipstick, etc. – even those that are primarily pink or purple. (Usually make-up manufacturers use one label for all shades in a product line, placing the phrase "may contain" ahead of all colors that are used in that line, not necessarily that specific shade.)
* ], ], ]s, and ]s.


=== Medications === === Medications ===
Various medications include tartrazine to give a yellow, orange or green hue to a liquid, capsule, pill, lotion, or gel, primarily for easy identification.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.drugs.com/inactive/tartrazine-71.html | title = Tartrazine | publisher = drugs.com}}</ref> Types of pharmaceutical products that may contain tartrazine include ], ], cold medications (including cough drops and ]s), lotions and prescription drugs.
], ], medicinal ] and certain prescription drugs.


Most, if not all, medication data sheets are required to contain a list of all ingredients, including tartrazine. Some include tartrazine in the allergens alert section.
== Sensitivities and intolerance ==
{{Refimprove|date=July 2007}}
Tartrazine appears to cause the most allergic and intolerance reactions of all the ]s, particularly among asthmatics and those with an aspirin intolerance.<ref name="allergy asthma">{{cite web
| title = E102 Tartrazine, FD&C yellow No.5
| work =
| publisher = UK Food Guide
| date =
| url = http://www.ukfoodguide.net/e102.htm
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-11-30 }}</ref>
Symptoms from tartrazine sensitivity can occur by either ingestion or cutaneous exposure to a substance containing tartrazine.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}


The Canadian '']'' (CPS), a prescribing reference book for health professionals, mentions tartrazine as a potential allergy for each drug that contains tartrazine.
A variety of immunologic responses have been attributed to tartrazine ingestion, including anxiety, migraines, clinical depression, blurred vision, itching, general weakness, heatwaves, feeling of suffocation, purple skin patches, and sleep disturbance.<ref name=pmid7965420>{{cite journal |author=Rowe KS, Rowe KJ |title=Synthetic food coloring and behavior: a dose response effect in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-measures study |journal=The Journal of Pediatrics |volume=125 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=691–8 |year=1994 |month=November |pmid=7965420 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(06)80164-2 }}</ref>
Certain people who are exposed to the dye experience symptoms of tartrazine sensitivity even at extremely small doses, some for periods up to 72 hours after exposure.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} In children, ] attacks and hives have been claimed, as well as supposed links to ] ]s, chromosomal damage, and hyperactivity.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Donna McCann ''et al.''|title=Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial|journal=] |volume=370|pages=1560–1567|year=2007|pmid=17825405|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673607613063/abstract |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61306-3 |issue=9598}}</ref><ref>]: The EFSA Journal (2008) 660, 1-53.</ref>


=== Other products ===
Other products, such as household cleaning products, paper plates, ]s, ], inks for writing instruments, stamp dyes, face paints, envelope glues, and deodorants, may also contain tartrazine.


==Chemistry==
The mechanism of sensitivity is obscure and has been called ]. The prevalence of tartrazine intolerance is estimated at roughly 360,000 Americans affected, about 0.12% of the general population.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Elhkim MO, Héraud F, Bemrah N, ''et al.'' |title=New considerations regarding the risk assessment on Tartrazine An update toxicological assessment, intolerance reactions and maximum theoretical daily intake in France |journal=Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=308–16 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17218045 |doi=10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.11.004}}</ref> According to the ], tartrazine causes ] in fewer than 1 in 10,000 people, or 0.01%.<ref name="FDA">{{cite web
Tartrazine is water-soluble<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siri.org/msds/f2/ccd/ccdqw.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181919/http://siri.org/msds/f2/ccd/ccdqw.html |archive-date=2016-03-03 |website=siri.org|title=SIGMA CHEMICAL COMPANY -- T0388 TARTRAZINE -- 6550-00F051158|author=]}}</ref> and has a maximum absorbance in an aqueous solution at 425 ].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/ie020228q |title=Electrochemical Studies on a Pharmaceutical Azo Dye: Tartrazine |year=2003 |last1=Jain |first1=Rajeev |last2=Bhargava |first2=Meenakshi |last3=Sharma |first3=Nidhi |journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research |volume=42 |pages=243–247 |issue=2}}</ref> It is one of the oldest known members of the ] family of dyes.<ref name=Ullmann1>{{Ullmann|vauthors=Hunger K, Herbst W |title=Pigments, Organic|year=2012|doi=10.1002/14356007.a20_371}}</ref>
| title = Does FD&C Yellow No. 5 cause any allergic reactions?
| work =
| publisher = United States ]
| date =
| url = http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qa-adf5.html
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-10-20 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071009232307/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qa-adf5.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-10-09}}</ref>


== Potential health effects on humans ==
A 1994 study at the University of Melbourne suggested that children previously identified as ] may exhibit an increase in irritability, restlessness, and sleep disturbance after ingesting tartrazine.<ref name=pmid7965420/>
===Food intolerance, sensitivity, and allergies===


The prevalence of tartrazine ] is estimated at 360,000 U.S. Citizens affected, less than 0.12% of the general population.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Elhkim MO, Héraud F, Bemrah N, etal |title=New considerations regarding the risk assessment on Tartrazine: An update toxicological assessment, intolerance reactions and maximum theoretical daily intake in France |journal=] |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=308–316 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17218045 |doi=10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.11.004}}</ref> According to the ], tartrazine causes ] in fewer than 1 in 10,000 people, or 0.01%.<ref name="FDA">{{cite web
It is not clear to what extent these problems can be specifically linked to tartrazine in affected individuals. The existence of a sensitivity reaction is well-known, but the existence of more extreme effects remain controversial. The incidence of tartrazine intolerance is fairly low as indicated above, and there is much controversy about whether tartrazine has ill effects on individuals who are not clearly intolerant.
| title = Does FD&C Yellow No. 5 cause any allergic reactions?
| publisher = United States ]
| url = http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qa-adf5.html
| access-date = 2007-10-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071009232307/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qa-adf5.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-10-09}}</ref>


It is not clear how many individuals are sensitive or intolerant to tartrazine, but the ] estimates that it is 1 to 10 out of every ten thousand people (0.01% to 0.1% of the population).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-07 |title=Artificial Colours {{!}} Food Safety Network |url=https://www.uoguelph.ca/foodsafetynetwork/artificial-colours |access-date=2024-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084459/https://www.uoguelph.ca/foodsafetynetwork/artificial-colours |archive-date=2014-04-07 }}</ref>
Total avoidance is the most common way to deal with tartrazine sensitivity,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dipalma JR |title=Tartrazine sensitivity |journal=American Family Physician |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=1347–50 |year=1990 |month=November |pmid=2239641}}</ref> but progress has been made in reducing people’s tartrazine sensitivity in a study of people who are simultaneously sensitive to both aspirin and tartrazine.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Michel O, Naeije N, Bracamonte M, Duchateau J, Sergysels R |title=Decreased sensitivity to tartrazine after aspirin desensitization in an asthmatic patient intolerant to both aspirin and tartrazine |journal=Annals of Allergy |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=368–70 |year=1984 |month=May |pmid=6721262}}</ref>


== Research in mammals == === Asthma ===
* Tartrazine has a noticeable effect on the behavior of young mice.<ref name="pmid18687399">{{cite journal |author=Tanaka T, Takahashi O, Oishi S, Ogata A |title=Effects of tartrazine on exploratory behavior in a three-generation toxicity study in mice |journal=Reproductive Toxicology |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=156–63 |year=2008 |month=October |pmid=18687399 |doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.07.001}}</ref><ref name="pmid16087284">{{cite journal |author=Tanaka T |title=Reproductive and neurobehavioural toxicity study of tartrazine administered to mice in the diet |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=179–87 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16087284 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2005.06.011}}</ref>


* Tartrazine inflamed the stomach lining (increased the number of ] and ]) of rats when given in the diet for a prolonged time.<ref name="pmid17505761">{{cite journal |author=Moutinho IL, Bertges LC, Assis RV |title=Prolonged use of the food dye tartrazine (FD&C yellow no 5) and its effects on the gastric mucosa of Wistar rats |journal=Brazilian Journal of Biology |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=141–5 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=17505761 |doi=10.1590/S1519-69842007000100019}}</ref> Tartrazine has been suspected of exacerbating ], but medical evidence does not confirm this.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ardern KD, Ram FS |title=Tartrazine exclusion for allergic asthma |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=2001 |issue=4 |pages=CD000460 |date=2001 |pmid=11687081 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000460 |type=Systematic review|pmc=6483719 }}</ref>


=== Food intolerance and ADHD-like behavior===
* Tartrazine adversely affects and alters biochemical markers in vital organs, e.g., liver and kidney, not only at higher doses, but also at low doses.<ref name="pmid20678534">{{cite journal |author=Amin KA, Abdel Hameid H 2nd, Abd Elsttar AH |title=Effect of food azo dyes tartrazine and carmoisine on biochemical parameters related to renal, hepatic function and oxidative stress biomarkers in young male rats |journal=Food Chem Toxicol. |volume=48 |issue=10 |pages=2994–9 |year=2010 |month=Oct |pmid=20678534 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.039}}</ref>
Tartrazine is one of various food colors said to cause ] and ]-like behavior in children.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Spencer |first1=Peter |last2=Barret |first2=Emily |last3=Taioli |first3=Emanuela |date=April 2021 |title=Potential Neurobehavioral Effects of Synthetic Food Dyes in Children |url=https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/risk-assessment/report/healthefftsassess041621.pdf |website=California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment}}</ref> It is possible that certain food colorings may act as a trigger in those who are genetically predisposed, but the evidence for this effect is weak.<ref name=FDAdyecomm/><ref name=Peds2012>{{cite journal |vauthors=Millichap JG, Yee MM |title=The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=Pediatrics |volume=129 |issue=2 | pages=330–337 |date=February 2012 |pmid=22232312|doi=10.1542/peds.2011-2199 |s2cid=14925322}}</ref>


===Reproductive===
== Possible health effects ==
Rumors began circulating about tartrazine in the 1990s regarding a link to its consumption (specifically its use in ]) and alleged adverse effects on male ], testicle and ], and ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bahloul |first1=Maria |title=Investigating the Middle School Rumor that Mountain Dew Lowers Your Sperm Count |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/43ggk3/mountain-dew-sperm-count-rumor |work=] |date=August 25, 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 October 1999 |title=Mountain Dew Shrinks Testicles |url=http://www.snopes.com/medical/potables/mountaindew.asp |access-date=2012-11-10 |publisher=snopes.com}}</ref> The rumors likely began as the result of an '']'' study showing an effect on estrogen receptors; however this effect was disproven in later '']'' studies. Tartrazine may have a reproductive effect at extremely high dosages, however it has no reproductive effect at the levels found in one food product.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Amchova |first1=Petra |last2=Siska |first2=Filip |last3=Ruda-Kucerova |first3=Jana |date=September 2024 |title=Safety of tartrazine in the food industry and potential protective factors |journal=Heliyon |language=en |volume=10 |issue=18 |pages=e38111 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38111 |doi-access=free |pmc=11458953 |pmid=39381230 |quote=Importantly, all the studies reporting potential reproductive risks used high doses, which cannot be ingested from food sources. Tartrazine does not seem to exert any reproductive toxicity under the current ADI.}}</ref>


== Regulation ==
On September 6, 2007, the British ] revised advice on certain artificial food additives, including tartrazine.
=== North America ===
==== Canada ====
Tartrazine is listed as a permitted food coloring in Canada.<ref>, Food and Drug Regulations</ref> The majority of pre-packaged foods are required to list all ingredients, including all food additives such as color; however section B.01.010 (3)(b) of the Regulations provide food manufacturers with the choice of declaring added color(s) by either their common name or simply as "colour".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Branch|first=Legislative Services|date=2022-01-05|title=Consolidated federal laws of canada, Food and Drug Regulations|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._870/page-13.html|access-date=2022-02-03|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca}}</ref>


In February 2010, ] consulted the public and manufacturers on their plans to change the labelling requirements. Health Canada felt that it might be prudent to require the identification of specific colors on food labels, to allow consumers to make better informed choices.<ref>{{cite web|title=Health Canada Proposal to Improve Food Colour Labelling Requirements|url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/consult/_feb2010-food-aliments-col/draft-ebauche-eng.php|publisher=Health Canada|access-date=15 June 2012|date=2010-01-28}}</ref> The results of the consultation supported increased transparency.<ref></ref> Some respondents proposed banning the use of synthetic food colors, however Health Canada found that existing scientific literature does not demonstrate that synthetic food coloring is unsafe in the general population; they are instead considering more transparent labelling to allow those with sensitivities to food color to make informed choices. The relevant proposed regulatory changes will be developed and published for consultation in Part I of the ],<ref></ref> the official newsletter of the Government of Canada.
Professor Jim Stevenson from Southampton University, and author of the report, said: "This has been a major study investigating an important area of research. The results suggest that consumption of certain mixtures of artificial food colours and ] preservative are associated with increases in hyperactive behaviour in children.


==== United States ====
"However, parents should not think that simply taking these additives out of food will prevent hyperactive disorders. We know that many other influences are at work but this at least is one a child can avoid."
The United States requires the presence of tartrazine to be declared on food and drug products (21 ] 74.1705 (revised April 2013), 21 ] 201.20) and also color batches to be preapproved by the ] (FDA).<ref name="FDA" /> As part of these regulations, the FDA requires that the Precautions section of prescription drug labels include the warning statement, "This product contains FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) which may cause allergic-type reactions (including bronchial asthma) in certain susceptible persons. Although the overall incidence of FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) sensitivity in the general population is low, it is frequently seen in patients who also have aspirin hypersensitivity."<ref></ref>


The FDA regularly seizes products if found to be containing undeclared tartrazine, declared but not FDA-tested, or labeled something other than FD&C yellow 5 or Yellow 5. Such products seized often include noodles.<ref>{{cite web|author=ORA |url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_118.html |title=Import Alert 45-02 |publisher=fda.gov |date=May 2, 2013 |access-date=May 5, 2013}}</ref>
The following additives were tested in the research:


=== Europe ===
* ] (E110) (FD&C Yellow #6) - Coloring found in squashes
==== European Union ====
* ] (E122) - Red coloring in jellies
The ] allows for tartrazine to be used in processed cheese, canned or bottled fruit or vegetables, processed fish or fishery products, and wines and wine-based drinks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/sanco_foods/main/?event=substance.view&identifier=7 |title=further details can be found on the EFSA food additives database page on tartrazine |access-date=2014-04-06 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093137/https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/sanco_foods/main/?event=substance.view&identifier=7 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/sanco_foods/main/?event=substance.view&identifier=7 |title=FOODS<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2014-04-06 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093137/https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/sanco_foods/main/?event=substance.view&identifier=7 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Tartrazine (E102) (FD&C Yellow #5) - Yellow coloring
* ] (E124) - Red coloring
* ] (E211) - Preservative
* ] (E104) - Food coloring
* ] (E129) (FD&C Red #40) - Orange / red food dye<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6979976.stm |title=Parents warned of additives link |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-09-06 |accessdate=2009-04-15}}</ref>


The European regulatory community, with a stronger{{Compared to?|date=October 2024}} emphasis on the ], required labelling and temporarily reduced the ] (ADI) for the food colorings; the UK FSA called for voluntary withdrawal of the colorings by food manufacturers.<ref name=FDAdyecomm/> However, in 2009 the EFSA re-evaluated the data at hand and determined that "the available scientific evidence does not substantiate a link between the color additives and behavioral effects."<ref name=FDAdyecomm/><ref name=EFSA2009Tart>{{cite journal| author= EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) |date=November 2009 | title= Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation Tartrazine (E 102)| journal = EFSA Journal| volume= 7| issue= 11| pages= 1331–1382| doi = 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1331| url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1331 | quote = The Panel concludes that the present dataset does not give reason to revise the ADI of 7.5 mg/kg bw/day.| doi-access= free}}</ref>
On April 10, 2008, the Food Standards Agency called for a voluntary removal of the colors (but not sodium benzoate) by 2009.<ref>BBC April 10, 2008</ref> In addition, it recommended that there should be action to phase them out in food and drink in the European Union (EU) over a specified period.<ref>FSA April 10, 2008</ref>


Tartrazine is among six artificial colors for which the European Union requires products that contain them to be marked with the statement ''May have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.food.gov.uk/safety-hygiene/food-additives|title=Food additives|website=Food Standards Agency|language=en|access-date=2018-10-31}}</ref>
UK ministers have agreed that the six colorings will be phased out by 2009.<ref>BBC November 12, 2008</ref>


==== Austria and Germany ====
== Regulation ==
Yellow tartrazine (E102) was banned in Austria<ref>{{cite web |title=Taste the rainbow forever: yellow mac & cheese is dead, but the nostalgia lives on |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/apr/21/taste-the-rainbow-forever-yellow-mac-and-cheese-kraft |website=the Guardian |access-date=4 September 2022 |language=en |date=21 April 2015}}</ref> and Germany, before European Parliament and Council Directive 94/36/EC lifted the ban.
Because of the problem of tartrazine intolerance, the United States requires the presence of tartrazine to be declared on food and drug products (21 ] 74.1705, 21 ] 201.20) and also the color batch used to be preapproved by the FDA.<ref name="FDA" /> The FDA regularly seizes products if found to be containing undeclared tartrazine, declared but not tested by them, or if labeled other than FD&C yellow 5 or Yellow 5. Such products seized often include Chinese "egg noodles".<ref>{{cite web|author=ORA |url=http://www.fda.gov/ora/fiars/ora_import_ia4502.html |title=IMPORT ALERT IA4502 |publisher=Fda.gov |date= |accessdate=2009-04-15}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> On June 30, 2010, the ] (CSPI) called for the FDA to ban Yellow 5. Executive Director Michael Jacobson said, "These synthetic chemicals do absolutely nothing to improve the nutritional quality or safety of foods, but trigger behavior problems in children and, possibly, cancer in anybody."<ref name="CSPI">{{cite web
| url = http://pagingdrgupta.blogs.cnn.com/2010/06/30/food-dyes-a-health-risk/
| title = Group urges ban of 3 common dyes
| publisher = CNN
| date = 2010-06-30
| accessdate = 2010-07-01
}}</ref>


==== Norway ====
The use of tartrazine was banned in ]<ref name="cbc">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/foodsafety/additives.html|title=CBC News In Depth: Food Safety|date=September 29, 2008 (last updated)|work=]|accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref>, and was also banned in ]<ref name="cbc" /> and ] until the ban was overturned by a ] directive.<ref>{{cite journal
Yellow tartrazine (E102) is banned in Norway (not an E.U. member.)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Firman |first1=Tehrene |title=American Food Products Banned In Other Countries |url=https://www.eatthis.com/american-foods-products-banned-in-other-countries/ |website=Eat This Not That |language=en |date=21 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Taste the rainbow forever: yellow mac & cheese is dead, but the nostalgia lives on |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/apr/21/taste-the-rainbow-forever-yellow-mac-and-cheese-kraft |website=the Guardian |access-date=4 September 2022 |language=en |date=21 April 2015}}</ref>
| author = EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS)
| editor = European Food Safety Authority
| year = 2009
| month = November
| title = Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation Tartrazine (E 102)
| journal = EFSA Journal
| volume = 7
| issue = 11
| pages = 1331–1382
| publisher = European Food Safety Authority
| language = English
| doi = 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1331
| accessdate = 2011-10-09
| url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/1331.pdf
| quote = The Panel concludes that the present dataset does not give reason to revise the ADI of 7.5 mg/kg bw/day.
}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=November 2011}}
The ]'s ] in April 2008 called for a voluntary phase-out of tartrazine, along with five other colorings, due to a reported link with ] in children.<ref>{{cite news | title = Europe-wide food colour ban call | work = BBC News | date = April 10, 2008 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7340426.stm}}</ref>


==== United Kingdom ====
Organic foods typically use ] as an additive when a yellow color is wanted and ](E160b) might be used for nonorganic foods.
In response to concerns about the safety of certain food additives, the UK FSA commissioned a study by researchers at Southampton University of the effect of a mixture of six food dyes (Tartrazine, ], ], ], ] and ] (dubbed the "Southampton 6")) and ] (a preservative) on children in the general population, who consumed them in beverages; the study published in 2007.<ref name=FDAdyecomm/> The study found "a possible link between the consumption of these artificial colours and a sodium benzoate preservative and increased hyperactivity" in the children;<ref name=FDAdyecomm>FDA. </ref><ref name="FSAguideline">{{Citation |last=Sarah Chapman of Chapman Technologies on behalf of Food Standards Agency in Scotland. |title=Guidelines on approaches to the replacement of Tartrazine, Allura Red, Ponceau 4R, Quinoline Yellow, Sunset Yellow and Carmoisine in food and beverages |date=March 2011 |url=http://multimedia.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/publication/guidelinessotonsixcolours.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514034032/http://multimedia.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/publication/guidelinessotonsixcolours.pdf |archive-date=May 14, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the advisory committee to the FSA that evaluated the study also determined that because of study limitations, the results could not be extrapolated to the general population, and further testing was recommended.<ref name=FDAdyecomm/>


In 2008 Scotland asked for Scottish food producers voluntarily stop using these food dyes.<ref name="FSAguideline"/> A 2010 study found that one third of food producers were still using at least one of the Southampton Six.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evaluation of the progress made by Scottish SMEs with the voluntary withdrawal of the 'Southampton Six' Colours from food products |url=https://www.foodstandards.gov.scot/publications-and-research/publications/evaluation-of-the-progress-made-by-scottich-smes-with-the-voluntary-withdra |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=Food Standards Scotland}}</ref>
== Myths ==

Rumors began circulating about tartrazine in the 1990s regarding a link to its consumption and adverse effects on male ], testicle and ], and ]. There are no documented cases supporting the claim tartrazine will shrink a man's penis or cause it to stop growing.
== Other uses ==
===3D printing===
Tartrazine has been used as a biocompatible photoblocker for generating transparent hydrogels with complex inner structures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aaron|first=Benjamin|date=January 2019|title=Light-based 3D Printing of Hydrogels with High-resolution Channels.|journal=Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express|volume=5|issue=2|pages=025035|doi=10.1088/2057-1976/aad667|url=https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/15266|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==See also==
* ], also known as Yellow 6


== References == == References ==
{{refs|2}} {{Reflist|30em}}


== External links == == External links ==
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Latest revision as of 18:29, 14 December 2024

Chemical compound "Yellow 5" redirects here. For other uses, see Yellow No. 5.
Tartrazine
Names
IUPAC name Trisodium 5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4--1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate
Other names
Identifiers
CAS Number
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.016.091 Edit this at Wikidata
E number E102 (colours)
PubChem CID
UNII
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C16H12N4O9S2.3Na/c21-15-13(18-17-9-1-5-11(6-2-9)30(24,25)26)14(16(22)23)19-20(15)10-3-7-12(8-4-10)31(27,28)29;;;/h1-8,21H,(H,22,23)(H,24,25,26)(H,27,28,29);;;/q;3*+1/p-3/b18-17+;;;Key: YXHBBEQKMVAJOH-GLCFPVLVSA-K
  • InChI=1/C16H12N4O9S2.3Na/c21-15-13(18-17-9-1-5-11(6-2-9)30(24,25)26)14(16(22)23)19-20(15)10-3-7-12(8-4-10)31(27,28)29;;;/h1-8,21H,(H,22,23)(H,24,25,26)(H,27,28,29);;;/q;3*+1/p-3/b18-17+;;;Key: YXHBBEQKMVAJOH-KAGMCZNHBW
SMILES
  • ...S(=O)(=O)c1ccc(cc1)/N=N/c3c(nn(c2ccc(cc2)S()(=O)=O)c3O)C()=O
Properties
Chemical formula C16H9N4Na3O9S2
Molar mass 534.36 g·mol
Solubility in water 20 g/100 mL
Solubility 18 g/100 mL in glycerol, negligible in ethanol
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
2 1 0
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). checkY verify (what is  ?) Infobox references
Chemical compound

Tartrazine is a synthetic lemon yellow azo dye primarily used as a food coloring. It is also known as E number E102, C.I. 19140, FD&C Yellow 5, Yellow 5 Lake, Acid Yellow 23, Food Yellow 4, and trisodium 1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-5-pyrazolone-3-carboxylate.

Tartrazine is a commonly used coloring agent all over the world, mainly for yellow, and can also be used with brilliant blue FCF (FD&C Blue 1, E133) or green S (E142) to produce various green shades. It serves as a dye for wool and silks, a colorant in food, drugs and cosmetics and an adsorption-elution indicator for chloride estimations in biochemistry.

History

Tartrazine was discovered in 1884 by Swiss chemist Johann Heinrich Ziegler, who developed the yellow azo dye in the laboratories of the Bindschedler'sche Fabrik für chemische Industrie in Basel (CIBA). This was patented and produced in Germany by BASF in 1885 (DRP 34294). The process was first presented in 1887 in Chemische Berichte, the journal of the German Chemical Society. Although the structure proposed by Ziegler was not confirmed, he was able to develop an alternative synthesis of tartrazine based on the idea that a hydrazone is the tautomeric form of an azo compound (azo-hydrazo tautomerism). This production process was patented in 1893 (British Patent 5693).

Products containing tartrazine

Foods

Easter eggs dyed with tartrazine

Many foods contain tartrazine in various proportions, depending on the manufacturer or person preparing the food. When in food, tartrazine is typically labelled as "color", "tartrazine", or "E102", depending on the jurisdiction, and the applicable labeling laws (see Regulation below).

Products containing tartrazine commonly include processed commercial foods that have an artificial yellow or green color, or that consumers expect to be brown or creamy looking. It has been frequently used in the bright yellow coloring of imitation lemon filling in baked goods. The following is a list of foods that may contain tartrazine:

Personal care and cosmetics products

A number of personal care and cosmetics products may contain tartrazine, usually labelled as CI 19140 or FD&C Yellow 5, including:

Medications

Various medications include tartrazine to give a yellow, orange or green hue to a liquid, capsule, pill, lotion, or gel, primarily for easy identification. Types of pharmaceutical products that may contain tartrazine include vitamins, antacids, cold medications (including cough drops and throat lozenges), lotions and prescription drugs.

Most, if not all, medication data sheets are required to contain a list of all ingredients, including tartrazine. Some include tartrazine in the allergens alert section.

The Canadian Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties (CPS), a prescribing reference book for health professionals, mentions tartrazine as a potential allergy for each drug that contains tartrazine.

Other products

Other products, such as household cleaning products, paper plates, pet foods, crayons, inks for writing instruments, stamp dyes, face paints, envelope glues, and deodorants, may also contain tartrazine.

Chemistry

Tartrazine is water-soluble and has a maximum absorbance in an aqueous solution at 425 nm. It is one of the oldest known members of the pyrazolone family of dyes.

Potential health effects on humans

Food intolerance, sensitivity, and allergies

The prevalence of tartrazine intolerance is estimated at 360,000 U.S. Citizens affected, less than 0.12% of the general population. According to the FDA, tartrazine causes hives in fewer than 1 in 10,000 people, or 0.01%.

It is not clear how many individuals are sensitive or intolerant to tartrazine, but the University of Guelph estimates that it is 1 to 10 out of every ten thousand people (0.01% to 0.1% of the population).

Asthma

Tartrazine has been suspected of exacerbating asthma, but medical evidence does not confirm this.

Food intolerance and ADHD-like behavior

Tartrazine is one of various food colors said to cause food intolerance and ADHD-like behavior in children. It is possible that certain food colorings may act as a trigger in those who are genetically predisposed, but the evidence for this effect is weak.

Reproductive

Rumors began circulating about tartrazine in the 1990s regarding a link to its consumption (specifically its use in Mountain Dew) and alleged adverse effects on male erectile function, testicle and penis size, and sperm count. The rumors likely began as the result of an in vitro study showing an effect on estrogen receptors; however this effect was disproven in later in vivo studies. Tartrazine may have a reproductive effect at extremely high dosages, however it has no reproductive effect at the levels found in one food product.

Regulation

North America

Canada

Tartrazine is listed as a permitted food coloring in Canada. The majority of pre-packaged foods are required to list all ingredients, including all food additives such as color; however section B.01.010 (3)(b) of the Regulations provide food manufacturers with the choice of declaring added color(s) by either their common name or simply as "colour".

In February 2010, Health Canada consulted the public and manufacturers on their plans to change the labelling requirements. Health Canada felt that it might be prudent to require the identification of specific colors on food labels, to allow consumers to make better informed choices. The results of the consultation supported increased transparency. Some respondents proposed banning the use of synthetic food colors, however Health Canada found that existing scientific literature does not demonstrate that synthetic food coloring is unsafe in the general population; they are instead considering more transparent labelling to allow those with sensitivities to food color to make informed choices. The relevant proposed regulatory changes will be developed and published for consultation in Part I of the Canada Gazette, the official newsletter of the Government of Canada.

United States

The United States requires the presence of tartrazine to be declared on food and drug products (21 CFR 74.1705 (revised April 2013), 21 CFR 201.20) and also color batches to be preapproved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). As part of these regulations, the FDA requires that the Precautions section of prescription drug labels include the warning statement, "This product contains FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) which may cause allergic-type reactions (including bronchial asthma) in certain susceptible persons. Although the overall incidence of FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) sensitivity in the general population is low, it is frequently seen in patients who also have aspirin hypersensitivity."

The FDA regularly seizes products if found to be containing undeclared tartrazine, declared but not FDA-tested, or labeled something other than FD&C yellow 5 or Yellow 5. Such products seized often include noodles.

Europe

European Union

The European Food Safety Authority allows for tartrazine to be used in processed cheese, canned or bottled fruit or vegetables, processed fish or fishery products, and wines and wine-based drinks.

The European regulatory community, with a stronger emphasis on the precautionary principle, required labelling and temporarily reduced the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for the food colorings; the UK FSA called for voluntary withdrawal of the colorings by food manufacturers. However, in 2009 the EFSA re-evaluated the data at hand and determined that "the available scientific evidence does not substantiate a link between the color additives and behavioral effects."

Tartrazine is among six artificial colors for which the European Union requires products that contain them to be marked with the statement May have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children.

Austria and Germany

Yellow tartrazine (E102) was banned in Austria and Germany, before European Parliament and Council Directive 94/36/EC lifted the ban.

Norway

Yellow tartrazine (E102) is banned in Norway (not an E.U. member.)

United Kingdom

In response to concerns about the safety of certain food additives, the UK FSA commissioned a study by researchers at Southampton University of the effect of a mixture of six food dyes (Tartrazine, Allura Red, Ponceau 4R, Quinoline Yellow WS, Sunset Yellow and Carmoisine (dubbed the "Southampton 6")) and sodium benzoate (a preservative) on children in the general population, who consumed them in beverages; the study published in 2007. The study found "a possible link between the consumption of these artificial colours and a sodium benzoate preservative and increased hyperactivity" in the children; the advisory committee to the FSA that evaluated the study also determined that because of study limitations, the results could not be extrapolated to the general population, and further testing was recommended.

In 2008 Scotland asked for Scottish food producers voluntarily stop using these food dyes. A 2010 study found that one third of food producers were still using at least one of the Southampton Six.

Other uses

3D printing

Tartrazine has been used as a biocompatible photoblocker for generating transparent hydrogels with complex inner structures.

See also

References

  1. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. "Food Additives- Numerical List". Archived from the original on June 25, 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  2. Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers, Food Standards Agency website, retrieved 15 Dec 2011
  3. "Food Dyes". Center for Science in the Public Interest. Archived from the original on 6 July 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  4. "What is Food Coloring Made Of?". WiseGeek. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  5. "Acid Yellow 23". ChemBlink, an online database of chemicals from around the world.
  6. Johann Heinrich Ziegler, M. Locher (1887), "Ueber die Tartrazine, eine neue Klasse von Farbstoffen" [On the tartrazines, a new class of dyes], Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 834–840, doi:10.1002/cber.188702001188
  7. H.E. Fierz (1936), Hans Schinz (ed.), "Johann Heinrich Ziegler (1857-1936)" [Quarterly Journal of the Natural Science Society in Zurich] (PDF), Vierteljahresschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich, vol. 83. Jahrgang, Heft 3 und 4, Zürich, pp. 313–314
  8. R. Anschütz (1897), "Ueber die Constitution des Tartrazins" [On the constitution of tartrazine], Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie, vol. 294, no. 2, pp. 219–243, doi:10.1002/jlac.18972940207
  9. "Tartrazine". drugs.com.
  10. Sigma-Aldrich. "SIGMA CHEMICAL COMPANY -- T0388 TARTRAZINE -- 6550-00F051158". siri.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
  11. Jain, Rajeev; Bhargava, Meenakshi; Sharma, Nidhi (2003). "Electrochemical Studies on a Pharmaceutical Azo Dye: Tartrazine". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 42 (2): 243–247. doi:10.1021/ie020228q.
  12. Hunger K, Herbst W (2012). "Pigments, Organic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_371. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  13. Elhkim MO, Héraud F, Bemrah N, et al. (April 2007). "New considerations regarding the risk assessment on Tartrazine: An update toxicological assessment, intolerance reactions and maximum theoretical daily intake in France". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 47 (3): 308–316. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.11.004. PMID 17218045.
  14. ^ "Does FD&C Yellow No. 5 cause any allergic reactions?". United States Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
  15. "Artificial Colours | Food Safety Network". 2014-04-07. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
  16. Ardern KD, Ram FS (2001). "Tartrazine exclusion for allergic asthma". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Systematic review). 2001 (4): CD000460. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000460. PMC 6483719. PMID 11687081.
  17. Spencer, Peter; Barret, Emily; Taioli, Emanuela (April 2021). "Potential Neurobehavioral Effects of Synthetic Food Dyes in Children" (PDF). California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.
  18. ^ FDA. Background Document for the Food Advisory Committee: Certified Color Additives in Food and Possible Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: March 30–31, 2011
  19. Millichap JG, Yee MM (February 2012). "The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Pediatrics. 129 (2): 330–337. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2199. PMID 22232312. S2CID 14925322.
  20. Bahloul, Maria (August 25, 2016). "Investigating the Middle School Rumor that Mountain Dew Lowers Your Sperm Count". Vice.
  21. "Mountain Dew Shrinks Testicles". snopes.com. 14 October 1999. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  22. Amchova, Petra; Siska, Filip; Ruda-Kucerova, Jana (September 2024). "Safety of tartrazine in the food industry and potential protective factors". Heliyon. 10 (18): e38111. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38111. PMC 11458953. PMID 39381230. Importantly, all the studies reporting potential reproductive risks used high doses, which cannot be ingested from food sources. Tartrazine does not seem to exert any reproductive toxicity under the current ADI.
  23. Table III of section B.16.100, Food and Drug Regulations
  24. Branch, Legislative Services (2022-01-05). "Consolidated federal laws of canada, Food and Drug Regulations". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
  25. "Health Canada Proposal to Improve Food Colour Labelling Requirements". Health Canada. 2010-01-28. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  26. Health Canada reviews comments received on the proposed changes to current food colour labelling regulations for prepackaged foods
  27. Canada Gazette
  28. CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21
  29. ORA (May 2, 2013). "Import Alert 45-02". fda.gov. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
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