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{{Chembox {{Chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 464398176 | verifiedrevid = 464398176
| ImageFile = 2-methylbutane-2D-skeletal.svg | ImageFile = Isopentane-2D-skeletal.svg
| ImageFile_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageFile_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}}
| ImageSize = 100 | ImageSize = 100
| ImageName = Numbered, skeletal formula of isopentane | ImageName = Skeletal formula of isopentane
| ImageFile1 = Isopentane-3D-balls.png | ImageFile1 = Isopentane.PNG
| ImageFile1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageFile1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}}
| ImageSize1 = 100 | ImageSize1 = 160
| ImageName1 = Skeletal formula of isopentane with all implicit carbons shown, and all explicit hydrogens added
| ImageName1 = Ball and stick model of isopentane
| ImageFile2 = Isopentane-3D-balls.png
| IUPACName = 2-Methylbutane<ref>{{Cite web|title=isopentane - Compound Summary|url=http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=6556&loc=ec_rcs#x291|work=PubChem Compound|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information|accessdate=5 March 2012|location=USA|date=16 September 2004|at=Identification and Related Records}}</ref>
| ImageFile2_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}}
| OtherNames = Methylbutane{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}
| ImageSize2 = 100
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| ImageName2 = Ball and stick model of isopentane
| CASNo = 78-78-4
| PIN = 2-Methylbutane<ref name="IUPAC2013_652">{{cite book | title = Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book) | publisher = ] | date = 2014 | location = Cambridge | page = 652 | doi = 10.1039/9781849733069-FP001 | isbn = 978-0-85404-182-4 | quote = The names ‘isobutane’, ‘isopentane’ and ‘neopentane’ are no longer recommended.}}</ref>
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| OtherNames = Isopentane
| PubChem = 6556
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| PubChem_Ref = {{Pubchemcite|correct|Pubchem}}
| CASNo = 78-78-4
| ChemSpiderID = 6308
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| UNII = ZH67814I0O | PubChem = 6556
| ChemSpiderID = 6308
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| EINECS = 201-142-8
| UNNumber = 1265 | UNII = ZH67814I0O
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| MeSHName = isopentane
| ChEBI = 30362 | EINECS = 201-142-8
| UNNumber = 1265
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| RTECS = EK4430000 | MeSHName = isopentane
| Beilstein = 1730723 | ChEBI = 30362
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| Gmelin = 49318
| SMILES = CCC(C)C | RTECS = EK4430000
| Beilstein = 1730723
| StdInChI = 1S/C5H12/c1-4-5(2)3/h5H,4H2,1-3H3
| Gmelin = 49318
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| SMILES = CCC(C)C
| StdInChIKey = QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| StdInChI = 1S/C5H12/c1-4-5(2)3/h5H,4H2,1-3H3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
}} }}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |Section2={{Chembox Properties
| C = 5 | C=5 | H=12
| Appearance = Colorless liquid
| H = 12
| Odor = Gasoline-like
| ExactMass = 72.093900384 g mol<sup>−1</sup>
| Density = 616 mg mL<sup>−1</sup><ref name="Wei">James Wei (1999), ''Molecular Symmetry, Rotational Entropy, and Elevated Melting Points''. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., volume 38 issue 12, pp. 5019–5027 {{doi|10.1021/ie990588m}}</ref>
| Appearance = Colorless, transparent liquid
| BoilingPtK = 300.9 to 301.3
| Odor = Odorless
| MeltingPtK = 112 to 114
| Density = 616 mg mL<sup>−1</sup><ref name="Wei"> James Wei (1999), ''Molecular Symmetry, Rotational Entropy, and Elevated Melting Points''. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., volume 38 issue 12, pp. 5019–5027 {{doi|10.1021/ie990588m}}</ref>
| VaporPressure = 76.992 kPa (at 20&nbsp;°C)
| BoilingPtKL = 300.9
| HenryConstant = 7.2 nmol Pa<sup>−1</sup> kg<sup>−1</sup>
| BoilingPtKH = 301.3
| MeltingPtKL = 112 | LambdaMax = 192 nm
| MeltingPtKH = 114 | RefractIndex = 1.354
| Viscosity = 0.214 cP (at 20&nbsp;°C)
| Solubility = Miscible
| VaporPressure = 76.992 kPa (at 20 °C)
| HenryConstant = 7.2 nmol Pa<sup>−1</sup> kg<sup>−1</sup>
| LambdaMax = 192 nm
| RefractIndex = 10.354
}} }}
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry |Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry
| DeltaHf = −179.1–−177.3 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> | DeltaHf = −179.1–−177.3 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
| DeltaHc = −3.5052–−3.5036 MJ mol<sup>−1</sup> | DeltaHc = ~ 3.3 MJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, 19,664 Btu/lb
| Entropy = 260.41 J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> | Entropy = 260.41 J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup>
| HeatCapacity = 164.85 J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> | HeatCapacity = 164.85 J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup>
}} }}
| Section5 = {{Chembox Hazards |Section5={{Chembox Hazards
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS flame}}{{GHS exclamation mark}}{{GHS health hazard}}{{GHS environment}} | GHSPictograms = {{GHS flame}} {{GHS exclamation mark}} {{GHS health hazard}} {{GHS environment}}
| GHSSignalWord = '''DANGER''' | GHSSignalWord = '''DANGER'''
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|224|304|336|411}} | HPhrases = {{H-phrases|224|301|302|305|336|411}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|210|261|273|301+310|331}} | PPhrases = {{P-phrases|210|261|273|301+310|331}}
| EUIndex = 601-006-00-1 | NFPA-H = 1
| NFPA-F = 4
| EUClass = {{Hazchem F+}} {{Hazchem Xn}} {{Hazchem N}}
| NFPA-H = 1 | NFPA-R = 0
| NFPA-F = 4 | FlashPtC = −51
| NFPA-R = 0 | AutoignitionPtC = 420
| ExploLimits = 1.4–8.3%
| RPhrases = {{R12}}, {{R51/53}}, {{R65}}, {{R66}}, {{R67}}
| SPhrases = {{S2}}, {{S16}}, {{S29}}, {{S33}}
| FlashPt = −51 °C
| Autoignition = 420 °C
| ExploLimits = 1.4–8.3%
}} }}
| Section6 = {{Chembox Related |Section6={{Chembox Related
| Function = alkanes | OtherFunction_label = alkanes
| OtherFunctn = {{Unbulleted list|]|]}} | OtherFunction = {{Unbulleted list|]|]|]|]}}
| OtherCompounds = ]
}} }}
}} }}
'''Isopentane''', also called '''methylbutane''' or '''2-methylbutane''', is a branched-chain saturated ] (an ]) with five ] atoms, with formula {{chem|C|5|H|12}} or {{chem|CH(CH|3|)|2|(C|2|H|5|)}}.
'''Isopentane''', ]], also called '''methylbutane''' or '''2-methylbutane''', is a branched-chain ] with five ] atoms. Isopentane is an extremely ] and extremely ] liquid at room ] and ]. The ] is just a few degrees above room temperature and isopentane will readily boil and evaporate away on a warm day. Isopentane is commonly used in conjunction with ] to achieve a liquid bath temperature of -160 °C. It is 1% or less of natural gas.<ref>Georg Hammer, Torsten Lübcke, Roland Kettner, Mark R. Pillarella, Herta Recknagel, Axel Commichau, Hans-Joachim Neumann and Barbara Paczynska-Lahme “Natural Gas“ in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{DOI|10.1002/14356007.a17_073.pub2}}</ref>


Isopentane is a ] and ] liquid. It is one of three ] with the ] C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub>, the others being ] (''n''-pentane) and ] (2,2-dimethylpropane).
==Nomenclature==
Isopentane is the name recommended by the ] (IUPAC).<ref>{{cite book | author=Panico, R.; & Powell, W. H. (Eds.) | title=A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 1993 | location=Oxford | publisher=Blackwell Science | year=1994 | isbn = 0-632-03488-2 | url = http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_679.htm}}</ref>An '''isopentyl''' group is a subset of the generic pentyl group. It has the chemical structure -CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>.


Isopentane is commonly used in conjunction with ] to achieve a liquid bath temperature of −160&nbsp;°C. ] typically contains 1% or less isopentane,<ref>Georg Hammer, Torsten Lübcke, Roland Kettner, Mark R. Pillarella, Herta Recknagel, Axel Commichau, Hans-Joachim Neumann and Barbara Paczynska-Lahme "Natural Gas" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a17_073.pub2}}</ref> but it is a significant component of ].<ref name=aver1958>Ivan F. Avery, L. V. Harvey (1958): '''', Information circular, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. 12 pages.</ref>
==Isomers==

Isopentane is one of three ] with the ] C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub>, the others being ] (''n''-pentane) and ] (dimethyl propane).
==Nomenclature==
The traditional name isopentane was still retained in the 1993 ] recommendations,<ref></ref><ref name="panico">{{cite book | editor=Panico, R. | editor2= Powell, W. H. | name-list-style= amp | title=A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 1993 | location=Oxford | publisher=Blackwell Science | year=1994 | isbn=0-632-03488-2}}
</ref> but is no longer recommended according to the 2013 recommendations.<ref name="IUPAC2013_652"/> The preferred IUPAC name is the systematic name 2-methylbutane. An '''isopentyl''' group is a subset of the generic pentyl group. It has the chemical structure -CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>.


==Uses== ==Uses==
Isopentane is used in a closed loop in geothermal power production to drive turbines.<ref>Byproduct Isopentane also used in some of the LPG plant to run the boiler and generate the power.
Isopentane is one of the ingredients in both ]® and ]®.<ref></ref>
{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018154915/http://hsorka.is/english/HSProduction/Svartsengi/OrkuverIV.aspx |date=2014-10-18 }}</ref>

Isopentane is used, in conjunction with ] or liquid nitrogen, to freeze ] for ]ing in ].
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uab.edu/research/administration/offices/ARP/ComparativePathology/Pathology/Histopathology/TissueSubmission/Pages/Freezing-Tissues-for-Cryosectioning.aspx|title = Animal Resources Program - the Office of the Vice President for Research &#124; UAB}}</ref>

Isopentane is a major component (sometimes 30% or more) of natural gasoline, an analog of common ]-derived ] that is condensed from natural gas.<ref name=aver1958/> It has a substantially higher ] (RON 93.7) than ''n''-pentane (61.7), and therefore there is interest in conversion from the latter.<ref name=wang2014>Sheng Wang, Ying Zhang, Mao-Gang He, Xiong Zheng, and Li-Bin Chen (2014): "Thermal Diffusivity and Speed of Sound of Saturated Pentane from Light Scattering". ''International Journal of Thermophysics'', volume 35, pages 1450–1464. {{doi|10.1007/s10765-014-1718-x}}</ref>


==References== ==References==
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{{Alkanes}} {{Alkanes}}


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Latest revision as of 13:57, 9 April 2024

Isopentane
Skeletal formula of isopentane
Skeletal formula of isopentane with all implicit carbons shown, and all explicit hydrogens added
Ball and stick model of isopentane
Names
Preferred IUPAC name 2-Methylbutane
Other names Isopentane
Identifiers
CAS Number
3D model (JSmol)
Beilstein Reference 1730723
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.001.039 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 201-142-8
Gmelin Reference 49318
MeSH isopentane
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • EK4430000
UNII
UN number 1265
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C5H12/c1-4-5(2)3/h5H,4H2,1-3H3Key: QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES
  • CCC(C)C
Properties
Chemical formula C5H12
Molar mass 72.151 g·mol
Appearance Colorless liquid
Odor Gasoline-like
Density 616 mg mL
Melting point −161 to −159 °C; −258 to −254 °F; 112 to 114 K
Boiling point 27.8 to 28.2 °C; 81.9 to 82.7 °F; 300.9 to 301.3 K
Vapor pressure 76.992 kPa (at 20 °C)
Henry's law
constant (kH) 		7.2 nmol Pa kg
UV-vis (λmax) 192 nm
Refractive index (nD) 1.354
Viscosity 0.214 cP (at 20 °C)
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C) 164.85 J K mol
Std molar
entropy (S298) 		260.41 J K mol
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH298) 		−179.1–−177.3 kJ mol
Std enthalpy of
combustion (ΔcH298) 		~ 3.3 MJ mol, 19,664 Btu/lb
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms GHS02: Flammable GHS07: Exclamation mark GHS08: Health hazard GHS09: Environmental hazard
Signal word Danger
Hazard statements H224, H301, H302, H305, H336, H411
Precautionary statements P210, P261, P273, P301+P310, P331
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentineFlammability 4: Will rapidly or completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, or is readily dispersed in air and will burn readily. Flash point below 23 °C (73 °F). E.g. propaneInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
1 4 0
Flash point −51 °C (−60 °F; 222 K)
Autoignition
temperature 		420 °C (788 °F; 693 K)
Explosive limits 1.4–8.3%
Related compounds
Related alkanes
Related compounds 2-Ethyl-1-butanol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). ☒N verify (what is  ?) Infobox references
Chemical compound

Isopentane, also called methylbutane or 2-methylbutane, is a branched-chain saturated hydrocarbon (an alkane) with five carbon atoms, with formula C
5H
12 or CH(CH
3)
2(C
2H
5).

Isopentane is a volatile and flammable liquid. It is one of three structural isomers with the molecular formula C5H12, the others being pentane (n-pentane) and neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane).

Isopentane is commonly used in conjunction with liquid nitrogen to achieve a liquid bath temperature of −160 °C. Natural gas typically contains 1% or less isopentane, but it is a significant component of natural gasoline.

Nomenclature

The traditional name isopentane was still retained in the 1993 IUPAC recommendations, but is no longer recommended according to the 2013 recommendations. The preferred IUPAC name is the systematic name 2-methylbutane. An isopentyl group is a subset of the generic pentyl group. It has the chemical structure -CH3CH2CH(CH3)2.

Uses

Isopentane is used in a closed loop in geothermal power production to drive turbines.

Isopentane is used, in conjunction with dry ice or liquid nitrogen, to freeze tissues for cryosectioning in histology.

Isopentane is a major component (sometimes 30% or more) of natural gasoline, an analog of common petroleum-derived gasoline that is condensed from natural gas. It has a substantially higher octane rating (RON 93.7) than n-pentane (61.7), and therefore there is interest in conversion from the latter.

References

  1. ^ Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 652. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4. The names 'isobutane', 'isopentane' and 'neopentane' are no longer recommended.
  2. James Wei (1999), Molecular Symmetry, Rotational Entropy, and Elevated Melting Points. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., volume 38 issue 12, pp. 5019–5027 doi:10.1021/ie990588m
  3. Georg Hammer, Torsten Lübcke, Roland Kettner, Mark R. Pillarella, Herta Recknagel, Axel Commichau, Hans-Joachim Neumann and Barbara Paczynska-Lahme "Natural Gas" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_073.pub2
  4. ^ Ivan F. Avery, L. V. Harvey (1958): Natural-gasoline and Cycling Plants in the United States, Information circular, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. 12 pages.
  5. Table 19(a) Acyclic and monocyclic hydrocarbons. Parent hydrocarbons
  6. Panico, R. & Powell, W. H., eds. (1994). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 1993. Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.
  7. Byproduct Isopentane also used in some of the LPG plant to run the boiler and generate the power. HS Orka HF Energy Plant IV Archived 2014-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
  8. "Animal Resources Program - the Office of the Vice President for Research | UAB".
  9. Sheng Wang, Ying Zhang, Mao-Gang He, Xiong Zheng, and Li-Bin Chen (2014): "Thermal Diffusivity and Speed of Sound of Saturated Pentane from Light Scattering". International Journal of Thermophysics, volume 35, pages 1450–1464. doi:10.1007/s10765-014-1718-x

External links

Alkanes
Category: