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{{Short description|Kavhan of the First Bulgarian Empire}}
{{good article}} {{good article}}
{{Infobox military person {{Infobox military person
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| allegiance =] | allegiance =]
| battles =] | battles =]
| rank ='']'' (first minister) | rank ='']'' (prime-minister)
}} }}


'''Isbul''' ({{lang-bg|Исбул}}) (] 820s–830s) was the '']'', or first minister, of the ] during the reigns of ], ] and ]. Appointed to the ''kavhan'' office under Omurtag, Isbul was a ] or co-ruler of the underage Malamir and his successor Presian. '''Isbul''' ({{langx|bg|Исбул}}) (] 820s–830s) was the '']'', or first minister, of the ] during the reigns of ], ] and ]. Appointed to the ''kavhan'' office under Omurtag, Isbul was a ] or co-ruler of the underage Malamir and his successor Presian.


Under Malamir and Presian, Isbul headed Bulgaria's successful campaigns against the ] in southern ] and ], which led to a significant territorial expansion of the Bulgarian realm. As a co-ruler of Malamir, Isbul also financed the construction of a water conduit in the capital ]. As second-in-charge, Isbul held enormous power and wealth, and was unusually often mentioned beside the name of the ruler in inscriptions. Due to his merits, Isbul has been described as an architect of medieval Bulgarian statehood by historians. Under Malamir and Presian, Isbul headed Bulgaria's successful campaigns against the ] in southern ] and eastern ], which led to a significant territorial expansion of the Bulgarian realm. As a co-ruler of Malamir, Isbul also financed the construction of a water conduit in the capital ]. As second-in-command, Isbul held enormous power and wealth, and was unusually often mentioned beside the name of the ruler in inscriptions. Due to his merits, Isbul has been described as an architect of medieval Bulgarian statehood by historians.


==Biography== ==Biography==
Line 16: Line 17:
The office of the ''kavhan'' was a hereditary title in the First Bulgarian Empire, monopolised by the members of the tentatively known "Kavhan family".<ref name="andreev1999-175">Андреев (1999), p. 175</ref> In order to accede to that position, Isbul must have belonged to the Kavhan family, which is indirectly evidenced by his ] name.<ref name="fine-109">Fine, p. 109</ref> Historian Plamen Pavlov theorises that Isbul may have begun his career under the ruler ] (r. 803–814), and by the time of Krum's son Omurtag (r. 815–831), Isbul was already an influential noble. As he is referred to as a ''kavhan'' and regent of the next ruler, Malamir (r. 831–836), it is conjectured that he had been appointed to the office at some point during Omurtag's rule.<ref name="andreev1999-175"/><ref name="bakalov">Бакалов</ref> The office of the ''kavhan'' was a hereditary title in the First Bulgarian Empire, monopolised by the members of the tentatively known "Kavhan family".<ref name="andreev1999-175">Андреев (1999), p. 175</ref> In order to accede to that position, Isbul must have belonged to the Kavhan family, which is indirectly evidenced by his ] name.<ref name="fine-109">Fine, p. 109</ref> Historian Plamen Pavlov theorises that Isbul may have begun his career under the ruler ] (r. 803–814), and by the time of Krum's son Omurtag (r. 815–831), Isbul was already an influential noble. As he is referred to as a ''kavhan'' and regent of the next ruler, Malamir (r. 831–836), it is conjectured that he had been appointed to the office at some point during Omurtag's rule.<ref name="andreev1999-175"/><ref name="bakalov">Бакалов</ref>


The earliest record of Isbul is the stone ] known as the Malamir Chronicle, which states that Malamir "ruled together with ''kavhan'' Isbul".<ref name="andreev1999-175"/> Malamir was the youngest son of Omurtag and must have been considered too young to rule by himself, so that a regent had to be appointed.<ref name="andreev1999-175"/> Omurtag specified Malamir as his heir because his eldest son, ], was a ].<ref name="andreev1999-175"/><ref name="andreev2004-66">Андреев (2004), p. 66</ref> The ] hoped to take advantage of Bulgaria's instability at the time, caused by the presence of the underage Malamir on the throne, and broke the long-lasting peace established with the ], which they had initially reaffirmed upon Malamir's accession. In 836,<ref name="fine-109"/> Isbul was in charge of the Bulgarian forces which repulsed the Byzantine invasion and proceeded to raid into Byzantine territory.<ref name="fine-109"/><ref name="curta-165">Curta, p. 165</ref> The earliest record of Isbul is the stone ] known as the Malamir Chronicle, which states that Malamir "ruled together with ''kavhan'' Isbul".<ref name="andreev1999-175"/> Malamir was the youngest son of Omurtag and must have been considered too young to rule by himself, so that a regent had to be appointed.<ref name="andreev1999-175"/> Omurtag specified Malamir as his heir because his eldest son, ], was a ].<ref name="andreev1999-175"/><ref name="andreev2004-66">Андреев (2004), p. 66</ref> The ] hoped to take advantage of Bulgaria's instability at the time, caused by the presence of the underage Malamir on the throne, and broke the long-lasting peace established with the ], which they had initially reaffirmed upon Malamir's accession. In 836,<ref name="fine-109"/> Isbul was in charge of the Bulgarian forces which repulsed the Byzantine invasion and proceeded to raid into Byzantine territory.<ref name="fine-109"/><ref name="curta-165">Curta, p. 165</ref>


As part of this campaign, Isbul and Malamir captured the ] fortresses of Probaton (near Adrianople, modern ]) and Bourdizon (modern ]).<ref name="beshevliev77">Бешевлиев, p. 77</ref> After conquering these two fortresses, the Bulgarian troops reached Philippopolis (now ]). As the defence forces of Philippopolis had abandoned the city, Isbul and Malamir entered negotiations with the population in order to persuade them to cede the fortress.<ref name="andreev1999-175"/><ref name="ziemann-337">Ziemann, p. 337</ref> Pavlov is of the opinion that the war ended with a continuation of the peace of 815. He believes that ] ] (r. 829–842) was forced to make concessions to Bulgaria, which may have included the incorporation of Philippopolis and its close surroundings into the Bulgarian Empire.<ref name="andreev1999-175"/> As part of this campaign, Isbul and Malamir captured the ] fortresses of Probaton (near ]) and ].<ref name="beshevliev77">Бешевлиев, p. 77</ref> After conquering these two fortresses, the Bulgarian troops reached ]. As the defence forces of the city had fled, Isbul and Malamir entered negotiations with the population in order to persuade them to cede the fortress.<ref name="andreev1999-175"/><ref name="ziemann-337">Ziemann, p. 337</ref> Pavlov is of the opinion that the war ended with a continuation of the peace of 815. He believes that ] ] (r. 829–842) was forced to make concessions to Bulgaria, which may have included the incorporation of Philippopolis and its close surroundings into the Bulgarian Empire.<ref name="andreev1999-175"/>


During his time as co-ruler and ''kavhan'' of Malamir, Isbul financed the construction of a ] (]) or ] in ],<ref name="bakalov"/> which he donated to Malamir.<ref name="andreev1999-175"/> That construction was the occasion for a great feast, which the ruler organised,<ref name="andreev2004-66"/> and for gifts to the nobility.<ref name="curta-165"/> The building of such an installation and its donation to Malamir testifies to Isbul's affluence.<ref name="fine-109"/> In the source pertaining to that construction, Isbul is hailed alongside Malamir: "May God let the God-appointed ruler live a hundred years together with the ''kavhan'' Isbul". Normally, such blessings were only directed at the ruler, and this is the only case from the First Bulgarian Empire which references another person.<ref name="andreev1999-175"/> The inscription also mentions Isbul's old age at the time.<ref>Бешевлиев, p. 35</ref> During his time as co-ruler and ''kavhan'' of Malamir, Isbul financed the construction of a ] (]) or ] in ],<ref name="bakalov"/> which he donated to Malamir.<ref name="andreev1999-175"/> That construction was the occasion for a great feast, which the ruler organised,<ref name="andreev2004-66"/> and for gifts to the nobility,<ref name="curta-165"/> all of it testifying to Isbul's affluence.<ref name="fine-109"/> In the source about the construction, Isbul is hailed alongside Malamir: "May God let the God-appointed ruler live a hundred years together with the ''kavhan'' Isbul". Normally, such blessings were only directed at the ruler, and this is the only case from the First Bulgarian Empire which references another person.<ref name="andreev1999-175"/> The inscription also mentions Isbul's old age at the time.<ref>Бешевлиев, p. 35</ref>


After the surprise death of Malamir in 836, the Bulgarian throne was succeeded by Presian I (836–852), who too was likely underage.<ref name="andreev2004-69">Андреев (2004), p. 69</ref> As evidenced by the ] from ], Isbul retained his position as ''kavhan'' and his decisive influence in the Bulgarian court. In 837, the ] tribe of the ] (''Smolenoi''), who inhabited the lower ] and ] near ], rose against their Byzantine rulers.<ref name="curta-165"/> The inscription of Philippi mentions large-scale Bulgarian activity in the lands of the Smolyani. The Bulgarian forces were led by Isbul, as well as the '']'' (commander of the capital garrison) and the head priest.<ref name="ziemann-339">Ziemann, p. 339</ref><ref name="andreev1999-176">Андреев (1999), p. 176</ref> As the inscription is damaged, it is unclear who Presian and Isbul supported in that conflict.<ref name="ziemann-340">Ziemann, p. 340</ref><ref name="beshevliev85">Бешевлиев, p. 85</ref> However, during this campaign the Bulgarian army conquered most of Macedonia including Philippi, where the inscription was found.<ref name="andreev2004-69"/><ref name="andreev1999-318">Андреев (1999), p. 318</ref> From that point on, Isbul disappears from the sources, and there is no information about the date and circumstances of his death.<ref name="andreev1999-176"/> After the surprise death of Malamir in 836, the Bulgarian throne passed to Presian I (836–852), who too was likely underage.<ref name="andreev2004-69">Андреев (2004), p. 69</ref> As evidenced by the ] from ], Isbul retained his position as ''kavhan'' and his decisive influence in the Bulgarian court. In 837, the ] tribe of the ] (''Smolenoi''), who inhabited the lower ] and ] near ], rose against their Byzantine rulers.<ref name="curta-165"/> The inscription of Philippi mentions large-scale Bulgarian activity in the lands of the Smolyani. The Bulgarian forces were led by Isbul, as well as the '']'' (commander of the capital garrison) and the head priest.<ref name="ziemann-339">Ziemann, p. 339</ref><ref name="andreev1999-176">Андреев (1999), p. 176</ref> As the inscription is damaged, it is unclear who Presian and Isbul supported in that conflict.<ref name="ziemann-340">Ziemann, p. 340</ref><ref name="beshevliev85">Бешевлиев, p. 85</ref> However, during this campaign the Bulgarian army conquered most of Macedonia including Philippi, where the inscription was found.<ref name="andreev2004-69"/><ref name="andreev1999-318">Андреев (1999), p. 318</ref> From that point on, Isbul disappears from the sources, and there is no information about the date and circumstances of his death.<ref name="andreev1999-176"/>


==Assessment and legacy== ==Assessment and legacy==
In his biography of Isbul, Pavlov underlines his "extraordinary merits for the development of the Bulgarian state"<ref name="andreev1999-175"/> and describes him as "one of the architects of medieval Bulgarian statehood during the years of its rise".<ref name="andreev1999-176"/> ]n historian Florin Curta emphasises the similarity of Isbul's role to that of 8th-century ] in the ] lands under the ].<ref name="curta-165"/> In his biography of Isbul, Pavlov underlines his "extraordinary merits for the development of the Bulgarian state"<ref name="andreev1999-175"/> and describes him as "one of the architects of medieval Bulgarian statehood during the years of its rise".<ref name="andreev1999-176"/> ]n historian Florin Curta emphasises the similarity of Isbul's role to that of 8th-century ] in the ] lands under the ].<ref name="curta-165"/>


] on ] of the ], ], was named in honour of ''kavhan'' Isbul by the ] of ].<ref name="SCAR">{{cite web|url=http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=134719|title=Isbul Point, SCAR Gazetteer Ref. No 18173|publisher=SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica|accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref> Isbul also features as a character in Aleksandar Raychev's ] ''Khan Asparuh'', which debuted at the ] in 1981. In the opera, however, Isbul is erroneously described as the ''kavhan'' of the first Bulgarian ruler, ].<ref name="sagaev">{{cite book|last=Сагаев|first=Любомир|title=Книга за операта|chapter=Хан Аспарух|year=1983|publisher=Музика|location=София|oclc=402324152|trans_title=A Book About Opera|trans_chapter=Khan Asparuh}}</ref> ] on ] of the ], ], was named in honour of ''kavhan'' Isbul by the ] of ].<ref name="SCAR">{{cite web|url=http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=134719|title=Isbul Point, SCAR Gazetteer Ref. No 18173|publisher=SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica|access-date=21 November 2010}}</ref> Isbul also features as a character in Aleksandar Raychev's ] ''Khan Asparuh'', which debuted at the ] in 1981. In the opera, however, Isbul is erroneously described as the ''kavhan'' of the first Bulgarian ruler, ].<ref name="sagaev">{{cite book|last=Сагаев|first=Любомир|title=Книга за операта|chapter=Хан Аспарух|year=1983|publisher=Музика|location=София|isbn=9780521815390|oclc=402324152|trans-title=A Book About Opera|trans-chapter=Khan Asparuh}}</ref>


==References== ==References==
Line 33: Line 34:


==Sources== ==Sources==
* {{cite book|last=Curta|first=Florin|authorlink=Florin Curta|title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521815390}} * {{cite book|last=Curta|first=Florin|authorlink=Florin Curta|title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250|url=https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81539-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp|title=The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1991|isbn=9780472081493}} * {{cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp|title=The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-472-08149-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Ziemann|first=Daniel|title=Vom Wandervolk zur Grossmacht: die Entstehung Bulgariens im frühen Mittelalter (7.-9. Jahrhundert)|trans_title=From Nomads to a Great Power: The Emergence of Bulgaria in the Early Middle Ages (7th–9th Century)|year=2007|publisher=Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar|language=German|isbn=9783412091064}} * {{cite book|last=Ziemann|first=Daniel|title=Vom Wandervolk zur Grossmacht: die Entstehung Bulgariens im frühen Mittelalter (7.-9. Jahrhundert)|trans-title=From Nomads to a Great Power: The Emergence of Bulgaria in the Early Middle Ages (7th–9th Century)|year=2007|publisher=Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar|language=German|isbn=978-3-412-09106-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Андреев|first1=Йордан|last2=Лазаров|first2=Иван|last3=Павлов|first3=Пламен|title=Кой кой е в средновековна България|trans_title=Who is Who in Medieval Bulgaria|year=1999|publisher=Петър Берон|language=Bulgarian|isbn=9789544020477}} * {{cite book|last1=Андреев|first1=Йордан|last2=Лазаров|first2=Иван|last3=Павлов|first3=Пламен|title=Кой кой е в средновековна България|trans-title=Who is Who in Medieval Bulgaria|year=1999|publisher=Петър Берон|language=Bulgarian|isbn=978-954-402-047-7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Андреев|first1=Йордан|last2=Пантев|first2=Андрей|title=Българските ханове и царе|trans_title=Bulgarian Khans and Tsars|year=2004|publisher=Абагар|location=Велико Търново|language=Bulgarian|isbn=9789544272166}} * {{cite book|last1=Андреев|first1=Йордан|last2=Пантев|first2=Андрей|title=Българските ханове и царе|trans-title=Bulgarian Khans and Tsars|year=2004|publisher=Абагар|location=Велико Търново|language=Bulgarian|isbn=978-954-427-216-6}}
* {{cite book |title=Електронно издание "История на България" |trans_title=Electronic Edition "History of Bulgaria" |language=Bulgarian |last1=Бакалов |first1=Георги |last2=Куманов|first2=Милен|publisher=Труд, Сирма |location=София |year=2003 |isbn=9844830679 |chapter=ИСБУЛ (IX в.) |trans_chapter=ISBUL (9th century)|format=CD}} * {{cite book |title=Електронно издание "История на България" |trans-title=Electronic Edition "History of Bulgaria" |language=Bulgarian |last1=Бакалов |first1=Георги |last2=Куманов|first2=Милен|publisher=Труд, Сирма |location=София |year=2003 |isbn=954528613X |chapter=ИСБУЛ (IX в.) |trans-chapter=ISBUL (9th century)|type=CD}}
* {{cite book|last=Бешевлиев|first=Веселин|authorlink=Veselin Beshevliev|title=Прабългарски епиграфски паметници|trans_title=Bulgar Epigraphic Records|year=1981|publisher=Издателство на Отечествения фронт|location=София|language=Bulgarian|oclc=8554080}} * {{cite book|last=Бешевлиев|first=Веселин|authorlink=Veselin Beshevliev|title=Прабългарски епиграфски паметници|trans-title=Bulgar Epigraphic Records|year=1981|publisher=Издателство на Отечествения фронт|location=София|language=Bulgarian|oclc=8554080}}


⚫ ]
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ]. -->
| NAME = Isbul
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Исбул (Bulgarian)
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = 9th-century first minister of the First Bulgarian Empire
| DATE OF BIRTH = 8th century
| PLACE OF BIRTH = unknown
| DATE OF DEATH = 9th century
| PLACE OF DEATH = unknown
}}
⚫ ]
] ]
] ]
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] ]
] ]

]
]

Latest revision as of 10:02, 13 November 2024

Kavhan of the First Bulgarian Empire

Isbul
AllegianceFirst Bulgarian Empire
Years of service830s (documented)
Rankkavhan (prime-minister)
Battles / warsByzantine–Bulgarian Wars

Isbul (Bulgarian: Исбул) (fl. 820s–830s) was the kavhan, or first minister, of the First Bulgarian Empire during the reigns of Omurtag, Malamir and Presian I. Appointed to the kavhan office under Omurtag, Isbul was a regent or co-ruler of the underage Malamir and his successor Presian.

Under Malamir and Presian, Isbul headed Bulgaria's successful campaigns against the Byzantines in southern Thrace and eastern Macedonia, which led to a significant territorial expansion of the Bulgarian realm. As a co-ruler of Malamir, Isbul also financed the construction of a water conduit in the capital Pliska. As second-in-command, Isbul held enormous power and wealth, and was unusually often mentioned beside the name of the ruler in inscriptions. Due to his merits, Isbul has been described as an architect of medieval Bulgarian statehood by historians.

Biography

A damaged stone plate with a Medieval Greek inscription
Part of the Presian Inscription, which references Isbul, in the Archaeological Museum of Philippi's lapidarium.

The office of the kavhan was a hereditary title in the First Bulgarian Empire, monopolised by the members of the tentatively known "Kavhan family". In order to accede to that position, Isbul must have belonged to the Kavhan family, which is indirectly evidenced by his Bulgar name. Historian Plamen Pavlov theorises that Isbul may have begun his career under the ruler Krum (r. 803–814), and by the time of Krum's son Omurtag (r. 815–831), Isbul was already an influential noble. As he is referred to as a kavhan and regent of the next ruler, Malamir (r. 831–836), it is conjectured that he had been appointed to the office at some point during Omurtag's rule.

The earliest record of Isbul is the stone epigraph known as the Malamir Chronicle, which states that Malamir "ruled together with kavhan Isbul". Malamir was the youngest son of Omurtag and must have been considered too young to rule by himself, so that a regent had to be appointed. Omurtag specified Malamir as his heir because his eldest son, Enravota, was a Christian. The Byzantines hoped to take advantage of Bulgaria's instability at the time, caused by the presence of the underage Malamir on the throne, and broke the long-lasting peace established with the Byzantine–Bulgarian Treaty of 815, which they had initially reaffirmed upon Malamir's accession. In 836, Isbul was in charge of the Bulgarian forces which repulsed the Byzantine invasion and proceeded to raid into Byzantine territory.

As part of this campaign, Isbul and Malamir captured the Thracian fortresses of Probaton (near Adrianople) and Bourzidon. After conquering these two fortresses, the Bulgarian troops reached Philippopolis. As the defence forces of the city had fled, Isbul and Malamir entered negotiations with the population in order to persuade them to cede the fortress. Pavlov is of the opinion that the war ended with a continuation of the peace of 815. He believes that Byzantine Emperor Theophilos (r. 829–842) was forced to make concessions to Bulgaria, which may have included the incorporation of Philippopolis and its close surroundings into the Bulgarian Empire.

During his time as co-ruler and kavhan of Malamir, Isbul financed the construction of a water conduit (aqueduct) or fountain in Pliska, which he donated to Malamir. That construction was the occasion for a great feast, which the ruler organised, and for gifts to the nobility, all of it testifying to Isbul's affluence. In the source about the construction, Isbul is hailed alongside Malamir: "May God let the God-appointed ruler live a hundred years together with the kavhan Isbul". Normally, such blessings were only directed at the ruler, and this is the only case from the First Bulgarian Empire which references another person. The inscription also mentions Isbul's old age at the time.

After the surprise death of Malamir in 836, the Bulgarian throne passed to Presian I (836–852), who too was likely underage. As evidenced by the Presian Inscription from Philippi, Isbul retained his position as kavhan and his decisive influence in the Bulgarian court. In 837, the Slavic tribe of the Smolyani (Smolenoi), who inhabited the lower Nestos (Mesta) River and Western Thrace near Drama, rose against their Byzantine rulers. The inscription of Philippi mentions large-scale Bulgarian activity in the lands of the Smolyani. The Bulgarian forces were led by Isbul, as well as the ichirgu-boil (commander of the capital garrison) and the head priest. As the inscription is damaged, it is unclear who Presian and Isbul supported in that conflict. However, during this campaign the Bulgarian army conquered most of Macedonia including Philippi, where the inscription was found. From that point on, Isbul disappears from the sources, and there is no information about the date and circumstances of his death.

Assessment and legacy

In his biography of Isbul, Pavlov underlines his "extraordinary merits for the development of the Bulgarian state" and describes him as "one of the architects of medieval Bulgarian statehood during the years of its rise". Romanian historian Florin Curta emphasises the similarity of Isbul's role to that of 8th-century Mayors of the Palace in the Frankish lands under the Merovingian dynasty.

Isbul Point on Livingston Island of the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, was named in honour of kavhan Isbul by the Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria. Isbul also features as a character in Aleksandar Raychev's opera Khan Asparuh, which debuted at the Ruse Opera House in 1981. In the opera, however, Isbul is erroneously described as the kavhan of the first Bulgarian ruler, Asparuh.

References

  1. ^ Андреев (1999), p. 175
  2. ^ Fine, p. 109
  3. ^ Бакалов
  4. ^ Андреев (2004), p. 66
  5. ^ Curta, p. 165
  6. Бешевлиев, p. 77
  7. Ziemann, p. 337
  8. Бешевлиев, p. 35
  9. ^ Андреев (2004), p. 69
  10. Ziemann, p. 339
  11. ^ Андреев (1999), p. 176
  12. Ziemann, p. 340
  13. Бешевлиев, p. 85
  14. Андреев (1999), p. 318
  15. "Isbul Point, SCAR Gazetteer Ref. No 18173". SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
  16. Сагаев, Любомир (1983). "Хан Аспарух" [Khan Asparuh]. Книга за операта [A Book About Opera]. София: Музика. ISBN 9780521815390. OCLC 402324152.

Sources

  • Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.
  • Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3.
  • Ziemann, Daniel (2007). Vom Wandervolk zur Grossmacht: die Entstehung Bulgariens im frühen Mittelalter (7.-9. Jahrhundert) [From Nomads to a Great Power: The Emergence of Bulgaria in the Early Middle Ages (7th–9th Century)] (in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. ISBN 978-3-412-09106-4.
  • Андреев, Йордан; Лазаров, Иван; Павлов, Пламен (1999). Кой кой е в средновековна България [Who is Who in Medieval Bulgaria] (in Bulgarian). Петър Берон. ISBN 978-954-402-047-7.
  • Андреев, Йордан; Пантев, Андрей (2004). Българските ханове и царе [Bulgarian Khans and Tsars] (in Bulgarian). Велико Търново: Абагар. ISBN 978-954-427-216-6.
  • Бакалов, Георги; Куманов, Милен (2003). "ИСБУЛ (IX в.)" [ISBUL (9th century)]. Електронно издание "История на България" [Electronic Edition "History of Bulgaria"] (CD) (in Bulgarian). София: Труд, Сирма. ISBN 954528613X.
  • Бешевлиев, Веселин (1981). Прабългарски епиграфски паметници [Bulgar Epigraphic Records] (in Bulgarian). София: Издателство на Отечествения фронт. OCLC 8554080.
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