Revision as of 07:43, 18 April 2006 editCarcharoth (talk | contribs)Administrators73,578 edits new category← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 09:48, 11 December 2024 edit undoChiswick Chap (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers296,888 edits →Third Age: wl | ||
(632 intermediate revisions by 94 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{short description|Overview of the history of Middle-earth}} | |||
This is a list of articles related to ] ] ]. | |||
{{Use British English|date=August 2022}} | |||
<!--... Attention: THIS IS AN OUTLINE | |||
part of the set of 830+ outlines listed at | |||
== Races == | |||
]. | |||
*] | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
***] | |||
***]s | |||
*] ('''Quendi''', the ''Elder Children of ]'', ''The Firstborn'') (see ]) | |||
**] | |||
***] — ''Light Elves'' | |||
***] — ''Deep Elves'' | |||
***] — ''Sea Elves'' | |||
**] | |||
***] — ''Grey Elves'' | |||
***] and ] — ''Green Elves'' or ] | |||
***] — ''Unwilling'' | |||
*] (], the ''Younger Children of ], The Followers'') | |||
**] — Men descended of or related to the 'Fathers of Men' | |||
***] — Men of the West | |||
****] — ''First House of Men'' | |||
****] — ''Second House of Men'' | |||
*****] (Woses of ]) | |||
****] or Hadorians — ''Third House of Men'' | |||
****] — Men of the West | |||
*****] — Men of Gondor and Arnor | |||
*****] — Servants of ] | |||
***] | |||
****] (Distant relations of Bëorians and Marachians) | |||
*****Men of ], or ''Bardings'' | |||
*****Men of ] | |||
*****] (Descendants of the ]) | |||
*****]ings | |||
*****Woodsmen of ] | |||
****] (Distant relations of Haladin) | |||
****Men of ] | |||
**] | |||
***] | |||
***] | |||
***] of ] | |||
**] | |||
***] of Far and Near ] | |||
***] | |||
**] — Ice-men of the North | |||
***Lossoth, also known as ] | |||
*] | |||
*] ('''Naugrim''', the ''Adopted Children of ]'') | |||
*]s | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
*]s | |||
**]s | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*]s — usually called "]s" in '']'' | |||
**] | |||
*] | |||
**] | |||
*]s | |||
...--> | |||
== Characters == | |||
The following ] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the real-world history and notable fictional elements of ]'s ]. It covers materials created by Tolkien; the works on his unpublished manuscripts, by his son ]; and films, games and other media created by other people. | |||
''']''' – fantasy setting created by Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, ents, dragons, and many other races and creatures. | |||
What follows is a brief and inevitably incomplete listing of characters from Tolkien's work who lived in Middle-earth, divided into ], ], and ]. Note that characters are sorted according to several groups, and may appear multiple times. For a full list of characters see: ]. | |||
{{TOC limit|limit=4}} | |||
===First Age=== | |||
== Primary sources == | |||
''House of Finwë'' | |||
*] | |||
*] (first wife of Finwë) | |||
**] | |||
*] (second wife of Finwë) | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
=== Authors === | |||
'']'' | |||
*] | * ] | ||
* ] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
**] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
=== Published works === | |||
] | |||
{{further|J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography}} | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
**] Celebrindal | |||
*] | |||
**] | |||
*] | |||
==== By J. R. R. Tolkien ==== | |||
] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
**] | |||
***Rodnor ] | |||
***] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
**] | |||
***] | |||
* '']'' (1937) | |||
''House of Elwë and Olwë'' | |||
** 2nd Edition (1951) revised to align with ''The Lord of the Rings'' | |||
*] (Elu Thingol) | |||
** 3rd Edition (1966) revised to assert copyright in US | |||
*] (wife of Thingol) | |||
* '']'' | |||
**] Tinúviel | |||
** '']'' (1954) | |||
*] | |||
*** ] | |||
**] | |||
*** ] | |||
** '']'' (1954) | |||
** '']'' (1955) | |||
*** ] - a "novelistic" chapter | |||
*** ] | |||
* '']'' (1962) | |||
** Revised edition (2014) with addition of original poems, sources and images, and commentary by Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond | |||
* '']'' (1967) – music by ], penmanship by Tolkien. See also ] | |||
** Revised edition (1978) – including a setting for ] | |||
; Posthumously published | |||
''House of Bëor'' | |||
*'']'' (1974) – Dutch translation published 1973 | |||
*] the Old | |||
* ] (1975) – also known as "Nomenclature of ''The Lord of the Rings''" | |||
*] | |||
*'']'' (1977) | |||
**] | |||
**'']'' | |||
***] Erchamion | |||
*''Pictures by J. R. R. Tolkien'' (1979) – text by Christopher Tolkien. Most of these pictures had been previously published in calendars by ] (1973) and ] (1974, 1976–1979), some of them coloured by H. E. Riddett. | |||
**] | |||
*'']'' (1980) | |||
***] | |||
*'']'' (1995) – text by ] and ] | |||
****] | |||
*''The Art of The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien'' (2011) – text by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull | |||
***] | |||
*''The Art of The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien'' (2015) – text by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull | |||
****] | |||
==== Edited by Christopher Tolkien ==== | |||
''House of Marach'' | |||
*] | |||
*] Lórindol | |||
**Gundor | |||
**Galdor | |||
***] | |||
****] | |||
****] Níniel | |||
***] | |||
****] | |||
**] | |||
These works present extended selections of ] (the large body of documents relating to ''The Silmarillion''), with extensive notes and posthumous editing by ]. The separate 4-volume body of his comments on the drafts of ''The Lord of the Rings'' is included as volumes 6–9. | |||
''Descendants of Lúthien and Beren'' | |||
*] Thingol's Heir | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
***] | |||
***] | |||
===== '']'' ===== | |||
''Descendants of Idril and Tuor'' | |||
*] the Mariner | |||
**] | |||
***] | |||
***] | |||
***] Undómiel | |||
**] | |||
***] | |||
; Early legendarium | |||
''Haladin of ]'' | |||
:1 '']'' (1983) | |||
*] | |||
:2 '']'' (1984) | |||
*] | |||
:3 '']'' (1985) | |||
*Haldar | |||
:4 '']'' (1986) | |||
*Haldan | |||
:5 '']'' (1987) | |||
***Halmir | |||
****Haldir | |||
*****Handir | |||
******] the Lame | |||
****] | |||
*****] | |||
*****] | |||
****Hundar | |||
; '']'' | |||
''Others'' | |||
:6 '']'' (1988) | |||
:7 '']'' (1989) | |||
*] the Bowman | |||
:8 '']'' (1990) | |||
*] of ] | |||
:9 '']'' (1992) | |||
*] | |||
*] the Dark Elf | |||
*], sister-son of ] | |||
*] the Deathless, father of the Longbeards | |||
*], lord of ] | |||
*] aka Gorthaur, Lord of Werewolves | |||
; The later ''Silmarillion'' | |||
For a list of the ], see that article. | |||
:10 '']'' (1993) | |||
:11 '']'' (1994) | |||
; Further details | |||
<!-- todo: consider moving the Houses of Elves and Men to separate articles, à la Kings of Gondor etc. --> | |||
:12 '']'' (1996) | |||
=== |
===== Other stories ===== | ||
* '']'' and '']'' both reprint ''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil'' | |||
''Kings of Númenor'': see ] | |||
Additional materials from the legendarium, with Christopher Tolkien's commentary. | |||
], a.k.a. ] | |||
* '']'' (2007) | |||
'']s or Nazgûl'' | |||
* '']'' (2017) | |||
*] | |||
* '']'' (2018) | |||
*], the Black Easterling | |||
=== |
====Edited by other scholars ==== | ||
* '']'' (1988) – text of ''The Hobbit'', with many related texts by Tolkien, edited and with commentary by ] (revised edition 2002) | |||
''Thorin and Company'' | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
* '']'' (1981) – selected, introduced and edited by ] | |||
''The ]'' | |||
*] | |||
*] (Sam) | |||
*] (Merry) | |||
*] (Pippin) | |||
*] (Strider) | |||
*] | |||
*] the Grey | |||
*] | |||
*] (son of Glóin) | |||
* '']'' (2021) – essays and fragments, including on Elvish linguistics, with commentary by the scholar ] | |||
''Kings of ]'': see ] | |||
* '']'' (2007) – 2 volumes on the construction of ''The Hobbit'' with commentary by the scholar ] | |||
''Kings of ]'': see ] | |||
===Audio recordings=== | |||
''Kings of ]'': see ] | |||
* '']'' (1967), ] TC 1231 – poems read by Tolkien; songs sung by William Elvin, accompanied by composer Donald Swann (as published in '']'') | |||
''Chiefs of the Rangers of Arnor'': see ] | |||
* ''J. R. R. Tolkien Reads and Sings his The Hobbit & The Lord of the Rings'' (1975), Caedmon TC 1477, TC 1478 (based on an August, 1952 recording by ]) | |||
* ''J. R. R. Tolkien The Silmarillion Of Beren And Lúthien'' (1977), Caedmon TC 1564 – Christopher Tolkien reads chapter 19 of ''The Silmarillion'', slightly abridged | |||
=== Graphical works === | |||
''Stewards of Gondor'': see ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
** ] | |||
** ] | |||
** ] | |||
== Translation == | |||
''Kings of Rohan'': see ] | |||
* ] | |||
''] or Istari'': | |||
* ] (issues, challenges, approaches) | |||
*] the White | |||
** ] | |||
*] the Grey | |||
** ] | |||
*] the Brown | |||
*] (Blue Wizards) | |||
== Adaptations and developments == | |||
''Dwarves of Durin's folk'': see ] | |||
{{see also|Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien|Adaptations of The Hobbit|Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings}} | |||
''Other characters'' | |||
*Elves | |||
**] of ] | |||
**], wife of ] | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
**], King of northern ] | |||
*Men | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
**], Prince of ] | |||
*Hobbits | |||
**Bandobras ] | |||
**] | |||
**Sméagol, or ] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] (often perceived as the ]) | |||
*] | |||
== |
=== Maps === | ||
*] | |||
*] | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
***] | |||
***] | |||
***] | |||
***The ] | |||
***The ] | |||
==Historical periods== | |||
A more detailed list can be found at ]. | |||
#] | |||
#] | |||
#] | |||
#] | |||
##] | |||
##] | |||
##] | |||
##] | |||
{{Main|Tolkien's maps}} | |||
== Places == | |||
* '']'', meaning either of two posters: | |||
The stories takes mostly place in ], ], and ], but there are many other places in Middle-earth. | |||
** by ] (1965) | |||
** by ] (1970) | |||
* '']'' (1981, revised ed 1991) by ] | |||
* '']'' (1981) by ] | |||
=== Spoken word === | |||
See also ], ] for places outside Middle-earth. | |||
* ''The Hobbit'' (1974) – ] recorded an abridged, dramatic version for ] on the ] label | |||
=== Nations and large regions === | |||
* '']'' (1990) – unabridged recording by ] for ] | |||
* ''The Hobbit'' (1991) – unabridged recording by Rob Inglis for Recorded Books | |||
* '']'' (2007) – Christopher Lee recorded an unabridged audiobook | |||
* '']'' (2020) – ] live-streamed an unabridged reading to raise money for ] | |||
* ''The Hobbit'' (2020) – unabridged recording by Andy Serkis for ] and Recorded Books | |||
* ''The Lord of the Rings'' (2021) – unabridged recording by Andy Serkis for HarperCollinsUK and Recorded Books | |||
=== Radio === | |||
First Age only: | |||
*], later ''Anfauglith'' | |||
*] | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
*] | |||
*], later ''Taur-nu-Fuin'' | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
* '']'' (1955) – ]: six 45-minute episodes for ''The Fellowship of the Ring'', then six 30-minute episodes for all of ''The Two Towers'' and ''The Return of the King'', adapted by ] | |||
Present after the First Age: | |||
* '']'' (1968) – BBC: eight half-hour episodes, adapted by ] | |||
*] | |||
* '']'' (1979) – ]: totalling over 11 hours, adapted by ] | |||
**] | |||
* '']'' (1981) – BBC: 26 half-hour instalments, later re-cut to 13 hour-long instalments, adapted by ] and ] | |||
**] | |||
* '']'' (1991) – ] and ]: German adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in 30 half-hour episodes, by {{ill|Peter F. Steinbach|de|Peter Steinbach (Drehbuchautor)}} | |||
**] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*], or ''Hollin'' | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*], or simply ''Lórien'' | |||
*] | |||
*], earlier also ''Greenwood the Great'' | |||
*] | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
*The ] | |||
*], anciently ] | |||
*], or ''Wilderland'' | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
=== Motion pictures === | |||
''See also'' ], ]. | |||
{{Main|Middle-earth in motion pictures}} | |||
* '']'' (1967) – ]'s short animated adaptation | |||
* '']'' (1977) – an animated musical television special by Rankin/Bass | |||
* '']'' (1978) – an animated film of the first half of the book by Ralph Bakshi | |||
* '']'' (1979) – children's program ] broadcast ten 15-minute episodes | |||
* '']'' (1980) – the animated sequel to 1977's ''The Hobbit'' | |||
* '']'' (1991) - a "lost" Russian television play, now recovered | |||
* '']'' (1993) - a Finnish rendering of the Hobbits' journey in ''The Lord of the Rings'' | |||
* '']'' (2022) – prequel series by ] | |||
==== Peter Jackson ==== | |||
* ] – the live-action trilogy by ] | |||
** Films | |||
*** '']'' (2001) | |||
*** '']'' (2002) | |||
*** '']'' (2003) | |||
** ] | |||
*** ] | |||
** ] | |||
*** ] | |||
** ] | |||
* ] – Jackson's three-part prequel to his ''The Lord of the Rings'' series | |||
** Films | |||
*** '']'' (2012) | |||
*** '']'' (2013) | |||
*** '']'' (2014) | |||
** ] | |||
=== Stage === | |||
*] wrote and performed one-man adaptations of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' starting in the 1970s | |||
*'']'' (2006) – Musical staged in Toronto, re-written for London in 2007 | |||
=== Games=== | |||
==== Tabletop games ==== | |||
{{Main|List of Middle-earth role-playing games}} | |||
*'']'' (1984) – ] | |||
*'']'' (1991) – Iron Crown Enterprises | |||
*'']'' (2002) –] | |||
*'']'' (2011) – ] | |||
*'']'' (2016) – ] supplement by Cubicle 7 | |||
==== Video games ==== | |||
{{Main|Middle-earth in video games}} | |||
*'']'' (1982) | |||
*'']'' (1991) | |||
*'']'' (2002) | |||
*'']'' (2003) | |||
*'']'' (2003) | |||
*'']'' (2004) | |||
*'']'' (2004) | |||
*'']'' (2004) | |||
*'']'' (2006) | |||
*'']'' (2006) | |||
*'']'' (2007; cancelled) | |||
*'']'' (2007) | |||
*'']'' (2009) | |||
*'']'' (2009) | |||
*'']'' (2010) | |||
*'']'' (2011) | |||
*'']'' (2012) | |||
*'']'' (2012) | |||
*'']'' (2014) | |||
*'']'' (2014) | |||
*'']'' (2017) | |||
=== Parodies === | |||
*'']'' (1969) – ] novel | |||
*'']'' (1980) – BBC radio series | |||
*'']'' (1985) – ] video game | |||
*'']'' (1986) – Delta 4 video game | |||
*'']'' (2003) – children's novel by ] | |||
*'']'' (2004) – musical | |||
== Geography== | |||
=== Cosmology of Eä === | |||
{{Main|Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium}} | |||
* ] | |||
=== Continents of Arda === | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] (on Aman) | |||
=== Nations and regions === | |||
{{main|Geography of Middle-earth}} | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
=== Natural features === | === Natural features === | ||
* ] | |||
Middle-earth was carefully designed by Tolkien, and contains many natural features such as rivers, mountains, and seas. | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
=== Cities and other populated places === | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
== History== | |||
{{See also|History of Arda}} | |||
===Artefacts=== | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
** ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
===Events=== | |||
<!--chronological order--> | |||
; First Age | |||
* ] | |||
; Third Age | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
=== Characters === | |||
{{Main|List of Middle-earth characters}} | |||
====First Age==== | |||
''House of Finwë'' | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
''House of Elwë and Olwë'' | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
''House of Marach'' | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
''Others'' | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
====Second Age==== | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
====Third Age==== | |||
''Thorin and Company'' | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
''The ]'' | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* Gandalf | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
'']'': | |||
* Gandalf | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
''Elves'' | |||
* ] | |||
* Galadriel | |||
* Glorfindel | |||
* Legolas | |||
* ] | |||
''Men'' | |||
* Aragorn | |||
* ] | |||
* Boromir | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
''Other characters'' | |||
* ] | |||
* ]<!--a skin-changer, man/bear--> | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
== Culture== | |||
=== Races === | |||
{{Main|Middle-earth peoples}} | |||
'']'' | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
** ]s | |||
**Wizards | |||
'']'' | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
'']'' | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ]s | |||
''Other'' | |||
<!--Eru Ilúvatar is a REDIRECT--> | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ]s | |||
* ]s | |||
=== Languages=== | |||
{{main|Languages of Middle-earth}} | |||
'']s'' | |||
* ] | |||
** ] | |||
* ] | |||
''Other'' | |||
First Age only: | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
=== Folklore and poetry=== | |||
*] | |||
*], the ''Grinding Ice'' | |||
*Inland ] | |||
* '']'' | |||
Present after the First Age: | |||
* ] | |||
* '']'' | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
<!--The Tale of Túrin Turambar is NOT AN ARTICLE--> | |||
== Analysis == | |||
*] | |||
*] the Great Sea | |||
*Ice-bay of ] | |||
*] | |||
*] (present only after the First Age) | |||
*] | |||
*] of ] | |||
*Inland ] | |||
*Inland ] | |||
=== Influences === | |||
* ] | |||
First Age only: | |||
** ] | |||
** ] | |||
** ] | |||
* ] | |||
=== Components === | |||
*], home of the great ] | |||
*] | |||
*] or ''Encircling Mountains'' | |||
*] or ''Iron Mountains'' | |||
* ] | |||
Present after the First Age: | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ''for Tolkien's invented Languages, see above'' | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
** ] | |||
** ''see above for individual poems'' | |||
=== Literary devices === | |||
*] | |||
*] or ] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] or ''Mountains of Terror'' | |||
*] or ''Ash Mountains'' | |||
*] or ''Blue Mountains'', also known as '']'' | |||
*] or ''Grey Mountains'' | |||
*] | |||
*] or ] | |||
*] the ''Misty Mountains'' | |||
*] | |||
*] or ''Erebor'' | |||
*] or ''Amon Amarth'' | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*Mount ] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] or '']'' | |||
*] or ''Amon Sûl'' | |||
*] | |||
* ] | |||
==== Rivers ==== | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
** ] | |||
** (''see also'' ]) | |||
** ] | |||
** ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
** ] | |||
=== Sources === | |||
First Age only: | |||
* ] | |||
*] | |||
* ] | |||
*] | |||
* ] | |||
*] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
=== Themes === | |||
See also the Seven rivers of ] | |||
{{main|Themes of The Lord of the Rings|l1=Themes of ''The Lord of the Rings''}} | |||
* ] | |||
Present after the First Age: | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
=== Music === | |||
*] | |||
*] the ''Great River'' | |||
*] or ''Brandywine'' | |||
*] or ''Loudwater'' | |||
*] or ''Redwater'' | |||
*] or ''River Running'' | |||
*] of Mirkwood | |||
*] | |||
*] or ''Greyflood'' | |||
*] or ''Angren'' | |||
*] | |||
*] or ''Hoarwell'' | |||
*] | |||
*] or ''Entwash'' | |||
*] | |||
*] of the ] | |||
* ] | |||
See also ] | |||
* ] | |||
=== Scholarship === | |||
For a full list of rivers, see: ]. | |||
{{main|Tolkien research|Category:Tolkien studies}} | |||
<!-- expand this! --> | |||
==== Institutions ==== | |||
=== Cities, fortresses and other populated places === | |||
* ] | |||
First Age only: | |||
* ] | |||
*] | |||
:* ] | |||
*] | |||
* ] | |||
*] | |||
*] | * ] | ||
==== Journals ==== | |||
Present after the First Age: | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] the ''Lake-town'' | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] or ''Angrenost'' | |||
*] or ''Lond Daer Enedh'' | |||
*] or ''Minas Ithil'' | |||
*] or ''Minas Anor'' | |||
*] or ''Khazad-dûm'' | |||
*] | |||
*] or ''Imladris'' | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
* '']'' | |||
See also ] | |||
* '']'' | |||
* '']'' | |||
* '']'' | |||
* '']'' | |||
=== |
==== Scholars ==== | ||
*] or ''The Pillars of the Kings'' | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
* ] | |||
== Major languages == | |||
* ] | |||
*] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
==== Biographical works ==== | |||
*] | |||
*]s: | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
*''Mannish languages'': | |||
**] (the language of ]) | |||
***] (aka Common Speech) | |||
***Tongue of ]'s ] | |||
**''Rohirric'', (translated with ]) | |||
*] (Dwarvish language) | |||
*] | |||
*], a language based on an ancient form of ] | |||
*] script | |||
*] script | |||
*] runes | |||
* '']'' (1977) – by Humphrey Carpenter | |||
== Items == | |||
* '']'' (2003) – by ] | |||
*The ] aka ''Ruling Ring'' | |||
* '']'' (2006) – by ], Jeremy Marshall and ] | |||
*The ] | |||
**The Three Rings of the Elves: | |||
***] | |||
***] | |||
***] | |||
*The ]li | |||
*The ] | |||
*The ]i | |||
*The ] of Gondor | |||
=== |
==== Works ==== | ||
{{see also category|Tolkien studies}} | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] (movies only) | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
* '']'' (1969) – by ] (revised 2003 by ]) | |||
==Unions== | |||
* '']'' (1971) – ed. Robert Foster (revised 1978, 2001) | |||
*] | |||
* '']'' (1972) – by ] | |||
*] | |||
* '']'' (1979) – by ] | |||
* '']'' (1982) – by ] (revised 1993, 2005) | |||
* '']'' (1983) – by ] | |||
* '']'' (2000) – by Tom Shippey | |||
* '']'' (2000) – eds Verlyn Flieger and Carl F. Hostetter | |||
* '']'' (2003) – by Brian Rosebury | |||
* '']'' (2005) – by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull | |||
* '']'' (2006) – by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull | |||
* '']'' (2006) – ed. ] | |||
* '']'' (2014) – ed. ] | |||
* '']'' (2018) – by Catherine McIlwaine | |||
* '']'' (2020) – by John Garth | |||
== |
==See also== | ||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
* ] | |||
==Timeline== | |||
* ] | |||
''See ].'' | |||
== External links == | |||
For a list of Middle-earth related articles by name, see: ]. | |||
{{sister project links|"Middle-earth"}} <!-- "Middle-earth" is in quotes to ensure it is searched for as an item, not as "Middle" AND/OR "earth". --> | |||
* – wiki about Middle-earth and Tolkien.<!--not RS, but provides useful primary refs--> | |||
] | |||
* – answers to commonly asked questions about Tolkien and Middle-earth. | |||
] | |||
* – manuscripts of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'', and related documents | |||
{{Middle-earth}} | {{Middle-earth}} | ||
{{Lord of the Rings}} | |||
{{Hobbit}} | |||
{{Outline footer}} | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] |
Latest revision as of 09:48, 11 December 2024
Overview of the history of Middle-earthThe following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the real-world history and notable fictional elements of J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy universe. It covers materials created by Tolkien; the works on his unpublished manuscripts, by his son Christopher Tolkien; and films, games and other media created by other people.
Middle-earth – fantasy setting created by Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, ents, dragons, and many other races and creatures.
Primary sources
Authors
Published works
Further information: J. R. R. Tolkien bibliographyBy J. R. R. Tolkien
- The Hobbit (1937)
- 2nd Edition (1951) revised to align with The Lord of the Rings
- 3rd Edition (1966) revised to assert copyright in US
- The Lord of the Rings
- The Fellowship of the Ring (1954)
- The Two Towers (1954)
- The Return of the King (1955)
- The Scouring of the Shire - a "novelistic" chapter
- The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen
- The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962)
- Revised edition (2014) with addition of original poems, sources and images, and commentary by Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond
- The Road Goes Ever On (1967) – music by Donald Swann, penmanship by Tolkien. See also Audio recordings
- Revised edition (1978) – including a setting for Bilbo's Last Song
- Posthumously published
- Bilbo's Last Song (1974) – Dutch translation published 1973
- "Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings" (1975) – also known as "Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings"
- The Silmarillion (1977)
- Pictures by J. R. R. Tolkien (1979) – text by Christopher Tolkien. Most of these pictures had been previously published in calendars by Ballantine Books (1973) and George Allen & Unwin (1974, 1976–1979), some of them coloured by H. E. Riddett.
- Unfinished Tales (1980)
- J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator (1995) – text by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
- The Art of The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien (2011) – text by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
- The Art of The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien (2015) – text by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
Edited by Christopher Tolkien
These works present extended selections of Tolkien's legendarium (the large body of documents relating to The Silmarillion), with extensive notes and posthumous editing by his son Christopher. The separate 4-volume body of his comments on the drafts of The Lord of the Rings is included as volumes 6–9.
The History of Middle-earth
- Early legendarium
- 1 The Book of Lost Tales 1 (1983)
- 2 The Book of Lost Tales 2 (1984)
- 3 The Lays of Beleriand (1985)
- 4 The Shaping of Middle-earth (1986)
- 5 The Lost Road and Other Writings (1987)
- The History of The Lord of the Rings
- 6 The Return of the Shadow (1988)
- 7 The Treason of Isengard (1989)
- 8 The War of the Ring (1990)
- 9 Sauron Defeated (1992)
- The later Silmarillion
- 10 Morgoth's Ring (1993)
- 11 The War of the Jewels (1994)
- Further details
- 12 The Peoples of Middle-earth (1996)
Other stories
- The Tolkien Reader and Tales from the Perilous Realm both reprint The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
Additional materials from the legendarium, with Christopher Tolkien's commentary.
- The Children of Húrin (2007)
- Beren and Lúthien (2017)
- The Fall of Gondolin (2018)
Edited by other scholars
- The Annotated Hobbit (1988) – text of The Hobbit, with many related texts by Tolkien, edited and with commentary by Douglas A. Anderson (revised edition 2002)
- The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien (1981) – selected, introduced and edited by Humphrey Carpenter
- The Nature of Middle-earth (2021) – essays and fragments, including on Elvish linguistics, with commentary by the scholar Carl F. Hostetter
- The History of The Hobbit (2007) – 2 volumes on the construction of The Hobbit with commentary by the scholar John D. Rateliff
Audio recordings
- Poems and Songs of Middle Earth (1967), Caedmon TC 1231 – poems read by Tolkien; songs sung by William Elvin, accompanied by composer Donald Swann (as published in The Road Goes Ever On)
- J. R. R. Tolkien Reads and Sings his The Hobbit & The Lord of the Rings (1975), Caedmon TC 1477, TC 1478 (based on an August, 1952 recording by George Sayer)
- J. R. R. Tolkien The Silmarillion Of Beren And Lúthien (1977), Caedmon TC 1564 – Christopher Tolkien reads chapter 19 of The Silmarillion, slightly abridged
Graphical works
Translation
- Translations of The Hobbit
- Translating The Lord of the Rings (issues, challenges, approaches)
Adaptations and developments
See also: Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien, Adaptations of The Hobbit, and Adaptations of The Lord of the RingsMaps
Main article: Tolkien's maps- A Map of Middle-earth, meaning either of two posters:
- by Barbara Remington (1965)
- by Pauline Baynes (1970)
- The Atlas of Middle-earth (1981, revised ed 1991) by Karen Wynn Fonstad
- Journeys of Frodo: An Atlas of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1981) by Barbara Strachey
Spoken word
- The Hobbit (1974) – Nicol Williamson recorded an abridged, dramatic version for Decca Records on the Argo label
- The Lord of the Rings (1990) – unabridged recording by Rob Inglis for Recorded Books
- The Hobbit (1991) – unabridged recording by Rob Inglis for Recorded Books
- The Children of Húrin (2007) – Christopher Lee recorded an unabridged audiobook
- The Hobbit (2020) – Andy Serkis live-streamed an unabridged reading to raise money for NHS Charities Together
- The Hobbit (2020) – unabridged recording by Andy Serkis for HarperCollinsUK and Recorded Books
- The Lord of the Rings (2021) – unabridged recording by Andy Serkis for HarperCollinsUK and Recorded Books
Radio
- The Lord of the Rings (1955) – BBC: six 45-minute episodes for The Fellowship of the Ring, then six 30-minute episodes for all of The Two Towers and The Return of the King, adapted by Terence Tiller
- The Hobbit (1968) – BBC: eight half-hour episodes, adapted by Michael Kilgarriff
- The Lord of the Rings (1979) – National Public Radio: totalling over 11 hours, adapted by Bernard Mayes
- The Lord of the Rings (1981) – BBC: 26 half-hour instalments, later re-cut to 13 hour-long instalments, adapted by Brian Sibley and Michael Bakewell
- Der Herr der Ringe (1991) – Südwestrundfunk and Westdeutscher Rundfunk: German adaptation of The Lord of the Rings in 30 half-hour episodes, by Peter F. Steinbach [de]
Motion pictures
Main article: Middle-earth in motion pictures- The Hobbit (1967) – Gene Deitch's short animated adaptation
- The Hobbit (1977) – an animated musical television special by Rankin/Bass
- The Lord of the Rings (1978) – an animated film of the first half of the book by Ralph Bakshi
- The Hobbit (1979) – children's program Jackanory broadcast ten 15-minute episodes
- The Return of the King (1980) – the animated sequel to 1977's The Hobbit
- Khraniteli (1991) - a "lost" Russian television play, now recovered
- Hobitit (1993) - a Finnish rendering of the Hobbits' journey in The Lord of the Rings
- The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power (2022) – prequel series by Amazon Studios
Peter Jackson
- The Lord of the Rings film series – the live-action trilogy by Peter Jackson
- The Hobbit film series – Jackson's three-part prequel to his The Lord of the Rings series
- Films
- Music
Stage
- Rob Inglis wrote and performed one-man adaptations of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings starting in the 1970s
- Lord of the Rings (2006) – Musical staged in Toronto, re-written for London in 2007
Games
Tabletop games
Main article: List of Middle-earth role-playing games- Middle-earth Role Playing (1984) – Iron Crown Enterprises
- Lord of the Rings Adventure Game (1991) – Iron Crown Enterprises
- The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game (2002) –Decipher, Inc.
- The One Ring: Adventures over the Edge of the Wild (2011) – Cubicle 7
- Adventures in Middle-earth (2016) – OGL supplement by Cubicle 7
Video games
Main article: Middle-earth in video games- The Hobbit (1982)
- Elendor (1991)
- The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
- The Hobbit (2003)
- The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
- The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age (2004)
- The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth (2004)
- The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age (Game Boy Advance) (2004)
- The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II (2006)
- The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king (2006)
- The Lord of the Rings: The White Council (2007; cancelled)
- The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar (2007)
- The Lord of the Rings: Conquest (2009)
- The Lord of the Rings: Tactics (2009)
- The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest (2010)
- The Lord of the Rings: War in the North (2011)
- Guardians of Middle-earth (2012)
- Lego The Lord of the Rings (2012)
- Lego The Hobbit (2014)
- Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor (2014)
- Middle-earth: Shadow of War (2017)
Parodies
- Bored of the Rings (1969) – Harvard Lampoon novel
- Hordes of the Things (1980) – BBC radio series
- Bored of the Rings (1985) – Delta 4 video game
- The Boggit: Bored Too (1986) – Delta 4 video game
- Muddle Earth (2003) – children's novel by Paul Stewart
- Fellowship! (2004) – musical
Geography
Cosmology of Eä
Main article: Cosmology of Tolkien's legendariumContinents of Arda
- Middle-earth
- Númenor
- Valinor (on Aman)
Nations and regions
Main article: Geography of Middle-earthNatural features
Cities and other populated places
History
See also: History of ArdaArtefacts
Events
- First Age
- Third Age
- Battle of Helm's Deep
- Battle of the Pelennor Fields
- Battle of the Morannon
- The Scouring of the Shire
Characters
Main article: List of Middle-earth charactersFirst Age
House of Finwë
House of Elwë and Olwë
House of Marach
Others
Second Age
Third Age
Thorin and Company
Elves
Men
Other characters
- Barrow-wight
- Beorn
- Goldberry
- Gollum
- Old Man Willow
- Shelob
- Treebeard
- Tom Bombadil
- Watcher in the Water
Culture
Races
Main article: Middle-earth peoplesOther
Languages
Main article: Languages of Middle-earthOther
Folklore and poetry
- A Elbereth Gilthoniel
- A Walking Song
- Namárië
- Song of Eärendil
- Errantry
- Fastitocalon
- The Lay of Leithian
- The Lay of the Children of Húrin
- The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late
- The Road Goes Ever On
- The Sea-Bell
- The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen
- Beren and Lúthien
Analysis
Influences
Components
- Artwork
- Family trees
- Heraldry
- for Tolkien's invented Languages, see above
- Maps
- Non-narrative elements
- Tolkien's poetry
- Poetry in The Lord of the Rings
- see above for individual poems
Literary devices
- Anachronism
- Character pairing
- Editorial framing
- Frame stories
- Impression of depth
- Interlacing
- Narrative structure
- Prose style
Sources
- Antiquarianism
- Beowulf
- Celtic
- Classical world
- Finnish influences
- First World War
- Modern
- Norse
- Philology
- Shakespeare
Themes
Main article: Themes of The Lord of the Rings- Addiction to power
- Ancestry as guide to character
- Architecture
- Christianity
- Decline and fall
- England
- Environmentalism
- Heroism
- Languages
- Light
- Luck and fate
- Magic
- Medieval
- Moral dilemma
- Music
- Naming of weapons
- Northern courage
- Old Straight Road
- Paganism
- Plants
- Psychological journeys
- Quests
- Race
- Sexuality
- Sound and language
- Time
- Trees and forests
- Women
Music
Scholarship
Main pages: Tolkien research and Category:Tolkien studiesInstitutions
Journals
Scholars
- Douglas A. Anderson
- Nicholas Birns
- Stratford Caldecott
- Jane Chance
- Patrick Curry
- Michael D. C. Drout
- Jonathan Evans
- Jason Fisher
- Verlyn Flieger
- John Garth
- Glen GoodKnight
- Wayne G. Hammond
- Stuart D. Lee
- Jared Lobdell
- Catherine McIlwaine
- Gergely Nagy
- Corey Olsen
- John D. Rateliff
- Fleming Rutledge
- Christina Scull
- Elizabeth Solopova
- Sandra Ballif Straubhaar
- Richard C. West
- Ralph C. Wood
Biographical works
- J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography (1977) – by Humphrey Carpenter
- Tolkien and the Great War (2003) – by John Garth
- The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary (2006) – by Peter Gilliver, Jeremy Marshall and Edmund Weiner
Works
See also: Category:Tolkien studies- Tolkien: A Look Behind "The Lord of the Rings" (1969) – by Lin Carter (revised 2003 by Adam Roberts)
- The Complete Guide to Middle-earth (1971) – ed. Robert Foster (revised 1978, 2001)
- Master of Middle-Earth (1972) – by Paul H. Kocher
- Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England' (1979) – by Jane Chance
- The Road to Middle-Earth (1982) – by Tom Shippey (revised 1993, 2005)
- Splintered Light (1983) – by Verlyn Flieger
- J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century (2000) – by Tom Shippey
- Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth (2000) – eds Verlyn Flieger and Carl F. Hostetter
- Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon (2003) – by Brian Rosebury
- The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion (2005) – by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
- The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide (2006) – by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
- The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia (2006) – ed. Michael D. C. Drout
- A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien (2014) – ed. Stuart D. Lee
- Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth (2018) – by Catherine McIlwaine
- The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien (2020) – by John Garth
See also
External links
- Tolkien Gateway – wiki about Middle-earth and Tolkien.
- The Tolkien Meta-FAQ – answers to commonly asked questions about Tolkien and Middle-earth.
- J. R. R. Tolkien Collection at Marquette University – manuscripts of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, and related documents
The Lord of the Rings | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
About |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Analysis |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Peoples |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
World |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Related works | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
The Hobbit | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Editions | |||||||||
Characters | |||||||||
Places |
| ||||||||
Related works | |||||||||
Adaptations |
| ||||||||
Misplaced Pages outlines | |
---|---|