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| ruling_party1 = <!-- Leading political party currently in power - give abbreviations -->
|state = Brandenburg
| ruling_party2 = <!-- 2nd ruling political party - give abbreviations -->
|district = urban
| ruling_party3 = <!-- 3rd ruling political party - give abbreviations -->
|area = 187.28
| year = <!-- Year founded (not "year of first recorded mention"), no wikilinking -->
|elevation = 32
|area_metro = <!-- Metropolitan area, in km<sup>2</sup>. XXX.XX (no commas or other text) -->
|pop_metro = <!-- Metropolitan area, if available. No commas or other text -->
|postal_code = 14467–14482
|area_code = 0331
|licence = P
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 12 0 54 000
|divisions = <!-- Subdivisions within location (e.g. "XX districts" or boroughs) -->
|website =
|mayor = Mike Schubert<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815102458/https://wahlen.brandenburg.de/wahlen/de/kommunalwahlen/bm-wahlen/ergebnisse/~s_14102018_12054000 |date=2022-08-15 }}, accessed 30 June 2021.</ref>
|leader_term = 2018–26
|Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
|party = SPD
|ruling_party1 = <!-- Leading political party currently in power - give abbreviations -->
|ruling_party2 = <!-- 2nd ruling political party - give abbreviations -->
|ruling_party3 = <!-- 3rd ruling political party - give abbreviations -->
|year = 1776
}}
}}
'''Potsdam''' ({{IPA-de|ˈpɔtsdam}}) is the capital city of the ] ] of ] and part of the ]. Itis situated on the ], {{convert|24|km|abbr=off}} southwest of ] city centre.
'''Potsdam''' ({{IPA|de|ˈpotsdam|-|De-Potsdam.ogg}}) is the capital and largest city of the ] ] of ]. It is part of the ]. Potsdam sits on the ], a tributary of the ], downstream of Berlin, and lies embedded in a hilly ] landscape dotted with many lakes, around 20 of which are located within Potsdam's city limits. It lies some {{convert|25|km|abbr=off}} southwest of Berlin's city centre. The name of the city and of many of its boroughs are of ] origin.
Potsdam was a residence of the ]n kings and the ] until 1918. Its planning embodied ideas of the ]: through a careful balance of architecture and landscape, Potsdam was intended as "a picturesque, pastoral dream" which would remind its residents of their relationship with nature and reason.<ref>''The Potsdam project, 1996'', HRH The Prince of Wales, Charles; Hanson, Brian; Steil, Lucien; Prince of Wales's Urban Design Task Force; Prince of Wales's Institute of Architecture, Prince of Wales's Institute of Architecture, 1998, Introduction.</ref>
The name "Potsdam" originally seems to have been "Poztupimi" from a West Slavonic name meaning "beneath the oaks", highlighting the area's many grand oak trees.<ref>http://www.potsdam.de/cms/beitrag/10000936/33981/</ref>
The city, which is over 1,000 years old, is widely known for its palaces, its lakes, and its overall historical and cultural significance. Landmarks include the parks and palaces of ], Germany's largest World Heritage Site, as well as other palaces such as the ], the ], ], and ]. Potsdam was also the location of the significant ] in 1945, the conference where the three heads of government of the USSR, the US, and the UK decided on the division of Germany following its surrender, a conference which defined Germany's history for the following 45 years.
Potsdam has several claims to national and international notability. In Germany, it had the status ] has in Britain: it was the ] of the ]n kings and ], until 1918. Around the city there are a series of interconnected lakes and unique cultural landmarks, in particular the parks and palaces of ], the largest ] in Germany. The ], the major post-] conference between the victorious Allies, was held at another palace in the area, the ].
], in the south-eastern part of Potsdam, was a major film production studio before thewar and has enjoyed increased success as amajorcentre of European film production since the fall of the ]. The ] is the oldest large-scale film studio in the world.
], in the south-eastern part of Potsdam, was already by the 1930s the home of a major film production studio and it has enjoyed success as an important center of European film production since the ]. The ], founded in 1912, is the oldest large-scale film studio in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.studiobabelsberg.com/en/corporate/about-us/|title = About us}}</ref>
Potsdam developed into a centre of science in Germany from the 19th century. Today, there are three public colleges and more than 30 ]s in the city.
Potsdam developed into a centre of science in Germany in the 19th century. Today, there are three public colleges, the ], and more than 30 ]s in the city.
== Geography ==
== Geography ==
]
]]]
The area was formed from a series of large ]s left after the ]. Today, only one quarter of the city is built up, the rest remaining as green space.
]
The area was formed from a series of large ]s left after the last ]. Today, the city is three-quarters green space, with just a quarter as urban area. There are about 20 lakes and rivers in and around Potsdam, such as the ], the ], ], ], ], Teltowkanal, ] and the ]. The highest point is the {{convert|114|m|ft|0|sing=on}} high ''Kleiner Ravensberg''.
There are about 20 lakes and rivers in and around Potsdam, such as the ], the ], ], ], ], Teltowkanal, ], and ]. The highest point is the {{convert|114|m|ft|0|adj=on}} high '']''.
Potsdam is divided into seven historic city districts and nine new ''Ortsteile'' (villages), which joined the city in 2003. The appearances of the city districts are quite different. The districts in the north and in the centre consist mainly of historical buildings, the south of the city is dominated by larger areas of newer buildings.
== History ==
===Subdivisions===
Potsdam is divided into seven historic city ''Stadtteile'' (quarters) and nine new ''Ortsteile'' (suburbs/wards, former separate villages), which joined the city in 2003. The appearance of the city boroughs is quite different. Those in the north and in the centre consist mainly of historical buildings, the south of the city is dominated by larger areas of newer buildings.
The city of Potsdam is divided into 32 '']'' (boroughs, both quarters and suburbs/wards together),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.potsdam.de/cms/beitrag/10088596/513412/ |title=Stadtteilkatalog der Landeshauptstadt Potsdam |access-date=2016-12-28 |language=de |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323080412/http://www.potsdam.de/cms/beitrag/10088596/513412 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which are divided further into 84 statistical ''Bezirke'' (districts).
Today, one distinguishes between the older parts of the city (areas of the historic city and places suburbanized at the latest in 1939) – these are the city center, the western and northern suburbs, Bornim, Bornstedt, Nedlitz, Potsdam South, Babelsberg, Drewitz, Stern and Kirchsteigfeld – and those communities incorporated after 1990 which have since 2003 become ''Ortsteile'' – these are Eiche, Fahrland, Golm, Groß Glienicke, Grube, Marquardt, Neu Fahrland, Satzkorn and Uetz-Paaren.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.potsdam.de/kategorie/stadtteile |title=Stadtteile |publisher=Landeshauptstadt Potsdam |access-date=2016-12-31 |language=de}}</ref> The new ''Ortsteile'' are located mainly in the north of the city. For the history of all incorporations, see the relevant section on incorporation and spin-offs.
''Structure with statistical numbering:''<ref name="StiB2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.potsdam.de/sites/default/files/documents/stadtteileimblick2019.pdf#page=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514044905/https://www.potsdam.de/sites/default/files/documents/stadtteileimblick2019.pdf |archive-date=2021-05-14 |url-status=live |title=Landeshauptstadt Potsdam, Stadtteile im Blick 2019 |format=PDF, 12.3 MB |date=2020-10-15 |access-date=2022-02-22 |language=de |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.potsdam.de/sites/default/files/documents/Potsdam%20Stadtteile%20im%20Blick%202010.pdf#page=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228232404/http://www.potsdam.de/sites/default/files/documents/Potsdam%20Stadtteile%20im%20Blick%202010.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-28 |url-status=live |title=Landeshauptstadt Potsdam, Stadtteile im Blick 2010 |format=PDF, 5.4 MB |date=2011-06-30 |access-date=2016-12-28 |language=de |pages=5}} ''Note: Reports from later years omit mention of borough designations with single-digit numbers.''</ref>
]
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* '''1 Potsdam Nord'''
** 11 ]
** 12 ]
** 13 ]
** 14 ]
** 15 ]
** 16 Grube
** 17 ]
* '''2 ]'''
** 21 Nauener Vorstadt
** 22 Jägervorstadt
** 23 Berliner Vorstadt
* '''3 ]'''
** 31 Brandenburger Vorstadt
** 32 Potsdam West
* '''4 Innenstadt'''
** 41 Historische Innenstadt<!--
** 42 Südliche Innenstadt --><!-- divided, number repealed -->
** 43 Zentrum Ost und Nuthepark
** 44 Hauptbahnhof und Brauhausberg Nord
* '''5 ]'''
** 51 ]
** 52 Babelsberg Nord
** 53 Babelsberg Süd
* '''6 ]'''
** 61 Templiner Vorstadt
** 62 Teltower Vorstadt
** 63 Schlaatz
** 64 Waldstadt I und Industriegelände
** 65 Waldstadt II
* '''7 Potsdam Südost'''
** 71 Stern
** 72 ]
** 73 Kirchsteigfeld
* '''8 Nördliche Ortsteile'''
** 81 ]
** 82 ]
** 83 ]
** 84 ]
** 85 ]
** 86 ]
{{div col end}}
At the end of 2019, a change was made to the administrative structure:<ref name="StiB2019" />
* Borough 41 has been renamed: previously ''Nördliche Innenstadt'', now ''Historische Innenstadt''.
* Borough 42 ''(Südliche Innenstadt)'' has been divided into two boroughs, 43 ''(Zentrum Ost und Nuthepark)'' and 44 ''(Hauptbahnhof und Brauhausberg Nord)''. The number 42 was thus repealed.
* Some very sparsely populated urban boroughs have been disbanded:
** Borough 33 ''(Wildpark)'' was incorporated into borough 32 ''(Potsdam-West)''.
** Borough 66 ''(Industriegelände)'' was incorporated into borough 64 (formerly ''Waldstadt I''). The borough was then renamed ''Waldstadt I und Industriegelände''.
** Borough 67 ''(Forst Potsdam Süd)'' was incorporated into borough 61 ''(Templiner Vorstadt)''.
=== Climate ===
Officially the climate is ] - more degraded by being far from the coast and to the east (]: ''Cfb''),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/germany/brandenburg/potsdam-6406/|title=Potsdam climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Potsdam weather averages - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref> but using the 1961–1990 normal and the 0 °C isotherm the city has a ] (''Dfb''), which also shows a slight influence of the continent different from the climates predominantly influenced by the ]. Low averages below freezing for almost all winter causing snows that are frequent and winters are cold, but not as stringent as inland locations or with greater influence from the same. Summer is also relatively warm with temperatures between 23 and 24 °C, the heat waves being influenced by the ] of Potsdam.<ref name = NOAA>
The average winter high temperature is {{convert|4.0|°C}}, with a low of {{convert|-1.3|°C}}. Snow is common in the winter. Spring and autumn are short. Summers are mild, with a high of {{convert|24.3|°C}} and a low of {{convert|13.5|°C}}.<ref name=WMO/>
The Potsdam weather station has recorded the following extreme values:<ref name=sklima/>
* Its highest temperature was {{convert|38.9|C|F}} on ].
* Its lowest temperature was {{convert|-26.8|C|F}} on 11 February 1929.
* Its greatest annual precipitation was {{convert|798.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 2007.
* Its least annual precipitation was {{convert|345.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 2018.
* The longest annual sunshine was 2,246.7 hours in 2018.
* The shortest annual sunshine was 1,355.3 hours in 1903.
The name "Potsdam" originally seems to have been '']''. A common theory is that it derives from an old ] term meaning "beneath the oaks",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.potsdam.de/cms/beitrag/10000936/33981/|title=993 – From Poztupimi to the Royal Seat|date=1 December 2004|work=potsdam.de|access-date=27 April 2011|archive-date=8 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308133733/http://www.potsdam.de/cms/beitrag/10000936/33981/|url-status=dead}}</ref> i.e., the corrupted ''pod dubmi/dubimi'' (''pod'' "beneath", ''dub'' "oak"). However, some question this explanation.<ref name=kopish>August Kopish, "Die Königlichen Schlösser u. Gärten zu Potsdam", Berlin, 1854, p. 18</ref>
==History==
===Pre- and early history===
] in 993 mentioning ''Poztupimi'']]
] in 993 mentioning ''Poztupimi'']]
]]]
] today]]
]
] in 1773]]
The area around Potsdam shows occupancy since the ] and was part of '']'' as described by ]. After the migrations, ]s moved in and Potsdam was probably founded after the 7th century as a settlement of the ] centred on a castle. It was first mentioned in a document in 993] as ''Poztupimi'', when ] gifted the territory to the ], then led by his aunt ]. A possible translation of the name might be ''beneath the oaks''. By 1317, it was mentioned as a small town. It gained its ] in 1345. In 1573, it was still a small ] of 2,000 inhabitants. Potsdam lost nearly half of its population due to the ] (1618–1648).
The area around Potsdam shows signs of occupancy since the ] and was part of '']'' as described by ]. After the ] of the Germanic peoples, ]s moved in and Potsdam was probably founded after the 7th century as a settlement of the ] tribe centred on a castle. It was first mentioned in a document in 993 as ''Poztupimi'', when ] gifted the territory to the ], then led by his aunt ].<ref name=kopish/> By 1317, it was mentioned as a small town. It gained its ] in 1345. In 1573, it was still a small ] of 2,000 inhabitants.
===Early modern era===
A continuous ] possession since 1415, Potsdam became prominent, when it was chosen in 1660 as the hunting residence of ], ] of ], the core of the powerful state that later became the ]. It also housed ]n ].
] at the residence of ] in Potsdam. Partial view of an engraving by ], after N. A. Monsiau]]
Potsdam lost nearly half of its population due to the ] (1618–1648).
] at the residence of ] in Potsdam. Partial view of an engraving by ], after N. A. Monsiau.]]
A continuous ] possession since 1415, Potsdam became prominent, when it was chosen in 1660 as the hunting residence of ], ] of ], the core of the powerful state that later became the ]. It also housed ]n ].
], built in 1735 (Ca. 1900)]]
After the ] in 1685, Potsdam became a centre of European immigration. Its religious freedom attracted people from ] (]s), ], the ] and ]. The edict accelerated population growth and economic recovery.
After the ] in 1685, Potsdam became a centre of European immigration. Its religious freedom attracted people from ] (]s), ], the ] and ]. The edict accelerated population growth and economic recovery.
Later, the city became a full residence of the ] royal family. The majestic buildings of the royal residences were built mainly during the reign of ]. One of these is the ] (French: "without cares", by ], 1744), famed for its formal gardens and ] interiors. Other royal residences include the ] and the ].
Later, the city became a full residence of the Prussian royal family. The buildings of the royal residences were built mainly during the reign of ]. One of these is the ] (French: "without cares" or "no concern", by ], 1744), famed for its formal gardens and ] interiors. Other royal residences include the ] and the ].
In 1815, at the formation of the ], Potsdam became the provincial capital until 1918, except for a period between 1827 and 1843 when Berlin was the provincial capital (as it became once again after 1918). The province comprised two governorates named after their capitals Potsdam and ].
===Governorate of Potsdam===
In 1815, at the formation of the ], Potsdam became the provincial capital until 1918, however, interrupted and succeeded by Berlin as provincial capital between 1827 and 1843, and after 1918. The province comprised two governorates named after their capitals Potsdam and ].
]
Between 1815 and 1945, the city of Potsdam served as capital of the {{ill|Regierungsbezirk of Potsdam|de|Regierungsbezirk Potsdam|}} ({{langx|de|Regierungsbezirk Potsdam}}). The '']'' encompassed the former districts of ], the Mark of Priegnitz, and the greater part of the ]. It was situated between ] and the ] on the north, and the ] on the south and west (Berlin, with a small surrounding district, was an urban governorate and enclave within the governorate of Potsdam between 1815 and 1822, then it merged as urban district into the governorate only to be disentangled again from Potsdam governorate in 1875, becoming a distinct province-like entity on 1 April 1881). Towards the north west the governorate was bounded by the rivers ] and the Havel, and on the north east by the ]. The south eastern boundary was to the neighbouring governorate of Frankfurt (Oder). About 500,000 inhabitants lived in the Potsdam governorate, which covered an area of about {{convert|20700|km2|0|abbr=out}}, divided into thirteen rural ], partially named after their capitals:<ref name=Curtis-1839>Thomas Curtis (1839). ''The London encyclopaedia, or, Universal dictionary of science, art, literature, and practical mechanics, by the orig. ed. of the Encyclopaedia metropolitana'' Volume XVIII, </ref>
=== Governorate of Potsdam ===
Between 1815 and 1945 the city of Potsdam served as capital of the governorate of Potsdam ({{lang-de|]}}). The '']'' encompassed the former districts of ], the Mark of Priegnitz, and the greater part of the ]. It was situated between ] and the ] on the north, and the ] on the south and west (], with a small surrounding district, was an urban governorate and enclave within the governorate of Potsdam between 1815 and 1822, then it merged as urban district into the governorate only to be disentangled again from Potsdam governorate in 1875, becoming an own distinct province-like entity on 1 April 1881). Towards the north west the governorate was bounded by the rivers ] and the Havel, and on the north east by the ]. The southeastern boundary was to the neighbouring governorate of Frankfurt (Oder). About 500,000 inhabitants lived in the Potsdam governorate, which covered an area of about 20,700 square kilometres, divided into thirteen rural ], named after their capitals:<ref name=Curtis-1839>Thomas Curtis (1839). ''The London encyclopaedia, or, Universal dictionary of science, art, literature, and practical mechanics, by the orig. ed. of the Encyclopaedia metropolitana'' Volume XVIII, </ref>
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The traditional towns in the governorate were small, however, in the course of the industrial labour migration some reached the rank as urban districts. The principal towns were ], ], Potsdam, ], ] and ].<ref name=Curtis-1839/> Until 1875 also Berlin was a town within the governorate. After its disentanglement a number of its suburbs outside Berlin's municipal borders grew to cities, many forming urban within the governorate of Potsdam such as ], ], ] (after 1912 Neukölln), and ] (all of which, as well as Köpenick and Spandau, incorporated into ] in 1920). The urban districts were (years indicating the elevation to rank of urban district or affiliation with Potsdam governorate, respectively):
The traditional towns in the governorate were small, however, in the course of the industrial labour migration some reached the rank of urban districts. The principal towns were ], ], Potsdam, ], ] and ].<ref name=Curtis-1839/> Until 1875 Berlin also was a town within the governorate. After its disentanglement a number of its suburbs outside Berlin's municipal borders grew to towns, many forming urban ''Bezirke'' within the governorate of Potsdam such as ], ], ] (after 1912 Neukölln), and ] (all of which, as well as Köpenick and Spandau, incorporated into ] in 1920). The urban ''Bezirke'' were (years indicating the elevation to rank of urban ''Bezirk''or affiliation with Potsdam governorate, respectively):
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=== Potsdam in the 20th century===
===20th century===
] was the official capital of ] and later of the ], but the court remained in Potsdam, where many government officials settled. In 1914, the Emperor ] signed the Declaration of War in the Neues Palais. The city lost its status as a second capital in 1918, when ] abdicated at the end of ].
] was the capital of ] and later of the ], but the court remained in Potsdam, where many government officials settled. In 1914, Emperor ] signed the Declaration of War in the ''Neues Palais'' (New Palace). The city lost its status as a "second capital" in 1918, when Wilhelm II abdicated and Germany became a ] at the end of ].
Atthestart of the ] in 1933 there was a ceremonial handshake between ] ] and the new ] ] on 21 March 1933 in Potsdam's ] in what became known as the "Day of Potsdam". This symbolised a coalition of the military ('']'') and ]. Potsdam was severely damaged in bombing raids during ].
{{anchor|Allied air attacks}}After the Nazis ], there was a ceremonial handshake between ] ] and the new ] ] on 21 March 1933 in Potsdam's ] in what became known as the "]". This symbolised a coalition of the military ('']'') and ]. Potsdam was severely damaged by ] during ].
] in 1945 with ], ] and ]]]
] in 1945 with ], ] and ]]]
The ] was the scene of the ] from 17 July, to 2 August 1945, at which the victorious ] leaders (]; ] and his successor, ]; and ]) met to decide the future of Germany and postwar Europe in general. The conference ended with the ] and the ].
The ] was the scene of the ] from 17 July to 2 August 1945, at which the victorious ] leaders ], ] and ] met to decide the future of Germany and postwar Europe in general. The conference ended with the ] and the ].
], used for exchanging spies during the Cold War]]
], used for exchanging spies during the Cold War]]
The government of ] (formally known as the ] (German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR)) tried to remove symbols of Prussian ]. Many historic buildings, some of them badly damaged in the war, were demolished.
The government of ] (formally known as the ] (German: ''Deutsche Demokratische Republik'', DDR)) tried to remove symbols of "Prussian ]". Many historic buildings, some of them badly damaged in the war, were demolished.
When in 1946 the remainder of the Province of Brandenburg west of the ] was constituted as the state of ], Potsdam became its capital. In 1952 the GDR disestablished its federative states and replaced them by smaller new ]. Potsdam became the capital of the new ] until 1990.
When in 1946 the remainder of the province of Brandenburg west of the ] was constituted as the state of ], Potsdam became its capital. In 1952 the GDR disestablished its states and replaced them by smaller new ] known as ''Bezirke''. Potsdam became the capital of the new '']'' until 1990.
Potsdam, south-west of Berlin, lay just outside ] after the construction of the ]. The walling off of West Berlin not only isolated Potsdam from West Berlin, but also doubled commuting times to ]. The ] across the Havel connected the city to West Berlin and was the scene of some ] exchanges of ].
Potsdam, south-west of Berlin, lay just outside ] after the construction of the ]. The walling off of West Berlin not only isolated Potsdam from West Berlin, but also doubled commuting times to ]. The ] across the Havel connected the city to West Berlin and was the scene of some ] exchanges of ].
After ], Potsdam became the capital of the newly re-established state of ]. Thereare many ideas and efforts to reconstruct the original appearance of the city, most remarkably the ] and the Garrison Church.
After ], Potsdam became the capital of the newly re-established state of ]. Since then there have been many ideas and efforts to reconstruct the original appearance of the city, including the ] and the ].
== Politics ==
==Demography==
]'' by ]]]
=== Administration ===
Since 2000 Potsdam has been one of the fastest-growing cities in Germany.<ref> {{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
]
Potsdam has had a ] (''Bürgermeister'') and ] since the 15th century. From 1809 the city council was elected, with a mayor (''Oberbürgermeister'') at its head. During the ] the mayor was selected by the ] and the city council was dissolved; it was reconstituted in token form after the ], but free elections did not take place until after ].
<gallery widths="250" heights="200">
Today, the city council is the city's central administrative authority. Local elections took place on 26 October 2003 and again in 2008. Between 1990 and 1999, the Chairman of the City Council was known as the "Town President" but today the post is the "Chairman of the City Council". The mayor is elected directly by the population. In the mayoral election on 22 September 2002, no candidate gained an overall majority, and a run-off election was held between Jann Jakobs (]) and Hans-Jürgen Scharfenberg (]), with Jann Jakobs gaining the narrowest of victories, with 50.1%.
Bevölkerungsentwicklung Potsdam.pdf|Development of Population since 1875 within the Current Boundaries (Blue Line: Population; Dotted Line: Comparison to Population Development of Brandenburg state; Grey Background: Time of Nazi rule; Red Background: Time of Communist rule)
Bevölkerungsprognosen Potsdam.pdf|Recent Population Development and Projections (Population Development before Census 2011 (blue line); Recent Population Development according to the ] in 2011 (blue bordered line); Official projections for 2005–2030 (yellow line); for 2017–2030 (scarlet line); for 2020–2030 (green line)
</gallery>
{{historical populations
The ], the parliament of the ] of Brandenburg is in Potsdam. It is planned to move into the ] in 2011, after its reconstruction.
|align=none | cols=3 | percentages=pagr
|title = Potsdam: Population development <br />within the current boundaries (2020)<ref>Detailed data sources are to be found in the Wikimedia Commons.]{{Circular reference|date=January 2025}}</ref>
| 1875 | 61719
| 1890 | 77301
| 1910 | 101950
| 1925 | 107734
| 1939 | 125664
| 1950 | 114663
| 1964 | 117711
| 1971 | 118923
| 1981 | 139746
| 1985 | 146746
| 1990 | 147252
| 1995 | 144118
| 2000 | 140668
| 2005 | 147583
| 2010 | 156906
| 2015 | 167745
| 2016 | 171810
| 2017 | 175710
| 2018 | 178089
| 2019 | 180334
| 2020 | 182112
}}
==International relations ==
===International residents===
]
{{Main|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}}
Largest groups of foreign residents:
=== Twin towns — sister cities ===
{|class="wikitable"
Potsdam is ] with the following cities:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.potsdam.de/cms/ziel/27222/DE/|title=Die Partnerstädte der Landeshauptstadt Potsdam|work=www.potsdam.de|accessdate=24 June 2010|language=German}}</ref>
Potsdam is a ]. The ] was founded in 1991 as a university of the State of Brandenburg. Its predecessor was the ''Akademie für Staats- und Rechtswissenschaften der DDR "]"'', a ] founded in 1948 which was one of the GDR's most important colleges. There are about 20,000 students enrolled at the university.
===City government===
] was built in 1921 to house research on the ]]]
Potsdam has had a ] (''Bürgermeister'') and ] since the 15th century. From 1809 the city council was elected, with a mayor (''Oberbürgermeister'') at its head. During ], the mayor was selected by the ] and the city council was dissolved; it was reconstituted in token form after 1945, but free elections did not take place until after ].
In 1991 the ] was founded as the second college; it now has 2,400 students.
Today, the city council is the city's central administrative authority. Local elections took place on 26 October 2003 and again in 2008. Between 1990 and 1999, the Chairman of the City Council was known as the "Town President" but today the post is the "Chairman of the City Council". The mayor is elected directly by the population.
In addition there is a College of Film and Television (''Hochschule für Film und Fernsehen "]" HFF''), founded in 1954 in ], the foremost centre of the German film industry since its birth, with currently 600 students.
]
There are also several research foundations, including ]s for and , ]s for ('']''), , and , the , the and the , which employs 140 people in researching ].
The current mayor is Mike Schubert of the ] (SPD) since 2018. The most recent mayoral election was held on 23 September 2018, with a runoff held on 14 October, and the results were as follows:
{{election table}}
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate
! rowspan=2| Party
! colspan=2| First round
! colspan=2| Second round
|-
! Votes
! %
! Votes
! %
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|
| align=left| Mike Schubert
| align=left| ]
| 23,872
| 32.2
| 28,803
| 55.3
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|The Left (Germany)}}|
| align=left| Martina Trauth
| align=left| ]
| 14,161
| 19.1
| 23,283
| 44.7
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}|
| align=left| Götz Friederich
| align=left| ]
| 12,892
| 17.4
|-
| bgcolor=127070|
| align=left| Lutz Boede
| align=left| The Others
| 8,449
| 11.4
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alternative for Germany}}|
| align=left| Dennis Hohloch
| align=left| ]
| 8,215
| 11.1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|
| align=left| Janny Armbruster
| align=left| ]
| 6,586
| 8.9
|-
! colspan=3| Valid votes
! 74,175
! 99.3
! 52,086
! 97.7
|-
! colspan=3| Invalid votes
! 549
! 0.7
! 1,251
! 2.3
|-
! colspan=3| Total
! 74,724
! 100.0
! 53,337
! 100.0
|-
! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout
! 140,963
! 53.0
! 141,109
! 37.8
|-
| colspan=7| Source: City of Potsdam (, )
|}
The city council governs the city alongside the mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 9 June 2024, and the results were as follows:
{{election table}}
! colspan=2| Party
! Votes
! %
! +/-
! Seats
! +/-
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|
| align=left| ] (SPD)
| 57,258
| 19.4
| {{increase}} 0.1
| 11
| {{steady}} 0
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}|
| align=left| ] (CDU)
| 43,494
| 14.7
| {{increase}} 2.3
| 8
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|
| align=left| ] (Grüne)
| 42,804
| 14.5
| {{decrease}} 4.3
| 8
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alternative for Germany}}|
| bgcolor={{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}|
| align=left| ] (FDP)
| 13,155
| 4.5
| {{decrease}} 0.4
| 2
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Brandenburg United Civic Movements/Free Voters}}|
| align=left| ] (BVB/FW)
| 8,686
| 2.9
| {{increase}} 1.8
| 2
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Die PARTEI}}|
| align=left| ]
| 7,837
| 2.7
| {{increase}} 1.1
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Volt Germany}}|
| align=left| ] (Volt)
| 5,503
| 1.9
| New
| 0
| New
|-
|
| align=left| Potsdam Centre (Mitten)
| 3,559
| 1.2
| New
| 0
| New
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|
| align=left| Independent Witzsche
| 485
| 0.2
| New
| 0
| New
|-
! colspan=2| Valid votes
! 295,020
! 100.0
!
! 56
! ±0
|-
! colspan=2| Invalid ballots
! 1,665
! 1.7
!
!
!
|-
! colspan=2| Total ballots
! 100,728
! 100.0
!
!
!
|-
! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout
! 143,118
! 70.4
! {{increase}} 8.1
!
!
|-
| colspan=7| Source:
|}
===Brandenburg state government===
The ], the parliament of the ] of Brandenburg is in Potsdam. It has been housed in the ] since 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnn.de/potsdam/804384/|title=Landtag: Umzug ins neue Domizil|first=Yvonne|last=Jennerjahn|date=13 November 2013|via=Potsdamer Neueste Nachrichten|access-date=4 January 2014|archive-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317200731/http://www.pnn.de/potsdam/804384/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}}
Potsdam is ] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Die Partnerstädte der Landeshauptstadt Potsdam|url=https://www.potsdam.de/content/die-partnerstaedte-der-landeshauptstadt-potsdam|website=potsdam.de|date=17 November 2004|publisher=Potsdam|language=de|access-date=2021-03-11}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*], Poland (1973)
*], France (1974)
*], Finland (1985)
*], Germany (1988)
*], Italy (1990)
*], United States (1990)
*], Switzerland (2002)
*], France (2016)
*], Tanzania (2017)
*], Ukraine (2023)
{{div col end}}
==Infrastructure==
]
]
===Transport===
====Rail transport====
Potsdam, included in the fare zone "C" (''Tarifbereich C'')<ref>{{in lang|de}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529175642/http://www.bvg.de/index.php/de/3713/name/Liniennetz.html |date=2011-05-29 }}</ref> of ]'s public transport area and fare zones A and B of its own public transport area, is served by the ] '']'' line. The stations served are ], ] and the ] (''Hauptbahnhof''), the main and long-distance station of the city. Other ] stations in Potsdam are ], ] (including the monumental '']''), ], ], ] and ]. The city also possesses a 27 km-long ].
====Road transport====
Potsdam is served by several ]: the ], a beltway better known as ''Berliner Ring'', the ] (using part of the ]) and is closely linked to the ] and ]. The ] and ] ] cross the city. Potsdam features a network of urban and suburban buses.
====Airports====
Potsdam is connected to national and international air traffic via ] (BER), which is around 40 kilometers to the east.
==Education and research==
]]]
Potsdam is a ]. The ] was founded in 1991 as a university of the State of Brandenburg. Its predecessor was the ''Akademie für Staats- und Rechtswissenschaften der DDR "]"'', a ] founded in 1948 which was one of the GDR's most important colleges. There are about 20,000 students enrolled at the university.
] was built in 1921 to house research on the ].]]
In 1991 the '']'' was founded as the second college. It had 3,518 students as of 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fh-potsdam.de/informieren/profil/zahlenfakten/|title=FH Potsdam in Zahlen und Fakten|website=www.fh-potsdam.de|language=de|access-date=2019-04-27|archive-date=2019-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427200334/https://www.fh-potsdam.de/informieren/profil/zahlenfakten/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
] (HFF), founded in 1954 in ], is the foremost{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} centre of the German film industry since its birth, with over 600 students.
There are also several research foundations, including ]s for Applied Polymer Research and Biomedical Engineering, ] (''Albert Einstein Institute''), Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, and Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, the GFZ – ], the Potsdam Astrophysical Institute, the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, The Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy and the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, which employs 340 people in researching ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iap.fraunhofer.de/en.html|title=Fraunhofer IAP|website=Iap.fraunhofer.de|access-date=October 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibmt.fhg.de/fhg/ibmt_en/profile/locations/_index_potsdam_golm.jsp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-06-20 |archive-date=2008-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316062349/http://www.ibmt.fhg.de/fhg/ibmt_en/profile/locations/_index_potsdam_golm.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mpikg.mpg.de/en/|title=Home|website=Mpikg.mpg.de|access-date=October 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/|title=Home|website=Mpimp-golm.mpg.de|access-date=October 15, 2024}}</ref><ref> {{dead link|date=October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aip.de/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-08-19 |archive-date=2012-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204112442/http://www.aip.de/institute/history.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rifs-potsdam.de/de|title=Startseite | Forschungsinstitut für Nachhaltigkeit|website=Rifs-potsdam.de|access-date=October 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en|title=Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research|website=Pik-potsdam.de|access-date=October 15, 2024}}</ref>
As well as universities, Potsdam is home to reputable ]s. ], in western Potsdam, attracts 400 students from the Brandenburg and Berlin region.
As well as universities, Potsdam is home to reputable ]s. ], in western Potsdam, attracts 400 students from the Brandenburg and Berlin region.
== Main sights ==
==Culture==
{{main|List of sights of Potsdam}}
{{main|List of sights of Potsdam}}
]
].]]
]]]
]]]
Potsdam was historically a centre of European immigration. Its religious tolerance attracted people from France, Russia, the Netherlands and Bohemia. This is still visible in the culture and architecture of the city.
Potsdam was historically a centre of European immigration. Its religious tolerance attracted people from France, Russia, the Netherlands and Bohemia. This is still visible in the culture and architecture of the city.
The most popular attraction in Potsdam is ], 2 km west of the city centre. In 1744 ] ordered the construction of a residence here, where he could live ''sans souci'' ("without worries", in the French spoken at the court). The park hosts a ] (]) and many magnificent buildings:
The most popular attraction in Potsdam is ], {{convert|2|km|0|abbr=on}} west of the city centre. In 1744 ] ordered the construction of a residence here, where he could live ''sans souci'' ("without worries", in the French spoken at the court). The park hosts a ] (]) and many buildings:
* The ] (''Schloss Sanssouci''), a relatively modest palace of the Prussian royal and German imperial family
* The ] (''Schloss Sanssouci''), a relatively modest palace of the Prussian royal (and later German imperial) family
* The ] (''Orangerieschloss''), former palace for foreign royal guests
* The ] (''Orangerieschloss''), former palace for foreign royal guests
* The ] (''Neues Palais''), built between 1763 and 1769 to celebrate the end of the ], in which ]ousted ] from its centuries-long role as the dominant power in Germanaffairs. It is a much larger and grander palace than Sanssouci, having over 200 rooms and 400 statues as decoration. It served as a guest house for numerous royal visitors. It isnowhousing parts of ].
* The ] (''Neues Palais''), built between 1763 and 1769 to celebrate the end of the ], in which Prussia held off the combined attacks of ] and Russia. It is a much larger and grander palace than Sanssouci, having over 200 rooms and 400 statues as decoration. It served as a guest house for numerous royal visitors. Today, it houses parts of ].
* The ] (''Schloss Charlottenhof''), a Neoclassical palace by ] built in 1826
* The ] (''Schloss Charlottenhof''), a ] palace by ] built in 1826
* The ] (''Römische Bäder''), built by Karl Friedrich Schinkel and Ludwig Persius in 1829-1840. It is a complex of buildings including a tea pavilion, a Renaissance-style villa, and a Roman bathhouse (from which the whole complex takes its name).
* The ] (''Römische Bäder''), built by Karl Friedrich Schinkel and ] in 1829–1840. It is a complex of buildings including a tea pavilion, a Renaissance-style villa, and a Roman bathhouse (from which the whole complex takes its name).
* The ] (''Chinesisches Teehaus''), an 18thcentury pavilion built in a ] style, the fashion of the time.
* The ] (''Chinesisches Teehaus''), an 18th-century pavilion built in a ] style, the fashion of the time.
Three gates from the original city wall remain today. The oldest is the Hunters' Gate (''Jägertor''), built in 1733. The ] was built in 1755 and close to the historic Dutch Quarter. The ornate ] (built in 1770, not to be confused with the ] in Berlin) is situated on the Luisenplatz at the western entrance to the old town.
Three gates from the original city wall remain today. The oldest is the Hunters' Gate (''Jägertor''), built in 1733. The ] was built in 1755 and close to the historic Dutch Quarter. The ornate ] (built in 1770, not to be confused with the ] in Berlin) is situated on the Luisenplatz at the western entrance to the old town.
)]]
] on the '']'']]
]
The Old Market Square (''Alter Markt'') is Potsdam's historical city centre. For three centuries this was the site of the ] (''Stadtschloß''), a royal palace built in 1662. Under ], the palace became the winter residence of the Prussian kings. The palace was severely damaged by bombing in 1945 and demolished in 1961 by the ] authorities. In 2002 the Fortuna Gate (''Fortunaportal'') was rebuilt in its original historic position, which marks the firststep in the reconstruction of the palace.
The ] (''Alter Markt'') is Potsdam's historical city centre. For three centuries this was the site of the ] (''Stadtschloß''), a royal palace built in 1662. Under ], the palace became the winter residence of the Prussian kings. The palace was severely damaged by Allied bombing in 1945 and demolished in 1961 by the ] authorities. In 2002 the Fortuna Gate (''Fortunaportal'') was rebuilt in its original historic position which was followed by a complete reconstruction of the palace as the ] building inaugurated in 2014. Nearby the square in the Humboldtstraße block, which also was demolished after getting damaged in 1945, reconstructions of several representative residential palaces including Palazzo Pompei and Palazzo Barberini ] were completed in 2016–2017 alongside buildings with modernized facades to restore the historical proportions of the block.
]
The Old Market Square is dominated today by the dome of ] (''Nikolaikirche''), built in 1837 in the classical style. It was the last work of ], who designed the building but did not live to see its completion. It was finished by his disciples ] and ]. The eastern side of the Market Square is dominated by the Old City Hall (''Altes Rathaus''), built in 1755 by the ] architect Jan Bouman (1706–1776). It has a characteristic circular tower, crowned with a gilded ] bearing the world on his shoulders.
The Old Market Square is dominated today by the dome of ], built in 1837 in the Neoclassical style. It was the last work of Karl Friedrich Schinkel, who designed the building but did not live to see its completion. It was finished by his disciples ] and Ludwig Persius. The eastern side of the Market Square is dominated by the Old City Hall, built in 1755 by the Dutch architect Jan Bouman (1706–1776). It has a characteristic circular tower, crowned with a gilded ] bearing the world on his shoulders.
]]]
]
North of the Old Market Square is the oval French Church (''Französische Kirche''), erected in the 1750s by Boumann for the ] community.
]]]
Another landmark of Potsdam is the two-street ] (''Holländisches Viertel''), an ensemble of buildings that is unique in Europe, with about 150 houses built of red bricks in the Dutch style. It was built between 1734 and 1742 under the direction of Jan Bouman to be used by Dutch artisans and craftsmen who had been invited to settle here by ]. Today, this area is one of Potsdam's most visited districts.
North of the Old Market Square is the oval French Church (''Französische Kirche''), erected in the 1750s by Boumann for the ] community. To the south lies the ], a copy of the previous building, the Barberini Palace. The museum was funded by the German billionaire ]. The former ] building was built by ] in 1771–1772, inspired by the Renaissance palace ] in Rome. The newly built museum was scheduled to open in spring 2017.
North of the city centre is the ]n colony of Alexandrowka, a small enclave of Russian architecture (including an ] chapel) built in 1825 for a group of Russian immigrants. Since 1999, the colony has been a ] ].
]]]
East of the Alexandrowka colony is a large park, the ] (''Neuer Garten''), which was laid out from 1786 in the ] style. The site contains two palaces; one of them, the ], was where the ] was held in July and August 1945. The '']'' (Marble Palace) was built in 1789 in the style of ]. Nearby is the ], a tropical ].
The ] contains a ] chapel, an exhibition about the history of the place and a viewing platform at a height of 57 meters.
Another interesting district of Potsdam is ], a quarter south-east of the centre, housing the ] film studios (]), and an extensive ] with some historical buildings, including the Babelsberg Palace (Schloß Babelsberg, a ] palace designed by Schinkel).
Another landmark of Potsdam is the two-street ] (''Holländisches Viertel''), an ensemble of buildings that is unique in Europe, with about 150 houses built of red bricks in the Dutch style. It was built between 1734 and 1742 under the direction of Jan Bouman to be used by Dutch artisans and craftsmen who had been invited to settle here by ]. Today, this area is one of Potsdam's most visited quarters.
The ] is the sight of the ], which is on the top of the ''Telegraphenberg'' within an astronomy compound.
North of the city centre is the ]n colony of Alexandrowka, a small enclave of Russian architecture (including an ] chapel) built in 1825 for a group of Russian immigrants. Since 1999, the colony has been part of the ] ] ].
There are many parks in Potsdam, most of them included in ] World Heritage Sites. Some of them are:
East of the Alexandrowka colony is a large park, the ] (''Neuer Garten''), which was laid out from 1786 in the ]. The site contains two palaces; one of them, the ], was where the ] was held in July and August 1945. The '']'' (Marble Palace) was built in 1789 in Neoclassical style. Nearby is the '']'', a tropical ].
<gallery caption="Parks in Potsdam">
Image:Potsdam BelvedereKlausberg1.jpg|The ] near ]
Image:Hunting_Lodge_Glienicke_2.jpg|View from ] to Berlin.
], a quarter south-east of the centre, houses the ] film studios (]), and an extensive ] with some historical buildings, including the ] (Schloß Babelsberg, a ] palace designed by Schinkel).
Potsdam also includes a memorial centre in the former ] prison in Leistikowstraße.
The ] is located within the ], which is on the top of the ''Telegraphenberg'' within an astronomy compound.
]]]
Potsdam also features a memorial centre in the former ] prison in Leistikowstraße. In the Volkspark to the north, there is one of the last monuments dedicated to Lenin in Germany.
== Transport ==
*'''Rail transport''': Potsdam, included in the fare zone "C" (''Tarifbereich C'')<ref>{{de icon}} </ref> of ]'s public transport area, is served by the ] '']'' line. The stations served are ], ] and the ] (''Hauptbahnhof''), the main and long-distance station of the city. Other ] stations in Potsdam are ], ] (including the monumental '']''), ] (formerly Drewitz), ] and ]. The city also possesses a 27 km-long ].
Potsdam joined ]'s ] as a Design City on October 31, 2019, on the occasion of World Cities' Day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-celebrates-world-cities-day-designating-66-new-creative-cities|title=UNESCO celebrates World Cities Day designating 66 new Creative Cities|date=2019-10-30|website=UNESCO|language=en|access-date=2019-11-05}}</ref>
*'''Road transport''': Potsdam is served by several ]: the ], a beltway better known as ''Berliner Ring'', the ] (using part of the ]) and is closely linked to the ] and ]. The ] and ] ] cross the city. Potsdam counts a network of urban and suburban buses and trolleybuses.
== Sport ==
==Parks==
There are many parks in Potsdam, most of them UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Among their attractions are:
<gallery mode="packed" heights="96px">
2010 Park Sanssouci - Potsdam.jpg|The ] in ]
Hunting Lodge Glienicke 2.jpg|], as seen from ]
2020-09-23 Potsdam 1DX 1634 by Stepro.jpg|The ] in ]
Orangerie Schloss Spielstätte.JPG|]: the ]
Potsdam BelvedereKlausberg1.jpg|The ]
Schloss Babelsberg 3.jpg|]
</gallery>
==Sports==
* ], one of the most successful German female football clubs (])
* ], one of the most successful German female football clubs (])
* , American football team competing in the ].
* ], football club (])
* ], football club ]
* Olympic training centre Potsdam
* {{ill|Olympic Training Centre Potsdam|de|Olympiastützpunkt Brandenburg}}
* ], ] (]) and ] (])
* ], ] (]) and ] (])
* '']''
* ]
* The ] (''Potsdam Palace Marathon'') is a ] in that is held annually in June. Thousands of runners run the course past the palaces for the ] and several hundred repeat the course to complete the full marathon.
* The {{ill|Potsdamer Schlössermarathon|de}} (''Potsdam Palace Marathon'') is a ] in that is held annually in June. Thousands of runners run the course past the palaces for the ] and several hundred repeat the course to complete the full marathon.
== Famous people==
==Notable people==
:''Famouspeople from Potsdam who are the subjects of Misplaced Pages articles can be found ].''
{{See also|Category:People from Potsdam}}
'''18th century'''<br />
== References ==
]
{{reflist}}
]
*] (1754–1811), medalist
*] (1759–1830), Prussian field marshal
*] (1767–1835), scholar and statesman, founder of the Berlin ]
*] (1770–1840), King of Prussia 1797–1840
*] (1775–1849), Prussian general lieutenant
*] (1785–1813), woman soldier during the ], unrecognized as a man disguised as a drummer, later as an infantryman in the Prussian army against ]
*] (1790–1850), lieutenant general in the Prussian Army
*] (1797–1882), lawyer and ]
'''19th century'''<br />
== Sources ==
]
* Paul Sigel, Silke Dähmlow, Frank Seehausen und Lucas Elmenhorst, Architekturführer Potsdam Architectural Guide, Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-496-01325-7.
*] (1801–1874), physicist and engineer
*] (1803–1845), architect
*] (1804–1851), mathematician
*] (1805–1877), Prussian cavalry officer
*] (1813–1899), writer and physician
*] (1815–1905), numismatist
*] (1821–1894), physiologist and physicist, one of the most important natural scientists of his time
*] (1824–1900), Prussian general
*] (1827–1907), Prussian general leutnant
*] (1829–1875), Prussian cavalry officer and later colonel in the Prussian Army
*] (1831–1888), Emperor of the German Empire and King of Prussia 1888
*] (1832–1904), field marshal
*] (1834–1919), zoologist, philosopher
*] (1836–1919), Prussian field marshal
*] (1848–1911), mathematician
*] (1859–1941), Emperor of the German Empire and King of Prussia 1888–1918
*] (1859−1910), doctor and physiologist
*] (1868–1899), Prussian officer
*] (1872–1930), music historian and rector of the University of Göttingen
*]] (1873–1956), egyptologist
*] (1877–1959), engineer and architect
*] (1883–1942), second son of King William II of Prussia
*] (1884–1968), German-Finnish figure skater
*] (1886–1974), general of tank troops and military attachée
*] (1889–1970), German composer and pianist
*] (1892–1955), general
*] (1894–1951), Nazi war criminal, hanged for war crimes
*] (1897–1978) General in the Wehrmacht, and later spokesman for defense of the ] in the ]
'''20th century'''<br />
== External links ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*] (1901–1989), writer
*] (1904–1970), architect
*] (1907–1994), German and Prussian heir to the throne and head of the ]
*] (1909–1957), princess
*] (1909–1944), lawyer, diplomat and resistance fighter
*] (1913–1973), Hereditary Prince of Albania
*] (1916–1982), writer, graphic artist and painter
*] (1919–2008), actor
*] (1922–2016), biologist and behaviorist
*] (1925–2001), theoretical physicist
*] (born 1929), actor
*] (1934–2015), photographer
*] (born 1937), actress
*] (1943–2016), swimmer and Olympic medalist
*] (born 1943), politician
*] (born 1943), boxer and boxing coach
*] (born 1944), fashion designer
*] (born 1946), actor, gymnast, singer
*] (born 1947), diver and actress
*] (born 1950), handball player and coach
*] (born 1952), rower
*] (born 1953), politician, Minister President of Brandenburg
*] (born 1958), athlete
*] (born 1963), biologist and biotechnologist
*] (born 1963), swimmer
*] (born 1963), rower
*] (born 1964), rower
*] (born 1964), cyclist, world champion
*] (born 1966), steward in rowing
*] (born 1968), heavyweight boxer
*] (born 1976), politician
*] (born 1978), footballer
{{div col end}}
'''21st century'''<br />
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*], rhythmic gymnast and ]
*] (born 2000), footballer for the ]
*], assaulted in a nationally significant case
{{div col end}}
===Honorary citizens===
* 1845: ], Lieutenant General
* 1856: ], Field Marshal
* 1863: ], gardener and landscape architect
* 1891: ], naturalist
* 1905: ], president of the province of Brandenburg
* 1933: ], Fieldmarshal and Reichspräsident (withdrawn 12 December 2021 by decision of the Potsdam City Council)
* 1933: '']'', chancellor (withdrawn 15 August 1990 by decision of the Potsdam City Council)
* 1938: ],<ref>{{cite web |title=City Hall shocked to find Goebbels still honorary citizen of Potsdam|url=https://www.dpa-international.com/topic/city-hall-shocked-find-goebbels-still-honorary-citizen-urn:newsml:dpa.com:20090101:211005-99-492675|website=dpa-international.com|access-date=2021-10-06}}</ref> ] (withdrawn 3 November 2021 by decision of the Potsdam City Council)
* 1955: ], physical chemist
* 1960: ], writer and proletarian poet
* 1965: ], painter
{{Clear}}
==See also==
{{Portal|Germany}}
{{Portal|Germany}}
*]
{{commons|Potsdam}}
* and
*
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
* Paul Sigel, Silke Dähmlow, Frank Seehausen und Lucas Elmenhorst, Architekturführer Potsdam Architectural Guide, Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 2006, {{ISBN|3-496-01325-7}}.
==External links==
*{{Official website}} {{in lang|de}} and
*
{{Sister bar|auto=y}}
{{Germany districts Brandenburg}}
{{Germany districts Brandenburg}}
{{Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany}}
{{Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany}}
{{List of European capitals by region}}
{{Cities in Germany}}
{{Cities in Germany}}
{{Bezirke DDR Seats}}
{{Bezirke DDR Seats}}
{{Authority control}}
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Latest revision as of 14:35, 3 January 2025
Capital of Brandenburg, Germany
For other uses, see Potsdam (disambiguation).
City in Brandenburg, Germany
Potsdam (German pronunciation: [ˈpotsdam]) is the capital and largest city of the Germanstate of Brandenburg. It is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region. Potsdam sits on the River Havel, a tributary of the Elbe, downstream of Berlin, and lies embedded in a hilly morainic landscape dotted with many lakes, around 20 of which are located within Potsdam's city limits. It lies some 25 kilometres (16 miles) southwest of Berlin's city centre. The name of the city and of many of its boroughs are of Slavic origin.
Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Emperor until 1918. Its planning embodied ideas of the Age of Enlightenment: through a careful balance of architecture and landscape, Potsdam was intended as "a picturesque, pastoral dream" which would remind its residents of their relationship with nature and reason.
The city, which is over 1,000 years old, is widely known for its palaces, its lakes, and its overall historical and cultural significance. Landmarks include the parks and palaces of Sanssouci, Germany's largest World Heritage Site, as well as other palaces such as the Orangery Palace, the New Palace, Cecilienhof Palace, and Charlottenhof Palace. Potsdam was also the location of the significant Potsdam Conference in 1945, the conference where the three heads of government of the USSR, the US, and the UK decided on the division of Germany following its surrender, a conference which defined Germany's history for the following 45 years.
Babelsberg, in the south-eastern part of Potsdam, was already by the 1930s the home of a major film production studio and it has enjoyed success as an important center of European film production since the fall of the Berlin Wall. The Filmstudio Babelsberg, founded in 1912, is the oldest large-scale film studio in the world.
Potsdam developed into a centre of science in Germany in the 19th century. Today, there are three public colleges, the University of Potsdam, and more than 30 research institutes in the city.
Geography
The Havel flowing through Potsdam with view of Hermannswerder.
The area was formed from a series of large moraines left after the last glacial period. Today, only one quarter of the city is built up, the rest remaining as green space.
Potsdam is divided into seven historic city Stadtteile (quarters) and nine new Ortsteile (suburbs/wards, former separate villages), which joined the city in 2003. The appearance of the city boroughs is quite different. Those in the north and in the centre consist mainly of historical buildings, the south of the city is dominated by larger areas of newer buildings.
The city of Potsdam is divided into 32 Stadtteile (boroughs, both quarters and suburbs/wards together), which are divided further into 84 statistical Bezirke (districts).
Today, one distinguishes between the older parts of the city (areas of the historic city and places suburbanized at the latest in 1939) – these are the city center, the western and northern suburbs, Bornim, Bornstedt, Nedlitz, Potsdam South, Babelsberg, Drewitz, Stern and Kirchsteigfeld – and those communities incorporated after 1990 which have since 2003 become Ortsteile – these are Eiche, Fahrland, Golm, Groß Glienicke, Grube, Marquardt, Neu Fahrland, Satzkorn and Uetz-Paaren. The new Ortsteile are located mainly in the north of the city. For the history of all incorporations, see the relevant section on incorporation and spin-offs.
At the end of 2019, a change was made to the administrative structure:
Borough 41 has been renamed: previously Nördliche Innenstadt, now Historische Innenstadt.
Borough 42 (Südliche Innenstadt) has been divided into two boroughs, 43 (Zentrum Ost und Nuthepark) and 44 (Hauptbahnhof und Brauhausberg Nord). The number 42 was thus repealed.
Some very sparsely populated urban boroughs have been disbanded:
Borough 33 (Wildpark) was incorporated into borough 32 (Potsdam-West).
Borough 66 (Industriegelände) was incorporated into borough 64 (formerly Waldstadt I). The borough was then renamed Waldstadt I und Industriegelände.
Borough 67 (Forst Potsdam Süd) was incorporated into borough 61 (Templiner Vorstadt).
Climate
Officially the climate is oceanic - more degraded by being far from the coast and to the east (Köppen: Cfb), but using the 1961–1990 normal and the 0 °C isotherm the city has a humid continental climate (Dfb), which also shows a slight influence of the continent different from the climates predominantly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Low averages below freezing for almost all winter causing snows that are frequent and winters are cold, but not as stringent as inland locations or with greater influence from the same. Summer is also relatively warm with temperatures between 23 and 24 °C, the heat waves being influenced by the UHI of Potsdam.
The average winter high temperature is 4.0 °C (39.2 °F), with a low of −1.3 °C (29.7 °F). Snow is common in the winter. Spring and autumn are short. Summers are mild, with a high of 24.3 °C (75.7 °F) and a low of 13.5 °C (56.3 °F).
The Potsdam weather station has recorded the following extreme values:
Its highest temperature was 38.9 °C (102.0 °F) on 20 July 2022.
Its lowest temperature was −26.8 °C (−16.2 °F) on 11 February 1929.
Its greatest annual precipitation was 798.3 mm (31.43 in) in 2007.
Its least annual precipitation was 345.8 mm (13.61 in) in 2018.
The longest annual sunshine was 2,246.7 hours in 2018.
The shortest annual sunshine was 1,355.3 hours in 1903.
Climate data for Potsdam (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present)
The name "Potsdam" originally seems to have been Poztupimi. A common theory is that it derives from an old West Slavonic term meaning "beneath the oaks", i.e., the corrupted pod dubmi/dubimi (pod "beneath", dub "oak"). However, some question this explanation.
The area around Potsdam shows signs of occupancy since the Bronze Age and was part of Magna Germania as described by Tacitus. After the great migrations of the Germanic peoples, Slavs moved in and Potsdam was probably founded after the 7th century as a settlement of the Hevelli tribe centred on a castle. It was first mentioned in a document in 993 as Poztupimi, when Emperor Otto III gifted the territory to the Quedlinburg Abbey, then led by his aunt Matilda. By 1317, it was mentioned as a small town. It gained its town charter in 1345. In 1573, it was still a small market town of 2,000 inhabitants.
After the Edict of Potsdam in 1685, Potsdam became a centre of European immigration. Its religious freedom attracted people from France (Huguenots), Russia, the Netherlands and Bohemia. The edict accelerated population growth and economic recovery.
Later, the city became a full residence of the Prussian royal family. The buildings of the royal residences were built mainly during the reign of Frederick the Great. One of these is the Sanssouci Palace (French: "without cares" or "no concern", by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff, 1744), famed for its formal gardens and Rococo interiors. Other royal residences include the New Palace and the Orangery.
In 1815, at the formation of the Province of Brandenburg, Potsdam became the provincial capital until 1918, except for a period between 1827 and 1843 when Berlin was the provincial capital (as it became once again after 1918). The province comprised two governorates named after their capitals Potsdam and Frankfurt (Oder).
Governorate of Potsdam
Bond of Potsdam, issued 22 May 1852
Between 1815 and 1945, the city of Potsdam served as capital of the Regierungsbezirk of Potsdam [de] (German: Regierungsbezirk Potsdam). The Regierungsbezirk encompassed the former districts of Uckermark, the Mark of Priegnitz, and the greater part of the Middle March. It was situated between Mecklenburg and the Province of Pomerania on the north, and the Province of Saxony on the south and west (Berlin, with a small surrounding district, was an urban governorate and enclave within the governorate of Potsdam between 1815 and 1822, then it merged as urban district into the governorate only to be disentangled again from Potsdam governorate in 1875, becoming a distinct province-like entity on 1 April 1881). Towards the north west the governorate was bounded by the rivers Elbe and the Havel, and on the north east by the Oder. The south eastern boundary was to the neighbouring governorate of Frankfurt (Oder). About 500,000 inhabitants lived in the Potsdam governorate, which covered an area of about 20,700 square kilometres (7,992 sq mi), divided into thirteen rural districts, partially named after their capitals:
Angermünde
Beeskow-Storkow (as of 1836)
East Havelland
East Prignitz
Jüterbog-Luckenwalde
Lower Barnim
Prenzlau
Ruppin
Teltow (as of 1836)
Teltow-Storkow (until 1835)
Templin
Upper Barnim
West Havelland
West Prignitz
Zauch-Belzig
The traditional towns in the governorate were small, however, in the course of the industrial labour migration some reached the rank of urban districts. The principal towns were Brandenburg upon Havel, Köpenick, Potsdam, Prenzlau, Spandau and Ruppin. Until 1875 Berlin also was a town within the governorate. After its disentanglement a number of its suburbs outside Berlin's municipal borders grew to towns, many forming urban Bezirke within the governorate of Potsdam such as Charlottenburg, Lichtenberg, Rixdorf (after 1912 Neukölln), and Schöneberg (all of which, as well as Köpenick and Spandau, incorporated into Greater Berlin in 1920). The urban Bezirke were (years indicating the elevation to rank of urban Bezirkor affiliation with Potsdam governorate, respectively):
Berlin was the capital of Prussia and later of the German Empire, but the court remained in Potsdam, where many government officials settled. In 1914, Emperor Wilhelm II signed the Declaration of War in the Neues Palais (New Palace). The city lost its status as a "second capital" in 1918, when Wilhelm II abdicated and Germany became a Republic at the end of World War I.
The Glienicke Bridge, used for exchanging spies during the Cold War
The government of East Germany (formally known as the German Democratic Republic (German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR)) tried to remove symbols of "Prussian militarism". Many historic buildings, some of them badly damaged in the war, were demolished.
When in 1946 the remainder of the province of Brandenburg west of the Oder-Neiße line was constituted as the state of Brandenburg, Potsdam became its capital. In 1952 the GDR disestablished its states and replaced them by smaller new East German administrative districts known as Bezirke. Potsdam became the capital of the new Bezirk Potsdam until 1990.
Potsdam, south-west of Berlin, lay just outside West Berlin after the construction of the Berlin Wall. The walling off of West Berlin not only isolated Potsdam from West Berlin, but also doubled commuting times to East Berlin. The Glienicke Bridge across the Havel connected the city to West Berlin and was the scene of some Cold War exchanges of spies.
After German reunification, Potsdam became the capital of the newly re-established state of Brandenburg. Since then there have been many ideas and efforts to reconstruct the original appearance of the city, including the Potsdam City Palace and the Garrison Church.
Since 2000 Potsdam has been one of the fastest-growing cities in Germany.
Development of Population since 1875 within the Current Boundaries (Blue Line: Population; Dotted Line: Comparison to Population Development of Brandenburg state; Grey Background: Time of Nazi rule; Red Background: Time of Communist rule)
Recent Population Development and Projections (Population Development before Census 2011 (blue line); Recent Population Development according to the Census in Germany in 2011 (blue bordered line); Official projections for 2005–2030 (yellow line); for 2017–2030 (scarlet line); for 2020–2030 (green line)
Potsdam: Population development within the current boundaries (2020)
Potsdam has had a mayor (Bürgermeister) and city council since the 15th century. From 1809 the city council was elected, with a mayor (Oberbürgermeister) at its head. During Nazi Germany, the mayor was selected by the NSDAP and the city council was dissolved; it was reconstituted in token form after 1945, but free elections did not take place until after reunification.
Today, the city council is the city's central administrative authority. Local elections took place on 26 October 2003 and again in 2008. Between 1990 and 1999, the Chairman of the City Council was known as the "Town President" but today the post is the "Chairman of the City Council". The mayor is elected directly by the population.
Results of the second round of the 2018 mayoral election.
The current mayor is Mike Schubert of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) since 2018. The most recent mayoral election was held on 23 September 2018, with a runoff held on 14 October, and the results were as follows:
Potsdam is served by several motorways: the A 10, a beltway better known as Berliner Ring, the A 115 (using part of the AVUS) and is closely linked to the A 2 and A 9. The B 1 and B 2federal roads cross the city. Potsdam features a network of urban and suburban buses.
Airports
Potsdam is connected to national and international air traffic via Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER), which is around 40 kilometers to the east.
Potsdam is a university town. The University of Potsdam was founded in 1991 as a university of the State of Brandenburg. Its predecessor was the Akademie für Staats- und Rechtswissenschaften der DDR "Walter Ulbricht", a college of education founded in 1948 which was one of the GDR's most important colleges. There are about 20,000 students enrolled at the university.
There are also several research foundations, including Fraunhofer Institutes for Applied Polymer Research and Biomedical Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, and Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, the GFZ – German Research Centre for Geosciences, the Potsdam Astrophysical Institute, the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, The Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy and the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, which employs 340 people in researching climate change.
Potsdam was historically a centre of European immigration. Its religious tolerance attracted people from France, Russia, the Netherlands and Bohemia. This is still visible in the culture and architecture of the city.
The most popular attraction in Potsdam is Sanssouci Park, 2 km (1 mi) west of the city centre. In 1744 King Frederick the Great ordered the construction of a residence here, where he could live sans souci ("without worries", in the French spoken at the court). The park hosts a botanical garden (Botanical Garden, Potsdam) and many buildings:
The Sanssouci Palace (Schloss Sanssouci), a relatively modest palace of the Prussian royal (and later German imperial) family
The Orangery Palace (Orangerieschloss), former palace for foreign royal guests
The New Palace (Neues Palais), built between 1763 and 1769 to celebrate the end of the Seven Years' War, in which Prussia held off the combined attacks of Austria and Russia. It is a much larger and grander palace than Sanssouci, having over 200 rooms and 400 statues as decoration. It served as a guest house for numerous royal visitors. Today, it houses parts of University of Potsdam.
The Roman Baths (Römische Bäder), built by Karl Friedrich Schinkel and Friedrich Ludwig Persius in 1829–1840. It is a complex of buildings including a tea pavilion, a Renaissance-style villa, and a Roman bathhouse (from which the whole complex takes its name).
The Chinese Tea House (Chinesisches Teehaus), an 18th-century pavilion built in a Chinese style, the fashion of the time.
Three gates from the original city wall remain today. The oldest is the Hunters' Gate (Jägertor), built in 1733. The Nauener Tor was built in 1755 and close to the historic Dutch Quarter. The ornate Brandenburg Gate (built in 1770, not to be confused with the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin) is situated on the Luisenplatz at the western entrance to the old town.
The Old Market Square (Alter Markt) is Potsdam's historical city centre. For three centuries this was the site of the City Palace (Stadtschloß), a royal palace built in 1662. Under Frederick the Great, the palace became the winter residence of the Prussian kings. The palace was severely damaged by Allied bombing in 1945 and demolished in 1961 by the Communist authorities. In 2002 the Fortuna Gate (Fortunaportal) was rebuilt in its original historic position which was followed by a complete reconstruction of the palace as the Brandenburg Landtag building inaugurated in 2014. Nearby the square in the Humboldtstraße block, which also was demolished after getting damaged in 1945, reconstructions of several representative residential palaces including Palazzo Pompei and Palazzo Barberini housing an arts museum were completed in 2016–2017 alongside buildings with modernized facades to restore the historical proportions of the block.
The old town (main shopping street, Brandenburger Straße)
The Old Market Square is dominated today by the dome of St. Nicholas' Church, built in 1837 in the Neoclassical style. It was the last work of Karl Friedrich Schinkel, who designed the building but did not live to see its completion. It was finished by his disciples Friedrich August Stüler and Ludwig Persius. The eastern side of the Market Square is dominated by the Old City Hall, built in 1755 by the Dutch architect Jan Bouman (1706–1776). It has a characteristic circular tower, crowned with a gilded Atlas bearing the world on his shoulders.
North of the Old Market Square is the oval French Church (Französische Kirche), erected in the 1750s by Boumann for the Huguenot community. To the south lies the Museum Barberini, a copy of the previous building, the Barberini Palace. The museum was funded by the German billionaire Hasso Plattner. The former Baroque building was built by Carl von Gontard in 1771–1772, inspired by the Renaissance palace Palazzo Barberini in Rome. The newly built museum was scheduled to open in spring 2017.
The Garrison Church contains a Coventry chapel, an exhibition about the history of the place and a viewing platform at a height of 57 meters.
Another landmark of Potsdam is the two-street Dutch Quarter (Holländisches Viertel), an ensemble of buildings that is unique in Europe, with about 150 houses built of red bricks in the Dutch style. It was built between 1734 and 1742 under the direction of Jan Bouman to be used by Dutch artisans and craftsmen who had been invited to settle here by King Frederick Wilhelm I. Today, this area is one of Potsdam's most visited quarters.
East of the Alexandrowka colony is a large park, the New Garden (Neuer Garten), which was laid out from 1786 in the English style. The site contains two palaces; one of them, the Cecilienhof, was where the Potsdam Conference was held in July and August 1945. The Marmorpalais (Marble Palace) was built in 1789 in Neoclassical style. Nearby is the Biosphäre Potsdam, a tropical botanical garden.
Potsdam also features a memorial centre in the former KGB prison in Leistikowstraße. In the Volkspark to the north, there is one of the last monuments dedicated to Lenin in Germany.
The Potsdamer Schlössermarathon [de] (Potsdam Palace Marathon) is a marathon in that is held annually in June. Thousands of runners run the course past the palaces for the half marathon and several hundred repeat the course to complete the full marathon.
Eleonore Prochaska (1785–1813), woman soldier during the liberation war, unrecognized as a man disguised as a drummer, later as an infantryman in the Prussian army against Napoleon
The Potsdam project, 1996, HRH The Prince of Wales, Charles; Hanson, Brian; Steil, Lucien; Prince of Wales's Urban Design Task Force; Prince of Wales's Institute of Architecture, Prince of Wales's Institute of Architecture, 1998, Introduction.
"Landeshauptstadt Potsdam, Stadtteile im Blick 2010" (PDF, 5.4 MB) (in German). 2011-06-30. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-28. Retrieved 2016-12-28. Note: Reports from later years omit mention of borough designations with single-digit numbers.
^ August Kopish, "Die Königlichen Schlösser u. Gärten zu Potsdam", Berlin, 1854, p. 18
^ Thomas Curtis (1839). The London encyclopaedia, or, Universal dictionary of science, art, literature, and practical mechanics, by the orig. ed. of the Encyclopaedia metropolitana Volume XVIII, p. 11
Jennerjahn, Yvonne (13 November 2013). "Landtag: Umzug ins neue Domizil". Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2014 – via Potsdamer Neueste Nachrichten.
Paul Sigel, Silke Dähmlow, Frank Seehausen und Lucas Elmenhorst, Architekturführer Potsdam Architectural Guide, Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 2006, ISBN3-496-01325-7.
View over Potsdam with Babelsberg Park.jpg)
City Palace
Brandenburg Gate
Old City Hall
New Palace.jpg)
Sanssouci
Orangery Palace
Flag
Coat of arms
Potsdam Show map of Germany
.jpg)
Development of Population since 1875 within the Current Boundaries (Blue Line: Population; Dotted Line: Comparison to Population Development of Brandenburg state; Grey Background: Time of Nazi rule; Red Background: Time of Communist rule)
Recent Population Development and Projections (Population Development before Census 2011 (blue line); Recent Population Development according to the Census in Germany in 2011 (blue bordered line); Official projections for 2005–2030 (yellow line); for 2017–2030 (scarlet line); for 2020–2030 (green line)
Ukraine
Syria
Russia
Poland
Vietnam
France
Croatia
Romania
India
Italy
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The Chinese House in Sanssouci Park
Glienicke Hunting Lodge, as seen from Babelsberg Park
The Marmorpalais in New Garden
Sanssouci: the Orangery Palace
The Belvedere auf dem Klausberg
Babelsberg Palace
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Travel guides from Wikivoyage
Urban and rural districts in the state of Brandenburg in Germany 
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