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{{See also|Timeline of Serer history|Serer ancient history|Serer history (medieval era to present)|Religious persecution#Persecution of the Serers}} {{See also|Timeline of Serer history|Serer ancient history|Serer history (medieval era to present)|Religious persecution#Persecution of Serers}}
]'''Biffeche''' or '''Bifeche''' is an area of ] centred on the town of Savoigne, some 20 miles north-east of the major coastal city of ]. ] {{Serer religion}}
'''Biffeche''' or '''Bifeche''' is an area of ] centred on the town of Savoigne, around 30 kilometres north-east of the major coastal city of ].
{{Serer religion}}
⚫ Low-lying and largely flat, the region has ],<ref>In {{lang-fr|Peul ''or'' Peulh}}; in {{lang-ff|Fulɓe}}.</ref> ] (the original founders of Biffeche, the Mt Rolland etc., thousands of years ago, and strong adherents to ],<ref>], "La civilisation Sereer - ''Cosaan'' : les origines, vol.1, pp 140-146, Nouvelles Editions ]ines, 1983, ISBN 2723608778</ref><ref name="Ndut1">For more about the ], see : ], "Sagesse ]: Essais sur la pensée ]", </ref><ref>Klein, Martin A., "Islam and Imperialism in ], ]" 1847-1914, pp vii-5, ], (1968), ISBN 85224 029 5</ref><ref>] in </ref> even after the ] and ] tried to kill them off<ref>Becker, Charles, "Les Serer Ndut: Études sur les mutations sociales et religieuses", Microéditions Hachette (1974)</ref><ref name="Ndut">Echenberg, Myron J, "Black death, white medicine: bubonic plague and the politics of public health in colonial Senegal, 1914-1945", pp 141-146, Heinemann (2002), ISBN 0325070172,</ref>), ] and ] ethnic groups engaged in pasturing animals (mainly the Fulas) and irrigation-based agriculture (mostly the Serer-Ndut who are usually mixed-farmers<ref name="Ndut"/>). Savoigne is the region's largest town, twinned with ]; its SOCAS tomato-paste factory imports and dilutes tomato paste for re-shipment within Senegal. The population is primarily ], but also contains ] and ]. The ] is located to the north.


Low-lying and largely flat, the region is populated by ],{{efn|In {{langx|fr|italic=yes|Peul}} or ''Peulh''; in {{langx|ff|Fulɓe}}.}}, ], ] and ] ethnic groups. The inhabitants' primary economic activities include animal herding and irrigation-based farming. Savoigne is the region's largest town, twinned with ]; its SOCAS tomato-paste factory imports and dilutes tomato paste for re-shipment within Senegal. The population is primarily ], but also contains ] and ]. The ] is located to the north.
⚫ Early European accounts used the word for a different location, describing a medium-sized island (''Isle de Bifeche'') in the delta of the ] in ], some two miles upstream from the island of N'Dar on which Saint-Louis was founded. ''The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge'' described the island in 1843 as being "entirely covered with wood, and in the wet season a great portion of them is laid under water."


==History==
⚫ The Serer-Ndut were the earliest known inhabitants of Biffeche. Strong adherents to their native ],<ref>], "La civilisation Sereer - ''Cosaan'' : les origines, vol.1, pp 140-146, Nouvelles Editions ]ines, 1983, {{ISBN|2-7236-0877-8}}</ref><ref name="Ndut1">For more about the ], see : ], "Sagesse ]: Essais sur la pensée ]", </ref><ref>Klein, Martin A., "Islam and Imperialism in ], ]" 1847-1914, pp vii-5, ], (1968), {{ISBN|0-85224-029-5}}</ref><ref>] in {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517151845/http://www10.gencat.net/pres_casa_llengues/AppJava/frontend/llengues_detall.jsp?id=620&idioma=9 |date=2014-05-17 }}</ref> they were persecuted and killed by the ], and suffered further persecution under ].<ref>Becker, Charles, "Les Serer Ndut: Études sur les mutations sociales et religieuses", Microéditions Hachette (1974)</ref><ref name="Ndut">Echenberg, Myron J, "Black death, white medicine: bubonic plague and the politics of public health in colonial Senegal, 1914-1945", pp 141-146, Heinemann (2002), {{ISBN|0-325-07017-2}},</ref>

⚫ Early European accounts described a medium-sized island (''Isle de Bifeche'') in the delta of the ], some two miles upstream from the island of N'Dar on which Saint-Louis was founded. ''The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge'' described the island in 1843 as being "entirely covered with wood, and in the wet season a great portion of them is laid under water."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtYtp9FJcuYC&q=Bifeche&pg=PA231|title=The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge|date=February 20, 1841|publisher=C. Knight|via=Google Books}}</ref><!--NO external links in article text, nothing else in this paragraph to keep.
Currently, the river marks this section of the border between ] Currently, the river marks this section of the border between ]
and ]. The island can perhaps most easily be seen on the map and ]. The island can perhaps most easily be seen on the map
with one of its main towns ''Maka'' clearly marked. A contemporary map can be found at with one of its main towns ] clearly marked. A contemporary map can be found at
- this map shows N'Dar under its older French name of {{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - this map shows N'Dar under its older French name of
''Isle St. Louis'' and the ''Pointe de isle de Bifeche'' is also visible. On the island is written ''Emboulan'' ''Isle St. Louis'' and the ''Pointe de isle de Bifeche'' is also visible. On the island is written ''Emboulan''
which appears to be a European variant of a local town name MBoubene. It can also be just seen at the extreme top of . which appears to be a European variant of a local town name ]. It can also be just seen at the extreme top of . -->


In the 17th century a chief known as the ''Petit ]'' or ''Little King'' ruled over a region known variously as Biffeche or Gangueul with capital at Maka. The ''Grand Brak'' or ''Big King'' ruled the kingdom of ], whose capital was originally at ]. The area was nearly depopulated by repeated slaving raids by Moors from the north. At times, the Petit Brak was tributary to Waalo, at other times allied with ]. In the 1720s, the Brak of Waalo was Erim M'Bagnick and Béquio Malicouri, king of the ''Royaume d'Oral'' (Bethio), was his vassal. In the 17th century a chief known as the ''Petit ]'' or ''Little King'' ruled over a region known variously as Biffeche or Gangueul with its capital at Maka. The ''Grand Brak'' or ''Big King'' ruled the kingdom of ], whose capital was originally at Ndiourbel on the north bank of the river. The area was nearly depopulated by repeated slaving raids by Moors from the north. At times, the Petit Brak was tributary to Waalo, at other times allied with ]. In the 1720s, the Brak of Waalo was Erim M'Bagnick and Béquio Malicouri, king of the ''Royaume d'Oral'' (Bethio), was his vassal.


⚫ ==Notes==
{{portal|Senegal|Gambia|Serer}}
{{Portal|Senegal
}}
{{Notelist}}


==References== ==References==
⚫ {{Reflist}}


===General=== ===General===
*Barry, Boubacar. ''Le royaume du Waalo - Le Senegal avant la conquete''. Karthala, 1985. *Barry, Boubacar. ''Le royaume du Waalo - Le Senegal avant la conquete''. Karthala, 1985.
*Becker, Charles and Martin, Victor. ''Journal Historique et Suitte du Journal Historique (1729-1731)'' 39.2 (1977): 223-289. *Becker, Charles and Martin, Victor. ''Journal Historique et Suitte du Journal Historique (1729-1731)'' 39.2 (1977): 223–289.
*Cultru, Prosper. ''Premier voyage du Sieur de la Courbe...''. Paris: Larose, 1913. *Cultru, Prosper. ''Premier voyage du Sieur de la Courbe...''. Paris: Larose, 1913.
*''Encylopedie, dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une société de gens de lettres, mis en ordre et publié par Mr. * * *, tome quinzieme.'' Neufchastel, France: Samuel Faulche, 1765. *''Encyclopedie, dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une société de gens de lettres, mis en ordre et publié par Mr. * * *, tome quinzieme.'' Neufchastel, France: Samuel Faulche, 1765.
*Knight, Charles. ''The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge'', ''Vol. XXI.'' London, 1843: 231. *Knight, Charles. ''The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge'', ''Vol. XXI.'' London, 1843: 231.
*Labat, Jean-Baptiste. ''Nouvelle Relation de l’Afrique occidentale''. Paris: Cavelier, 1727. t. 2, p.&nbsp;174. *Labat, Jean-Baptiste. ''Nouvelle Relation de l’Afrique occidentale''. Paris: Cavelier, 1727. t. 2, p.&nbsp;174.
*Thésée, Françoise. ''Actes du colloque de Nantes'', tome I. 1988. 223-245. . *Thésée, Françoise. ''Actes du colloque de Nantes'', tome I. 1988. 223–245. .
*Thilmans, Guy. Bull. ''Les planches sénégalaises et mauritaniennes des “Atlas Vingboons” '', G. ], B. t. 37.1 (1975): 106-109. *Thilmans, Guy. Bull. ''Les planches sénégalaises et mauritaniennes des “Atlas Vingboons” '', G. ], B. t. 37.1 (1975): 106–109.
*], "La civilisation Sereer - Cosaan : les origines, vol.1, pp 140-146, Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1983, ISBN 2723608778 *], "La civilisation Sereer - Cosaan : les origines, vol.1, pp 140-146, Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1983, {{ISBN|2-7236-0877-8}}
*Echenberg, Myron J, "Black death, white medicine: bubonic plague and the politics of public health in colonial Senegal, 1914-1945", pp 141–146, Heinemann (2002), ISBN 0325070172 *Echenberg, Myron J, "Black death, white medicine: bubonic plague and the politics of public health in colonial Senegal, 1914-1945", pp 141–146, Heinemann (2002), {{ISBN|0-325-07017-2}}
*Klein, Martin A., "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal, Sine-Saloum", pp VII-5, Edinburgh University Press, (1968), ISBN 85224 029 5 *Klein, Martin A., "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal, Sine-Saloum", pp VII-5, Edinburgh University Press, (1968), {{ISBN|0-85224-029-5}}
*], "Sagesse ]: Essais sur la pensée ]", *], "Sagesse ]: Essais sur la pensée ]",
*Becker, Charles, "Les Serer Ndut: Études sur les mutations sociales et religieuses", Microéditions Hachette (1974) *Becker, Charles, "Les Serer Ndut: Études sur les mutations sociales et religieuses", Microéditions Hachette (1974)

⚫ ===Notes===
⚫ {{Reflist}}


== Historical maps == == Historical maps ==
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== External links == == External links ==
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Latest revision as of 13:22, 12 October 2024

See also: Timeline of Serer history, Serer ancient history, Serer history (medieval era to present), and Religious persecution § Persecution of Serers
Biffeche.
Part of a series on
Serers and Serer religion
Symbol of the Ndut initiation rite The Star of Yoonir
Deities
Main doctrines
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Related articles
Notable figures
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Education
See also

Biffeche or Bifeche is an area of Senegal centred on the town of Savoigne, around 30 kilometres north-east of the major coastal city of Saint-Louis.

Low-lying and largely flat, the region is populated by Fula,, Serer-Ndut, Wolof and Moor ethnic groups. The inhabitants' primary economic activities include animal herding and irrigation-based farming. Savoigne is the region's largest town, twinned with La Ferté Macé; its SOCAS tomato-paste factory imports and dilutes tomato paste for re-shipment within Senegal. The population is primarily Muslim, but also contains Catholics and animists. The Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary is located to the north.

History

The Serer-Ndut were the earliest known inhabitants of Biffeche. Strong adherents to their native Serer religion, they were persecuted and killed by the Muslims communities of Senegal, and suffered further persecution under French colonial rule.

Early European accounts described a medium-sized island (Isle de Bifeche) in the delta of the Senegal River, some two miles upstream from the island of N'Dar on which Saint-Louis was founded. The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge described the island in 1843 as being "entirely covered with wood, and in the wet season a great portion of them is laid under water."

In the 17th century a chief known as the Petit Brak or Little King ruled over a region known variously as Biffeche or Gangueul with its capital at Maka. The Grand Brak or Big King ruled the kingdom of Waalo, whose capital was originally at Ndiourbel on the north bank of the river. The area was nearly depopulated by repeated slaving raids by Moors from the north. At times, the Petit Brak was tributary to Waalo, at other times allied with Bethio. In the 1720s, the Brak of Waalo was Erim M'Bagnick and Béquio Malicouri, king of the Royaume d'Oral (Bethio), was his vassal.

Notes

  1. In French: Peul or Peulh; in Fula: Fulɓe.

References

  1. Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation Sereer - Cosaan : les origines, vol.1, pp 140-146, Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1983, ISBN 2-7236-0877-8
  2. For more about the Serer-Ndut people, see  : Dupire, Marguerite, "Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut",
  3. Klein, Martin A., "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal, Sine-Saloum" 1847-1914, pp vii-5, Edinburgh University Press, (1968), ISBN 0-85224-029-5
  4. Serer-Ndut people in Lingua Món Casa de les Llengües Archived 2014-05-17 at the Wayback Machine
  5. Becker, Charles, "Les Serer Ndut: Études sur les mutations sociales et religieuses", Microéditions Hachette (1974)
  6. Echenberg, Myron J, "Black death, white medicine: bubonic plague and the politics of public health in colonial Senegal, 1914-1945", pp 141-146, Heinemann (2002), ISBN 0-325-07017-2,
  7. "The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge". C. Knight. February 20, 1841 – via Google Books.

General

  • Barry, Boubacar. Le royaume du Waalo - Le Senegal avant la conquete. Karthala, 1985.
  • Becker, Charles and Martin, Victor. Journal Historique et Suitte du Journal Historique (1729-1731) 39.2 (1977): 223–289. Wayback Machine
  • Cultru, Prosper. Premier voyage du Sieur de la Courbe.... Paris: Larose, 1913.
  • Encyclopedie, dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une société de gens de lettres, mis en ordre et publié par Mr. * * *, tome quinzieme. Neufchastel, France: Samuel Faulche, 1765. Facsimile page
  • Knight, Charles. The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Vol. XXI. London, 1843: 231. Public domain copy
  • Labat, Jean-Baptiste. Nouvelle Relation de l’Afrique occidentale. Paris: Cavelier, 1727. t. 2, p. 174.
  • Thésée, Françoise. Actes du colloque de Nantes, tome I. 1988. 223–245. population afrique.
  • Thilmans, Guy. Bull. Les planches sénégalaises et mauritaniennes des “Atlas Vingboons” , G. IFAN, B. t. 37.1 (1975): 106–109.
  • Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation Sereer - Cosaan : les origines, vol.1, pp 140-146, Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1983, ISBN 2-7236-0877-8
  • Echenberg, Myron J, "Black death, white medicine: bubonic plague and the politics of public health in colonial Senegal, 1914-1945", pp 141–146, Heinemann (2002), ISBN 0-325-07017-2
  • Klein, Martin A., "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal, Sine-Saloum", pp VII-5, Edinburgh University Press, (1968), ISBN 0-85224-029-5
  • Dupire, Marguerite, "Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut", Sagesse sereer: essais sur la pensée sereer ndut
  • Becker, Charles, "Les Serer Ndut: Études sur les mutations sociales et religieuses", Microéditions Hachette (1974)

Historical maps

  • Cours de la rivière de Sanaga ou Sénégal depuis son embouchure jusqu'à l'île de Bilbas / Suite du cours de la rivière de Sénégal depuis l'isle de Bilbas jusqu'au sault du Rocherde Govina / levé par un ingénieur francois, 1718. Online at BNF
  • Carte de la rivière du Sénégal depuis la Barre jusqu'au Panier Foule des petites rivières et marigots qui en dérivent avec les noms des villages qui sont au bord, fait au Sénégal, 1720. Online at BNF
  • Anville, Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon, Carte manuscrite de la côte d'Afrique aux environs de Gorée et de la rivière du Sénégal depuis Cagneux jusqu'à son embouchure. 1724. Online at BNF

External links

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