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{{short description|Speech and communication disorder}}
{{About|the speech disorder}} {{About|the speech disorder}}
{{More medical citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox disease |
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
Name = Cluttering |
ICD10 = {{ICD10|F|98|6|f|90}} | | name = Cluttering
ICD9 = {{ICD9|307.0}} | | synonyms = Tachyphemia, tachyphrasia
| field = ], ]
| symptoms =
| complications =
| onset =
| duration =
| types =
| causes =
| risks =
| diagnosis =
| differential =
| prevention =
| treatment =
| medication =
| prognosis =
| frequency =
| deaths =
}} }}
'''Cluttering''' (also called ''tachyphemia'') is a ] and a ] characterized by speech that is difficult for listeners to understand due to rapid speaking rate, erratic rhythm, poor ] or grammar, and words or groups of words unrelated to the sentence. Cluttering has in the past been viewed as a ] disorder<ref>{{cite book
| last = Daly
| first = David A.
| coauthors=Burnett, Michelle L.
| editor = Curlee, Richard F.
| title= Stuttering and Related Disorders of Fluency
| location = New York
| publisher= Thieme
| isbn=0-86577-764-0
| year = 1999
| page=222
}}</ref>.


'''Cluttering''' is a ] and ] characterized by a rapid rate of speech, erratic rhythm, and poor ] or grammar, making speech difficult to understand.
==Definition==
There is not currently a definition of cluttering which is generally accepted by the research or clinical community. The list of suggested characteristics is so broad that it becomes difficult to distinguish it from separate communication disorders. <ref>{{cite book|last=Myers|first=F. L.|title=Cluttering: A Clinical Perspective|year=1992|publisher=Leicester: Far Communications|pages=27-51}}</ref> However, the ] uses the following working definition: Cluttering is a syndrome characterized by a speech delivery rate, which is either abnormally fast, irregular, or both. In cluttered speech, the person’s speech is affected by one or more of the following: (1) failure to maintain normally expected sound, syllable, phrase, and pausing patterns; (2) evidence of greater than expected incidents of disfluency, the majority of which are unlike those typical of people who stutter. <ref name=clutteringupdated>{{cite web|last=St. Louis|first=Kenneth|title=Cluttering Updated|url=http://www.asha.org/Publications/leader/2003/031118/f031118a.htm|publisher=ASHA}}</ref>


==Characteristics== ==Classification==
Cluttering is a ] and ] that has also been described as a ] disorder.<ref>{{cite book | last = Daly | first = David A. |author2=Burnett, Michelle L. | editor = Curlee, Richard F. | title= Stuttering and Related Disorders of Fluency | location = New York | publisher= Thieme | isbn=0-86577-764-0 | year = 1999 | page=222}}</ref>
Contributing to the ambiguity of its definition, when reviewing previously written texts on cluttering, researchers noted sixty-five different associated symptoms.<ref name=management>{{cite journal|last=Myers|first=F. L.|coauthors=St. Louis, K. O.|title=Clinical Management of Cluttering|journal=Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools|year=1995|volume=26|issue=2|pages=187-195}}</ref> However, researchers have been working to narrow down the most common characteristics and currently believe that problems concerning rate of speech are central to cluttering. An example would be trying to talk so fast that speech intermittently breaks down. Clutterers also tend to slur or omit syllables of longer words, which compromises intelligibility during spurts of rapid speech. Other symptoms include:
*lack of awareness of the problem
*family history of fluency disorders
*confusing, disorganized language or conversational skills
*temporary improvement when asked to "slow down" or "pay attention" to speech
*misarticulations
*poor intelligibility
*social or vocational problems
*distractibility
*hyperactivity
*auditory perceptual difficulties
*]
*] (a disconnect between what one plans to say and what one actually says).<ref name=clutteringupdated />


It is defined as:
Clutterers often have ] and writing disorders as well. This additional disorders include symptoms such as sprawling and disorderly handwriting, which poorly integrate ideas and space.<ref></ref>
{{blockquote|Cluttering is a fluency disorder characterized by a rate that is perceived to be abnormally rapid, irregular, or both for the speaker (although measured syllable rates may not exceed normal limits). These rate abnormalities further are manifest in one or more of the following symptoms: (a) an excessive number of ], the majority of which are not typical of people with ]; (b) the frequent placement of pauses and use of ] that do not conform to ] and ] constraints; and (c) inappropriate (usually excessive) degrees of ] among sounds, especially in multisyllabic words.<ref>St. Louis, K. O., Myers, F. L., Bakker, K., & Raphael, L. J. (2007). Understanding and treating cluttering. In E. G. Conture & R. F. Curlee (Eds.) Stuttering and related disorders of fluency, 3rd ed. (pp. 297-325). NY: Thieme.</ref>}}


==Related disorders== ==Signs and symptoms==
Because of similar characteristics, cluttering can often be confused with ], ], ], and ]<ref>{{cite book
| last = Daly
| first = David A.
| coauthors=Burnett, Michelle L.
| editor = Curlee, Richard F.
| title= Stuttering and Related Disorders of Fluency
| location = New York
| publisher= Thieme
| isbn=0-86577-764-0
| year = 1999
| page=233
}}</ref>. People with ] or ] may have many of the same symptoms as clutterers, including being inattentive, restless, short tempered, and impatient. In fact, many of these overlapping symptoms occur so often that several of the suggested definitions of cluttering include them. This has led some researchers to classify cluttering as a constitutional disorder, rather than the more common category of a ]. A constitution disorder would allow cluttering to affect more than just fluency, and address the learning disabilities and behavioral issues that some researchers believe may underlie cluttering. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Green|first=Tom|title=The cluttering problem|journal=Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology|year=1999|volume=24|pages=145-153}}</ref>


Cluttering is sometimes confused with stuttering. Both communication disorders break the normal flow of speech, but they are distinct. A stutterer has a coherent pattern of thoughts, but may have a difficult time vocally expressing those thoughts; in contrast, a clutterer has no problem putting thoughts into words, but those thoughts become disorganized during speaking. Cluttering affects not only speech, but also thought patterns, writing, typing, and conversation.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511151645/http://www.stammering.org/cluttered.html |date=2008-05-11 }}</ref>
==Cluttering versus Stuttering==
Cluttering and stuttering are related, but distinct disorders. While they are both fluency disorders, they manifest themselves differently. While a person who stutters usually knows exactly what they want to say but are temporarily unable to say it, cluttering involves breaks in speech flow that stem from a disorganized speech planning or rate, or being unsure of exactly what one wants to say. <ref name=guidelines>{{cite web|last=St. Louis|first=Kenneth|title=Cluttering: Some Guidelines|url=http://www.stutteringhelp.org/Default.aspx?tabid=82|publisher=The Stuttering Foundation}}</ref> While stuttering is sometimes described as struggling, cluttering tends to be effortless, and most clutterers seem uninhibited even while their speech is unintelligible. Also, a person who stutters lacks the ability to smoothly transition from one sound or syllable to the next, whereas in the case of cluttering, the person lacks the ability to transition from one syntactical unit or phrase to the next. <ref name=management />
While they are separate disorders, stuttering and cluttering are related, and research has shown that more individuals suffer from both stuttering and cluttering simultaneously than from “pure” cluttering, without any signs of stuttering. <ref name=management /> When both disorders are present, it is often difficult to observe the cluttering until after the stuttering has remitted. <ref name=clutteringupdated />


Stutterers are usually dysfluent on initial sounds, when beginning to speak, and become more fluent towards the ends of utterances. In contrast, clutterers are most clear at the start of utterances, but their speaking rate increases and intelligibility decreases towards the end of utterances.
==Diagnosis==

The diagnosis may be made by one of two ways. A ] could make the diagnosis on his or her own after an evaluation is done. Or, the diagnosis can be made by a treatment team, which could include a Speech Language Pathologist, as well as an ], classroom teacher, special educator, ], and occasionally a ]. <ref name=clutteringupdated /> One or more sessions may be required to properly diagnose cluttering. The evaluation should include any existing oral-motor, language, pronunciation, learning, or social problems, in addition to the fluency problems, as any of these can be contributing symptoms of cluttering. The diagnosis should include whether “pure” cluttering is present, or whether the cluttering is present in addition to another disorder.<ref name=guidelines />
Stuttering is characterized by struggle behavior, such as overtense speech production muscles. Cluttering, in contrast, is effortless. Cluttering is also characterized by ], especially dropped or distorted {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} sounds; and monotone speech that starts loud and trails off into a murmur.

A clutterer described the feeling associated with a clutter as:
{{cquote|It feels like 1) about twenty thoughts explode on my mind all at once, and I need to express them all, 2) that when I'm trying to make a point, that I just remembered something that I was supposed to say, so the person can understand, and I need to interrupt myself to say something that I should have said before, and 3) that I need to constantly revise the sentences that I'm working on, to get it out right.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/kuster/cluttering/camil.html |title = Interview with a Person who Clutters |last = Reyes-Alami |first = C. |date = 2004-03-01 |access-date = 2006-01-01 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051024000905/http://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/kuster/cluttering/camil.html |archive-date = 2005-10-24 }}</ref>}}

==Differential diagnosis==
Cluttering can often be confused with various ], ], and ] (ADHD).<ref>{{cite book | last = Daly | first = David A. |author2=Burnett, Michelle L. | editor = Curlee, Richard F. | title= Stuttering and Related Disorders of Fluency | location = New York | publisher= Thieme | isbn=0-86577-764-0 | year = 1999 | page=233}}</ref> Clutterers often have ] and writing disabilities, especially sprawling, disorderly handwriting, which poorly integrate ideas and space.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120729022709/http://www.content.onlypunjab.com/Article/Fluency-Disorders--Stuttering-vs-Cluttering/4200320092003249120 |date=2012-07-29 }}</ref> It can occur with ].<ref>
</ref>


==Treatment== ==Treatment==
The common goals of treatment for cluttering include slowing the rate of speech, heightening monitoring, using clear articulation, using acceptable and organized language, interacting with listeners, speaking naturally, and reducing excessive disfluencies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Louis|first1=Kenneth O. St|last2=Raphael|first2=Lawrence J.|last3=Myers|first3=Florence L.|last4=Bakker|first4=Klaas|date=2003|title=Cluttering Updated|journal=The ASHA Leader|language=en|volume=8|issue=21|pages=4–22|doi=10.1044/leader.ftr1.08212003.4}}</ref>
Since research is limited, there is no standard course of treatment. Treatment currently is tailored to the individual’s specific needs and symptoms. One specific technique that has been effective in some cases is ]. Delayed auditory feedback (DAF) is a device which allows the user to speak into a microphone and hear his or her own voice through headphones afterwords. DAF allows clutterers to observe their own speech and time themselves, with the goal of producing a more deliberate, exaggerated oral-motor response pattern . Other treatment components include improving narrative structure with story-telling picture books, turn-taking practice, pausing practice, and language therapy.


Slowing the rate of speech can help many of the symptoms of cluttering, and can be achieved in a couple of different ways. It is important that speech language pathologists do not nag their clients to "slow down" incessantly, as this does not help and can actually hinder progress. Additionally, it is important to remember that speech rate often increases when emotional arousal or stress increases. Instead of constant verbal reminders, clinicians may use a combination of ] (DAF), giving out "speeding tickets" (written reminders to slow down speech), or recording speech and having clients transcribe it, writing in where there is need for spaces and pauses.<ref name=":0" />
==History==
] was a legendary ]n king who spoke quickly and in a disorderly fashion. Others who spoke as he did were said to suffer from ''battarismus''.<ref name=weiss>{{cite book
| first=Deso
| middle=A.
| last=Weiss
| title= Cluttering
| location = New Jersey
| series = Foundations of Speech Pathology
| publisher= Prentice Hall, Inc.
| id=LC 64-25326
| year = 1964
| page=1
}}</ref> This is the earliest record of the speech disorder of cluttering.


Many people who clutter are either unable or unwilling to think about their speech, particularly in casual speech. The strategies to slow speech down all require careful monitoring of speech, which can be very difficult for those who clutter. Imagination and careful observation are used to increase monitoring. For instance, an adult who clutters may be asked to visualize themselves speaking slowly and clearly before they actually speak. Additionally, video and audio recordings may be used to show those who clutter where communication starts to break down in their speech.<ref name=":0" />
In the 1960s, cluttering was called ''tachyphemia'', a word derived from the Greek for "fast speech." This word is currently not used to describe cluttering because fast speech is not a required element of cluttering.


In general, slowing the rate of speech and/or monitoring speech more effectively should lead to clearer articulation. However, if they do not, additional treatment is needed. These articulation treatment strategies include practicing short sentences with "over-articulated", unnatural but technically correct, speech. Reading multisyllabic words and focusing on including each of the sounds is another strategy to enhance articulation.<ref name=":0" />
Deso Weiss described cluttering as the outward manifestation of a "central language imbalance." In Weiss's book on cluttering, he used Central Language Imbalance or CLI as synonymous with what cluttering is described as today.<ref name=weiss />


Some individuals who clutter will need help learning to tell stories logically and sequentially. This can be aided by learning how to begin narratives with simple, short sentences, and slowly building to longer, more complex ones. Additionally, clinicians may transcribe cluttered speech to clients to show them run-ons and ramblings, and then ask them to just state the necessary, most important information in the utterance.<ref name=":0" />
Over the past twenty years, Kenneth O. St. Louis, Lawrence J. Raphael, Florence L. Myers, and Klaas Bakker have been working to standardize a definition of cluttering. ] maintains a robust section of cluttering resources and articles in her Stuttering Homepage<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/kuster/related.html
| title = Other related fluency disorders
| accessdate = 2007-03-28
| author = Judith Kuster
| publisher =
}}</ref>.


Additional strategies that may help people who clutter include checking in, ensuring that they've understood any non-verbal or turn-taking cues in the conversation, imitating clinician models of speech to improve natural speech, and treating any stuttering that may be co-occurring with cluttering. The two are separate disorders, but many people who clutter also stutter.<ref name=":0" />
The first conference held specifically on cluttering took place in May 2007 in ], ]. It was called, "The First World Conference on Cluttering," and had over 60 participants from across North America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. During the conference, the International Cluttering Association (ICA) was founded. Also, the first ] Award for Excellence in Cluttering was given to ] for his contributions for understanding and knowledge about cluttering. <ref>{{cite web|last=Zaalen-op|first=Yvonne|title=International Cluttering Association|url=http://associations.missouristate.edu/ica/|publisher=ICA}}</ref>


==History==
==Cluttering researchers==
Battaros{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} was a legendary ]n king who spoke quickly and in a disorderly fashion. Others who spoke as he did were said to have ''battarismus''.<ref>{{cite book | first=Deso A. | last=Weiss | title= Cluttering | location = New Jersey | series = Foundations of Speech Pathology | publisher= Prentice Hall, Inc. | lccn=64-25326 | asin=B001PNB2L2 | year = 1964 | page=1}}</ref> This is the earliest record of the speech disorder of cluttering.
Cluttering research is still in its infancy. Cluttering research peaked and faded away in the 1960s, but interest in cluttering research has drastically increased and there are numerous books on cluttering that are currently being written. Because of this renewed interest in cluttering, the current cluttering researchers are pioneers in this speech disorder. Most of the cluttering researchers were stuttering researchers who studied cluttering as a secondary behavior, however there are a few dedicated cluttering researchers. The most notable of the cluttering researchers are:
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]


In the 1960s, cluttering was called ''tachyphemia'', a word derived from the Greek for 'fast speech'. This word is no longer used to describe cluttering because fast speech is not a required element of cluttering.
==Famous clutterers==

Weiss claimed that Battaros, ], ], ], ], and ] were clutterers. He says about these people, "Each of these contributors to ] viewed his world holistically, and was not deflected by exaggerated attention to small details. Perhaps then, they excelled because of, rather than in spite of, their
Deso Weiss described cluttering as the outward manifestation of a "central language imbalance".<ref>{{cite book | first=Deso A. | last=Weiss | title= Cluttering | location = New Jersey | series = Foundations of Speech Pathology | publisher= Prentice Hall, Inc. | lccn=64-25326 | asin=B001PNB2L2 | year = 1964 | page=20}}</ref>
."<ref name=weiss />

The animated character ], who has often been described as a stutterer, has a style of speech similar to cluttering in some ways.
The First World Conference on Cluttering was held in May 2007 in ], ].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://associations.missouristate.edu/ficc/ |title = First World Conference on Cluttering |access-date = 2007-03-28 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070514004842/http://associations.missouristate.edu/ficc/ |archive-date = 2007-05-14 }}</ref> It had over 60 participants from North America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215150643/http://wvutoday.wvu.edu/n/2007/07/16/5871 |date=2015-02-15 }}</ref>

==Society and culture==
Weiss claimed that Battaros, ], ], ], ], and ] were clutterers. He says about these people, "Each of these contributors to ] viewed his world holistically, and was not deflected by exaggerated attention to small details. Perhaps then, they excelled because of, rather than in spite of, their ."<ref>{{cite book | first=Deso A. | last=Weiss | title= Cluttering | location = New Jersey | series = Foundations of Speech Pathology | publisher= Prentice Hall, Inc. | lccn=64-25326 | year = 1964 | page=58 |asin=B001PNB2L2}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
*]
*]
*]
*]
*] *]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*


== References == == References ==
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== Sources == == Sources ==
* St. Louis, K. O., Raphael, L. J., Myers, F. L., & Bakker, K. (2003, Nov. 18). Cluttering updated. The ASHA Leader, pp.&nbsp;4–5, 20-22.
* Studies in Tachyphemia, An Investigation of Cluttering and General Language Disability. Speech Rehabilitation Institute. New York, 1963. * Studies in Tachyphemia, An Investigation of Cluttering and General Language Disability. Speech Rehabilitation Institute. New York, 1963.
* Daly, D. A. (1996). The source for stuttering and cluttering. East Moline, IL: LinguiSystems.
* Myers, F. and K. St. Louis, (1992) Cluttering: A Clinical Perspective, Leicester, England: Far Communications * Myers, F. and K. St. Louis, (1992) Cluttering: A Clinical Perspective, Leicester, England: Far Communications


== External links == == External links ==
{{Medical resources
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|F|98|6|f|90}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|307.0}}
| SNOMED CT = 37732008
}}
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__NOTOC__


{{Emotional and behavioral disorders}} {{Emotional and behavioral disorders}}

{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 20:19, 23 September 2024

Speech and communication disorder This article is about the speech disorder. For other uses, see Cluttering (disambiguation).
This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Cluttering" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012)
Medical condition
Cluttering
Other namesTachyphemia, tachyphrasia
SpecialtyPediatrics, Psychiatry

Cluttering is a speech and communication disorder characterized by a rapid rate of speech, erratic rhythm, and poor syntax or grammar, making speech difficult to understand.

Classification

Cluttering is a speech and communication disorder that has also been described as a fluency disorder.

It is defined as:

Cluttering is a fluency disorder characterized by a rate that is perceived to be abnormally rapid, irregular, or both for the speaker (although measured syllable rates may not exceed normal limits). These rate abnormalities further are manifest in one or more of the following symptoms: (a) an excessive number of disfluencies, the majority of which are not typical of people with stuttering; (b) the frequent placement of pauses and use of prosodic patterns that do not conform to syntactic and semantic constraints; and (c) inappropriate (usually excessive) degrees of coarticulation among sounds, especially in multisyllabic words.

Signs and symptoms

Cluttering is sometimes confused with stuttering. Both communication disorders break the normal flow of speech, but they are distinct. A stutterer has a coherent pattern of thoughts, but may have a difficult time vocally expressing those thoughts; in contrast, a clutterer has no problem putting thoughts into words, but those thoughts become disorganized during speaking. Cluttering affects not only speech, but also thought patterns, writing, typing, and conversation.

Stutterers are usually dysfluent on initial sounds, when beginning to speak, and become more fluent towards the ends of utterances. In contrast, clutterers are most clear at the start of utterances, but their speaking rate increases and intelligibility decreases towards the end of utterances.

Stuttering is characterized by struggle behavior, such as overtense speech production muscles. Cluttering, in contrast, is effortless. Cluttering is also characterized by slurred speech, especially dropped or distorted /r/ and /l/ sounds; and monotone speech that starts loud and trails off into a murmur.

A clutterer described the feeling associated with a clutter as:

It feels like 1) about twenty thoughts explode on my mind all at once, and I need to express them all, 2) that when I'm trying to make a point, that I just remembered something that I was supposed to say, so the person can understand, and I need to interrupt myself to say something that I should have said before, and 3) that I need to constantly revise the sentences that I'm working on, to get it out right.

Differential diagnosis

Cluttering can often be confused with various language disorders, learning disabilities, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Clutterers often have reading and writing disabilities, especially sprawling, disorderly handwriting, which poorly integrate ideas and space. It can occur with Parkinson's disease.

Treatment

The common goals of treatment for cluttering include slowing the rate of speech, heightening monitoring, using clear articulation, using acceptable and organized language, interacting with listeners, speaking naturally, and reducing excessive disfluencies.

Slowing the rate of speech can help many of the symptoms of cluttering, and can be achieved in a couple of different ways. It is important that speech language pathologists do not nag their clients to "slow down" incessantly, as this does not help and can actually hinder progress. Additionally, it is important to remember that speech rate often increases when emotional arousal or stress increases. Instead of constant verbal reminders, clinicians may use a combination of delayed auditory feedback (DAF), giving out "speeding tickets" (written reminders to slow down speech), or recording speech and having clients transcribe it, writing in where there is need for spaces and pauses.

Many people who clutter are either unable or unwilling to think about their speech, particularly in casual speech. The strategies to slow speech down all require careful monitoring of speech, which can be very difficult for those who clutter. Imagination and careful observation are used to increase monitoring. For instance, an adult who clutters may be asked to visualize themselves speaking slowly and clearly before they actually speak. Additionally, video and audio recordings may be used to show those who clutter where communication starts to break down in their speech.

In general, slowing the rate of speech and/or monitoring speech more effectively should lead to clearer articulation. However, if they do not, additional treatment is needed. These articulation treatment strategies include practicing short sentences with "over-articulated", unnatural but technically correct, speech. Reading multisyllabic words and focusing on including each of the sounds is another strategy to enhance articulation.

Some individuals who clutter will need help learning to tell stories logically and sequentially. This can be aided by learning how to begin narratives with simple, short sentences, and slowly building to longer, more complex ones. Additionally, clinicians may transcribe cluttered speech to clients to show them run-ons and ramblings, and then ask them to just state the necessary, most important information in the utterance.

Additional strategies that may help people who clutter include checking in, ensuring that they've understood any non-verbal or turn-taking cues in the conversation, imitating clinician models of speech to improve natural speech, and treating any stuttering that may be co-occurring with cluttering. The two are separate disorders, but many people who clutter also stutter.

History

Battaros was a legendary Libyan king who spoke quickly and in a disorderly fashion. Others who spoke as he did were said to have battarismus. This is the earliest record of the speech disorder of cluttering.

In the 1960s, cluttering was called tachyphemia, a word derived from the Greek for 'fast speech'. This word is no longer used to describe cluttering because fast speech is not a required element of cluttering.

Deso Weiss described cluttering as the outward manifestation of a "central language imbalance".

The First World Conference on Cluttering was held in May 2007 in Razlog, Bulgaria. It had over 60 participants from North America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia.

Society and culture

Weiss claimed that Battaros, Demosthenes, Pericles, Justinian, Otto von Bismarck, and Winston Churchill were clutterers. He says about these people, "Each of these contributors to world history viewed his world holistically, and was not deflected by exaggerated attention to small details. Perhaps then, they excelled because of, rather than in spite of, their ."

See also

References

  1. Daly, David A.; Burnett, Michelle L. (1999). Curlee, Richard F. (ed.). Stuttering and Related Disorders of Fluency. New York: Thieme. p. 222. ISBN 0-86577-764-0.
  2. St. Louis, K. O., Myers, F. L., Bakker, K., & Raphael, L. J. (2007). Understanding and treating cluttering. In E. G. Conture & R. F. Curlee (Eds.) Stuttering and related disorders of fluency, 3rd ed. (pp. 297-325). NY: Thieme.
  3. When speech is too cluttered – British Stammering Association Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
  4. Reyes-Alami, C. (2004-03-01). "Interview with a Person who Clutters". Archived from the original on 2005-10-24. Retrieved 2006-01-01.
  5. Daly, David A.; Burnett, Michelle L. (1999). Curlee, Richard F. (ed.). Stuttering and Related Disorders of Fluency. New York: Thieme. p. 233. ISBN 0-86577-764-0.
  6. Fluency Disorders: Stuttering vs Cluttering Archived 2012-07-29 at archive.today
  7. The neurological underpinnings of cluttering: Some initial findings
  8. ^ Louis, Kenneth O. St; Raphael, Lawrence J.; Myers, Florence L.; Bakker, Klaas (2003). "Cluttering Updated". The ASHA Leader. 8 (21): 4–22. doi:10.1044/leader.ftr1.08212003.4.
  9. Weiss, Deso A. (1964). Cluttering. Foundations of Speech Pathology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. p. 1. ASIN B001PNB2L2. LCCN 64-25326.
  10. Weiss, Deso A. (1964). Cluttering. Foundations of Speech Pathology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. p. 20. ASIN B001PNB2L2. LCCN 64-25326.
  11. "First World Conference on Cluttering". Archived from the original on 2007-05-14. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
  12. WVU researcher hopes to have the last word on 'cluttering' speech disorder Archived 2015-02-15 at the Wayback Machine
  13. Weiss, Deso A. (1964). Cluttering. Foundations of Speech Pathology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. p. 58. ASIN B001PNB2L2. LCCN 64-25326.

Sources

  • Studies in Tachyphemia, An Investigation of Cluttering and General Language Disability. Speech Rehabilitation Institute. New York, 1963.
  • Myers, F. and K. St. Louis, (1992) Cluttering: A Clinical Perspective, Leicester, England: Far Communications

External links

ClassificationD
Emotional and behavioral disorders
Emotional/behavioral
Categories: